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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Prussia (Germany) – History, Military – 19th century"
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Šlekonytė, Jūratė. « The Lithuanian Legends of the Wild Hunt : Regarding Origins of the Image ». Tautosakos darbai 47 (1 juin 2014) : 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2014.29179.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the end of the 19th century, five Lithuanian folklore pieces describing the so-called Wild Hunt were recorded. In these narratives, the images of the hunt and the sounds made by the ranging souls are described. These texts, having been recorded in the territory inhabited by the so-called lietuvininkai (the Lithuania Minor) are truly unique. This land belonged to the Eastern Prussia at the time and having been for the long period separated from the major Lithuania and experiencing considerable German cultural influence, it acquired singular features.So far the Lithuanian folklorists tended to interpret the legends in question as results of the German cultural influence. Yet the available folklore data only partly supports such opinion. The Lithuanian legends of the Wild Hunt are analyzed in the article by using the contextual information from the Baltic mythology, folklore, history and archeology. The motifs of the Wild Hunt are popular in the oral tradition of the European peoples, comprising specific imagery depicting a ghostlike hunting party ranging across the sky. Connections of this image with the cult of the deceased and the visions of the afterlife have been repeatedly established by the researchers.The current analysis reveals that Lithuanian legends of the Wild Hunt are related to the German narratives of the Wilde Jagd not only in the name of this phenomenon. The Germanic influence can also be traced in the fact that the Wild Hunt is observed on high, since similar images are hard to find in the Lithuanian material. Other aspects of the phenomenon in question have parallels in the traditional Lithuanian worldview and can be deciphered on the grounds of the local folklore. Yet the origins of this image should perhaps be sought in the earlier layers of the Baltic culture.The territory of the Lithuania Minor has for a long time been the native land of the western Baltic tribes – Prussians. Because of the assimilation processes and in result of a large number of the local population perishing in the plague, the ancient Prussian language became extinct as early as the beginning of the 18th century. Still the persistence of the Wild Hunt image in the worldview of the local Lithuanians of the 19th century can well be related to this cultural layer.In striking correlation with the historical cultural facts recorded in the chronicles, the Prussian archeological data allows for assuming that local inhabitants used to imagine the afterlife journey of the deceased as a ride on a horseback, while endowed with all the military attributes. Yet this is valid only for the society members of the highest rank or the militants. Nevertheless in case of the Prussians, who used to live under the circumstances of almost ceaseless military campaigns, quite a number of mythical images could have incorporated the military thematic, thus forming distinct manifestations of the warriors’ mythology: the journey of the deceased to the afterworld on a horseback and with military equipment, the ghostlike army seen in the sky as an omen of the imminent war, etc. In L ithuanian mythology, such manifestations of the military worldview used to be best discerned in the 13th–14th centuries, when tensions caused by the threats to the safety and integrity of the land were most acutely experienced and the retaliatory military raids were frequently organized. This was also revealed in the contemporary pattern of the state gods, which reflected the ideology of the military layer of the society, while considerably lacking in representation of the lower rank of the deities (e. g. those in charge of the economic sphere). Such reflections of the military mythology could have well survived among the Lithuanian-speaking inhabitants of in the Lithuania Minor in the 19th century, when folklore collector Vilius Kalvaitis recorded the five legends in question there. It is reasonable to assume that such images used to become more prominent whenever fear and foreboding of the imminent war were felt, while persistence of such imagery was likewise supported by the existing similar Germanic notion of the Wilde Jagd.
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Richard, Nathalie. « Archaeological arguments in national debates in late 19th-century France : Gabriel de Mortillet's La Formation de la nation française (1897) ». Antiquity 76, no 291 (mars 2002) : 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089961.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chauvinist reactions were rife in late 19th-century France, following the 1870 defeat to Prussia, the unification of Germany and the annexation of Alsace and part of Lorraine to the new empire. Besides their political manifestations, as in the creation of the Ligue des patriotes in 1882, these reactions also received intellectual expression. For most of the cultivated elites, the revelation of Prussian militarism came to negate the prevailing image of Germany as the cosmopolitan heartland of philosophy and of amodel university system. The French military defeat was interpreted as a sign of the political and moral weakness of the regime of Napoleon I11 (Renan 18711, but also as a wider symptom of intellectual inferiority, itself due to the inadequacies of the French educational and university structure. There ensued in intellectual circles a veritable ‘German crisis of French thought’ (Digeon 1959).
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Kotova, Elena. « The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866 ». ISTORIYA 12, no 6 (104) (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016050-4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For centuries, the House of Austria (the Habsburgs) maintained its leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, and later in the German Union. But in the middle of the 19th century the situation changed, Austria lost its position in Germany, lost to Prussia in the struggle for hegemony. The article examines what factors influenced such an outcome of the German question, what policy Austria pursued in the 50—60s of the 19th century, what tasks it set for itself. The paper traces the relationship between the domestic and foreign policy of Austria. Economic weakness and political instability prevented the monarchy from pursuing a successful foreign policy. The multinational empire could not resist the challenge of nationalism and prevent the unification of Italy and Germany. Difficult relations with France and Russia, inconsistent policy towards the Middle German states largely determined this outcome. The personal factor was also important. None of the Austrian statesmen could resist such an outstanding politician as Bismarck.
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Ermolaeva, M. A. « “Russian libraries in Germany” – The essays in history ». Scientific and Technical Libraries 1, no 1 (18 mars 2021) : 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2021-1-159-164.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Review of the collection of works prepared by Gottfried Kratz (Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s. (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).The book in German comprises the papers by German and Russian researchers on public, academic, military and church libraries in the mid-19th century and up to present. The reviewer focuses on the works matching the profile of the “Scientific and Technical Libraries” journal. The presented works are based on vast archival materials and expand the knowledge of Russian-German library relationships within the mentioned historical period. The researchers of Russian diaspora abroad, book and library historians will make the readership of the book.
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Baev, V. G. « Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century) ». Lex Russica, no 9 (18 septembre 2020) : 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.166.9.077-087.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.
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Baev, Valery G. « Reforms and Reformers on the Question of the Causes, Features and Results of the State-Legal Transformation of Prussia at the Beginning of the 19th Century ». Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 9, no 1 (12 avril 2022) : 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls100330.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study aims to analyze and provide a historical and legal assessment of administrative, economic, and social transformations in Prussia in the first half of the 19th century to study the circumstances and conditions of the formation of a new political, legal, and economic reality of the country. Moreover, the role of specific personalities who made a mark in history during this period is explored to obtain an idea of what administrative, legal, and economic patterns they reshaped in the management system. The author focuses not on the transformations but on the personalities whose hands have produced those transformations (an objective series of events) in Prussian Germany. Reformers-researchers (first, Stein, Gardenberg, V. Humboldt) realized their own private interest, but the totality of personal interests was already of public interest, and they themselves acted as its subjects. The success of the reformation was also determined by the prevailing atmosphere in the country, which was filled with great philosophers, historians, and writers with their ideas and deeds. The author concludes that science in Germany was more than science. She actively participated in the process of transformation in the country.
The author proves that the Prussian reformation, despite the different ideas of the participants about its goals, objectively contributed to the creation of the foundations of the bourgeois state on the basis of the monarchical form of government. As a legacy of the reformation stage, the Prussian statehood created in the second half of the 19th century was passed into the hands of Otto von Bismarck. Thus, it was not Bismarck who paved the way for Hitler. The reformers handed him a state building almost built according to their schemes which even the iron chancellor could not rebuild. In addition, we must consider that the modernization of Prussia developed in opposition to the counter-reformation, its legal expression was the so-called Carlsbad resolutions, which decelerated the dynamics of reforms.
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Dunlavy, Colleen A. « Mirror Images : Political Structure and Early Railroad Policy in the United States and Prussia ». Studies in American Political Development 5, no 1 (1991) : 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000158.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As conventional thinking once had it, Vormärz Prussia and the antebellum United States mapped out opposite ends of a “strong-state, weak-state” spectrum. But several decades of research have rendered both images increasingly untenable. Revisions began on the American side in the 1940s when a group of scholars set out to re-evaluate the state governments' role in antebellum American industrialization. These studies of state legislation and political rhetoric—the first to take federalism seriously, one might say—collectively laid to rest the myth of laissez-faire during the antebellum period. Since then scholars of the antebellum political economy have examined the American state from another angle, shifting attention to the role of the state and federal courts in economic growth. Others, mean-while, have taken a closer look at the federal government's role before the Civil War and discerned interventionist tendencies in the federal legislature and executive as well. The cumulative effect is clear: it has become impossible to speak of laissez-faire in the antebellum American context. On the Prussian side, too, historians have begun to rethink the state's role in industrialization as mounting evidence has undermined the conventional image. Initially, few historians questioned the extent of the state's involvement in economic activity during the first half of the 19th century; instead, they debated its consequences—beneficial or not, intended or not. On balance the first round of revisions judged Vormdrz Prussian policies to have been rather contradictory in nature, some encouraging industrialization but others either hampering economic change or proving irrelevant.5 Historian Clive Trebilcock has gone a step further, however, debunking what he labels “myths of the directed economy” in nineteenth-century Germany.
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Aydın, Abdurrahim, et Tuncay Zorlu. « Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War ». Belleten 79, no 285 (1 août 2015) : 739–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Supply of military weapons, equipment, spare parts and ammunition had always been of a crucial importance for the Ottoman Empire. This issue came to be a part of an international diplomacy from 19th century onwards when the Ottoman governments were forced into a position to choose allies from European Powers who were in rivalry in providing military materials. Many companies from France, England and Germany competed with each other in order to have the greatest share from the military supplies market in the Ottoman Empire. Such German companies as Krupp, and Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschinefabrik in Düsseldorf; French company Sxneider/Le Creusot; and British Armstrong/Vickers Company were among them. However, German weapon companies stood out in meeting the needs of the Ottoman military. In the reign of Abdulhamid II, the German company of Krupp came forward in selling artillery weapons in particular after the 1880's, and turned out to be the dominant power in the end of the century, while the other German companies dealt in the various other military materials such as rifles, ammunitions, spare parts, wagons, factory workbenches. Levazımat-ı Umumiye Dairesi (General Supplies Department) which functioned as attached to the Harbiye Nezareti (Ministry of War) during the early years of the 20th century was in charge of the supply and distribution of primary materials which were necessary for the provisioning of the army. This department was not only involved in the provisioning and equipment of the army during the WWI, but played an important role in procuring the technical equipment for the setting up and development of military factories as well as establishing connections and cooperation with Germany to this end, through its branches. It is possible to reach many correspondences about these cases in ATESE Archives which is attached to the General Staff. This study aims to provide some examples concerning the activities of the above-mentioned department and military factories and procuring the wartime equipment in particular, based on the primary sources.
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Sterkhov, Dmitry. « Between Hegemony and Federalism. The Prussian Plans to Create the North German Imperial Confederation in the Summer of 1806 ». ISTORIYA 13, no 9 (119) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019088-5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article is focused on Prussian attempts to separate the North German territories from the rest of the Holy Roman Empire during the summer months of 1806 with the aim of creating a North German Imperial Confederation under the Prussian protection. The reasons behind the possible foundation of the North German Imperial Confederation as well as the journalistic activities around this Prussian project are also in the centre of attention. The structure of the supposed North German Confederation are analyzed on the basis of plans and projects elaborated by the Prussian politicians and diplomats in July and August 1806. The deliberations over the joining to the Confederation were conducted by the Prussian government with the Electors of Hesse and Saxony as well as with the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen which were supposed to become the major members of the Prussian-dominated North German state. The analysis has shown that the Prussian government considered the possible North German Imperial Confederation as thelegal successor of the Holy Roman Empire, with Habsburgs being replaced by the Hohenzollern dynasty. The Prussian claims on the inheritance of the Holy Roman Empire and on the hegemony in the Northern Germany were met with discontent on the part of Hesse and especially Saxony, which impelled the Prussian politicians to repeatedly modify their projects, adding more elements of federalism to them. Despite all the concessions, Prussia eventually failed to unite the Northern Germany under its protection. The reasons for this lie both in the separatism of the North German principalities and cities, and in inner inconsistency and crudity of the Prussian projects. France and Great Britain also impeded the Prussian plans since neither of them was interested in a separate North German state under Prussian control. Napoleon's refusal to support Prussia's attempts to unify the Northern Germany was used by the Prussian government as a pretext to declare war on France in October 1806 which ended with dramatic Prussian defeat. Despite the fact that the Prussian plans to create a North German Imperial Confederation in the summer of 1806 were never realized, this was one of the many possible ways of the evolution of the German statehood in the early 19th century. It was finally put into practice half a century later, in the form of the North German Confederation in 1866.
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Freller, Thomas. « "Adversus Infideles" : Some Notes On the Cavalier's Tour, the Fleet of the Order of St. John, and the Maltese Corsairs ». Journal of Early Modern History 4, no 3-4 (2000) : 405–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006500x00060.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractOriginally a charitable monastic institution devoted to the care of Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land, the Hospitallers of St. John became a military order during the twelfth century. The arrival of the Order of St. John in Malta in 1530 brought this island to the attention of European leaders and their subjects; indeed, the number of visitors who wrote about their sojourns on the island in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is remarkable. At this time private military tours to Malta came to be integrated into what was called the Cavalier's Tour. The famous caravans of the fleet of the Order of St. John played a special role in this development, since participation in the caravans-usually involving naval engagements against the infidel-was considered an integral part of a gentleman's education. The survival of the chivalric Order of St. John seems to testify to the spiritual and cultural continuity of the Crusades up through the period of the Counter Reformation. But closer examination of individual European travelers suggests a rather pragmatic and quite "tolerant" approach to the foreign world. This essay concentratcs on Northern European sources, as it was mainly the Northerners who made the Cavalier's Tour a regular ritual, often entailing the compilation of a detailed travel diary. The accounts of the travelers from Prussia, the Scandinavian countries and central and south Germany show that both Catholics and Protestants alike came to Malta, mainly for reasons of fame, career and the acquisition of military and nautical experience. By the middle of the eighteenth century the Order and its fleet had degenerated to an ornamental show. This decline coincided with the end of the phenomenon dealt with here. In the so-called "Grand Tour" of the second half of the eighteenth century-mostly undertaken by rich Englishmen-there was no space for a trip "adversus infideles." This new type of tour was meant for private pleasure and cultural education. The Ottoman empire was no longer seen as a threat. In contrast to the old emnity, there was a new vogue for things "oriental." The island of Malta and the state of the Knights became an object of curiosity and romantic chivalry.
Thèses sur le sujet "Prussia (Germany) – History, Military – 19th century"
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Von, Herff Michael. « "They walk through the fire like the blondest German" : African soldiers serving the Kaiser in German East Africa (1888-1914) ». Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60565.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The maintenance of German colonial rule in East Africa depended on a strong military presence. The Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika was established to meet this need, but financial and political constraints dictated that this force be manned by an African rank and file. Initially, most of the African recruits came from outside of the colony, but, as time passed, the Germans began recruiting from a few specific ethnic groups in the colony.The relationship between the African soldiers and their German employers yielded military successes for the new colonial government and, by extension, an enhanced status for the soldiers themselves. Over time, the Africans within the Schutztruppe distanced themselves from other Africans in the colony and began to develop separate communities at the government stations, which in turn fostered the growth of an askari group identity. The interests of these communities became inextricably linked to the German presence in the region. The development of this relationship helps to explain the askaris' support of the German campaign against the British during the First World War.
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HIPPLER, Thomas. « Citizenship and discipline : popular arming and military service in revolutionary france and reform Prussia (1789-1830) ». Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5836.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 9 December 2002Examining board: Prof. Étienne Balibar, Université Paris-X, Nanterre ; Prof. Peter Becker, European University Institute, Florence ; Prof. Annie Crépin, Université d'Artois, Arras ; Prof. Bo Stråth, European University Institute, Florence (Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Le service militaire obligatoire repose sur une contradiction. En tant que mode privilégié de la participation du citoyen aux affaires de la cité, il est à la fois élément et garant de sa liberté politique. En tant qu'institution disciplinaire, il le soumet à un système coercitif et l'isole de la société civile. La nationalisation de la force armée par la conscription introduit donc une tension irréductible entre citoyenneté et discipline, et pose concrètement le problème de la liberté politique. Egalitaire dans son principe, le service militaire ne concerne pourtant que la frange masculine de la population, l'absence des femmes dans l'armée répondant à leur exclusion des droits civiques. L'universalité de l'obligation se trouve par ailleurs contrecarrée par les stratégies de certains groupes sociaux pour négocier des conditions favorables. Plutôt que d'opposer le modèle de conscription républicaine à la française au militarisme prussien, cet ouvrage s'attache à montrer comment la Prusse a répondu de manière dialectique à l'institution révolutionnaire de la violence de masse. La Révolution française et la Réforme prussienne sont ainsi appréhendées comme deux moments d'un processus intrinsèquement transnational. Cet ouvrage entend mettre à l'épreuve de l'Histoire le problème politique tel que l'ont formulé Rousseau et Kant, en s'appuyant sur des sources officielles, des autobiographies, lettres, chansons, conçues comme des articulations subjectives de la modernité politique.
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KAMISSEK, Christoph. « Transnationaler Militarismus : Politische Generationen deutscher Offiziere zwischen militärischen Internationalismus und imperialer Nation (1770-1870) ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32122.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 25 June 2014Examining Board: Professor Sebastian Conrad, Freie Universität Berlin Professor Dirk Moses, EUI Professor Ulrike von Hirschhausen, Universität Rostock Professor Robert Gerwarth, University College Dublin.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht einen lange Zeit unhinterfragten Gemeinplatz in der deutschen Militär- und Kolonialgeschichte: die späte Verwirklichung eines geeinten Nationalstaates habe nicht nur die deutsche Zivilgesellschaft, sondern auch das deutsche Militär bis in das späte 19. Jahrhundert von der Entdeckung aussereuropäischer Gebiete als mögliche professionelle Einsatzfelder abgehalten und so das deutsche Offizierkorps lange Zeit von imperialen Phantasien unberührt und unerfahren in den Herausforderungen kolonialer Kriegführung belassen. Tatsächlich reichte die Beteiligung deutscher Soldaten an imperialen Auseinandersetzungen jedoch bis in die Zeit der amerikanischen Revolution zurück. Der Wunsch nach Gleichberechtigung mit anderen expandierenden Ländern wie Grossbritannien, Frankreich oder Russland war seitdem nicht nur in kleineren deutschen Staaten mit einer Tradition imperialen Kriegsdienstes "unter fremden Fahnen" weit verbreitet. Auch in Preussen zirkulierten Phantasien eines deutschen Kriegszuges nach Indien bereits in der Zeit der napoleonischen Besatzung. Seitdem entwickelten Generationen deutscher Offiziere immer wieder Visionen eines deutschen Kolonialreiches, ein Wunsch, der insbesondere in längeren Friedensperioden in Europa virulent wurde. Besondere jüngere, gebildete und ambitionierte Offiziere aus elitären Regimentern sahen in imperialen Unternehmungen ihre Chance auf ruhmreiche Bewährung im Krieg. Bei einer Reihe von bisher weitgehend unbekannten Gelegenheiten nahmen diese auch aktiv an den kolonialen Kampagnen anderer Mächte teil. Die Arbeit untersucht daneben auch die Gründe, warum dieser Strang militärischen Denkens und Handelns lange Zeit marginalisiert wurde: die Verwirklichung imperialer Projekte schien gerade aus militärischen Gründen einen vereinigten Nationalstaat zu erfordern, eine Forderung, die Offiziere politisch verdächtig machte und die imperiale Fraktion innerhalb des deutschen Offizierkorps lange Zeit isolierte und in den Untergrund trieb. Als das deutsche Kaiserreich gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts jedoch schliesslich tatsächlich in den Kreis der Kolonialmächte eintrat, war dessen Militär keineswegs vollständig unvorbereitet, sondern konnte auf ein zwar wechselhaftes, jedoch lange zurückreichendes und bisweilen intensives theoretisches und praktisches imperiales Engagement zurückblicken.
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GÖHDE, Ferdinand Nicolas. « Foreign soldiers in the risorgimento and anti-risorgimento : a transnational military history of Germans in the Italian armed groups, 1834-1870 ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33052.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 3 October 2014Examining Board: Professor Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, supervisor (European University Institute); Professor Lucy Riall (European University Institute); Professor Catherine Brice (Université Paris-Est Créteil); Professor Oliver Janz (Freie Universität Berlin).
This thesis compares the motives, experiences and practices of Germans in the Papal, Bourbon and Garibaldian armed groups. It shows how solidarity was, on all political sides, increasingly conceptualized as an act by and between nations and argues that political mobilization did not necessarily directly inform the single enlistment. Recruitment activities not only combined mercenary traditions with new forms of communication and association, but they also overlapped, leading many to change between armed groups. The study provides the first in-depth statistical analysis of these Germans based on soldiers’ registers, contextualizing it with transnational soldiering across Europe; not only did Germans stay in the regular armies for quite long periods, but previous and later enlistments in other armies were common - this also holds true for the "German" Garibaldians. Examining hitherto neglected economic incentives, the study demonstrates the plurality of political, cultural, economic and professional motives of single soldiers, thus blurring the lines of the opposition between the militarily inexperienced political war volunteer and the mercenary that is so central to the polemics of the time and "new Risorgimento historiography". Based on legal sources and soldiers’ reports, the study analyses the every-day life of Germans in the Italian armed groups in terms of a culturally revived "new military history", and is particularly attentive to issues of masculinity. The different institutional contexts the Germans were placed in - e.g. foreigners’ corps, ministries - informed differing experiences. In contrast to the multi-national make-up of many corps, imagery of national grouping progressively superseded formal military structures, resulting in continuous comparisons of corps and nationalities and increases in "nationalizing" experiences. This goes counter to the image of foreign commitment in Italy as a cosmopolitan experience and an a priori positive understanding of the "transnational". Hence, the role of foreign soldiers was crucial for the "military" Risorgimento and "revirilization".
Livres sur le sujet "Prussia (Germany) – History, Military – 19th century"
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The origins of the wars of German unification. London : Longman, 1991.
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Bowman, Shearer Davis. Masters & lords : Mid-19th-century U.S. planters and Prussianjunkers. New York : Oxford University Press, 1993.
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Bowman, Shearer Davis. Masters & lords : Mid-19th-Century U.S. planters and Prussian junkers. New York : Oxford University Press, 1993.
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Germany on the march : A reinterpretation of war and domestic politics over the past two centuries. Lanham : University Press of America, 1995.
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Angelow, Jürgen. Von Wien nach Königgrätz : Die Sicherheitspolitk des Deutschen Bundes im europäischen Gleichgewicht (1815-1866). München : R. Oldenbourg, 1996.
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Zantop, Susanne. Colonial fantasies : Conquest, family and nation in precolonial Germany, 1770-1870. Durham, N.C : Duke University Press, 1997.
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Colonial fantasies : Conquest, family, and nation in precolonial Germany, 1770-1870. Durham, N.C : Duke University Press, 1997.
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Witnessing the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in German Central Europe. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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Zantop, Susanne. Kolonialphantasien im vorkolonialen Deutschland (1770-1870). Berlin : E. Schmidt, 1999.
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Carr, William, et Harry Hearder. Wars of German Unification 1864 - 1871. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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