Articles de revues : « Provenance analysi »

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Bogunović, Sanja, Saša Bogdan, Miran Lanšćak, Nevenka Ćelepirović et Mladen Ivanković. « Use of a Common Garden Experiment in Selecting Adapted Beech Provenances for Artificial Stand Restoration ». South-east European forestry 11, n^o 1 (30 avril 2020) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.20-07.

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Increased frequency of extreme weather events has seriously affected forestry operations in south-eastern Europe. A precondition for effective artificial restoration of disturbed forest stands is site-adapted forest reproductive material (FRM). Common garden experiments (provenance trials) may assist in selecting such FRM. The main objective of this study was to establish among-provenance variation pattern using data from a beech provenance trial. Usefulness of the results in selecting seed sources for restoration of European beech stands is discussed. The trial was set up in 2007, at a slope of Medvednica mount facing north-west at 730-750 m above sea level. Plant heights were measured and survival scored in 2008 and 2015. Height increments were calculated and processed to determine variance components due to various effects. Highly significant provenance-by-block interaction was revealed, indicating strong microsite effects on provenance performances. Therefore, corrections were made and provenance mean height increments recalculated. Provenance mean height increment multiplied with survival was used as a measure of a provenance’s adaptedness. Regression tree (RT) analysis was used to determine the pattern of among-provenance variations. A set of provenance clusters was grown using climatic variables related to the provenance stands of origin as criteria. All analyzed effects were significant (provenance: F=2.07, p<0.05; block: F=5.07, p<0.05; provenance by block interaction: F=7.32, p<0.001). Data corrections reduced the interaction effect, thereby increasing reliability of calculated provenance adaptedness indices (AI). Provenances were grouped into 4 clusters due to elevation, mean July temperature and summer heat-to-moisture index (SHM). Cluster 4, containing provenances from the highest altitudes (>750m), had the highest mean AI (143.9±8.4 cm). The lowest mean AI (106.7±14.8 cm) had cluster 1, containing provenances from lower altitudes with lower mean July temperatures (≤18.4°C). Provenances originating from lower elevations with higher mean July temperatures (>18.4°C) were further divided into two clusters due to the SHM variable. Cluster 2 had the second highest mean AI (141.2±1.5 cm) and contained provenances from relatively wetter habitats (SHM≤48.2). Cluster 3, containing provenances from relatively arid habitats (SHM>48.2), had significantly lower mean AI (116.8±8.6 cm). Established among-provenance variation pattern might be used as a tool in selecting seed sources for artificial restoration of beech stands at mount Medvednica. It is advisable to use FRM from higher altitudes and/or from slightly lower altitudes (up to 150 m lower than a restoring site) but featured with warmer and drier conditions compared to the trial. Generally, provenance trials should be utilized as a valuable decision tool in restoring disturbed forest stands but may also be misleading if not well designed and analyzed.

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Restu, Muhammad, et Mohammad Naiem. « Genetic Variability of Five Provenances of Eboni ». Jurnal Natur Indonesia 10, n^o 1 (4 mai 2018) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.10.1.1-5.

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A research was conducted to determine genetic variability and structure of ebony either within provenances or within trees in the same provenance using isozyme analyses. Results of this study are expected to show genetic variability of ebony with different provenances. For the purpose of the study, five provenances of ebony (Maros,Barru, Sidrap, Malili, and Mamuju) were prepared. The isozyme analysis using electrophoresis was applied to determine the genetic variability. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using multivariate and dendrogram analyses with Numerical Taxonomy System (NTSYS) Program applying unwighted pairgroup method and arrithmetic average (UPGMA) approach. Results showed that the variability of genetic provenances of ebony were less than any other tree species. Among the existing provenances, Barru dan Mamuju showed higher genetic variability compared to other provenances. Ebony provenance was generally found to homozygously increase or to performinbreeding. The genetic variability of ebony was mostly derived from the variability in population (95.4%). Grouping individual trees based on their provenances indicated that Malili provenance showed closed relationship to Maros provenance, whilst Mamuju provenance showed closed relationship to Barru and Sidrap provenances.

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Ballian, Dalibor, et Nerma Zukić. « ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH OF COMMON BEECH PROVENANCES (Fagus sylvatica L.) IN THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIMENT NEAR KAKANJ ». Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 41, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2011) : 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2011.v41.i2.136.

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UDK 582.632.2:581.43/.44(497.6 Kakanj) This paper presents the results of the research of the provenances of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in an experiment near Kakanj. Experiments of the provenances were established during the spring of 2007 with 2+0 and 3+0 years-old seedings. The plants were planted in the experimental design of randomized block system in three replications. The results of the survival of plants in 2007, 2008 and 2009, and the root collar diameter of plants and plant height in 2009 are presented in this paper. Studies of the plants’ survival show that the highest percentage of survival rate had the provenance Tešanj – Crni Vrh I, while the lowest percentage of survival rate had provenance Bugojno Vranica - Bistrica. The analysis of the variance showed a statistically significant difference between the provenances, which was confirmed by the Duncan test. Romania provenance Alka - Iulia (10.14 mm) and the Swiss provenance Sihlwald (10.45 mm), had the smallest diameter of the root collar. Provenance from Croatia Dilj Čanglinski (19.43 mm) and provenance Varani kamen (18.46 mm) had the biggest diameter. The greatest average height had a provenance from Croatia Dilj Čanglinski (93.21 cm) and provenance Varani kamen (92.88 cm). The lowest level of height had provenance Alka Romania - Iulia (43.48 cm) and provenance Alesd (52.71 cm).

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Stojnić, Srđan, S. Orlović, D. Ballian, M. Ivankovic, M. Šijačić-Nikolić, A. Pilipović, S. Bogdan et al. « Provenance by site interaction and stability analysis of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances grown in common garden experiments ». Silvae Genetica 64, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2015) : 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2015-0013.

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AbstractFifteen provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were evaluated for stability and adaptability by height growth at four test sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1), Croatia (1) and Serbia (2). Provenance trials were established in spring 2007 by planting 2- and 3-yearold seedlings and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The data from seven 6- year-old and eight 5-year-old provenances were obtained in 2009 and analyzed separately. Finlay and Wilkinson’s regression analysis and Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI model) were used to assess provenance by site interaction (P × S) and to identify beech provenances that have high and stable performance in different environments, at the juvenile stage of development. Analysis of variance showed that effects of provenance, site, and P×S interaction are highly significant (p<0.001) in both age groups. Linear regression model evidenced that most of the provenances had regression coefficients not significantly different from unity (b=1.0), except for provenances Sjeverni Dilj Caglinski (HR24) and Vranica-Bistrica (BA59). The partitioning of the total sum of squares (SS) exhibited that the site effect was the predominant source of variation in both age groups of provenances (50.7% and 38.5%, respectively). Additionally, regression analysis explained 15.8% and 33.2% of provenance by site interaction terms, in provenances age six and five years, respectively, while the AMMI analysis accounted for 62.2% and 78.7% in P×S interaction. The results of AMMI showed that the first principal component (PC1) was statistically significant in both age groups. Adaptability and stability of provenances to the test sites were estimated with AMMI1 and AMMI2 biplots. Provenance Sjeverni Dilj Caglinski (HR24) showed constant performance over tested sites, characterizing with aboveaverage height growth at low yielding environments. Provenances HR25 and BA61 showed the opposite type of adaptation, being adapted to high yielding sites. Provenance Valkonya (HU42) was characterized by IPCA1 score close to zero and above average mean height growth, suggesting general adaptation to the tested environments. The implication of P×S was discussed in light of impact of climate change on beech and selection of most suitable provenances for future reforestation programs.

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Memišević Hodžić, Mirzeta, et Dalibor Ballian. « Growth Dynamics and Tree Shape of Common Beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) in the International Provenance Test ». South-east European forestry 12, n^o 2 (15 novembre 2021) : 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.21-11.

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Provenance tests of forest tree species are important experiments in silviculture and tree breeding. Their results provide information about provenances' growth, adaptability, and other features. The research aimed to determine the dynamics of growth and tree shape of common beech plants per provenances in the international provenance test in Bosnia and Herzegovina to choose the best provenances considering wood production and quality. Research was conducted in the provenance test containing eight provenances from Bosnia and Herzegovina, four from Germany, three from Serbia, two each from Croatia, Romania, and Switzerland, and one from Hungary. Provenance test was established in 2007 by planting 2-year-old and 3-year old seedlings. Height and root collar diameter were measured, and tree shape was assessed in 2019. Data were processed in SPSS 26.0. Descriptive statistics, variance analysis, multiple Duncan's test for all traits, and Pearson's coefficient of corelation among morphological traits and tree shape were calculated. Variance for the height and root collar diameter showed statistically significant differences among different ages of plants and among provenances. Provenance from Croatia (Dilj Čaglinski) had the highest, and provenance from Romania (Alba-Iulia) had the lowest average height. The highest average value of root collar diameter had provenance Dilj Čaglinski, and the lowest value had provenance Sihlwald (Switzerland). The highest percentage of category 10 (ideal tree form) had provenance Bad Wildbad (Germany), and categories 1-4 (no silviculture value) had provenance Alba-Iulia (Romania). Pearson's coefficient showed that height, root collar diameter, and tree shape are highly correlated. Considering all the above, when planning forest-breeding works, it is recommended to continue the research and favor provenances with the best growth and tree shape.

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Nonic, Marina, Dijana Cortan, Tatjana Batalo et Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic. « Comparative analysis of morphological characteristics of beech leaves from the European provenance trial ». Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, n^o 119 (2019) : 145–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1919145n.

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The paper presents the results of the research conducted within the European provenance beech trial, in the Teaching Base of the Faculty of Forestry - Debeli Lug. To assess the inter- -provenance genetic variability of beech, using morphological markers, and comparative analysis of the results obtained in two successive years, 10 trees per each selected provenance were sampled. Thirty leaves were collected from each tree (total of 300 leaves per provenance per year). The inter-provenance differences of all morphological leaf characteristics were statistically significant and can be assumed to be the result of the genetic constitution of the provenances themselves. Based on the comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of beech leaves from 13 different provenances in two research years, it was found that the mean values of most analyzed morphological characteristics were higher in 2017, compared to the results from 2016. Such results could be explained by the different climatic conditions that prevailed in the provenance trial in research years.

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Halilović, Velid, Faruk Mekić, Ćemal Višnjić et Dalibor Ballian. « VARIABILITY OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SILVER FIR (Abies alba Mill.) IN A NATIONAL TEST OF PROVENIENCES ». Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 43, n^o 1 (1 juin 2013) : 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2013.v43.i1.117.

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UDK 582.475:581.4(497.6 Olovo) The research has been carried out in a formal experiment with silver fir near Očevje-Olovo, with nine provenances originating from natural BiH population of 22 years of age. The research observed following provenances: communities from the area of Bugojno, Bosanski Petrovac, Olovo-Palež, Olovo-Klis, Pale, Konjic, Fojnica, Sokolac, and Prozor. The analysis of diameter on the root collar found that there are statistically significant differences among the provenances. It was also found that the biggest diameter on the root collar was on the provenances of Fojnica, with 75.6 mm, whereas the smallest was on the provenances of Olovo-Klis, with 65.2 mm. In terms of breast height diameter, some statistically significant differences were also found, so that the biggest diameter was on the provenance of Fojnica, with 47.0 mm, whereas the smallest value of this feature was on the provenance of Pale, with 41.6 mm. The analysis of the height of different provenances for the testing period, 1999 – 2005 (7 years), suggested statistically significant differences among the provenances. The biggest value was on the provenance of Bosanski Petrovac, with 407 cm, whereas the smallest height was on the provenance of Olovo-Klis, with 364 cm. The results obtained during this research provide valuable information, which can be used as indicators for successful differentiation of silver fir.

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Ballian, Dalibor, et Mirzeta Memišević Hodžić. « Preliminary assessment of genetic gain through the selection of different pedunculate oak populations in provenance test ». Genetics & ; Applications 6, n^o 2 (14 décembre 2022) : 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31383/ga.vol6iss2ga06.

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The distribution of pedunculate oak in Bosnia and Herzegovina is important in connecting the southern and eastern provenances of the Balkan Peninsula with provenances from Central Europe. However, due to over-exploitation, pedunculate oak is almost extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This research aims to determine the heredity and production potential of the pedunculate oak from 28 provenances in the Bosnian-Herzegovinian provenance test through the genetic gain of thickness and height growth. The results will be used in selection of best provenances in terms of genetic gain. For this research, height and root collar diameter of pedunculate oak plants in Bosnian-Herzegovinian provenance tests were measured in 2012, 2016 and 2020. The provenance test was established in 2009. It contains 28 provenances from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Heredity and selection differential were assessed using analysis of variance. Possible genetic gain if using five best and one best provenance were determined. The results of the genetic gain for height obtained using data from 2012 and 2020 were low. The results obtained for 2016 indicate that the genetic gain for height, using five best provenances would be 7.62%, and using the best provenance 9.98%. Results of the genetic gain for root collar diameter obtained for 2016 and 2020 were low. For 2012, the genetic improvement using five best provenances would be 4.28%, and using the best provenance 6.32%. The results indicate that by selecting the best provenances of pedunculate oak and their propagation, we can achieve a significant increase in plant height and thickness, i.e., the yield of wood mass. As research concerns juvenile material, it is necessary to continue systematic monitoring, to determine the actual heredity and genetic age, when the trees reach their physiological maturity, and when the annual value oscillations become uniform.

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Pramono, Wachid, Ahmad Yamani et Damaris Payung. « ANALISIS SIFAT KIMIA TANAH PADA DEMPLOT HUTAN TANAMAN AGROFORESTRY LOK BUNGUR DI DESA DAMIT HULU KECAMATAN BATU AMPAR KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT ». Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 3, n^o 6 (11 janvier 2022) : 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v3i6.4727.

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Soil chemical properties are very important as research object, because by examining the soil chemical properties can know where the good arable land and poor land to be connected. Chemical properties that affect soil fertility is the cation exchange capacity (CEC), the degree of acidity or pH, organic matter content, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),The element potassium (K), and the element magnesium (Mg), as well as elements of Calcium (Ca).The purpose of this study to analyze the content of macro nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg,). The benefit is to provide scientific information data related to the content of macro nutrients on forest plots in the village agroforestry plants Damit Hulu subdistrict, Tanah Laut District Batu Ampar. Observations were made on a 3 point locations at the point provenances Solomon, provenance Sumedang and provenances Wamena. Soil sampling done by making a contour cut path. Distance point is disturbed soil sampling every 50 meters with a depth of 0-30 cm. Each observation point provenance soil sample taken 3 points less than 1 kg to be analyzed in the laboratory.The soil samples were analyzed to determine the content of macro nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg, the results of the analysis in the laboratory compared to the Assessment Criteria Soil Chemical Properties in the Central Research Institute Land (LPPT), Bogor. The results showed macro nutrient content of soil in three locations relative observation is not much different. N content is low. Nutrients P is classified, and K nutrients in each provenance is high. Nutrients Ca on each provenance moderate. While Mg is very low nutrient content. It is advisable to perform additional N and Mg nutrients according to plant needs. Plantation built in order to grow and develop optimally as expectedSifat kimia tanah sangat penting dijadikan objek penelitian, karena dengan meneliti sifat kimia tanah dapat mengetahui tanah mana yang baik ditanami dan tanah yang tidak baik untuk disambung. Sifat kimia yang mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah yaitu kapasitas tukar kation (KTK), derajat kemasaman tanah atau pH, kandungan bahan organik, Nitrogen (N), Fosfor (P), Unsur Kalium (K), dan Unsur Magnesium (Mg), serta Unsur Kalsium (Ca). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kandungan unsur hara makro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg,). Manfaatnya untuk memberikan data informasi ilmiah terkait kandungan unsur hara makro pada demplot hutan tanaman Agroforestry di Desa Damit Hulu Kecamatan Batu Ampar Kabupaten Tanah Laut.Pengamatan dilakukan pada 3 titik lokasi yaitu pada titik Provenan Solomon, Provenan Sumedang dan Provenan Wamena. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan dengan membuat jalur memotong kontur. Jarak titik pengambilan sampel tanah terganggu adalah setiap 50 meter dengan kedalaman 0 – 30 cm. Setiap titik pengamatan Provenan diambil 3 titik sampel tanah kurang lebih 1 kg untuk dianalisis di laboratorium. Sampel tanah tersebut dianalisis untuk mengetahui kandungan unsur hara makro N, P, K, Ca dan Mg, hasil analisis di Laboratorium dibandingkan dengan Kriteria Penilaian Sifat Kimia Tanah menurut Lembaga Pusat Penelitian Tanah (LPPT), Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan unsur hara makro tanah di 3 lokasi pengamatan relatif tidak jauh berbeda. Kandungan N tergolong rendah. Unsur hara P tergolong sedang, dan unsur hara K di setiap Provenan tergolong tinggi. Unsur hara Ca pada setiap Provenan tergolong sedang. Sedangkan unsur hara Mg sangat rendah kandungannya. Disarankan untuk melakukan tambahan unsur hara N dan Mg sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman. Agar hutan tanaman yang dibangun dapat tumbuh dan berkembang secara optimal sesuai dengan yang diharapkan

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Stojnic, Srdjan, Sasa Orlovic, Danijela Miljkovic et Wuehlisch von. « Intra- and interprovenance variations in leaf morphometric traits in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) ». Archives of Biological Sciences 68, n^o 4 (2016) : 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs151008064s.

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European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most important tree species in Europe. Due to substantial genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity, beech has successfully adapted to different environments within its natural range. Provenance tests provide a good basis for studying within- and between-provenance genetic variation, due to homogeneous within-trial environmental conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine the within- and between-provenance genetic variability of certain leaf morphological traits among eleven beech provenances, grown in a common garden experiment. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences among the studied beech provenances. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed a complex assessment of the relationships among the provenances and an estimation of multivariate relations among the analyzed characters. The results of the study revealed the existence of substantial variability among provenances (p<0.001). Likewise, high genetic variability was observed at the intra-provenance level (p<0.001). The first three principal components (PC1-PC3) explained approximately 81% of the total variance among the European beech provenances tested. The highest contribution on PC1 corresponded to variables related to leaf size: leaf area (-0.882) and leaf width (-0.876). Based on the position of provenances on a PCA scatter plot, it could be assumed that European beech is characterized by a more ecotypic pattern of genetic variation rather than by clinal variation. Also, the presence of considerable genetic diversity within provenances will be important in the light of climate change impact on beech, since it could potentially facilitate rapid adaptation.

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Petkova, Krasimira, Emil Molle et Aysel Mustafova. « Survival and growth of Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances in North-Eastern Bulgaria ». Silva Balcanica 23, n^o 2 (20 décembre 2022) : 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e95109.

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Two provenance tests in  North-Eastern Bulgaria have been studied, whose purpose is to test the response of beech provenances from Southern Germany to the drier and warmer climatic conditions in Bulgaria, in order to predict how they would perform in a warming and drying climate. The provenance tests were established in the spring of 2010 in the area of the Varbitza and Kipilovo Forest Services with 2-year-old seedlings in a 2 x 1 m scheme in 3 replications. Four provenances of common beech were studied - 2 German (Silberbach and Ebersdorf) and 2 Bulgarian (Petrohan and Berkovitza). On the 12th year after afforestation, an inventory and measurements of the height and root collar diameter were carried out. The results were processed statistically by applying one and two-factor analysis of variance, as well as Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. A higher survival rate was found in the provenance test in Kipilovo. The Bulgarian provenances Petrohan and Berkovitza were characterized by better growth in height in both provenance tests, and in root collar diameter - provenance Petrohan. Provenance Ebersdorf could be recommended for use in drier and warmer places in Southern Germany.

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Hebel, I., R. Haas et Aikaterini Dounavi. « Genetic Variation of Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) Populations From Provenance Regions in Southern Germany by Using Nuclear and Chloroplast Microsatellites ». Silvae Genetica 55, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2006) : 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2006-0006.

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Abstract The genetic structure of 14 populations from three ash provenance regions (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in southern Germany (Aid Infodienst, 2003) is described by analysing the variation of four nuclear and five cpDNA microsatellites. The study of the nuclear microsatellites revealed high levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic differentiation, suggesting a high degree of gene flow among regions and/or human interference by introducing plant material coming from different provenances. The distributions of the allele frequencies and the genetic structures at these four microsatellite loci did not allow the identification of distinct provenance regions, although “private alleles” were encountered with moderate to low frequencies (above 5 percent). Specifically, the Rhine valley populations (provenance region 81105) and these from the Swabian Jura and Black Forest (provenance region 81107) revealed private alleles at the two microsatellite loci Femsatl4 and Femsatl12. A more distinct differentiation between provenances was found based on the cpDNA markers. Evidence on genetic delineation and characterization of ash provenances is discussed. Based on these results, provenance regions can be genetically characterised but further analysis of ash populations and of reproductive material (seeds or seedlings) would be of great importance for provenance delineation, as well as gene conservation and sustainable management of ash populations.

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Lavadinovic, Vera, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Danijela Djunisijevic-Bojovic, Zoran Miletic et Filip Jovanovic. « Variability of potassium concentration in the needles of Douglas-fir provenances ». Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, n^o 120 (2019) : 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1920097l.

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Douglas-fir is one of the most common conifer species in the forest plantations of Europe. The provenance test model is based on the analysis of the properties (growth, anatomical, physiological, chemical, mechanical and other properties) of Douglas-fir in order to justify the transfer of seeds from North America to the ecosystems of Serbia. This type of program has been implemented in Serbia on several locations using different Douglas-fir provenances. Given that the analysis of different physiological properties of trees is important for the introduction of specified provenances into habitats in Serbia, in this paper the variability of potassium concentration in young Douglas-fir needles of different provenances was examined in an experimental field in Serbia. Potassium is very important in the physiological processes of plants. It is an essential element involved in a number of biochemical and physiological processes and plays a significant role in the adaptation of plants on biotic and abiotic stress factors. The highest potassium concentration was found in the ?Oregon 205-14? provenance - the only provenance in which the potassium concentration was significantly higher than the average value, so it can be characterized as a superior provenance for the uptake and accumulation of this element. It was found that, at this stage of development, the differences in the potassium concentration in trees in the provenance test have no significant effect on growth parameters. Further studies should show whether the concentration of this biogenic element in any way affects other properties important for the selection of provenances during the introduction process, such as resistance to stress factors.

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Gülcü, Süleyman, et Nebi Bilir. « Growth and Survival Variation among Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) Provenances ». International Journal of Genomics 2017 (2017) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1904623.

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Tree height, basal diameter, and survival were examined in thirteen-year-old provenance test established by 30 seed sources of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) at two exotic sites of the species in Southern part of Turkey. Variations within provenance and among provenances and relations among the traits were estimated to compare Scots pine provenance and two other native species. Averages of tree height and basal diameter were 350 cm and 52.7 mm in Aydogmus site and 385 cm and 51.2 mm in Kemer site, respectively. There were large differences within and among provenances for the characters. Sites were similar (p>0.05) for the characters, while there were significant differences (p≤0.05) among provenances within site according to results of variance analysis (ANOVA). Scots pine provenances were higher and had more thickness than that of black pine (Pinus nigraArnold) and Taurus cedar (Cedrus libaniA. Rich.) which were natural species of the region. There were positive and significant (p<0.05) correlations between height and basal diameter in the species. Average survivals were 56% and 35% of the provenances in the sites. They were 71% and 11% in black pine and 53% in Taurus cedar for the sites respectively.

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Beaulieu, J., A. Corriveau et G. Daoust. « Productivité et Stabilité Phénotypique de l'Épinette Rouge au Québec ». Forestry Chronicle 65, n^o 1 (1 février 1989) : 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65042-1.

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Fifteen red spruce provenances were planted in 1959 on abandoned farmland in Quebec. Volume productivity and phenotypic stability parameters, 25 years after planting, are presented. Provenance-environment interaction is significant in red spruce. However, the importance of the phenotypic instability may have been influenced by the southern origin of some provenances and by an unequal damage caused by a yellowheaded spruce sawfly outbreak in one of the sites. Three provenances are of average stability and perform relatively well on all sites. They could be recommended for reforestation under certain conditions. However, the productivity of even these provenances is much lower than expected, probably owing to the susceptibility of the species to winter desiccation and severe frost damage when planted on exposed sites. Key words: Provenance-environment interaction, winter desiccation, bud freezing injury, provenances, combined regression analysis.

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Sebbenn, A. M., F. C. Arantes, O. V. Boas et M. L. M. Freitas. « Genetic Variation in an International Provenance-Progeny Test of Pinus caribaea Mor. var. bahamensis Bar. et Gol., in São Paulo, Brazil ». Silvae Genetica 57, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2008) : 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0028.

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Abstract A combined provenance-progeny test of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis was established in Paraguaçu Paulista Experimental Station, São Paulo State, Brazil, in a “compact family” blocks design with 14 provenances, 2 to 10 families per provenance, 5 individuals per subplot, and 7 replications. Variation among and within island, provenances and families and genetic parameters for d.b.h., height, and real volume were investigated, about 15 years after planting. Analysis of variation for all studied traits revealed significant differences among islands, provenances within island and families within islands, suggesting the possibility of increasing the timber yield through selection of the more productive provenances and families within the best island. Genetic correlations on growth traits were high and statistically significant, indicating that substantial gains could be made through indirect selection for one trait based on direct selection for another. Norman Castle provenance from Abaco Island performed best for d.b.h. height and volume, while San Andros and Little Harbour Cay, both from Andros Island performed worst for d.b.h. and height, respectively, and South Riding from Grand Bahamas Island performed worst for volume. The best provenance growth compared to that P. elliottii var. elliottii species at the same experimental site suggests that P. caribaea var. bahamensis has high silvicultural potential for the Paraguaçu Paulista region.

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McDermott, J. M., et R. A. Robinson. « Provenance variation for disease resistance in Pseudotsugamenziesii to the Swiss needle-cast pathogen, Phaeocryptopusgaeumannii ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, n^o 2 (1 février 1989) : 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-034.

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Nine provenances of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugamenziesii, were examined for the presence of Swiss needle-cast pathogen, Phaeocryptopusgaeumannii, in a plantation at the University of British Columbia Research Forest, Haney, B.C. The provenances were represented in a randomized complete block design. A severe epidemic of Swiss needle cast had persisted in the plantation for a number of years. Fructification of the fungus on more than 75% of the foliage provided an opportunity to assess provenance variation in disease resistance. Analysis of variance demonstrated that there are significant differences among provenances in resistance, as indicated by needle retention, to the Swiss needle-cast pathogen. Linear regression indicated a positive relationship between needle loss and the proportion of the remaining needles with pseudothecia. Provenance variation for needle retention and fructifying needles both correlate strongly with rainfall data from the meteorological station nearest to each provenance origin. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the provenances of Douglas-fir may have evolved in response to selection pressure imposed by the biological stress of Swiss needle-cast disease.

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Weller, Andreas. « Douglasien-Provenienzversuch von 1961 in Nordwestdeutschland : Ergebnisse nach 38 Jahren ». Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, n^o 3 (1 mars 2012) : 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0105.

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Douglas-fir provenance trials established 1961 in northwestern Germany: findings at the age of 38 years The Douglas-fir provenance trials established on 14 sites in northwestern Germany in 1961 are the basis for a comparison of 26 North American Douglas-fir provenances. The following assessment criteria were formulated: (1) How do the provenances differ with respect to total volume growth after 38 years? (2) Can climate-induced variations be observed in provenance values? (3) Do provenances differ in regard to branchiness? Because of non-orthogonal trial set-ups and plot-related influences, overall trial sites analysis called for a standardisation of interval-scaled primary data. Relative rank classes were calculated on the basis of a mean plot value. With respect to total volume growth, the provenances Tenas Creek (D47) as well as Molalla (D74) and Timber (D41/59) proved provenances with stable and outstanding productivity. Among the tested local climate elements “long-term annual mean temperature”, “mean annual precipitation” and “height above sea level” only the influence of long-term annual mean temperature is statistically relevant for productivity. Beside hardy ecotypes, which adapt to a wide spectrum of differing plot climates (e.g., Molalla [D74]), there are provenances with poor adaptive capabilities that react sensitively to local climatic conditions (e.g., Salmon Arm II [D46]). For the criterion “fine-branchiness”, the provenances Conrad Creek (D43), Ashford (D67) and Gold Hill (D83) show the best, the provenances Detroit (D76), Carson (D87) and Salmon Arm II (D46) the poorest results.

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Larmour, J. S., S. J. Whitfeld, C. E. Harwood et J. V. Owen. « Variation in frost tolerance and seedling morphology of the spotted gums Corymbia maculata, C. variegata, C. henryi and C. citriodora ». Australian Journal of Botany 48, n^o 4 (2000) : 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98065.

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The frost tolerance of seedlings of spotted gums representing four closely related species; Corymbia maculata (seven provenances), C. variegata (six provenances), C. henryi (one provenance) and C. citriodora (two provenances) was examined. Each provenance of C. maculata, C. variegata and C. henryi was represented by 10 seedlings from each of eight open-pollinated families, while the two C. citriodora provenances were each represented by 40 seedlings from a provenance bulk seedlot. Excised leaf discs from seedlings hardened by exposure to the Canberra winter were subjected to test temperatures of –4.2, –6.1 and –8.0˚C. Damage to the discs was estimated by the electrical conductivity of leachate produced by soaking the disks in water after exposure to freezing temperatures. Exposure to –6.1˚C for 1 h produced leachate conductivities corresponding to 37% of discs receiving lethal injury and gave good discrimination between tolerant and susceptible material. There were significant differences in frost tolerance between species, provenances within species, and between open-pollinated families within provenances. Corymbia variegata displayed significantly greater frost tolerance than the other three species. Species rankings were consistent across the three test temperatures. Inland, high altitude provenances of C. variegata and C. maculata had greater frost tolerance than those from lowland coastal locations, while there were no consistent trends of frost tolerance with latitude in these species. Analysis of seedling morphological characters effectively separated the different species in a manner consistent with the taxonomic review by Hill and Johnson (1995). Characters which separated C. maculata and C. variegata included the leaf pair at which the changeover from juvenile to intermediate leaf morphology occurred and the degree of pubescence of the leaves and stem, leaf size and shape. Corymbia variegata and the southern provenance of C. citriodora were separated only by the citronella scent of C. citriodora, the northern C. citriodora provenance had distinctly different leaf size and shape.Corymbia henryi seedlings had greater stem and leaf pubescence than those of C. maculata as well as distinctly shaped leaves, characterised by having the greatest length from the widest point to the leaf base.

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Lavadinovic, Vera, Dragica Obratov-Petkovic, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Zoran Miletic et Filip Jovanovic. « Effect of site and provenance on the thickness of transfusion parenchyma of Douglas-fir needles ». Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, n^o 118 (2018) : 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1818063l.

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Variability of introduced tree species can be assessed through provenance tests. Their genetic and ecological adaptability can be confirmed by investigating the variability of anatomical traits, analyzed in this research study. The aim of the paper was to determine whether there are differences in the width of transfusion parenchyma of Douglas-fir needles in different provenance in different habitats in Serbia. In Serbia, 2 provenance tests of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), whose seed originated from North America, were established with the aim of testing the species. A 2-factor analysis of variance of the thickness of needle transfusion parenchyma was carried out in order to study the effects of the interactions between site-specific conditions of the locations where the provenance tests were set. The role of this parenchyma is to support conductivity of water and mineral matters from xylem bundles and organic matters from chlorenchyma to phloem bundles. The analysis of variance shows that there are statistically significant differences in the values obtained for the studied anatomical traits between the provenances. LSD test shows that the provenances are homogeneous, i.e. there are no statistically significant differences in the mean values between them. The smaller range of variation in the properties of these provenances in comparison to other provenances can be partially explained with their genetic similarity which led to similar phenotypic expressions in the interaction with the external factors of the experimental sites.

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Huang, G. H., K. N. Liang, Z. Z. Zhou, J. M. Xu et H. M. Ma. « Genetic variation and origin of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) native and introduced provenances ». Silvae Genetica 64, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2015) : 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2015-0003.

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AbstractA total of 420 individuals belonged to 18 native teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) provenances from all four distributed countries and 10 introduced provenances were analyzed to for genetic variation, structure and genetic origin using SSR markers. The unbiased gene diversity for each provenance ranged from 0.4692 to 0.8523 with a mean value 0.6612, showing high variation within teak provenances and variation in India provenances was highest than in other countries’ provenances.AMOVA analysis showed that the majority of variation existed within provenances (84.760%) and also substantial variation among countries (10.586%). As more as possible plus trees from large population should be selected or conserved in order to keep genetic variability for future improvement. Different countries populations should be preserved in the natural habitat or collected for ex site conservation with cooperation and region-wise strategies.A Mantel test revealed significant correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances of teak provenances (R=0.7355, P<0.001). The cluster analyses by UPGMA, PCA and STRUCTURE methods gave very similar results, showing India provenances were firstly differentiated, and Laos provenances clustered with Thailand provenances, then introduced provenances and Myanmar provenances successively joined in the clusters. The introduced provenances no. 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28 appeared to be very closely linked to Laos provenances (especially no. 17) and Thailand provenances (especially no. 5 and 6), while provenances no. 21, 24, 26 may be originated from Myanmar provenance (especially no. 16).

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Szymański, Norbert, et Sławomir Wilczyński. « Radial Growth Response of European Larch Provenances to Interannual Climate Variation in Poland ». Forests 12, n^o 3 (12 mars 2021) : 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030334.

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The present study identified the similarities and differences in the radial growth responses of 20 provenances of 51-year-old European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) trees from Poland to the climatic conditions at three provenance trials situated in the Polish lowlands (Siemianice), uplands (Bliżyn) and mountains (Krynica). A chronology of radial growth indices was developed for each of 60 European larch populations, which highlighted the interannual variations in the climate-mediated radial growth of their trees. With the aid of principal component, correlation and multiple regression analysis, supra-regional climatic elements were identified to which all the larch provenances reacted similarly at all three provenance trials. They increased the radial growth in years with a short, warm and precipitation-rich winter; a cool and humid summer and when high precipitation in late autumn of the previous year was noted. Moreover, other climatic elements were identified to which two groups of the larch provenances reacted differently at each provenance trial. In the lowland climate, the provenances reacted differently to temperature in November to December of the previous year and July and to precipitation in September. In the upland climate, the provenances differed in growth sensitivity to precipitation in October of the previous year and June–September. In the mountain climate, the provenances responded differently to temperature and precipitation in September of the previous year and to precipitation in February, June and September of the year of tree ring formation. The results imply that both climatic factors and origin (genotype), i.e., the genetic factor, mediate the climate–growth relationships of larch provenances.

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Beaulieu, Jean, Martin Perron et Jean Bousquet. « Multivariate patterns of adaptive genetic variation and seed source transfer in Picea mariana ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, n^o 3 (1 mars 2004) : 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-224.

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A short-term retrospective test trial was carried out using 90 open-pollinated families representing 30 provenances of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) from Quebec. Seedlings were transplanted on three sites along a latitudinal gradient, and eleven growth and phenological traits were measured during the second and the third growing seasons. Analyses of variance indicated for most of the traits significant differences among provenances and families-within-provenances. Principal component analysis was used to summarize the variation observed among provenances into two principal components, which accounted for 79% of the total variation for all traits. Regression models developed to relate each trait and the principal component scores to geoclimatic variables explained between 55% and 86% of the variation observed among provenances. Variation in growth traits and phenological traits appeared to be related to geoclimatic factors. The models were validated using data from a range-wide provenance test, and relative risks associated with seed source transfer were estimated. The R2 values between the transfer risk and the provenance heights ranged from 0.02 to 0.58, whereas they were slightly lower for diameters. On average, the relative risks varied from 36% to 67%. Individual provenance values ranged from 4% to 94%. A geographic information system tool was designed to assist the forest managers in making seed transfer decisions.

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Lavadinovic, Vera, Vukan Lavadinovic et Ilija Djordjevic. « Variability of seedlings of Douglas-fir provenances introduced from Canada ». Genetika 47, n^o 3 (2015) : 1079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1503079l.

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Introduction of Canadian provenances of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mir / Franco) in Serbia started with the first phase of testing their genetic potential by studying the effects of geographic characteristics of the locations from which the provenances originated (latitude, longitude and altitude) on the variability of the measured seedling properties. In the laboratory of the Institute for Forestry in Belgrade, germinability of Douglas-fir seeds was tested on the germination table ("Copenhagen table" or "Jakobson table") by the standards of ISTA. The analysis of variance and the regression and correlation analysis were applied in the study of the effects of geographic parameters of Canadian provenance locations on the variability of seedlings. The results show that there is a statistically significant effect of the provenance latitude on the length of seedlings. The effect of altitude is slightly smaller, while the longitude of the provenance location has the smallest effect on the studied property. The study of the variability of Douglas-fir provenances in their juvenile development, as seedlings, is essential for reliable planning and implementation of further tests within pilot projects on allochthonous sites in Serbia.

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Zhang, Yue Qiao, Wei Hou et Fang Zhang. « The Provenance Tectonic Background Analysis of the Upper Jurassic Mohe Basin in Northeast China ». Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (août 2013) : 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.476.

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The provenance tectonic background of Late Jurassic Mohe Basin was researched through the geochemical composition of sandstone. The Late Jurassic Mohe Basin is characterized by multiple provenances. One provenance is the active continental margin, and another is the island arc. Comparing with the regional lithology, the active continental margin may be from the Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt, and the island arc may be from the northern of the Da Hingan Mountains. The characteristics are concerned with its geotectonic position.

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Stojnic, Srdjan, Sasa Orlovic, Andrej Pilipovic, Dragica Vilotic, Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic et Danijela Miljkovic. « Variation in leaf physiology among three provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in provenance trial in Serbia ». Genetika 44, n^o 2 (2012) : 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1202341s.

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The paper presents the results of investigation of variability of net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and water use efficiency (WUE) of three European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances in the provenance trial established on Fruska Gora Mt. Provenances originate from three localities along a gradient from the north to the south of Europe: Pfalzgrafenweiler (Germany), Grenchen (Swiss) and Valkonya (Hungary). Results indicate that observed parameters were influenced both by environmental conditions of sites and genetic constitution of provenances. On the basis of ANOVA procedure it was observed significant differences among provenances in terms of rate of transpiration (p_0.037) and water use efficiency (p_0.011), while differences regarding net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were not statistically significant. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was performed in order to estimate multivariate relations among analyzed physiological parameters. Provenances were separated by the first canonical axis (CD1), which described 96.4% of variability. Provenance from the driest site (Valkonya) showed the highest water use efficiency, indicating on high potential for afforestation programmes in more arid areas.

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Jayusman, L. Hakim, A. Dalimunthe et V. Yuskianti. « Analysis of methyl compounds variation in the crude Pongamia pinnata oil from Banten, West Java and North Java populations ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1115, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2022) : 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012050.

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Abstract Identification of methyl compounds from crude oil is an important baseline provenance to support the development of renewable bioenergy resources in Indonesia. Pongamia pinnata, known as Malapari, has great potential to be an alternative to renewable bioenergy resources and an environmentally friendly substitute for fossil fuels. Our analysis of four provenances of crude Pongamia oil has identified eight (8) methyl compounds with a relative value of >1%, i.e. palmitoleate, lenoleate, eicostrienoic, erucate, docosadienoic, nervonate, eicosapentaenoate and arachidate. The value of the individual methyl compounds varied in each provenance. The unsaturated fatty acid content of Pongamia crude was higher and needs to be balanced to maintain the physical properties of Pongamia biodiesel. In addition, the quality of the tested Pongamia crude oil from all provenances that show high acidity and water content in the crude oil but exceed the standard for biodiesel (SNI 04-7182-2006) shows a need for improvement advanced process. The variations of the methyl compounds found in each provenance can be used as a selection basis for the development of products in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors.

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Mata, R. De La, et R. Zas. « Performance of Maritime Pine Spanish Mediterranean Provenances at Young Ages in a Transitional Region Between Atlantic and Mediterranean Climates in NW Spain ». Silvae Genetica 59, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2010) : 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2010-0002.

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AbstractMaritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) occurs naturally in a wide variety of sites around SW Europe, from typical Mediterranean climates to areas in Northern Spain and France with a strong oceanic influence. Within its distribution range populations are strongly differentiated, showing local adaptations to environmental conditions that have been widely documented in different provenance trials both in the Atlantic region and in the Mediterranean area. In the present paper, we analyzed the performance of six Mediterranean provenances in three sites in the interior of Galicia (NW Spain), a transitional region between Atlantic and Mediterranean climates where few catalogued materials are available for reforestation. Seven year after planting, provenances coming from the mildest climates grew faster but showed inferior stem form. The provenance x site interaction was weak, although some significant provenance rank changes were observed in the driest site. Among the tested provenances, Serranía de Cuenca showed good early growth in all sites and acceptable stem form, being thus a potential recommended material for using in the area. The Albarracín origin showed also good results, with excellent stem form and acceptable growth, especially in the driest site. A combined spatial analysis allowed us to compare the tested provenances with improved materials from Coastal Galicia (NW Spain) and Western Australia planted in adjacent progeny trials. Although the differences were small, the Atlantic material of both breeding programs performed slightly better than the Mediterranean provenances, and represents another alternative material for use in reforestation in this transitional climate region.

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Funda, T., M. Lstibůrek, J. Klápště, I. Permedlová et J. Kobliha. « Addressing spatial variability in provenance experiments exemplified in two trials with black spruce ». Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 2 (7 janvier 2008) : 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2135-jfs.

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Two exemplary black spruce (<i>Picea mariana</i> [Mill.] B.S.P.) provenance trials were analyzed using traditional and spatial techniques. The objective was to find out possible differences between these approaches in terms of both the resulting fit-statistics and the estimated mean heights of provenances. Further, the spatial model was consequently adjusted to treat global and extraneous sources of variation. As expected, models incorporating spatial variation provided a better fit to the data. Consequently, there was also a noticeable shift in ranking of individual provenances, which has an important implication for the interpretation of provenance experiments results. Problems associated with the analysis of traditional randomized block designs in forestry research are discussed.

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Deepak, Maya, Sarita Keski-Saari, Laure Fauch, Lars Granlund, Elina Oksanen et Markku Keinänen. « Spectral Reflectance in Silver Birch Genotypes from Three Provenances in Finland ». Remote Sensing 12, n^o 17 (19 août 2020) : 2677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172677.

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The goal of this study was to investigate the variation in the leaf spectral reflectance and its association with other leaf traits from 12 genotypes among three provenances of origin (populations) in a common garden for Finnish silver birch trees in 2015 and 2016. The spectral reflectance was measured in the laboratory from the detached leaves in the wavelength range of visible and near-infrared (VNIR, 400–1000 nm) and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1000–2500 nm). The variation among the provenance was initially visualized with principal component analysis (PCA) and a clear separation among the provenances was detected with the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) depicting a less strong variation among the genotypes within the provenances. Wavelengths contributing to the separation of the genotypes and provenances were identified from the contribution plot of DAPC and the red edge was strongly related to the differences. Chlorophyll content showed clear provenance variation and was associated with the separation among the genotypes and provenances in the DAPC space. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI705,750) and chlorophyll reflectance index (CRI) showed clear significance among the provenances, whereas NDVI670,780 showed no variation. The variation in the chlorophyll content and the CRI and red edge-based NDVI indices indicated seasonal variation as the chlorophyll content starts increasing in early June. The correlation of foliar chlorophyll content and the chlorophyll-related spectral indices for the discrimination of provenances and genotypes are reported for the first time in a naturally occurring tree species consecutively for two years.

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Đodan, Martina, Tomislav Dubravac et Sanja Perić. « Which Douglas-Fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) Provenances Provide the Best Productivity in the Hilly Area of Croatia ? » South-east European forestry 10, n^o 1 (14 mai 2019) : 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.19-06.

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Background and Purpose: Recently raised questions on adaptability of native tree species to climate changes pointed to Douglas-fir as a species suitable for rapid reforestation and increase of stand resistance. The first results on provenance research need to be confirmed in later stages of stand development, so the paper answers the following two questions: (i) are there differences in growth of 14 Douglas-fir provenances still in the fifth decade of stand development, and (ii) which provenances should be used and which omitted from further use in the hilly area of Croatia? Materials and Methods: Productivity of 14 provenances was evaluated on the basis of height, diameter at breast height and volume in the 46th year after planting. Growth dynamics was also statistically analysed using a repeated measure analysis of variance, for which purpose we partially used published data from the 2010. Results: The analysis excluded Castle Rock and Shady Cove (Oregon) provenances due to their low values of all analysed growth indicators, as well as Castle Rock, Elma and Hvidilde provenances due to their high values. Average values of tree volume ranged from 0.53 m3 (Shady Cove) to 2.05 m3 (Castle Rock), while the tallest trees belonged to Elma provenance (29.6 m). Conclusions: Different growth dynamics of provenances were confirmed for later development stage, so further monitoring is still required. Clear guidelines for the selection of provenances for practical forestry distinguish provenances from lower altitudes of the State of Washington, Denmark and Bulgaria as the most productive. Shady Cove and Salmon Arm provenances are not advised to be used in the future.

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Muhammad Javed, Asif, Dorairaj Deivaseeno et Wickneswari Ratnam. « Characterization of natural provenances of Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. in Malaysia based on phenotypic traits ». Journal of Forest Science 63, No. 12 (12 décembre 2017) : 562–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/82/2016-jfs.

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Acacia mangium Willdenow and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunningham ex Bentham and their hybrid have become important planting species in Malaysia. Due to their high demand and consumption, development of high quality planting materials is desired. Conventional breeding of Acacia Miller is slow but the utilization of marker-assisted selection breeding can expedite the breeding process. Markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) required pedigreed populations whereas association mapping can be used directly on diverse germplasm. This study was conducted to screen provenances of A. mangium and A. auriculiformis of different geographical origins for their performance under the Malaysian environment. A. mangium exhibited superior traits compared to A. auriculiformis. More trait variation was observed within and between provenances of A. auriculiformis. Provenances from Queensland (QLD) were superior to those from Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Northern Territory. The best performing provenance with all three superior traits was from Claude River QTL of A. mangium and the worst was Bensbach Western Province, PNG belonging to A. auriculiformis. For individual traits like DBH, Morehead, PNG was superior. For plant height, Morehead, PNG was the superior provenance for A. mangium and Morehead River, QLD was from A. auriculiformis. For stem straightness the A. auriculiformis provenance Jardines Garden, QTL was superior to West of Morehead (PNG) for A. mangium. Multivariate analysis grouped provenances together based on similar traits and genetic similarity. These provenances can be used for seed families which can be treated as a homogeneous population for association mapping or for the development of segregating hybrid populations for Acacia breeding. For the purpose of utilization, provenances of A. mangium can be used for sawn timber. For fuelwood and charcoal industries, A. auriculiformis provenances should be preferred by selecting multi-stemmed trees. The most variable provenances with superior phenotypic traits can be integrated with the genotypic data e.g. single nucleotide polymorphism markers for association mapping to identify quantitative trait loci for marker-assisted breeding.

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Wu, Pengfei, Mulualem Tigabu, Xiangqing Ma, Per Christer Odén, Youlan He, Xintuo Yu et Zhiying He. « Variations in biomass, nutrient contents and nutrient use efficiency among Chinese fir provenances ». Silvae Genetica 60, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2011) : 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2011-0014.

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Abstract A provenance trial involving 16 Chinese fir provenances was established in southern China in 1979, and biomass, nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency were assessed at the age of 23. One-way analysis of variance revealed significant inter-provenance variation (p<0.0001) in measured variables. The mean total biomass ranged from 98.8±5.3 to 163.3±4.2 t ha−1, and the stemwood accounted for 47–65% of the total biomass, followed by roots (11–24%), stembark (7.4–13.7%), and needles and branches (< 10 %). Much of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were stored in the needles, although the concentration varies among provenances. Whole-tree nutrient use efficiency varied from 115.4±2.1 to 180.2±1.02 g g−1, while efficiency in stemwood production ranged from 53.9±3.1 to 106.3±1.1 g g−1. Provenances did not display consistent variation in all measured variables, suggesting the need for multiple criteria for selection in future tree improvement program. In conclusion, the study reveals the existence of considerable variation in biomass production and nutrient use efficiency among Chinese fir provenances that can be exploited for selecting desirable genotypes for enhancing productivity of Chinese fir plantations.

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Leštianska, Adriana, Peter Fleischer, Katarína Merganičová, Peter Fleischer, Paulína Nalevanková et Katarína Střelcová. « Effect of Provenance and Environmental Factors on Tree Growth and Tree Water Status of Norway Spruce ». Forests 14, n^o 1 (14 janvier 2023) : 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010156.

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Changes in temperature regime, and a higher frequency of extreme weather conditions due to global warming are considered great risks for forest stands worldwide because of their negative impact on tree growth and vitality. We examined tree growth and water balance of two provenances of Norway spruce growing in Arboretum Borová hora (350 m a.s.l., Zvolen, central Slovakia) that originated from climatologically cooler conditions. The research was performed during three meteorologically different years from 2017 to 2019. We evaluated the impact of climatic and soil factors on intra-species variability in radial stem growth and tree water status that were characterised by seasonal radial increment, stem water deficit and maximum daily shrinkage derived from the records of stem circumference changes obtained from band dendrometers installed on five mature trees of each provenance. The impact of environmental factors on the characteristics was evaluated using the univariate factor analysis and four machine learning models (random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting machine and neural network). The responses to climatic conditions differed between the provenances. Seasonal radial increments of the provenance from cooler conditions were greater than those of the provenance originating from cooler and wetter conditions due to the long-term shortage of water the latter provenance had to cope with in the current environment, while the provenance from the cooler region was more sensitive to short-term changes in environmental conditions.

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Mutiso Festus, Hunja Carol W, Muluvi Geoffrey M, Kitheka Johnson U, Kioko Danson, Kimatu Josphert, Ndufa James K et Mutati Kennedy. « Growth and fruiting of selected provenances of Moringa oleifera Lam. in South Eastern region of Kenya ». Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 5, n^o 2 (30 juillet 2022) : 008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2022.5.2.0037.

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There is increasing narrowing of the genetic base of exotic species introduced in many parts of the world. This is causing a restricted genetic diversity and consequential loss of biotic and abiotic tolerance of these species. Hence, there is need to establish the genetic stability of such species for future genetic broadening. One such plant is Moringa oleifera Lam. which belongs to the family moringaceae; a monogeneric family of shrubs and trees consisting of 13 species and is native to India. M. oleifera is the most economically useful species in the genus and is widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas and in over 60 countries worldwide. In Kenya, M. oleifera is widely cultivated in coast and some parts of Eastern Kenya. A provenance trial was set up at South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU), located at Kwa Vonza location, lower Yatta Sub-County, Kitui County. The aim of the provenance trial was i) to determine whether the collected Moringa exhibited different growth and fruiting habits and ii) if so, select the best performing provenances for large-scale propagation of the species in Kenya. The trial involved fifteen provenances selected from a wide geographical region in Eastern and Coastal regions of Kenya. Each provenance consisted of 200 seedlings at a spacing of 2m by 2m and was replicated three times. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Growth data (diameter and height), fruiting and fruit maturation were measured for a period of 12 months. Monthly growth data were used to generate horizontal and vertical growth curves. Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and test of homogeneity of variances were used to detect existence of statistically significant differences in the fifteen provenances. The results indicated statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between the provenances with the Mwakiki provenance being the most significantly different and the Mackinnon one being the least. Intra-seasonal fruiting and fruit maturation peaked in the months of November and December. Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis showed very strong positive correlations between growth and yield traits. The results also showed that the Mwakiki provenance had a stable performance in the three traits studied and is recommended for adoption especially where fruit production is the preferred end product. Molecular analysis of all the species should also be done to determine the genetic base status and correlate them with this phenotypic analysis.

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Lavadinović, Vera, Zoran Miletić et Vukan Lavadinović. « The phosphorus analyzes in needles of Canadian Douglas-fir provenances ». Sustainable Forestry : Collection, n^o 69-70 (2014) : 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1469025l.

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Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mir / Franco) is an indigenous and economically the most widespread species of conifers in Canada and North America. It is also the most common introduced species conifer in Europe. In Serbia testing of Douglas-fir, began setting up several provenance plots with seeds originating from Canada and North America. The research work carried out at the Institute of Forestry, conducting analysis in order to select the most adaptive and productive provenances for reforestation in Serbia. The seeds transfer of introduced species of trees include testing of all characteristic by provenance test. Genetic feature of trees species show in the new environmental, to confirm the selection of tree type for introduction. One of the methods of assessing the genetic variability of introduced species is the testing using provenance experiment. The intensity effect of physiological processes of mineral nutrition of tree species is one of the most important indicators of its successful adaptation and production into new environment habitats. This research analyzes the phosphorus content in the needles of Douglas-fir from different provenances originating from Canada.

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Bock, Clive H., Larry J. Grauke, Patrick Conner, Susan L. Burrell, Michael W. Hotchkiss, Debbie Boykin et Bruce W. Wood. « Scab Susceptibility of a Provenance Collection of Pecan in Three Different Seasons in the Southeastern United States ». Plant Disease 100, n^o 9 (septembre 2016) : 1937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-15-1398-re.

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Pecan scab (caused by Fusicladium effusum) is the most economically destructive disease of pecan in the Southeast United States. Wet, humid conditions typical of the Southeast are known to provide conditions conducive to epidemics. A provenance collection of pecan from 19 locations representing the native range of the tree is located in Byron, Georgia, and was assessed for pecan scab severity in 1998, 2013, and 2014. There were significant differences among the 19 provenances (F = 5.6 to 62.5, P < 0.0001). Provenances from wetter locations (generally north of Texas) had the greatest proportion of scab resistant trees, while provenances from the drier southern areas (Texas and Mexico) tended to be the most susceptible to scab. The association with rainfall was borne out by correlation analysis (r = –0.625 to –0.823 [P < 0.0001 to 0.004]). Other factors consistently associated with scab severity included leaflet tilt and droop angle (r = –0.533 to –0.883 [P < 0.0001 to 0.02]). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that leaflet droop angle was a particularly good predictor of provenance susceptibility. Leaflet characteristics vary with provenance location, and whether there is a direct relationship between scab severity and leaflet characteristics is not established. Estimates of heritability were not entirely consistent among years, but different methods were used to assess scab severity in 1998 (a 1 to 5 category scale) compared with 2013 and 2014 (the percent ratio scale). Despite using different methods, there was generally good agreement among years in regard to severity of disease on individual trees. In conclusion, trees from more northern populations (in areas with greater annual rainfall) are most likely to provide valuable and diverse sources of resistance to scab. The provenance collection contains a range of scab-resistant genotypes from diverse locations that can contribute to genetic improvement regarding scab resistance.

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Zeltiņš, Pauls, Juris Katrevičs, Arnis Gailis, Tiit Maaten, Jurģis Jansons et Āris Jansons. « Stem cracks of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) provenances in Western Latvia ». Forestry Studies 65, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2016) : 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsmu-2016-0012.

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Abstract Stem cracks are damaging for timber quality and can reduce the monetary value of a tree both directly and indirectly: serving as gateway for fungal infections. Aim of the study was to assess the influence of tree dimensions and seed origin on the frequency of stem crack for Norway spruce. The study was carried out in two contiguous provenance trials (material from 12 countries), established in 1972 and 1975 in Western Latvia. Stem cracking was assessed using five-score scale. Most of the affected trees (90%) had very light or light damage. There was no relation of diameter at breast height to incidence of stem cracks. Analysis revealed a significant provenance effect on occurrence of stem cracks. Russian provenances tended to have lower risk of stem cracking and relatively narrow variation within the region, while Baltic and Ukrainian origins had wide range of stem cracking, having best as well as worst provenances in terms of cracking. Overall it is possible to select fast growing provenances with relatively low incidence of stem cracks.

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Lesser, Mark R., Marilyn Cherry et William H. Parker. « Investigation of limestone ecotypes of white spruce based on a provenance test series ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, n^o 5 (1 mai 2004) : 1119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-286.

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Previous laboratory and field studies have presented evidence for the existence of limestone ecotypes in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Remeasurements of the range-wide 410 series of provenance trials were used for further evaluation of the existence of these ecotypes. In 2001, heights were measured of 23 provenances grown at four test sites in Ontario, all located south of 46°N. Bedrock classification for test sites and provenances by limestone or non-limestone parent material was done using a 1993 data set of the Ontario Geological Survey. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among test sites and provenances only. No significant interactions consistent with the existence of limestone ecotypes were detected. This finding is in contrast to that of an earlier field study that detected a strong interaction between test site and provenance bedrock type (p < 0.001). Examination of the relative performance of individual provenances from limestone and non-limestone bedrock types revealed differences in performance at the four different test sites but few instances supporting the existence of limestone ecotypes. Although these more recent results generally support a pattern of between-stand variation in southern Ontario, they do not disprove the existence of limestone ecotypes, owing to the nature of the 410-series test design and the classification of provenances according to bedrock type instead of actual soil analyses.

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Linkevičius, Edgaras, Almantas Kliučius, Giedrius Šidlauskas et Algirdas Augustaitis. « Variability in Growth Patterns and Tree-Ring Formation of East European Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Provenances to Changing Climatic Conditions in Lithuania ». Forests 13, n^o 5 (11 mai 2022) : 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050743.

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An increase in the mean monthly temperature in July and a lack of precipitation during the vegetation period will cause an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts during the vegetation period in Lithuania. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the growth response to climate change of East European pine provenances in Lithuania. The research was performed based on a long-term pine provenance experiment that was established in 1975 in Lithuania. The results showed that central populations demonstrated the same or better survival and growth results compared with western populations that also included local Lithuanian provenances. Even though southern populations were characterized by the same productivity, their low survival rate suggests a negative introduction effect. Analysis of temporal variation in climate sensitivity showed a higher resistance of central and southern Scots pine provenances to the negative climatic changes, compared to the western provenances. Provenances from the central, southern and especially western locations demonstrated an increasing statistically significant negative effect of monthly temperatures in July. Additionally, provenances from western locations were more sensitive to precipitation amounts, water balance and droughts in June and July. Considering that central and southern provenances demonstrated the consistent effect of growth tolerance, the incorporation of the genetic material from the southern part of European Russia and Ukraine into local breeding programs of Scots pine might amplify positive effects of the transfer. Moreover, knowledge gaps remain regarding the growth performance of Scots pine provenances that originated from central or western European regions. Thus, Scots pine origins from Poland and the northeastern part of Germany should be included in Lithuanian provenance experiments.

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Xu, Qinbao, Li Liu, Rizwan Akhtar, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja et Changda Wang. « Provenance Transmission through a Two-Dimensional Covert Timing Channel in WSNs ». Mobile Information Systems 2020 (23 juillet 2020) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8818374.

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Provenances, which record the history of data acquisition and transmission, are hard to be transmitted in resource-tightened wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to their drastic size expansion with the increase in packet transmission hops. To ease the burden caused by the provenance transmission, we first designed a two-dimensional covert timing channel (2dCTC) and then applied it to provenances transmission in WSNs. Based on Cantor Expansion, 2dCTC uses pseudo packet IDs permutation and packet sizes variation together to form a two-dimensional communication medium. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that 2dCTC not only has a much higher channel capacity than those of most of the known CTCs, but also conserves more energy for provenance transmission in WSNs. Furthermore, 2dCTC provides a new way to increase CTCs channel capacity and stealthiness through multi-dimensional approaches.

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Urbaniak, Lech. « Biometric characters of seeds and wings as markers of geographical differentiation between European scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) provenances ». Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 66, n^o 3-4 (2014) : 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1997.046.

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Biometric characters of seeds and wings served to describe interprovenance differentiation of Scots pine in Europe. Grouping analysis was applied, Mahalanobis distances were calculated as well as Hotellings T<sup>2</sup> statistics were applied. The similarity of East European and Finnish provenances was conspicuous. The provenance from Scotland proved to be similar to provenances originating from the region of Scandinavia. On the other hand, two southern provenances 54(Rychtal, Poland) and 55(Luboml, Ukraine), were also found similar to provenances originating from the region of Scandinavia (western Norway). The obtained pattern of reciprocal relations may indicate pathways of Scots pine migration in the postglacial period or may be a result of adaptation to certain similar environmental conditions. No relations were detected between size of seeds and geographic origin of provenances.

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Gallis, A. T., A. G. Doulis et A. C. Papageorgiou. « Variability of Cortex Terpene Composition in Cupressus sempervirens L. provenances grown in Crete, Greece ». Silvae Genetica 56, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2007) : 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2007-0042.

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Abstract The terpene composition of twigs in 106 trees from 6 provenances of Cupressus sempervirens L. grown in the island Crete of Greece was determined by GLC-MS analysis. The aim was to investigate the utility of cortex terpene composition to study the genetic variation between cypress provenances. Twenty nine compounds were detected in cortex resin of all trees, twenty one of which identified. The major constituents were cedrol, α-pinene, 3-δ-carene and α-terpinyl acetate. A cluster analysis based on the amounts of the four evaluated compounds classified all the trees in five chemotypes. The chemotype pattern for every provenance was determined. Based on distribution of chemotypes two main groups of provenances can be suggested.

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Wu, Duan et Zhang. « Long-term Growth Variation and Selection of Geographical Provenances of Cunninghamialanceolata (Lamb.) Hook ». Forests 10, n^o 10 (5 octobre 2019) : 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100876.

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In order to understand the long-term growth variation of Chinese fir’s geographical provenances and promote long-term genetic improvement, the experimental provenance forest of Chinese fir planted in 1981 was taken as a research object.The provenances originated from southeastern China. The study measured each diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height at 5, 6, 8, 12, and 33 years of age and analyzed the genetic variation of major growth traits of trees withdifferent provenances at different forest ages. Additionally, the study analyzed the geographical variation of Chinese fir by using the trend surface and principal component analysis (PCA) and evaluated the long-term selection effect of provenance by using juvenile–mature correlation and cluster analysis. The heritability of the DBH, treeheight, and volume of Chinese fir with different provenances reached 0.35–0.76, and with increasing forest age, the heritability of each trait showed a rising and gradually stabilizing trend. There were obvious differences in geographical variation patterns among the tested provenances, and both the DBH and the tree height growth patterns are two-way gradients. This variation pattern is associated with climatic conditions in different regions, and the factors limiting the growth difference of Chinese fir may be the mean temperature in winter and the precipitation in autumn and winter.An early selection age has a significant effect on shortening the timber production cycle of Chinese fir. The selection of trees aged between 6 and 12 years is more conducive to improving the efficiency of the genetic improvement of Chinese fir.The 42 excellent provenances selected from the 33-year-old mature Chinese fir forests have a larger increase in growth than trees with local provenances, which are concentrated in the Wuyi and Xuefeng mountains and are suitable for plantation in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and surrounding areas.

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Zhang, Zehua, et Hongliang Wang. « Comprehensive Provenance Analysis and Its Applications to Eocene Clastic Rocks in the Huimin Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China ». Minerals 9, n^o 9 (28 août 2019) : 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9090517.

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Clarification of the source of the Eocene sediments filling the Huimin depression provides significant support for current and future oil and gas exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin, China. A comprehensive assessment of sediment provenance based on sandstone petrography, heavy mineral assemblages, seismic reflection data, and distribution of sandstone bodies of the Shahejie Formation (Es2) to the Dongying Formation (Ed) productive interval based on both its macroscopic and microscopic provenance aspects. This method of analysis has the advantages of easy data acquisition, high accuracy, strong flexibility, wide application range, and making the analysis of sedimentary provenances more systematic. Comprehensive analysis of the Huimin depression, Bohai Bay Basin has revealed further that the origin of the Eocene second member of the Shahejie Formation (Es2) to the Dongying Formation (Ed) provenance system was derived from the Linfanjia high, the Chengning uplift, and the Luxi uplift.

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Jovanović, Filip, Vera Lavadinović, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Snežana Stajić et Zoran Miletić. « Variability of potassium content in the needles of Douglas-fir provenances of Canadian origin ». Sustainable Forestry : Collection, n^o 81-82 (2020) : 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor2081029j.

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The provenance test model is based on the analysis of growth, anatomical, physiological, chemical, mechanical, and other properties of an allochthonous species to justify its transfer from the place of origin to new ecosystems. Douglas-fir is one of the most common allochthonous conifer species in the forest plantations of Europe. Given that the analysis of different physiological properties of trees is important for the introduction of specified provenances into new habitats, this paper presents the results of an investigation of the variability of potassium content in young Douglas-fir needles of 14 Canadian provenances raised on two experimental sites in Belgrade. Potassium is an essential element involved in a number of biochemical and physiological processes and plays a significant role in the adaptation of plants on biotic and abiotic stress factors. Determination of the deviation of potassium content in the needles of each Douglas-fir provenance studied was performed using the Z-test.

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Hunt, R. S., C. C. Ying et D. Ashbee. « Variation in damage among Pinuscontorta provenances caused by the needle cast fungus Lophodermellaconcolor ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, n^o 7 (1 juillet 1987) : 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-100.

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Fifty-three family-structured provenances of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia) growing at a single test site near Prince George, British Columbia, were rated visually by two different methods for needle casting caused by Lophodermellaconcolor in 1982 and 1984. Analysis of variance indicated little variation due to families and much due to provenance. There were consistent year-to-year trends among the provenances and the two rating methods correlated by 0.9. This variation was significantly correlated with longitude and elevation but only slightly with latitude. Damage among the 41 provenances that are adapted to the continental climate of interior British Columbia increased with elevation.

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Roman, Andrea M., Alina M. Truta, Oana Viman, Irina M. Morar, Velibor Spalevic, Catalina Dan, Radu E. Sestras, Liviu Holonec et Adriana F. Sestras. « Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Robinia pseudoacacia Depending on the Origin of Different Geographic Provenances ». Diversity 14, n^o 1 (6 janvier 2022) : 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14010034.

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Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is recognised as a forest species of interest due to its multiple uses. The management of forest genetic resources and their efficient conservation suffer from variations in traits and start with seed germination. The aim of the current study was to investigate the germination of seeds obtained from plus trees selected in eight Romanian provenances, as well as to investigate the influence of the origin upon plants’ growth and development. Two experiments were undertaken to test seed germination: one treatment involved water-soaked seeds and heat/cold treatment, while the other treatment was based on sulphuric acid, at different concentrations (50, 70, 90%). The results were correlated with the morphological analysis of the seeds. Satu-Mare had the lowest germination rate within both treatments. Sulphuric acid did not improve seed germination as much as the heat treatment. The highest germination rate occurred for the water and temperature treatment on seeds from Bihor provenance (68.2%). The most distant provenance was Bihor, in inverse correlation with Bistrița Năsăud and grouped separately within the hierarchical dendrogram of cluster analysis based on the analysed parameters of the provenances investigated. The results demonstrated that the genotypes and environmental heterogeneity of the seed origin within the provenances may finally result in different performances.

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Blada, I., et F. Popescu. « Swiss Stone Pine Provenance Experiment in Romania : II Variation in Growth and Branching Traits to Age 14 ». Silvae Genetica 56, n^o 1-6 (1 décembre 2007) : 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2007-0023.

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Summary After the nursery testing, twelve Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) provenances from the Alps and Carpathian Mountains were planted out at two sites located at high elevation in the Southern and Northern Carpathians. Total height growth (H), annual height growth (h), root collar diameter (RCD), branches per whorl (BW) and survival (SV) were measured and analyzed. Analysis of variance showed highly significant (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) differences between provenances for all traits, except survival, suggesting that selection at the provenance level could be possible. Also, over locations analysis revealed significant genotype x environment interaction, demonstrating that some provenances react differently to environmental conditions and, selection should take this into account. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was moderate for growth and high for number of branches per whorl suggesting that selection within provenance can also be applied. Finding of significant and highly significant age-age and trait-trait phenotypic correlations indicated that early and indirect selection in Swiss stone pine species is possible. According to DUNCAN’s multiple range test the best performing provenances of the two mountain ranges were selected for operational planting and breeding programmes. The results of this study validate that a very slow growing species, such as Swiss stone pine may still possess very high genetic variation in growth rate; consequently, this trait can be improved. Finally, an attempt has been made to develop a seed transfer guidelines for the species by using the pattern of geographic variation as a basis.

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Chuine, Isabelle, Sally N. Aitken et Cheng C. Ying. « Temperature thresholds of shoot elongation in provenances of Pinus contorta ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, n^o 8 (1 août 2001) : 1444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-072.

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Periodicity of shoot elongation in seedlings of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. was assessed during one growing season in two extremely different environments (Cowichan Lake, and Red Rock, British Columbia) for 109 provenances sampled range wide. Analysis of variance of total elongation and growth parameters showed significant differences among geographic regions and among provenances within each region. Our study also revealed tremendous genotype-by-environment interaction for growth and phenological traits. The response of growth to temperature of each provenance was assessed from their growth curve using an original methodology. The estimated temperature threshold of the provenance growth responses (i.e., the temperature for which the response reaches half of its maximum) varied between 4.1 and 6.5°C among regions. Threshold temperatures showed less variation than total elongation, and only the northern provenances showed thresholds significantly different from the other regions. Our results show that, across highly contrasting environments, relationship between phenology and growth may not be as important as the relationship between growth and number of internode priomordia. This tempers the results of studies, carried out in one or few similar environments, that have shown that phenological differences were important in determining total height growth in lodgepole pine.

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