Articles de revues : « Protein feed »

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Iegorov, В., A. Makarynska et N. Vorona. « QUALITY EVALUATION OF PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVE AND TURKEY COMPOUND FEED ». Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, n^o 3 (21 octobre 2020) : 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i3.1848.

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The article describes that there is a problem of providing the population of the planet with a complete protein in the world today. It is proved that its lack can lead to significant pathologies. This issue becomes very acute with the rapid increase in the number of people on Earth. In this situation the challenge is complicated for compound feed producers because it is necessary to provide protein feeds to farm animals and poultry to meet people's needs for animal protein products. However, feed manufacturers should not use protein raw materials that can be consumed as food. Based on cooperation with compound feed producers, the task of finding alternative sources of protein raw materials, preferably of vegetable origin, is set. The optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for soybean meal replacement in compound feeds for farm animals and poultry has been developed. PFA can be manufactured at a feed mill with portion technology by weighing portions of components and mixing in a paddle periodic action mixer. PFA can be used as a part of compound feeds for poultry farms and livestock complexes, feed concentrates for poultry and livestock farms, feed mills with advanced technology, inter-farm or mini-feed mills. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys using PFA to determine the cost-effectiveness of using PFA in compound feed. Turkeys have been chosen as a poultry because they are the most demanding birds to the quality and quantity of protein in the ration. The experimental samples of PFA were made in accordance with the developed recipes. We determined their physical properties and chemical composition. The PFA experimental samples match the quality of soybean meal according to the physical properties and chemical composition. In accordance with the developed recipes of mixed feeds for heavy type turkeys experimental samples of starter and grower feeds were made. Research of the physical properties and chemical composition of compound feeds has shown that the replacement of soybean meal with PFA in their composition does not affect the nutritional value and technological properties of the final product.

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Petrychenko, V., V. Likhochvor, I. Voronetska, L. Fedoryshyna et I. Petrychenko. « HIGH PROTEIN FEED MARKET : CURRENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE ». Financial and credit activity : problems of theory and practice 1, n^o 36 (17 février 2021) : 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.227998.

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The research is devoted to the problem of formation of high-protein feeds market for farm animals in Ukraine in conditions of European integration processes. The problem of providing the population with high quality food is becoming more global, the demand for high protein food products of a good quality is growing as well as the need for protein-balanced feeds for livestock. The dynamics of high-protein feed production in Ukraine and EU countries has been studied. The tendencies of the high-protein feeds market formation in Ukraine are considered. By means of benchmarking, price trends in the protein feed market in the EU and Ukraine have been analyzed. Ukraine has favorable soil and climatic conditions for the production of quality, safe products as well as efficient logistic routes available. As a result of the study it was found that the key factor for Ukraine’s penetration into the EU feed market is the need for high-protein feeds. The directions of solving the problem of feed protein deficiency for the needs of animal husbandry are determined. Environmental problems regarding feed quality and safety in the context of Ukraine’s aspirations for European integration are substantiated. The legislative basis for ensuring the quality and safety of feed and feed resources is considered. As a result of SWOT-analysis of vegetable protein production in Ukraine, it was found that Ukraine has significant potential for the production of competitive feed protein that meets domestic needs, form high export potential and promote entry into European and Asian markets. It is emphasized that the process of Ukraine’s European integration requires constant marketing research of the sectoral situation changes with account of the specific features of domestic production of high-protein feeds, highlighting key factors of Ukraine’s presence and its potentialities in the EU agricultural market and outlining the prospects for its development. Increase in the performance of farm animals and margins of livestock production requires balanced diets and reduction of feed cost in the costs structure due to the use of high protein feeds. It is important for Ukraine to promote the development of the market for high-protein and bulk feeds on the industrial basis as well as the development of organic feed and livestock production. Development of the competitive feed market in Ukraine and solving of the environmental and social problems of intensive animal husbandry requires the improvement of legislation to meet the requirements of EU Directives on the production, processing and efficient use of feed resources.

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Kyriazakis, I., C. C. Emmans et C. T. Whittemore. « The ability of growing pigs to control their protein intake when fed in different ways ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (mars 1988) : 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001655x.

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On a single feed an animal can increase its intake of a nutrient (eg. protein), as its ratio to energy is reduced, only by increasing its rate of energy intake. When given, as a choice, two feeds of a different protein but equal energy contents, it can vary its protein intake independently of Its energy intake by varying the proportion of each feed in its diet.The experiment described here was designed to investigate the effect of feed protein content on the feed intake of young pigs and to test the proposition that young pigs, when given a choice between two feeds of different protein contents, a combination of which is non-limting, will select a diet which meets their protein requirements. In addition an investigation of the rules which govern the diet selection was carried out.Four feeds (L, A, B and H) with similar energy contents (16.5 MJ DE per kg fresh feed) but different levels of crude protein (CP) were formulated and made into pellets. All feeds were intended to be non-limiting in vitamins and minerals.

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Fernández Gimenez, Analía Verónica, Ana Cristina Díaz, Susana María Velurtas et Jorge Lino Fenucci. « In vivo and in vitro protein digestibility of formulated feeds for Artemesia longinaris (Crustacea, Penaeidae) ». Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, n^o 6 (décembre 2009) : 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000600009.

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This study was undertaken to determine the in vivo crude protein apparent digestibility in the prawn Artemesia longinaris, using feeds with 0.25% of chromic oxide and animal (fish meal, meat and bone meal and squid protein concentrate) and plant (soybean meal) ingredients. Three replicate groups of prawn were fed and the feces were collected. The rate of protein hydrolysis was measured in vitro using midgut gland enzyme extract from the prawns fed the respective feeds and was compared with those found with enzyme extract of wild prawn. The in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients showed significant differences among the feeds (P<0.05). Fish meal feed presented the highest digestibility (92%); intermediate digestibility (83%) was found for meat and bone meal feed, and the less digestible feed (63%) was that containing soybean meal and squid proteins concentrate. No significant differences in the in vitro protein digestibility were found among the experimental feeds. The results indicated the limitation of in vitro enzyme assays and that it should be complemented by in vivo studies.

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Kim, Sung Woo, John F. Less, Li Wang, Tianhai Yan, Viswanath Kiron, Sadasivam J. Kaushik et Xin Gen Lei. « Meeting Global Feed Protein Demand : Challenge, Opportunity, and Strategy ». Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, n^o 1 (15 février 2019) : 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014838.

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Feed protein supplements are one of the most expensive and limiting feed ingredients. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of how the expected expansion of animal production, driven by the rising world population and living standards for more animal-sourced foods, is creating a global shortage of feed protein supply. Because ruminants, chickens, and pigs contribute to 96% of the global supply of animal protein and aquaculture is growing fast, means of meeting the feed protein requirements of these species are elaborated. Geographic variation and interdependence among China, Europe, and North America in the demand and supply of feed protein are compared. The potential and current state of exploration into alternative feed proteins, including microalgae, insects, single-cell proteins, and coproducts, are highlighted. Strategic innovations are proposed to upgrade feed protein processing and assessment, improve protein digestion by exogenous enzymes, and genetically select feed-efficient livestock breeds. An overall successful and sustainable solution in meeting global feed protein demands will lead to a substantial net gain of human-edible animal protein with a minimal environmental footprint.

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Bugaev, Oleg, Ivan Leonov, Viktor Klimov, Daniil Khatuntsov et Andrey Ponomarev. « Technology of production of protein feed mixtures for hydrobionts based on cultured worms Eisenia fetida and Dendrobena Veneta using freeze drying technology ». Fisheries 2022, n^o 4 (10 août 2022) : 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2022-4-65-70.

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The technology being developed for the production of a feed mixture based on the biomass of a cultivated worm is aimed at improving factory feeds by adding an additional volume of protein, thereby increasing the nutritional value of the feed, eliminating the need to buy a specific feed of greater nutritional value, providing the opportunity to supplement feeds less saturated with protein components. Also, the technology being developed is aimed at partial or complete replacement of currently known protein feed components (such as soy meal, meat and bone meal and fish meal). In the course of the study, a trial production of a protein feed component was carried out, according to the methodologies described in the work, in order to test the proposed technology in practice.

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Sebatta, C., G. Ssepuuya, E. Sikahwa, J. Mugisha, G. Diiro, M. Sengendo, P. Fuuna, KKM Fiaboe et D. Nakimbugwe. « Farmers’ acceptance of insects as an alternative protein source in poultry feeds ». International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 8, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2018) : 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v8i2.40553.

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The research aimed at assessing the perceptions and willingness of poultry farmers, feed traders and processors to use insects as a source of protein ingredient in poultry feed. The research used a cross-sectional design and a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 287 poultry farmers and 71 feed traders from 3 culturally diverse regions in Uganda. The study findings revealed that majority of the farmers mixed their own poultry feed. Willingness to use insects in poultry feeds was expressed by over 70% of the farmers, feed traders and processors, indicating a strong potential demand for insect-based feeds. However, some poultry farmers doubted the possibility of acquiring insects (rearing/harvesting) in large enough quantities and the consumers’ acceptance of poultry products from birds raised on insect-based feed. Nonetheless, there is a high potential for adoption of insects for use as poultry feed if they can be produced in sustainable quantities that ensure the viability of poultry farming and the feed processing businesses. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (2): 32-41, December, 2018

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Kemm, E. H., F. K. Siebrits, M. N. Ras et S. E. Coetzee. « Feed intake, growth and protein deposition of pigs fed three protein levels ». Livestock Production Science 41, n^o 2 (février 1995) : 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(94)00054-b.

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Makmuri, Makmuri, Subandiyono Subandiyono et Ristiawan Agung Nugroho. « Pengaruh protein dan enzim papain dalam pakan isokalori terhadap efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan dan pertumbuhan ikan patin (Pangasius hypopthalmus) ». Sains Akuakultur Tropis 6, n^o 2 (16 mai 2022) : 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/sat.v6i2.14064.

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ABSTRACTCatfish (Pangasius hypopthalmus) is one of the high economically freshwater fish. There are problems in catfish culture, especially related to the low of feed utilization. This could be solved by addition of protein and papain enzyme in feeds which play an important role on protein synthesis, so that it helps increasing the fish growth. The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of protein and papain enzyme in isocaloric feeds on the feed utilization efficiency and growth of catfish (P. hypopthalmus). The research was conducted in Mei to June 2018, at the Teaching Factory, Diponegoro University, Semarang. The body length of trial fish used ranged between 7 to 9 cm. The experimental method applied was factorial randomized design with two factors (order 2 x 2). Each factor consisted of two treatment levels with 3 replicates, so that, 12 experimental units were required. The first factor was feed with protein of 26% (A1) and 32% (A2), while the second factor was feed with the addition of papain enzyme as much as 0,25 g/kg feed (B1) and 0,50 g/kg feed (B2), respectively. Results showed that combination of protein and papain in an isocaloric feed had a significant effect on the total of feeding consumption level (TFC), feed utilization efficiency (FUE), and relative growth rate (RGR), but had no significant effect on the survival rate (SR). Results showed that the optimum dose of protein and papain in isocaloric feed was 32% of protein dan 0,25 g of papain/kg feed which was able to produced TFC of 154,32±4,52 g, FUE of 58,35±2,80%, and RGR of 4,66±0,06%/day.Keywords: Catfish, Protein, Papain Enzyme, Isocaloric Feed, Growth

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Iommelli, Piera, Fabio Zicarelli, Nadia Musco, Fiorella Sarubbi, Micaela Grossi, Daria Lotito, Pietro Lombardi, Federico Infascelli et Raffaella Tudisco. « Effect of Cereals and Legumes Processing on In Situ Rumen Protein Degradability : A Review ». Fermentation 8, n^o 8 (29 juillet 2022) : 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080363.

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The determination of the ruminal degradability rate of feeds, mainly starch and crude protein, is one of the most common methods to evaluate the nutritional value of ruminant feed. The protein requirements for ruminants are met from microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein digested in the small intestine. In order to reach maximum productivity, high-quality proteins are needed, and the requirement for undegraded dietary protein increases with the performance of the animal. This protein can be supplied by reducing the ruminal degradation to increase the amount of protein digested post-rumen, but the form in which a feed is administered influences degradability, and grain processing, especially, is a common practice to improve feed efficiency. Despite these aspects, studies on the effects of feed processing methods on protein degradability are limited, even though more and more ruminants are fed with processed feeds. For these reasons, this review investigated the protein degradability of different processed cereals and legumes in ruminants based on the analysis of available literature in order to take stock of the state of the art on this topic. Results showed that: First, the majority of the papers are focused on the energy aspects mainly due to carbohydrate-rich feeds; second, the majority of the studies in the literature are quite old, probably because the changes occurred in the animal testing legislation that made in vivo studies more and more difficult in the last 20 years; third, as a consequence, the few data available in recent years concern in vitro experiments; fourth, we found a high variability of the experimental conditions thus affecting protein degradability and making it quite difficult to compare the different results.

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Pokharel Bhattarai, Bindu, Bhabindra Niroula et Sasinath Jha. « Use of the Greater Duckweed as feed for the Tilapia fish ». Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 7, n^o 1 (1 juin 2017) : 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v7i1.41799.

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The fresh weight gain of the Nile tilapia individuals reared on different feeds for 21 days occurred in the order: conventional feed (65%) > conventional feed and duckweed powder in equal proportion (37%) > duckweed powder (09%). The conventional feed and duckweed powder were insignificantly different from each other in protein and phosphorus, but significantly different (P<0.05) in fat, total ash and calcium contents. The tilapia individuals reared on the mixture of the conventional feed and duckweed powder had significantly (P<0.05) highest concentration of proteins (50.3%) than those reared on either conventional feed (45.34%) or duckweed powder (45.79%) alone.

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MOHD-RAZALI, AIZAT, MASDUKI MOHAMAD MORNI, MARIAM TAIB et AZIZ AHMAD. « PHYTIC ACID CONTENT AND DIGESTIBILITY OF COCONUT RESIDUES DERIVED-PROTEINS AFTER SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION BY Aspergillus awamori ». Malaysian Applied Biology 49, n^o 4 (25 décembre 2020) : 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v49i4.1601.

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The growing industry of aquaculture is in demand of alternative protein sources as fish feeds. An adequate amount of digestible protein and the presence of anti-nutritional such as phytic acid factors are limiting factors in feed formulations. One alternative source of protein for fish feeds is fermented coconut residues. However, the phytic acid content, an anti-nutrient compound produced during the bioconversion or fermentation process of agriculture waste has not yet been determined. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the phytic acid content and protein digestibility of coconut residues after solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus awamori. Samples from three optimized fermentation conditions were analyzed for soluble proteins, phytic acid contents, and in-vitro digestibility activity by trypsin and pepsin. Results showed that phytic acid content in all samples were lower than 0.1 mg/g dry wt. of the sample after seven days of fermentation. The protein digestibility by trypsin (ranging from 36.54 ± 4.22 to 43.22 ± 2.46%) was higher than pepsin, where it fell within the percentage required for fish feed formulation. The findings suggested that fermented coconut residues are a highly potential alternative source of protein for fish feed formulation.

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Cropper, M., M. Lloyd, G. C. Emmans et C. E. Hinks. « Choice feeding as a method of determining lamb nutrient requirements and growth potential ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (mars 1986) : 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015816.

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The experiment described here was designed to test the proposition that lambs, given access to two feeds, as a choice, one abundant in crude protein (CP), the other deficient, can both select a diet which supports their potential growth rate and which avoids excesses of protein intake.Twenty four Suffolk x Greyface wether and females, at a mean liveweight of 20.2 kg (s.e. 0.6) were individually housed and their feed intake and liveweight recorded weekly.The four pelleted feeds used were highly digestible and had estimated energy yields of 10.5 MJ ME/kg freshweight. The basal feed (A) was made from equal parts barley and sugar beet pulp plus a vitamin/mineral mix. It contained 91 g CP/kg FW. Feed D was made by substituting fishmeal for the barley in feed A such that it contained 383g CP/kg. Feed B contained one third D and two thirds A and contained 182g CP/kg. Féed C contained two thirds D and one third A, giving a CP content of 266g CP/kg. Thus each of the four feeds A, B, C and D could be described in terms of either the proportion of feed A or the crude protein which it contained.Four lambs were offered feed A alone, and four lambs received feed B only. Twelve of the lambs were given ad 1ibitum access to both the basal feed A and one of the three other feeds B, C and D, for ten weeks. Four lambs were offered a choice between feed B and feed D for four weeks.

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Kondratiuk, V. M. « PRODUCTIVITY OF RAINBOW TROUT DEPENDING ON PROTEIN LEVELS IN PRODUCTIVE FEED ». Animal Science and Food Technology 11, n^o 4 (décembre 2020) : 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.04.045.

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The article considers the efficiency of using complete feeds with different levels of protein in rearing commercial rainbow trout. The purpose of the experiment was to establish the effect of different protein levels in nutrition of two-year old trout on its productivity. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogues. During the equalizing period, the experimental fish consumed feed of the control group. In the main period, the protein level in trout feed ranged from 44 to 52 % per 1 kg. As a result of the studies it was established that the increase of protein content in compound feed from 48 to 52 % leads to an increase in the weight of commercial fish by 13.0 % (p < 0.001), an increase in its growth intensity – by 7.4-16.7 %, while the reduction of protein in feed to 44 % leads to a reliable (p < 0.05) reduction in trout weight by 9.4 %, and a decrease in its growth intensity - by 6.5-12.1 %. It is proved that different levels of experimental trout’s protein nutrition have a highly reliable (p < 0.001) effect on the growth of marketable fish - the share of this factor’s influence is 89.8 %. Analysis of the feed costs, proves that using combined feed with 52 % protein for feeding two-year old trout, leads to a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of weight gain by 5.1 %, whereas reducing this index to 44% causes increase of feed costs by 6.4 % per a unit of product, compared to feeding fish with production feed having the protein content of 48 %. At this, the preservation of experimental fish was high enough and made 94.3 to 96.2 %. In rearing trouts according to the criteria of maximum productivity, it is recommended to feed commercial trout with production combined feeds with the protein level of 52 %, whereas, in production according to the economic optimization criteria, this index should make 48 %.

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Buwono, Ibnu Dwi, Iskandar Iskandar et Roffi Grandiosa. « Growth hormone transgenesis and feed composition influence growth and protein and amino acid content in transgenic G3 mutiara catfish (Clarias gariepinus) ». Aquaculture International 29, n^o 2 (12 janvier 2021) : 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00628-8.

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AbstractClarias gariepinus growth hormone (CgGH) transgenesis was previously used to develop a population of second-generation (G2) transgenic mutiara catfish (C. gariepinus). The third generation of these fish (1-month old fingerlings) had 2–3 times improvement in growth compared to non-transgenic fish in the commercial feed test for 6 weeks of rearing. We assessed the impact of CgGH transgene expression on growth and protein and amino acid content of the G3 generation of these transgenic mutiara catfish relative to non-transgenic catfish. Since variation in composition of feed mixes can affect protein and amino acid content of fish, we tested three mixtures of commercial feed and boiled tuna (Euthynnus affinis): feed A (50:50 feed to tuna), B (65:35), and C (80:20) to transgenic catfish. Feed A* (50:50) was fed as a control to non-transgenic catfish. Feed efficiency, including feed conversion ratio and protein use efficiency (i.e., protein retention and protein productive value), was assessed. Feed efficiency, protein content, and essential amino acid content in G3 transgenic catfish (feed A and B) were higher than in non-transgenic fish (feed A*). The latter were deficient in lysine and methionine. Transgenic catfish fed with feed C (80:20) showed lysine deficiency and lower growth than fish fed feeds A and B. Feed B (65:35) was the optimal feed mixture utilized; it increased growth, protein levels, and feed conversion efficiency in G3 catfish. The growth of transgenic fish was higher than non-transgenic fish when supported by feeding with balanced nutrients.

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Kataranov, G. O., I. S. Polyanskaya, E. N. Zakrepina, L. M. Voropay et V. F. Semenikhina. « Feed protein biosynthesis using whey ». Dairy Industry 63, n^o 8 (2021) : 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31515/1019-8946-2021-08-56-58.

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Mustapha, Moshood Keke, Bolarinwa Faith Akinware, Charles A. Faseyi et Aminat Ajoke Alade. « Comparative effect of local and foreign commercial feeds on the growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles ». Journal of Fisheries 2, n^o 2 (8 juillet 2014) : 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i2.2014.25.

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Growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed with a local feed and coppens commercial feed were observed for 16 weeks at the laboratory of the Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The proximate compositions and economics of the feeds and the water quality of the cultured tanks were assessed. Fish fed with coppens showed significant (P<0.05) higher weight increase, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and low food conversion ratio than fish fed with local feed. Significant (P<0.05) higher mortality were recorded in fish fed with the local feed. The growth performance was a reflection of the proximate composition of the feeds with local feed having low crude protein (10.95%), lipid (3.95%) and ash (4.92%) when compared to coppens which had 42% crude protein, 12% lipid and 9.5% ash with protein being most significant. Carbohydrate (69.90%) and crude fiber (2.88%) were higher in the local feed than in coppens with an imbalance in carbohydrate and lipid ratio. Mortality was attributed to stress resulting from the poor quality of the feed. Cost of feeding with local feed to a weight gain of 31.67g was ₦80, while the cost of feeding with coppens to a weight gain of 148.58g was ₦16.

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Mustapha, Moshood Keke, Bolarinwa Faith Akinware, Charles A. Faseyi et Aminat Ajoke Alade. « Comparative effect of local and foreign commercial feeds on the growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles ». Journal of Fisheries 2, n^o 2 (10 juillet 2014) : 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.76.

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Growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed with a local feed and coppens commercial feed were observed for 16 weeks at the laboratory of the Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The proximate compositions and economics of the feeds and water quality of the cultured tanks were assessed. Fish fed with coppens showed significant (P<0.05) higher weight increase, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and low food conversion ratio than fish fed with local feed. Significant (P<0.05) higher mortality were recorded in fish fed with the local feed. The growth performance was a reflection of the proximate composition of the feeds with local feed having low crude protein (10.95%), lipid (3.95%) and ash (4.92%) when compared to coppens which had 42% crude protein, 12% lipid and 9.5% ash with protein being most significant. Carbohydrate (69.90%) and crude fiber (2.88%) were higher in the local feed than in coppens with an imbalance in carbohydrate and lipid ratio. Mortality was attributed to stress resulting from the poor quality of the feed. Cost of feeding with local feed to a weight gain of 31.67g was ₦80, while the cost of feeding with coppens to a weight gain of 148.58g was ₦16.

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Mohd Faudzi, Norfazreena, Rossita Shapawi, Shigeharu Senoo, Amal Biswas et Annita Seok Kian Yong. « The Performances of Hybrid Grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus Fed with Defatted Soybean Meal-Based Feeds with Supplementation of Phytase ». Malaysian Applied Biology 51, n^o 6 (31 décembre 2022) : 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i6.2466.

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Fish meal is the primary protein ingredient in fish feed and this material is expensive and non-renewable. However, the use of plant protein in marine fish feed such as soybean meal products are limited due to anti-nutritional factor that hindered fish performances. Therefore, hybrid grouper, a cross between tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and giant grouper (E. lanceolatus) was evaluated using defatted soybean meal (DSM) based feed and phytase. DSM- based feeds (30% of protein replacement) with supplementation of phytase at 0 and 2000 FTU/kg dosages, as well as a control feed (CON) comprised completely of fish meal (FM) was given to the hybrid grouper with an initial body weight of 6.2±0.0g. Each experimental feed was formulated with 50% of crude protein and 12% of crude lipid. The fish were raised in 100L fiberglass tanks equipped with a flow-through water system for each triplicate treatment. The hybrid grouper was fed with the respective feeds twice a day until the perceived satiation level for 12 weeks. Hybrid grouper fed CON and DSM-based feed did not exhibit any significant difference in growth. However, hybrid grouper fed with DSM-based feed grew larger compared to that fed with CON. Hybrid grouper fed with DSM-based feed showed significantly higher feed intake, lower net protein utilization, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) protein values (p<0.05). The value of ADC of phosphorus was slightly higher in DSM-based feed supplemented with phytase at a dosage of 2000 FTU/kg. No significant effect was observed on body proximate composition, morphological condition of the intestine, and ADC of lipids in all the treatments. The results show that hybrid grouper can effectively consume 30% DSM-based feed and supplementing phytase did not affect the fish performances.

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Patsios, Sotiris I., Anna Dedousi, Evangelia Ν. Sossidou et Antonios Zdragas. « Sustainable Animal Feed Protein through the Cultivation of YARROWIA Lipolytica on Agro-Industrial Wastes and by-Products ». Sustainability 12, n^o 4 (14 février 2020) : 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041398.

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Proteins are essential constituents of animal feeds, which comprise mainly vegetable protein (e.g., soybean meal), which is produced and transported globally. The decoupling of protein-production and livestock-growth areas results in protein deficiencies in certain parts of the world, and in significant environmental stress. Alternative, more sustainable protein feeds are necessary to meet the increasing needs, and to decrease the environmental footprint of animal products. Yeast Single Cell Proteins (SCP), produced locally using various agro-industrial by-product streams, have significant potential as alternative animal feed protein. Particularly, Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous, non-pathogenic microorganism has been characterized as a “workhorse” in biotechnological studies, drawing the attention of many researchers. The present review summarizes available resources on critical issues concerning the applicability and commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica as an environment-friendly protein source for animal feed. It discusses the sustainability of the yeast SCP production process, it presents the recent advances concerning Yarrowia lipolytica cultivation on low-cost agro-industrial by-products, and it stresses the effects on the health and welfare of productive animals due to the inclusion of Yarrowia lipolytica in their diet. The data presented in this study should facilitate relative research advancement and the commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica’s use as an alternative protein source/supplement for animal feeds.

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Brett, P. A., et P. R. Goodwin. « Detection and identification of animal-derived protein in feedingstuffs by enzyme-linked immunoassay ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (mars 1991) : 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020675.

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In Great Britain the use of animal-derived protein in animal feeds has recently been subject to restrictions (The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Order 1988 and subsequent orders), including a prohibition on the use of animal protein produced from ruminant carcases in feed given to ruminants. More generally, livestock producers are increasingly demanding more detailed information about the ingredients included in the compound feeds they purchase, and may stipulate that meat and bone meal derived from particular animal species is not used in their feed. In order that compliance with these legal and commercial requirements can be monitored and enforced, it is important that feed manufacturers, their customers and the regulatory authorities should have recourse to a means of identifying the species from which animal protein, when present in a feed, is derived.

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Nayeem, Mir Abu, Amir Hossain, Mahidi Hossen Hannan et Subrata Mondal. « Comparative analysis of nutritional quality of different fish feed available in greater Noakhali region, Bangladesh ». Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security 3, n^o 1 (30 mai 2019) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v3i1.55921.

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An experiment was carried out to comparative analysis of nutritional quality of different fish feed from different feed dealers and industries in greater Noakhali region and to compare the values with those provided by the manufacturers. The feed samples were collected from different feed industries and dealer's shop of these region. Feed samples were collected during 10 August to 5 September, 2016. The collected feed samples were stored and analyzed in the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture in the Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh for proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, carbohydrate) following standard methods. Results showed that there was significant variation between analyzed and company provided nutritive values of different feeds. Some feed samples have low moisture level (difference 0.7 to 3.3%). Ash content of the experimental samples also show a variety of results compared to their labeled composition. Only some feed have more values to the company provided values, such as, Mega starter (12.13%) and Bengal grower (12.75) proportion with 12%. Some feed contains more difference range of 6.01% more than labeled values is RP feed (20.01%). Maximum feed samples had lower crude protein (difference 0.05 to 4.65%) than the company provided protein values. However, only crude protein of Bengal finisher (29.95%) and Aftab grower (28.07%) feeds were found to be almost same to the company provided nutritive values (30% and 28%). The lipid, ash and carbohydrates contents of the experimental samples also have a difference range. The highest lipid values are available in Provita starter (9.76%) and lowest values containing feed Setu grower (4.33%). The highest carbohydrates content in the feed Provita starter (36.84%). The findings of this study demonstrated that low quality commercial fish feeds were supplied to the fish farmers by majority of feed companies. Therefore, the study will generate some information to the farmers which will help to choose the best feed for their aquaculture production. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2019, 3(1), 1-14

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Pangestika, Widya, et Sugili Putra. « Fish Feed Formulation with the Addition of Sludge of Dairy Wastewater and Fermented Wheat Bran ». Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 12, n^o 1 (21 mars 2020) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v12i1.18110.

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HighlightColloids in dairy wastewater could be destabilized by adding ferric chlorideAspergillus niger could increase protein and decreased the crude fiber in wheat branWheat bran fermentation could be carried out in room temperature during three daysFish feed formulation was conducted by solving simultaneous linear equationsSludge of dairy wastewater and fermented wheat bran could be utilized as fish feedAbstractDairy wastewater contains suspended solids, which are very difficult to settle naturally. This waste could be treated by using ferric chloride, due to its ability to bind suspended solid and to form brown solid of Iron (III) hydroxide. The optimal amount of FeCl3 in coagulating dairy wastewater was 0.15 g of FeCl3 for every 250 mL of wastewater. This sludge could be utilized into something useful for the organism. The sludge of dairy wastewater could be mixed with other ingredients to make fish feed. Wheat bran, one of the ingredients used to make fish feed, was fermented using Aspergillus niger to increase the crude protein content and to lower crude fiber content. The addition of fermented wheat bran in fish feed formulation could increase the crude protein content in feed B (which had 0.085% iron) by 5.78% and feed C (which had 1.703% iron) by 5.17%. By using simultaneous linear equations, fish feed formulation was conducted by adding sludge of dairy wastewater, fermented wheat bran, rebon flour, starch, and vitamin C. In this research, two variations of fish feeds were made (feed B and feed C). The results indicated that feed B and feed C had better stability and buoyancy than feed A, as the commercial feed. Feed C also had the biggest crude protein of all feeds, amounting to 32.057%. Feed C also gave the best result in increasing nile tilapia’s growth rate. The result showed that sludge of dairy wastewater and fermented wheat bran could be added to fish feed formulation.

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Kyriazakis, I., et J. D. Oldham. « Diet selection in sheep : the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements ». British Journal of Nutrition 69, n^o 3 (mai 1993) : 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930064.

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To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.

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Ostroumova, I. N., A. A. Lyutikov, V. V. Kostyunichev, A. K. Shumilina et M. M. Vylka. « Replacement of fishmeal for protein components of microbial, animal and plant origin in feed for two-year-old whitefish (Coregonidae) ». Trudy VNIRO 190 (28 décembre 2022) : 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2022-190-105-115.

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The purpose of the work: To determine the possibility of replacing fishmeal with other protein components in the composition of feed for two-year-old whitefishes.Methods used: whitefish were grown in cages on experimental, control and imported feeds during the growing seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020.The growth rate of fish and the physiological state of the liver index, blood parameters, total fat and vitamin C content in the body and liver were studied.Novelty: the use of new domestic protein components in feed for whitefishes — microbial protein concentrate (bacterial biomass on natural gas), Agro-Matike (a mixture of legume components with meat flour — processed products of poultry farms), Protefid (soy concentrate).Results: Two-year-old whitefish fed feed with the replacement of 30–50% of fishmeal with the indicated protein components did not differ in growth rate from the growth rate of fish reared on control feeds without of fishmeal substitutes, but lagged behind in growth from fish fed on imported feed. With an increase in the composition of experimental feeds of fish oil from 14–16 to 20–22%, the final weight of whitefish reached the weight of fish on the Finnish feed. The physiological state of fish on all variants of feed did not deviate from the norm.Practical significance: the mastered production of Agro-Matik, Protefid and the possibility of increasing the production of microbial protein concentrate make it possible to use them as substitutes for fishmeal in the composition of complete feeds for industrial fish farming.

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Coburn, Jessica, M. Scott Wells, Nicholas B. D. Phelps, T. Gibson Gaylord et Deborah A. Samac. « Acceptance of a Protein Concentrate from Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Fed a Formulated Diet ». Fishes 6, n^o 2 (25 mars 2021) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020009.

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The majority of plant proteins used in aquatic feeds are derived from seed meals, which may contain antinutritional factors. Protein concentrates from plant foliage have received less attention in fish feeding trials. Alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) is derived from fresh alfalfa foliage that contains approximately 52% protein and is low in fiber. A feeding trial was done to assess growth and feed efficiency responses of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) fed a formulated diet with 180 g/kg APC replacing all fishmeal compared to a control isonitrogenous diet with fishmeal. Yellow perch accepted the APC diet but gained weight at a lower specific growth rate (−0.07% per day) and had an elevated feed conversion ratio (+0.32 g feed/g growth) than fish on the control diet containing fishmeal. There was no impact on survivorship or condition nor differences in fillet yield or composition in fish on the diet with APC compared to the control fishmeal diet. These findings indicate that although replacing fishmeal with APC in a perch diet resulted in slower growth rates, the APC was accepted and has promise as a sustainable protein in aquatic feeds.

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Dragojlović, Danka, Ljiljana Popović, Jelena Čakarević, Nedeljka Spasevski, Slađana Rakita, Dušica Čolović et Olivera Đuragić. « Determination of protein oxidation in aquaculture feed ». Food and Feed Research 48, n^o 2 (2021) : 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ffr48-34712.

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This research aimed to develop a reliable, easy-to-perform and cheap method for measuring protein oxidation in complex samples such as aquaculture feed within various protein sources. For that purpose modified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-based method for quantification of protein carbonyls was employed whilst the modification of the method consisted of using different solutions for the extraction (distilled water and different concentrations of KCl and NaCl solutions), time of protein extraction (after homogenization and over the night) and concentration of trichloroacetic acid (10 and 25% TCA) for protein precipitation. Extraction during the night, higher TCA concentration and the use of 0.5 M KCl extraction solution resulted in the highest protein amount measured by the Lowry method and 280 nm protein estimation. On the other hand, the lowest protein yield was obtained by using distilled water for the extraction. Furthermore, the lowest amount of protein carbonyls was in the case when extraction was performed with distilled water (DW), while the highest content of protein carbonyls was reached with 0.15 M KCl and 0.5 M KCl extraction solutions. It was observed that the amount of proteinbound carbonyls compounds was increasing during storage under accelerated conditions and, in comparison to the original method, the modified method for measuring protein oxidation resulted in a higher amount of carbonyls during all points of storage.

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Lei, Xingen. « 230 Microalgae as an Alternative Feed Protein : Opportunities and Challenges ». Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (8 octobre 2021) : 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.219.

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Abstract A major mission of the animal industry is to help protect global food security with little or no impacts on climate and environment. In fact, the global food security depends on a sustainable protein production and supply. Currently, there is a direct competition between feed and food protein need. As animal feeds use 70–80% of the produced soybean, alternative proteins are required to sustain the industry. This presentation will report research findings from three large consortium projects in exploring the dual application of microalgae as a new generation of feedstock for biofuel production and high-quality feed protein supply. A comprehensive review will be provided on effects of supplemental full- or de-fatted microalgal biomass in diets for broiler chickens, laying hens, pigs, and fish on their production performance, nutrient metabolism and molecular responses, and health values of their products. Discussions will be given on practical concerns over the production cost related to soybean meal, the production volume/scale for a constant supply, and the biosafety and acceptance as a regular ingredient. Future research will be proposed to synchronize the nutritional, health, and sustainability potential of microalgae as a viable feed protein source.

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Lazaren, Cornelia Coraima, I. Wayan Gede Astawa Karang et Elok Faiqoh. « Perbandingan Laju Pertumbuhan Tukik Penyu Lekang (Lepidochelys olivacea) dengan Pemberian Pakan Ikan Tongkol, Udang Rebon Kering dan Pakan Campuran ». Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 4, n^o 1 (3 septembre 2017) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2018.v4.i01.86-95.

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The population of olive ridley has declined in Indonesia, so that efforts are needed to preserve this turtle population through conservation. In conservation of olive ridley, the selection of the precise feed will affect for a good growth. Feed that has high protein content one of them is dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish. The utilization of feed from dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish, especially mix feed of these two feeds for olive ridley baby is still very limited information. This research aims to determine the comparison growth rate of olive ridley with a feeding of tongkol fish, dried rebon shrimp and mixed feed also to know the percentage of feed efficiency. The research was conducted for six weeks at the conservation center TCEC Serangan, Bali. The design method used was Completely Randomized Design (CDR) with one control and three treatments, each treatment getting five repetitions. ANOVA analysis was used to analyze the mean differences between groups and the calculation of feed efficiency was performed to see the percentage of feed that was most efficient in the body of the hatch. The results showed different feeds gave different growth rates. The high protein on mixed feeds has produced the highest growth rates compared with dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish feed. Similarly, the percentage efficiency of mixed feed is more efficient compared with dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish feed.

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Kyriazakis, I., G. C. Emmans et C. T. Whittemore. « Single and choice-feeding of pigs as methods of investigating their ability to control protein intake ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (mars 1987) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034528.

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The experiment described here was designed to test the proposition that growing pigs can control their overall intake of protein: on a feed with a low level of crude protein (CP) by increasing their daily feed intake (up to a limit) and, given a choice of two feeds with different levels of CP, by selecting a diet with optimal protein content.

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Cropper, M. R., D. P. Poppi et A. M. Nicol. « Growth of lambs given different allowances of digestible crude protein and metabolisable energy ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (mars 1992) : 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022844.

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In a market where high levels of fat on lamb carcases are not favoured, the supposition that a lamb, given adequate feeding, will grow protein preferentially to gaining lipid, holds interest. However, this idea runs counter to the evidence that body composition is not manipulable in sheep. Therefore, an experiment was undertaken to implement extreme treatments of protein and energy supply to determine to what extent the contrasting views on body composition changes in growing lambs are justified.Seventy-two Coopworth ram lambs (mean liveweight, (LW) 30.4, s.d. 1.1 kg) were given one of the three feeds of different digestible crude protein (DCP) content at one of three allowances (ad libitum (AL), 1.2 (H) or 0.8 (L) kg/day). The feeds (H, M and L) were formulated as shown in Table 1. Feed M was a mixture of 0.55 Feed H and 0.45 Feed M. The proximate composition, measured DCP and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) content of the feeds is given in Table 1. ALH and ALM lambs were also choice-fed with ad libitum access to feed L. 8 lambs at the start of the experiment and 4 lambs per treatment at 6 and 12 weeks were slaughtered for analysis of body protein (PR), lipid (LP) and wool protein (WP).

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Borisov, R. R., N. P. Kovatcheva, R. V. Artemov, I. N. Nikonova, M. V. Arnautov, A. V. Artemov et V. V. Gershunskaya. « Efficiency assessment of the use of compound feeds with protein different levels for juveniles Australian red claw crayfish in RAS conditions ». Trudy VNIRO 187 (20 juin 2022) : 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2022-187-128-137.

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The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of compound feeds with different levels of protein on the growth of juveniles of the Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Used methods: To solve this problem, two experiments were carried out in the aquariums of aquaculture invertebrate department at VNIRO: the first was on juveniles weighing 0.017 ± 0.004 g and 0.87 ± 0.08 mm long; the second one was on juveniles weighing 0.31 ± 0.14 g and 23.7 ± 3.9 mm long. The duration of the experiments was 30 and 40 days, respectively. Feeding of juveniles was carried out with three variants of compound feed recipes with an estimated protein content of 25 %, 35 % and 45 %. The main part of the formulations consisted of components of plant origin. Tetra Wafer Mix food for fish and crustaceans (Germany) with a protein content of 45 % was used as a control. The duration of the experiments was 30 and 40 days, respectively. Feeding of juveniles was carried out with three variants of compound feed recipes with an estimated protein content of 25 %, 35 % and 45 %. The main part of the formulations consisted of components of plant origin. Tetra Wafer Mix food for fish and crustaceans (Germany) with a protein content of 45 % was used as a control. Newness: Development of a feed formulation for rearing juveniles of the Australian red claw crayfish in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Results: These experiments showed that the growth rate of juvenile Australian red claw crayfish is directly dependent on the proportion of protein in the feed. It was established that the relative content of protein in the muscles of crayfish depends on its content in compound feed. An analysis of our own and published data indicates that feeds with protein content below 35 % cannot be recommended for growing of juveniles’ Australian red claw crayfish. Feeds with a protein content of 45 % are optimal for the growth of juveniles. It was established that the effectiveness of compound feeds depends not only on the protein content and energy value, but also on their taste attractiveness. Practical significance: The obtained results will be used in the development of mixed feed for juveniles Australian red claw crayfish.

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Koshak, Zh V., L. V. Ruksan et A. E. Koshak. « POWDERED MILK — AN ALTERNATIVE TO ANIMAL PROTEIN IN RAINBOW TROUT ». Food Industry : Science and Technology 13, n^o 4(50) (15 juin 2020) : 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2073-4794-2020-13-4(50)-80-88.

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The chemical composition of two types of milk powder - whole and skim milk was studied. The richest in protein is skimmed milk powder. The possibility of using skimmed milk powder in compound feed for rainbow trout has been established. Compound feed formulations have been developed with partial replacement of fish meal with skimmed milk powder. The modes of extrusion were selected for compound feeds containing a heat-sensitive component - milk powder. It was found that the optimal percentage of skimmed milk powder is 10%. It was found that compound feed containing 10% skimmed milk was used 1.8 times more effectively in the fish organism compared to the control. The coefficient of protein utilization when feeding with compound feed with 10% input of skimmed milk powder is 1.1 times higher, and the accumulation of substances in the body of rainbow trout is 40% more intensive. The nutrient content in the compound feed containing 10% skimmed milk per kilogram of rainbow trout growth is 1.4 times higher than in the control. To increase the efficiency of rainbow trout feeding, a compound feed has been developed containing 10% skimmed milk powder instead of fish meal. Modes of compound feed extrusion were selected: the optimal temperature range is 90-100 0С, the range of humidity values is 28-30%. A regression equation was obtained that adequately describes the change in the content of essential amino acids with an increase in the extrusion temperature in the composition of a compound feed containing 10% skimmed milk powder, empirical coefficients of the regression equation were selected.

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Friggens, N. C., D. E. F. Hay et J. D. Oldham. « Interactions between major nutrients in the diet and the lactational performance of rats ». British Journal of Nutrition 69, n^o 1 (janvier 1993) : 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930009.

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The effect on lactational performance of replacing feed carbohydrate with fat at two different protein levels was studied. Lactating Sprague–Dawley rats with a standardized litter size of thirteen pups were allocated one of eight feeds containing either 300 or 150 g protein/kg organic matter (OM) and ranging in fat content from 100 to 550 g/kg OM from day 2 until day 14 of lactation. Daily food intake, live-weight gains, and changes in body composition of both dams and litters were measured. Feeds of low protein content resulted in a significant decline (P < 0.001) in lactational performance despite a significant increase (P < 0.001) in maternal protein mobilization. Maternal lipid mobilization was not significantly affected by feed composition. Litter lipid gain was significantly increased (P < 0.05) as fat replaced carbohydrate in the high-protein feeds, due to an increase in maternal energy intake. In contrast, lactational performance was severely depressed (P < 0.001) as fat replaced carbohydrate in the low-protein feeds. This interaction between feed components on lactational performance was in accordance with the hypothesis that the heat production of lactating rats is maximal and, hence, constraining intake.

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Irungu, F. G., C. M. Mutungi, A. K. Faraj, H. Affognon, S. Ekesi, D. Nakimbugwe et K. K. M. Fiaboe. « Proximate composition and in vitro protein digestibility of extruded aquafeeds containing Acheta domesticus and Hermetia illucens fractions ». Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, n^o 4 (7 décembre 2018) : 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0089.

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Major protein sources for feed manufacture have become costly, and this has led to increased cost of products such as aquafeeds. This has dampening effect on fish production especially in developing countries, and has necessitated a search for alternative protein sources in processed feeds. The effects of extrusion on aquafeed blends containing fractions of adult cricket (Acheta domesticus) meal (ACM) or black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre-pupae meal (BSFM) on proximate composition and in vitro protein digestibility were investigated. Extrusion resulted in higher contents of protein and nitrogen free extract, and lower contents of ether extract and crude fibre as compared to the non-extruded feed. These observations were mainly associated with denaturation of proteins leading to increase in solubility, solubilisation of fibre due to the shearing forces at high temperature resulting in higher nitrogen free extract, and formation of starch-lipid complexes leading to lower ether extract. Our findings indicate that ACM or BSFM can be used to substitute fresh water shrimp meal up to 75 g/100 g level and still achieve highly nutritious processed fish feed.

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Ibatullin, I. I., S. F. Razanov et V. M. Nedashkivskyi. « Influence of soy flour and its processed products on the essential amino acids content in the bees body ». Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 3, n^o 3 (8 septembre 2020) : 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas3-3.10.

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Providing bees with benign and sufficient protein feeds is the key to successful beekeeping. Protein feed significantly affects on certain functions of individuals and the vital activity and productivity of the bee colonies. So, as a result of increased consumption of protein feed during the first days of life the supply of proteins in the body significantly increases in young bees, hypopharyngeal glands and other organs become developed, which provides the ability to perform various tasks depending on age and living conditions. Older bees consume protein for tissue renewal with new cells and metabolic processes. Bees raised on low protein feeds become physiologically defective and do not live long. In conditions of protein starvation, brood rearing stops and bees throw larvae out of their cells. The article presents the results of studying the effect of using soy flour and its processed products in bee feeding on the essential amino acids content in their body. It was found that the use of soy peptone in bee feeding contributes to a greater accumulation of essential amino acids in the bees body in different periods of their development, in compared to soy milk, defatted soy flour and roasted soy flour which indicates a higher efficiency of its use as partial substitutes for protein feeds.

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Vincent, Isobel C., J. Thompson et R. Hill. « The effects on feed intake in weaned calves of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal as the sole protein supplement ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (mars 1990) : 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019218.

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Concentrate feed with high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (BRSM) as the sole protein supplement was eaten less readily by weaned calves than a similar feed based on soyabean meal (Stedman et al, 1983), and this was so whether intake was measured during continuous ad libitum feeding, or for short periods, 0.5 h, after twice-daily feeding with changes of feed each day. In these and other experiments with calves (Stedman and Hill, 1987), concentrate feeds based on low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal were eaten more readily than those based on high-glucosinolate meal, but intake of the low-glucosinolate feeds rarely matched that of the corresponding feed containing soyabean meal.

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Djuragic, O., S. Rakita et D. Dragojlovic. « The possibilities of alternative protein use in animal nutrition ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 854, n^o 1 (1 octobre 2021) : 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012026.

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Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts there will not be enough food for human and animal nutrition until 2050. Global demand for animal protein for human consumption is increasing, and this consequently increases the price of these ingredients. This will open several challenges to provide enough animal feed. In the European Union, the use of processed animal proteins in pig and poultry diets is prohibited due to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) legislation, while globally, the land availability for soy cultivation is limited. The European food market is dependent on huge import of soybean, which is the main source of valuable proteins and one of the main ingredients in feeds. Feed ingredients must not contain antinutritive factors that would adversely affect animal production and must have an acceptable price. Some of the alternative plant sources of protein are fava beans, peas, lentils, hemp, different grain seeds, etc. To find alternative sources of protein of animal origin scientists are increasingly investigating the use of worm, snail or grasshopper meals and also marine organisms, usually algae, shells or starfish. Single cell proteins are a specific kind of protein from different microbial sources, including microalgae, yeast, fungi, and bacteria.

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MARYNICH, A. P. « MEAT QUALITIES OF YOUNG SHEEP WHEN INCLUDING HIGH-PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVES IN DIETS ». Sheep, goats, woolen business, n^o 2 (2022) : 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2074-0840-2022-2-49-53.

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The results of the use of starter feeds enriched with 5.0% whole milk substitute (WMS) and 3% feed additive “Organic” in the diets of young sheep are presented. Enrichment of starter feeds with 5% WMS and 3% feed additive “Organic” significantly increased the live weight of young sheep during the fattening period from 2 to 4 months of age and all indicators of the slaughter of lambs at the age of 4 months compared to the control.

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Noviadi, R., A. A. Candra et D. D. Putri. « Different Levels of Protein in Complete Feed Silage Based on Cassava Leaves on The Local Goats Performance ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1012, n^o 1 (1 avril 2022) : 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012012.

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Abstract Protein is an important nutrient for building body tissues so it must be available in feeds in sufficient quantities to meet the needs of goats for basic living and production. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of different protein tingkats in cassava leaves complete feed silage on the performance of goats. The research was carried out in March-August 2021 at the Research Center of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Lampung State Polytechnic. A total of 24 goats were used in the study using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments applied were different protein levels in complete feed silage based on cassava leaves R0 = 12%; Rl = 13%; R2 = 14%; R3 = 15%; R4 = 16%; R5 = 17%. The results showed that different levels of protein in complete feed silage based on cassava leaves affected the performance of local goats and the highest feed consumption was obtained at a protein level of 17%, the highest average daily gain at a protein level of 17%, and the lowest feed conversion ratio at a protein level of 14%.

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Varvikko, T. « Microbially corrected amino acid composition of rumen-undegraded feed protein and amino acid degradability in the rumen of feeds enclosed in nylon bags ». British Journal of Nutrition 56, n^o 1 (juillet 1986) : 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860093.

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1. In the previous work (Varvikko & Lindberg, 1985), 15N-labelled rapeseed (Brassica napus), barley, ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and barley straw were incubated in the rumen in nylon bags for 5, 12 and 24 h and microbial nitrogen in the residues was quantified using the feed 15N-dilution method. In the present study, residual amino acids (AA) of these feeds were analysed, and microbially corrected AA of feed origin (feed AA) were estimated as the difference between total residual AA and respective microbial AA, assuming a constant AA composition for the microbial protein.2. In barley and barley-straw residues, and also in ryegrass incubated in the rumen for 24 h, very large enrich- ment by microbial N and AA-N was found. The microbial enrichment was rather small in rapeseed residues and ryegrass incubated for 5 or 12 h. During the rumen incubation, feed N and AA-N (g/kg feed dry matter (DM)) decreased very clearly in all the feeds, and feed and incubation time effects were always statistically significant (P < 0.001).3. The slow degradation of essential (E) feed AA compared with the respective non-essential (NE) AA degradation increased the proportion of feed EAA (g/kg determined feed AA) in barley and barley-straw residues. In rapeseed and ryegrass, residual feed EAA: NEAA remained very similar to the original. Branched-chain (Br) AA tended to increase proportionally in all the feed residues, suggesting these AA to be, on average, more resistant against microbial degradation in the rumen than other AA. Similarly, lysine was clearly increased in barley residues. A rumen degradation faster than the average rate caused decreased residual feed glutamic acid in rapeseed; methionine, alanine and glycine in barley; arginine and alanine in ryegrass; and methionine, asparagine and tyrosine in barley straw. Feed and incubation time effects were significant (P < 0.054–001) for feed AA (g/kg determined feed AA) grouped as EAA, BrAA or NEAA, and for most individual AA, as well as for feed AA disappearance (%) and relative amounts (%) of feed AA in the respective residual AA.4. According to present findings, AA composition of the rumen-undegraded vegetable feed residues may markedly differ, either quantitatively or qualitatively (or both), from their original AA composition. When determining the feed AA composition of nylon-bag residues, the microbial error may be very large with starchy or fibrous feeds of low protein content. The microbial AA do not, however, considerably confuse the AA determination of protein-rich feeds.

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Bumhira, Edmore, et James Madzimure. « Effect of Processing on Nutritional Content and Protein Digestibility of Cowpea Grain in Broilers ». International Journal of Natural Sciences Research 10, n^o 1 (6 octobre 2022) : 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/63.v10i1.3157.

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Dietary protein in broiler feeds comes mainly from soybean meal and to a lesser extent from animal protein. Nowadays, animal protein is not recommended as a broiler feed ingredient because it is associated with zoonotic diseases such as salmonellosis and soybean is very scarce in Zimbabwe due to low productivity. This shortage is causing an increase in the cost of soybean and making broiler production less viable. Shortage of soybean is forcing animal nutritionists to search for potential alternative sources of protein. Cowpea is the best alternative since it is locally available, cheap and drought tolerant. Cowpea use in broiler feed manufacture is limited because it contains some anti-nutritional factors which reduce protein digestibility and broiler growth performance. The objectives of this paper are to determine the effectiveness of dehulling, roasting and boiling cowpea on nutrient and anti-nutrient content, protein digestibility and broiler performance. The purpose of this review paper is to develop cost effective broiler diets from cowpea. Protein digestibility was measured by using ecxreta analysis through subtracting protein in excreta from protein in feed ingested and broiler weight gains were measured by subtracting final bird weight from previous bird weight. Feed conversion ratio was calculated from dividing weight of total feed eaten by weight gained by the birds.

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Pechal, Jennifer L., M. Eric Benbow, Arox W. Kamng’ona, Andrews Safalaoh, Kingsley Masamba et Jeremiah Kang’ombe. « The Need for Alternative Insect Protein in Africa ». Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, n^o 6 (11 septembre 2019) : 566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz046.

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Abstract As the global population is expected to reach 9 billion people by 2050, food production must increase by 60% to meet demand. Increasing agricultural commodities to meet this demand for food products exacerbates several issues of human concern, such as over-fertilization and natural resource depletion. Further, changes in diets due to uncertainty in local crop availability change our food forecast. We are, however, poised to overcome agriculture and nutrition challenges, and become food secure by 2030. One challenge is to produce protein in a cost-effective, sustainable manner, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Protein is an essential key ingredient of livestock feeds, and is necessary for animal growth, body maintenance, and producing offspring. The use and optimization of farming insects for protein-rich livestock feed is a transformative area of agriculture-based research that will contribute to improved food security and meeting global sustainable developmental goals. The resulting need is to minimize the anthropogenic impacts through research-driven approaches that will improve sustainable agricultural practices. This need will be addressed with insects. Larvae of certain insects feed on decomposing organic matter and can reduce associated bacterial (including pathogens) populations. The resulting larvae can be dried, milled, and used as feed for livestock, including poultry and aquaculture. Optimizing insect life history traits and their associated microbes as novel feed for livestock is currently understudied, but has tremendous impact to increase agricultural sustainability, improve feed security, and be easily introduced into local food production chains in Africa.

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Lugovoi, M. M., E. A. Kapitonova et N. V. Habibulina. « The use of granules of food protein concentrated non hydrolyzed at growing piglets ». Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, n^o 5 (23 octobre 2019) : 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-26272019554-57.

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This article presents a study of the effectiveness of concentrated non-hydrolyzed feed protein granules (CNHPG) on the productivity dynamics and the quality final prod-ucts when included in the diets of suckling pigs and weaned piglets. Concentrated non-hydrolyzed feed protein granules represent a new type of soy protein concentrate free from antibiotics, hormonal remedies and GMOs. This feed supplement can be included either individually to the basic ration or into the composition of mixed feeds as the main highly digestible protein source with the original amino acid composition. The results of the research showed that CNHPG contribute to an increase in piglets average daily gain of 2.0-2.7%, reduce feed costs for obtaining a unit of production by 0.1-0.3 kg, as well as an additional gross gain in body weight from 8.2% to 14.6%

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Mirzaeva, D. A., K. S. Maksumkhodzhaeva, N. A. Khujamshukurov, X. O. Abdullaev, Sh Q. Gazieva, Sh X. Iskhakova et D. Kh Kuchkarova. « Dependence of the Feed Environment on Protein Synthesis of Feed Insects ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, n^o 4 (10 avril 2020) : 3225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.375.

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Kokieva, G., A. Cherkashina et T. Afanasyeva. « Research of feed protein obtaining technology ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 1001 (31 décembre 2020) : 012138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1001/1/012138.

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Kabir, Muhammad Shalah Uddin, Farzana Arefin, Mohammad Matiur Rahman, Md Rafiqul Islam Sarder et Md Fazlul Awal Mollah. « Domestication of red fin mahseer (Tor tor) with supplementary feeds in captive condition in Bangladesh ». Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, n^o 3 (28 décembre 2018) : 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i3.39451.

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Effects of supplementary feeds on growth, survival, and production of red fin mahseer, Tor tor (Hamilton) was assessed in captive condition under a monoculture system. Experiments were conducted for a period of 12 months where two feeds varying in protein contents were used in treatments. One laboratory formulated feed with 36.67% protein and a commercial feed with 28% protein were characterized as treatment-1 (T1) and treatment-2 (T2), respectively. At the same time water quality parameters were measured. The net increment in weight after 12 months was 671.60 g and 509.80 g in T1 and T2 respectively. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 4.72 and 5.26, and the specific growth rate (SGR) was 1.39 and 0.10 % day-1 in T1 and T2 respectively. In both treatments 100% fish were survived and provided the net production (kg/ha) 2807.06 and 2557.78 in T1 and T2, respectively. The water quality parameters were within the suitable range for fish culture. Between the feeds evaluated, feed with 36.67% protein (T1) proved best result considering the growth and production performance of the fish. Overall growth performance of T. tor was satisfactory; however, further research is needed. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 533–538, December 2018

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Liermann, Wendy, Mandy Bochnia, Andreas Berk, Verena Böschen, Liane Hüther, Annette Zeyner et Sven Dänicke. « Effects of Feed Particle Size and Hydro-Thermal Processing Methods on Starch Modification, Nutrient Digestibility and the Performance and the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers ». Animals 9, n^o 6 (30 mai 2019) : 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060294.

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Influences of feed particle size (coarse, fine) and hydro-thermal processing methods (HTPM) (without–non-compacted feed, pelleting, expanding and pelleting) on feeding value and the performance and digestive tract of 624 broilers were studied. HTPM increased the starch disintegration of feed. Starch disintegration and electron microscopy indicated the highest degree of starch modification in expanded and pelleted feed. HTPM affected ether extract digestibility (p < 0.05). A grinding-by-HTPM interaction was found in case of crude protein digestibility (p = 0.008). Non-compacted feed reduced daily feed intake (DFI) and body weight gain and increased the feed to gain ratio compared to compacted feeds (p < 0.001). Compacted feeds increased proventricular size and the risk of Isthmus gastrici dilatation compared to coarsely ground non-compacted feed, except for finely ground expanded and pelleted feed. Finely ground feed reduced proventricular weights compared to coarsely ground feed and pelleted feed compared to other feeds. Non-compacted feed increased gizzard weights compared to compacted feeds. Relationships between proventricular size and Isthmus gastrici dilatation and the DFI were detected. Summarizing, the beneficial effects of pelleted feed were mainly based on the reduction of feed wastage and selection. However, the high DFI caused by pellet feeding is also a main risk factor for proventricular dilatation.

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Rooke, John A. « The nutritive values of feed proteins and feed protein residues resistant to degradation by rumen microorganisms ». Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 36, n^o 8 (août 1985) : 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740360802.

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Cheng, Yi-Chi, et Sung Woo Kim. « Use of Microorganisms as Nutritional and Functional Feedstuffs for Nursery Pigs and Broilers ». Animals 12, n^o 22 (14 novembre 2022) : 3141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223141.

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The objectives of this review paper are to introduce the structures and composition of various microorganisms, to show some applications of single cells as alternative protein supplements or energy feeds in swine and poultry diets, and to discuss the functional effects of microorganisms as feed additives on the growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs and broilers. Microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and microalgae, have been commonly supplemented in animal diets because they are cost-effective, stable, and have quantitative production that provides nutritional and functional benefits to pigs and broilers. Microorganisms could be alternative antibiotics to enhance intestinal health due to bioactive components from cell wall components, which interact with receptors on epithelial and immune cells. In addition, bioactive components could be digested by intestinal microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids and enhance energy utilization. Otherwise, microorganisms such as single-cell protein (SCP) and single-cell oils (SCOs) are sustainable and economic choices to replace conventional protein supplements and energy feeds. Supplementing microorganisms as feedstuffs and feed additives improved the average daily gain by 1.83%, the daily feed intake by 0.24%, and the feed efficiency by 1.46% in pigs and broilers. Based on the properties of each microorganism, traditional protein supplements, energy feeds, and functional feed additives could be replaced by microorganisms, which have shown benefits to animal’s growth and health. Therefore, specific microorganisms could be promising alternatives as nutritional and functional feedstuffs in animal diets.

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