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1
Fink, Gerhard. « New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures ». Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Many of the 10 Central European candidate member countries for EU accession entered into the transition period with strongly undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993-1995 real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms governments applied high third country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the USA increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the CE-10 more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity. However, petty protection and harassment of importers prevails. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
2
Olivar, Jimenez Marthe Lucia. « La défense commerciale contre les pratiques déloyales en droit communautaire ». Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dans la bataille pour l'hégémonie commerciale, à laquelle se livrent les états, il est fréquemment fait usage non seulement des réglementations protectionnistes des marchés intérieurs, mais aussi de pratiques déployés à l'encontre d'autres partenaires commerciaux. Des instruments de réaction contre ce type de comportements ont été envisagés au plan communautaire tenant compte des dispositions internationales en vigueur dans ces domaines. La connaissance de tels instruments est nécessaire aujourd'hui particulièrement par les entreprises communautaires souvent lésées par de telles pratiques. Elles sont appelées à jouer un rôle important dans la mise en œuvre de ces différents instrumentsIn the struggle for commercial supremacy in which the states are involved domestic market protective regulations and unfair practices against other commercial concurrents are often employed. Reaction instruments to face these kinds of behaviour have been considered by the european community taking the international law into account. The knowledge of these instruments is now particulaly necessary to the community firms often jeopardized by such practives. They are expected to play an important function in the application of the european instruments
3
Wakelin, Elyse Margaret. « Minority rights protections in contemporary Europe : the double standards between the obligations of member states and candidate countries ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40347.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Through the principle of EU conditionality, the European Union has proven itself to be somewhat of a normative actor in a number of key foreign policy areas including in minority rights. In 2003, Moravcsik and Vachudova proposed that “the accession process imposes something of a double standard in a handful of areas, chiefly the protection of ethnic minority rights, where candidates have to meet standards that the EU-15 have never set for themselves”. This assertion has been widely proven in academic literature to be correct for the case of the Central and Eastern (CEEC) enlargements of 2004 and 2007. However, there has been limited scholarly attention on whether this assertion still applies to states currently seeking European Union Membership. This thesis proposes that this ‘double standard’ in minority rights obligations has evolved into a four-way divide in minority rights standards taking into account the CEEC and the present accession processes involving the Western Balkan states. The thesis analyses this four-way divide, focusing on the key case studies of Latvia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It furthermore rejects the arguments offered to justify the different standards which have emerged in minority rights standards across the region. With the European Union facing turbulent times with the June 2016 Brexit vote and rising Euroscepticism, it is essential that the European Union seek to bring accession requirements and membership obligations in line with each other and develop an acquis communautaire on the fundamental area of minority rights.
4
Auriel, Pierre. « L’équivalence des protections des droits fondamentaux dans l’Union européenne ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020054.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’équivalence des protections des droits fondamentaux est une exigence formulée par les juridictions nationales afin de permettre de concilier les obligations constitutionnelles de mise en œuvre du droit de l’Union européenne et de protection des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels et conventionnels. En particulier, afin de répondre aux exigences d’unité et de de primauté du droit de l’Union, les juridictions nationales acceptent de suspendre le contrôle des actes étatiques mettant en œuvre le droit de l’Union européenne sur le fondement des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels et conventionnels aussi logntemps que le droit de l’Union européenne garantit une protection équivalente des droits fondamentaux. Dispositif baroque et instable, cette exigence est nécessairement précaire, des ruptures ponctuelles de l’équivalence apparaissant fréquemment. L’étude de cette exigence et de ces ruptures permet de faire apparaître la structure de l’Union européenne dans laquelle elle s’insère et à laquelle elle répond. Notamment, la nature internationale de l’Union et les mécanismes de réception du droit de l’Union européenne et du droit interne apparaissent au travers du jeu de l’équivalence. Le droit de l’Union européenne est mis en œuvre en étant soumis aux contraintes des ordres juridiques nationaux et en particulier, de leur ordre constitutionnelEquivalence of fundamental rights protection is a requirement formulated by national courts in order to reconcile the constitutional obligations to implement European Union law with the protection of constitutional and conventional fundamental rights. In particular, in order to meet the requirements of unity and primacy of Union law, national courts agree to suspend the review of State acts implementing European Union law in the light of fundamental constitutional and conventional rights as long as European Union law guarantees equivalent protection of fundamental rights. As a baroque and unstable device, this requirement is necessarily precarious, with occasional breaks in equivalence frequently occurring. The study of this requirement and these breaks reveals the structure of the European Union in which it is embedded and to which it responds. In particular, the international nature of the Union and the mechanisms for receiving European Union and national law appear through the interplay of equivalence. European Union law is implemented by being subject to the constraints of national legal systems and, in particular, their constitutional order
5
Wang, Haiting. « The European Union's Trade Liberalization in the Textile and Clothing Sector (1995-2005) : Rhetoric or Reality ? » Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208909.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A review on free trade principle in theory and practice suggests that trade liberalization is merely rhetoric under which industrialized countries can pursue specific interests of certain actors more deceptively. The purpose of this thesis is to testify whether this preliminary result on general trade issues is valid in the textile and clothing sector as well. The reasons for the author to narrow her research scope down to this industry are that: first, textiles and clothing had been subject to consistent trade protectionism for more than thirty years since the discriminatory Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) in 1974; second, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) in 1995 was designed to remove all quota restrictions by 1st January 2005 via a ten-year transitional period; third, the European Union (EU) raised safeguard investigations within four months after the expiry of the agreement, and succeeded in re-introducing quantitative restraints back to this sector. The intense and dramatic Europe-China textile dispute in 2005 started from the completion of quota abolishment, but ended up with quota re-imposition, which inspires the author to ask whether the European Union’s trade liberalization in the textile and clothing sector is rhetoric or reality. The thesis examines the conventional stance of the Union’s textile and clothing policy, the actual fulfillment of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), and the development of the Europe-China trade dispute on in 2005. In order to identify involved interest groups and their demands during the implementation of the agreement and in the dispute shortly afterwards, the thesis also analyzes: first, the interaction between protectionist lobbying groups and national governments at the Union’s level; and second, the divergence on the attitudes towards China’s expansion in the European market among member states. Comparing the Union’s early promises in the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) with its actual behaviors during implementation and in dispute, the author finally concludes that the Union’s trade liberalization in the textile and clothing sector is merely rhetoric under which the European Union (EU) pursues the protectionist interests of its domestic textile and clothing producers and those member states with substantial textile and clothing industry.
6
Huang, He. « At the Crossroad of Free Trade and Trade Protectionism : Analyzing EU’s External Trade Policy under the Impetus of Global Trade Liberalization ». Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9367.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Departing from the case of textile and clothing trade dispute between the EU and China in 2005, it has been noticed that the EU’s policy in textile trade to a large extent has been situated in a position of dilemma. On the one hand, the growing global impetus of liberalization in the sector forces the EU to open up its market to cheap textile imports from the developing countries; on the other hand, the fierce protectionist pressures come from the domestic producers and slow down the paces towards liberalization, or sometimes even take setback towards more conservative performances. By placing this case in a broader context, the EU’s external trade policy is confronted with the similar dilemma, swaying between the trade liberalization and trade protection. Consequently, does the EU emerge in the current multilateral trading system of the WTO as a force for trade liberalization or a force for trade protectionism?
Bearing this question in mind, the general climate of global trade under the GATT/WTO and the EU’s external trade policy will firstly be examined. Then, the EU’s trade protectionism is about to be explained by strategic trade theory, the high political content of the EU’s external trade policy and the fragmentation in the EU’s policy networks; while the EU’s inclination towards trade liberalization will be explained by the implications from the conventional trade theory and new institutionalism, and as well as the impacts from the general climate of global trade.
The results shows that the EU’s external trade policy under the global trade liberalization is a mixture, neither pure liberalization nor pure protectionism. With regard to the trade issues concerning to the vital interests, the Union without exception inclines to conservative protectionism; whereas concerning the issues of less importance, compromises and concessions always lead the outcomes of the policy to the inspiring liberalization.
7
Coskun, Zeynep. « Tax Expenditures In The European Union And Turkey ». Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611898/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis analyzes the tax incentives and protection measures in the European Union and Turkey. The definition and classification of these measures in the form of tax expenditures will be stated in this study. EU&rsquos tax provisions in sources of the Acquis Communautaire will be described followed by the practice in the EU&rsquo
s major policy fields. The legal background and major policy implications of these tax policy measures in the framework of Turkey&rsquo
s tax laws will be explained followed by an evaluation of to what extent Turkey&rsquo
s tax expenditures are harmonized to the EU.
8
Hoffmann, Leif 1975. « Land of the Free, Home of the (Un)Regulated : A Look at Market-Building and Liberalization in the EU and the US ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12026.
Texte intégralRésumé :
xv, 372 p.In my dissertation I argue that because the European Union and the United States of America have been largely treated as unique or at least special cases, both the literature on American-state building and that on European market integration have missed how close comparison alters both our descriptive views and social-scientific explanations of the shape of each polity. In particular, scholars have not sufficiently recognized that the European Union has gone further than the United States in many elements of the creation of a centralized, liberalized single market, nor have they produced explanations that account well for this development. This study challenges the dominant assumption that the United States is generally more hierarchical and centralized than the European Union and more of a single free market in the sense of fewer allowable trade barriers. By analyzing the rules of market integration in services (over 70% of GDP), public procurement (15 - 20% GDP) and the regulated goods markets (goods like elevators with their own regulatory regimes), I demonstrate that in all these major cases the European Union has adopted rules that open exchange to competition more than the United States. While the actual integration of flows on the ground is still generally less across European states than American ones, the political rules are more - and more liberally - integrated in Europe. I offer an institutional and ideational argument to explain these differences, with two main parts. First, there is no American parallel to the institution of the European Commission, which is mandated to continually push liberalization forward. My research shows that Commission leadership has been critical to each of the examined cases. Second, broader norms of legitimate governance favor centralized authority - including liberalizing central authority - more in the European Union than in the United States. Despite all the criticism we hear of the European Union, the basic notion of federal governance of market integration is far more strongly accepted across Europe at both elite and mass levels than in the United States. As interview evidence in this study displays, many Americans consistently object to any role for the federal government.
Committee in charge: Dr. Craig Parsons, Chairperson; Dr. Gerald Berk, Member; Dr. Lars Skålnes, Member; Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Outside Member
9
Tran, Christophe. « Les manifestations juridiques et fiscales du protectionnisme de l'Union : essai sur un mode durable de régulation du libre-échange ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le droit de l’Union semble fondamentalement réticent à la résurgence du pendant antagoniste du libre-échange sous le vocable générique de protectionnisme. Pourtant, les manifestations juridiques et fiscales de ce protectionnisme de l’Union existent, variées en qualité et en intensité, et interpellent le juriste quant à la finalité poursuivie par l’entité souveraine qui le met en œuvre. Volonté de protection d’un intérêt propre et supérieur à l’intérieur de ses frontières ou volonté de domination du commerce international par le truchement d’instruments de défense mis au service d’une guerre commerciale, le protectionnisme peut-il être juridiquement fondé ou économiquement et politiquement opportun ? La combinaison est-elle possible ? De manière prospective, l’exigence de développement durable intégrée dans le droit de l’Union, dont la pertinence s’affirme à la lumière de la crise écologique, exhorte le juriste à penser le protectionnisme sous un angle durable dépassant la simple dimension économique. C’est à ces hypothèses, en contrariété assumée – mais nuancée – avec les libertés de circulation irriguant le droit de l’Union, que cette recherche est consacréeEuropean Law seems quite reluctant to trigger the opposite side of liberalism under the general term of protectionism. Thus, the legal and fiscal demonstrations of this type of protectionism from the EU do exist, as various in quality as in intensity, and challenge the lawyer towards the goal achieved by the sovereign entity that implements it. Willing to protect a proper and superior interest within its boundaries or willing to dominate world trade with defence instruments supporting trade war, can protectionism be lawfully based or economically and politically valuable? Is the combination possible? In a prospective way, sustainable development requirement contained in Union law, which goes increasingly relevant with regards to ecological crisis, urges the lawyer to rethink protectionism under a sustainable way that exceeds the only economical dimension. This research is dedicated to solving these hypotheses, with assumed – but nuanced – annoyance with Union law economic freedoms of movement
10
Mareuge, Céline. « Avantages compétitifs des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale et coût des mesures de protection communautaires : les produits sensibles dans la transition ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002IEPP0034.
Texte intégral
11
Boström, Lukas. « Reconsidering the EU as a Geoeconomic Actor : A Critical Discourse Analysis of the internal debate regarding a New Industrial Strategy for the European Union ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176800.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years there has been a growing internal debate within the EU regarding the direction of its trade policy. Circled around the understanding of a geoeconomic development within the international economic sphere, the Union is divided in terms of how to best respond in this proclaimed situation for ensuring its future success and prosperity. Where the European Commission has adopted several protectionist measures at the same time as upholding its liberal route one may ask what this implies for the future, as well as what the underlying forces behind this trend are, which is part of the general aim of this study. Previous research has provided both rationalistic and constructivist approaches to analyzing EU’s trade policy agenda, where rationalistic approaches has investigated to which degree trade policy has been politicized and constructivists more focused to understanding to which degree ideas, norms and values has contributed to the Commission’s legitimization and continuation of liberal trade politics. However, the area of discourse(s) role in this nexus is left relatively unexplored. With use of the IR theories of Realism and Liberalism as well as the methods of Critical Discourse Analysis and Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework for critical discourse analysis, this paper examines the main respective arguments of the debate regarding a New European Industrial Strategy, through three dimensions of discourse(s): as text, discursive practice and social practice. Findings suggests that realist discourses have gained traction within the Commission at the same time as it is constrained by institutional and integrational discourses, which are factors that indeed may result in troublesome years to come.
12
Berrios-Ayala, Mark. « Brave New World Reloaded : Advocating for Basic Constitutional Search Protections to Apply to Cell Phones from Eavesdropping and Tracking by Government and Corporate Entities ». Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1547.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of
human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
13
Björk, Robin. « EU:s Handelspolicy : Liberalism eller Merkantilism ? » Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39448.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Uppsatsen syfte är att ta reda på ifall den Europeiska Unionens (EU) handelspolicy för den interna respektive den externa marknaden följer den liberala retoriken som förs av unionen. Det är en komparativ fallstudie som använder sig av idealtyper för att ge en nyanserad bild av unionens handelspolicy. Det teoretiska ramverket som används för att framställa dessa idealtyper är merkantilism samt liberalism. Idealtyperna appliceras sedan på de två fallen. Fokus för studien ligger på tiden mellan Lissabonfördraget och 2012 innan den senaste utvidgningen till 28 medlemsstater ägde rum. I analysen kan man se delar av båda teorierna i varierande grad. Avslutningsvis diskuteras i vilken grad de båda teorierna influerar EU:s handelspolicy för den inre samt yttre marknaden. I resultatet kan man se att liberalismen genomsyrar stora delar av EU:s handelspolicy, men att det finns merkantilistiska undertoner i ett flertal olika områden.The aim with this thesis is to find out whether the European Union (EU) trade policy for the internal and the external market comply with the liberal rhetoric that is conducted by the Union. It is a comparative case study based on ideal types to give the reader a nuanced view of EU:s trade policy. The theoretical framework that is being used to produce the ideal types is mercantilism and liberalism. Consequently, the ideal types are being applied on the two cases. The focus of the study is the time between the Lisbon Treaty and 2012, before the recent enlargement to 28 member states took place. In the analysis, one can see portions of both theories in varying degrees. Finally, the extent of how liberalism and mercantilism influences EU:s trade policy for the internal and the external market is being discussed. The result of the thesis show that liberalism influence most parts of the trade policy, but there are also some mercantilist undertones in several areas.
14
Mazáček, David. « Mezinárodní srovnání práv spojených s akvizicemi nemovitostí ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192638.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Diploma thesis concerns about legal regulations of real estate by new civil codex with reflection to the previous and international legal regulation.The aim of the thesis is to assess the functionality of new civil code and its benefits in the real estate investment transactions in Czech Republic. This analysis is supported with overview of transfrontier real estate acquisitions made by foreign investors in Czech Republic and additionally also real estate investments of Czech investors abroad. This thesis therefore tries to provide answers to multiple questions ranging from analysis of new civil codex regulation, its impacts, risks and functionality then secondly its similarities in comparison to foreign law regulation (of Germany, Austria, Great Britain, Italy and France). From the perspective of transfrontier real estate acquisitions this thesis concerns about law acknowledgement for foreigner parties in real estate transactions in Czech Republic and counterbalance of the similar rights on the side of Czech residents in reciprocal acquisition process. The analysis is supported by the debate of accuracy of either liberal or protectionist attitude to foreign real estate investors' regulation with a reflection to current international political, sociological and economical course of events.
15
Neumannová, Pavla. « Strategická obchodní politika v obranném a bezpečnostním průmyslu ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261997.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The master thesis is devoted to a nontraditional, however, in the todays world to a very current topic, arms industry and its support. The thesis connects the theoretical concept of the strategic trade policy (defined by P. Krugman or J. Brander) to its practical interpretation and application in the defence and security industry. The first chapter explains the strategic trade policy using the Brander Spencer analysis. The topic of the second chapter is strategic industries and this chapter answers the question whether the defence and security industry is a strategic industry or not. The third chapter analyses the possibilities of the support of DSI and compares approaches of different EU member states. The last chapter is devoted to the solution of this problem. The main contribution of this thesis is a new interpretation of the strategic trade policy, analysis of the importance of the defence and security industry and its support and suggestion of practical measures for Czech companies and for the Czech Ministry of Defence.
16
Kubenková, Michaela. « Analýza hospodárskych vzťahov medzi EU a Brazíliou ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-112698.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The target of this diploma work is to provide the view of up to now development and present condition of economy relations between EU and Brasil (consequently between Czech Republic and Brasil), to describe and sum up the status of these relations and to point out the agents complicating the given cooperation. From the point of view of content the work is sectionalized into 5 chapters. The first one characterizes the economy of Brasil, the basic economy markers trends and the Brasil's fortes and weaknesses. The following 2 chapters tackle the juridical ambit of billateral EU and Brasil co-operation, agreements to govern their relationship, the analysis of the goods and services barter, direct foreign investments and protective restrains complicating the business. The content of the chapter No. 4 is the mutual EU - Brasil relations decsription in regard of their acting in wider aggregations, specifically in WTO and Mercosure. The last chapter is focused on the mutual czech and brasilian trade relations characteristic.
17
Schaz, Philipp. « The Real Effects of Banking Crises ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20389.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Diese Dissertation untersucht die Auswirkungen von Bankenkrisen auf die Realwirtschaft in drei unabhängigen Kapiteln. Kapitel 1 klassifiziert die geografische Diversifikation einer Großzahl von Banken, anhand deren international syndizierten Kreditportfolios. Ergebnisse zeigen ein höheres Kreditangebot durch diversifizierte Banken während Bankenkrisen die sich in Kreditnehmerländern ereignen. Dieses relativ stabilere Kreditangebot führt zu höherem Investitions- und Beschäftigungswachstum von Unternehmen. Eine weiterführende Unterteilung von Banken anhand derer Nationalität zeigt eine Rangfolge auf: diversifizierte inländische Banken erweisen sich als die stabilste und ausländische Banken mit geringer Diversifikation als die instabilste Finanzierungsquelle.
In Kapitel 2 analysiere ich die Rolle der industriellen Spezialisierung von Banken in der Transmission von Finanzierungsshocks. Anhand der Ergebnisse schützen Banken Unternehmen die Teil ihrer spezialisierten Industrien sind vor der Bankenkrise und reduzieren ihre Kreditvergabe hingegen am stärksten an Industrien, in welchen sie weniger spezialisiert sind. Darüber hinaus finde ich Evidenz für Übertragungseffekte durch reduzierte Kreditvergabe auch in Nicht-Krisenländern. Dieser Übertragungseffekt ist jedoch gedämpft für Unternehmen aus spezialisierten Industrien.
Kapitel 3 untersucht die Effekte von Bankenrettungen in Europa auf die globalen Kreditströme. Gerettete Banken weisen einen höheren Anstieg des Anteils an inländischen Unternehmen in der Kreditvergabe auf als nicht-gerettete Banken. Das negative Kreditangebot für ausländische Unternehmen führt zu einer Verringerung des Absatz- und Beschäftigungswachstums. Im inländischen Markt hingegen führt die Bankenrettung zu einer Verzerrung der Kreditallokation, hin zu größeren und weniger innovativen Unternehmen. Darüber hinaus dokumentiere ich eine stärkere politische Einflussnahme, da Kontrollrechte im Zuge der Bankenrettung an die Regierung übertragen werden.This thesis investigates the effect of banking crises on real economic outcomes in three independent chapters. In chapter one, I classify a large sample of banks according to the geographic diversification of their international syndicated loan portfolio. Results show that diversified banks maintain higher loan supply during banking crises in borrower countries. The positive loan supply effects lead to higher investment and employment growth for firms. Further distinguishing banks by nationality reveals a pecking order: diversified domestic banks are the most stable source of funding, while foreign banks with little diversification are the most fickle. In chapter two, I show that banks' industry specialization determines how banks transmit funding shocks during banking crises to borrowers and how they spill over to non-crisis countries. Results show that banks insulate their main industries from the banking crisis while they reduce lending most to their non-main industries. Moreover, I provide evidence on spillover effects, as banks hit by a banking crisis in one borrower country reduce lending to firms in non-crisis countries. However, this contagion effect is significantly weaker for firms in banks' main industries. In chapter three, I examine the effect of government support for European banks, such as recapitalizations on financial integration and firm outcomes. Results show that bailout banks increase their home bias in lending by a quarter more than non-bailout banks. In turn, the negative loan supply effect on discriminated foreign firms translates into lower sales and employment growth. In the home market, government support distorts credit allocation by shifting lending to larger, safer and less innovative firms. Moreover, I document that politicians gain influence over banks by transferring control rights to the government as part of the support scheme.
18
Reymond, Damien. « Action antidumping et droit de la concurrence dans l’Union européenne ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020034/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le droit de l’Union européenne appréhende les comportements d’entreprises en matière de prix par des règles antitrust et par une législation contre le dumping. Ces deux réglementations diffèrent à de nombreux égards. Elles poursuivent des objectifs différents : défense des intérêts de certains concurrents européens versus promotion de la libre concurrence au bénéfice des consommateurs. Cependant, toutes deux contribuent à protéger la loyauté de la concurrence (i.e. promotion d’une certaine homogéniété des conditions de concurrence). Elles appréhendent des pratiques tarifaires différentes : les marchés concernés sont définis différemment (produit concerné exporté depuis un pays tiers et produit similaire fabriqué par l’industrie de l’Union versus marché de produit et marché géographique en cause) et les caractéristiques des entreprises concernées sont également différentes (aucune forme d’accord entre entreprises ou de pouvoir de marché minimum requis par la législation antidumping) ; le dumping discriminatoire n’équivaut à aucun prix discriminatoire anticoncurrentiel, et le dumping à perte n’est pas l’équivalent du prix prédateur ni de tout autre prix bas anticoncurrentiel. Nonobstant leurs différences, les deux réglementations doivent coexister paisiblement. Pourtant, les opportunités de biais protectionnistes dans la détermination du dumping préjudiciable sont toujours nombreuses dans la législation antidumping et la pratique de la Commission. En outre, la mise en oeuvre de la législation antidumping peut être néfaste pour la concurrence dans le marché intérieur via l’incidence des procédures et des mesures antidumping et les effets anticoncurrentiels de certains comportements d’entreprises dans le cadre des procédures antidumping ou environnant ces dernières. De telles incidences nocives pour la concurrence sont déjà réduites par des dispositions telles que la règle du droit moindre et la clause d’intérêt public (intérêt de l’Union), mais pourraient et devraient l’être davantageEuropean Union law addresses pricing practices of undertakings through antitrust provisions and an anti-dumping legislation. These two sets of regulations differ in many respects. They pursue different aims: protection of the interest of some European competitors versus promotion of free competition for the benefit o f consumers. However, they both hept to ensure fair competition (i.e. promotion of alevel playing field). They address different pricing practices: the markets concerned are differently defined (concerned product exported from one third country andsimilar product produced by the Union industry versus relevant product and geographic markets) and the characteristics of the undertakings concerned are also different (no sort of agreement between undertakings and no minimum market power required in anti-dumping law); price discrimination dumping in not equivalent to any anti-competitive price discrimination and below cost dumping is not equivalent to predatory pricing or to any other low anti-competitive price. Not with standing their differences, both sets of regulations have to coexist peacefully. Yet, opportunities of protectionist biases in the determination of injurious dumping are still numerous in the anti-dumping legislation and Commission’s practice. Moreover, the enforcementof the anti-dumping legislation may negatively affect competition in the internal market through the impact of the anti-dumping proceedings and measures and the anti-competitive effects of some undertakings’ behaviors within the ambit of, or surrounding the anti-dumping proceedings. Such harmful effects on competition of the anti-dumping action are already reduced by provisions such as the lesser duty rule and the public interest clause (Union interest), but could and should be further reduced
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Faye, Ibra. « L'union européenne et les obtacles non tarifaires : analyse de la pratique conventionnelle européenne à l'aune du droit de l'OMC ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La baisse généralisée des tarifs douaniers, combinée au développement fulgurant du mouvement delibéralisation à l’échelle mondiale, a entraîné un foisonnement extraordinaire des obstacles nontarifaires. Cette tendance s’explique par la volonté des Etats souverains de limiter l’emprise du libreéchangesur leurs politiques publiques. Ils pratiquent, par le truchement des obstacles non tarifaires, unprotectionnisme qui, au demeurant, est doublement appréhendé. Dans un sens, ce protectionnisme estéconomique. Il vise à protéger les opérateurs économiques nationaux de la concurrence étrangère, leurassurant ainsi des parts de marché au détriment d’autres opérateurs internationaux. Il est dès lors illicite.Dans un autre, le protectionnisme se veut licite dans la mesure où les obstacles non tarifaires sont érigésafin de parer à la négation d’objectifs non économiques légitimes. En dépit du fait qu’elle soitpromotrice du libéralisme, l’Union européenne, conformément à ses traités constitutifs, se veutprotectrice d’un certain nombre de valeurs non marchandes dont elle a du mal à imposer le respect dansle cadre multilatéral de l’OMC. L’atteinte de ce double objectif est recherchée au travers de la pratiqueconventionnelle européenne. Celle-ci est marquée par la conclusion d’accords bilatéraux avecdifférentes régions du monde, dans le cadre d’une entreprise de « maîtrise de la mondialisation ». Sur leplan strictement juridique, trois ordres s’interpénètrent dans l’explication de la pratique conventionnelleeuropéenne des obstacles non tarifaires : l’ordre constitué par les « accords externes », celui del’ « Union européenne » et enfin l’ « ordre multilatéral »The generalized decline of tariffs, combined to the dazzling development of liberalism around theworld, led to an extraordinary expansion of non-tariff barriers. This trend is explained by the desire ofsovereign States to restrict the hold of free trade on their internal policies. By using non-tariff barriers,they implement protectionism which is of two kinds. On the one hand, this protectionism is economic. Itaims to protect national economic operators from foreign competition, assuring them market shares atthe expense of other international operators. This protectionism is unlawful. In another hand, theprotectionism must be licit because non-tariff barriers are erected in order to avoid the negation oflegitimate non-economic objectives. Despite the fact that it promotes liberalism, the European Union, inaccordance with constituent treaties, protects non-market values which are hardly defended in WTO.Achieving this double objective is sought through european conventional practice. The latter isdominated by the conclusion of bilateral agreements with different regions through the world. The coreobjective is to « manage globalization ». In this context, three legal orders interact in the explanation ofthe european conventional practice of non-tariff barriers : the « order of bilateral agreements », the oneof « European Union » and the last of « WTO »
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DÜR, Andreas. « Protecting Exporters : discrimination and liberalization in transatlantic trade relations, 1932-2003 ». Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5258.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 7 July 2004Examining board: Prof. Walter Mattli (St. John's College, Oxford) ; Prof. Gerard Schneider (University Konstanz) ; Prof. Daniel Verdier (Ohio State University, supervisor) ; Prof. Colin Crouch (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
The liberalization of transatlantic trade relations since the Great Depression is one of the key developments in the global political economy of the last hundred years. This period has seen the negotiated reduction of both tariffs and nontariff barriers among developed countries, which allowed for the rapid expansion of trade flows, a driving force of economic globalization. In Protection for Exporters, Andreas Dür provides a novel explanation for this phenomenon that stresses the role of societal interests in shaping trade politics. He argues that exporters lobby more in reaction to losses of foreign market access than in pursuit of opportunities, thus providing a rationale for periods of acceleration and slowdown in the pace of liberalization. Dür also presents hypotheses about the form in which protection for exporters is provided (preferential or nonpreferential) and the balance of concessions that is exchanged in trade negotiations. Protection for Exporters includes case studies of major developments in international trade relations, such as the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in the 1930s, the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in the 1940s, the Kennedy Round in the 1960s, the debate over Fortress Europe in the 1980s, and U.S.-European competition over access to emerging markets in the early 2000s. Dür's rigorous argument and systematic empirical analyses not only explain transatlantic trade relations but also allow for a better understanding of the dynamics of international economic relations.
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PASTOR, DE FRUTOS Laura. « The free movement of works of art within the European Union : balancing the free movement of works of art with the protection of national treasures ». Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13583.
Texte intégral
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Hsu, Jhih-Jie, et 徐志傑. « Export-Oriented Corporation’s Strategic Choices under Global Environmental Protectionism-Responding to European Union’s Environmental Directives ». Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n423m4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士嶺東科技大學
國際企業研究所
102
As the global economy rapidly expands, environmental issues and problems were increasingly gaining people’s attention. Market failure caused by the external environmental costs was the result of conflict between trade and the environment. The governments of every country were opting for environmental regulations to control pollution. Environmental regulations encountered in the global markets also becomes the focus of many corporations. How, under environmental regulations, realizing the goal of environmental protection while at the same time maximizing profits and increasing corporate competitiveness have become the most important lessons for us. Therefore, this study utilizes methods such as the Game theory of economic studies, from the point of view of supply chains, to inspect and analyze, under global environment regulation, the strategic choices of upstream and downstream corporations with vertically integrated market structure, and at the same time revise Hamilthon and Rerquate (2004)’s model, to connect environmental regulation, industry structure and global trade, to inspect the market competition of domestic and foreign downstream corporations in third world markets, and introduce vertical agreements amongst downstream corporations, while at the same time dividing the discussion between quantity competition and price competition. Studies found that when one single polluted product is used to produce multiple export products, vertical agreements should be used for control; for imports, the most suitable environmental regulation policy was to collect Pigouvian Taxes. Thus, the introduction of vertical agreements makes it unnecessary for governments to utilize traditional strategic trade policies, export countries also do not need to interfere with the market by adopting export policies such as subsidies, but rather completely change economic behaviors and interactions between corporations, while at the same time reducing distortions from economic operations. Key words: Environmental Regulation, Strategic Trade Policies, Supply Chain, Game Theory.
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Kareem, Fatima Olanike. « Essays on the Implications of European Union Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade on African Exports ». Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3E62-4.
Texte intégral
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Costa, Débora Andreia de Melo Fernandes Félix da. « Preferências locais na formação de contratos públicos : fundamentos e limites à luz do direito da União Europeia ». Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37146.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A adoção de preferências locais no domínio da contratação pública constitui uma forma de os
Estados e as entidades adjudicantes usarem o seu poder de comprador público para a
prossecução de diversos interesses públicos. Alguns desses interesses são de cariz estrita ou
eminentemente local (v.g., promoção do emprego e da economia nacional ou local), outros,
definidos no plano europeu, assumem uma feição transnacional (v.g., combate às alterações
climáticas).
À primeira vista, os princípios do mercado interno, em particular as liberdades económicas e o
princípio da não discriminação, vedariam liminarmente a consagração de medidas de natureza
legislativa ou administrativa que concedam um tratamento preferencial a operadores
económicos ou a bens nacionais, regionais ou locais. Contudo, o Direito da União Europeia
não erige aqueles princípios em valor absoluto, podendo os mesmos ceder no confronto com
outros interesses públicos.
Com base na análise do Direito europeu primário e derivado e da jurisprudência do Tribunal
de Justiça da União Europeia, o presente estudo visa identificar as condições das quais depende
a validade da adoção de preferências locais na formação de contratos públicos.
A partir dessa identificação, este estudo testará também a conformidade com o Direito da União
Europeia das regras de Direito português que contemplam mecanismos enquadradores da
adoção de preferências locais na contratação pública, em particular as previstas no Código dos
Contratos Públicos e na Lei n.º 34/2019, de 22 de maio.The adoption of local preferences in public procurement is a way for States and contracting authorities to use their public buying power to pursue different public interest objectives. Some of these are strictly or eminently local (e.g., promoting domestic employment and economy). Others, defined at European level, have a transnational nature (e.g., combating climate change). Apparently, the principles of the internal market would prohibit a preferential treatment to be given to local economic operators and goods, by means of legislative and administrative measures. However, European Union law does not set these principles as an absolute value. These may be limited in balance with other public interests. Based on the analysis of primary and secondary European law and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, this study aims at identifying the conditions for the adoption of local preferences in the field of public procurement. Building on that assessment, this endeavour will also test the conformity with European Union law of the Portuguese provisions that contemplate mechanisms framing the adoption of local preferences in public procurement. Particularly, the potential breach of European Union law by the Portuguese Public Procurement Code and Law 34/2019, of May 22.