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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Protectionism – Europe »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Protectionism – Europe"

Bobylev, P., et A. Semeikin. « Green protectionism in Europe ». Энергетическая политика, n^o 10 (2020) : 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46920/2409-5516_2020_10152_24.

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Feenstra, Robert C. « How Costly is Protectionism ? » Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, n^o 3 (1 août 1992) : 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.6.3.159.

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How costly is protectionism? This paper begins from a U.S. perspective, examining the costs to both the U.S. and other countries from U.S. protectionism. It emphasizes that substantial costs are imposed on foreign countries by U.S. protectionism. These costs result from the highly selective nature of protection in particular industries and against particular exporting countries. No discussion of the costs of protection would be complete without mentioning the increasing levels of investment by foreign firms within the U.S. economy. The paper next moves to a more global policy perspective. The emerging free trade areas in Europe, North America, and Asia raise the prospect of gains from trade within each region but also the possibility of global costs from protectionist actions across the regions.

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van der Waal, Jeroen, et Willem de Koster. « Populism and Support for Protectionism : The Relevance of Opposition to Trade Openness for Leftist and Rightist Populist Voting in The Netherlands ». Political Studies 66, n^o 3 (10 novembre 2017) : 560–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321717723505.

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Leftist and rightist populist parties in Western Europe both oppose trade openness. Is support for economic protectionism also relevant for their electorates? We assess this in the Netherlands, where both types of populist parties have seats in parliament. Analyses of representative survey data ( n = 1,296) demonstrate that support for protectionism drives voting for such parties, as do the well-established determinants of political distrust (both populist constituencies), economic egalitarianism (leftist populist constituency) and ethnocentrism (rightist populist constituency). Surprisingly, support for protectionism does not mediate the relationship between economic egalitarianism and voting for left-wing populists, or the link between political distrust and voting for either left-wing or right-wing populist parties. In contrast, support for protectionism partly mediates the association between ethnocentrism and voting for right-wing populists. We discuss the largely independent role of protectionism in populist voting in relation to the cultural cleavage in politics and electoral competition, and also provide suggestions for future research.

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Frenkel, Jacob A. « Central banking, protectionism and globalization ». Acta Oeconomica 69, s1 (janvier 2019) : 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.s1.8.

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The recent global financial crisis has resulted in a new creative set of economic policies. The justifi- cation for the unconventional policy response was based on the implicit assumption that the departure from the norms of macroeconomic policies would be temporary. This detour has lasted longer than expected. Now that the process of normalization has started in the United States and is likely to be followed (albeit in some delay) in Europe, it would be important for policy makers to emphasize that the unconventional set of economic policies were just a detour from the longstanding convention rather than representing a new paradigm. The experience of the crisis and the post-crises years should be recorded in history as refl ecting a period during which new and important policy chapters were drafted. These chapters should be added to the corpus of knowledge of macroeconomic theory and policy. The new chapters contain important lessons that should definitely not be forgotten once the crisis is over. They should be added to, but not replace, the old textbooks.

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VON GRAEVENITZ, FRITZ GEORG. « Exogenous Transnationalism : Java and ‘Europe’ in an Organised World Sugar Market (1927–37) ». Contemporary European History 20, n^o 3 (8 juillet 2011) : 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000312.

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AbstractHistorians of the inter-war period usually view economic nationalism (in the form of protectionism) and internationalism (in the form of free trade policy) as conflicting concepts. This article argues that the transnational networks of sugar interest groups provided a new form of internationalism compatible with the policy of agricultural protectionism. By tracing the origins of the concept of international market intervention, the article also suggests a new perspective on the economic aspects of the League of Nations’ work and offers an insight into early attempts at agricultural Europeanisation.

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Hough, Jerry F. « Attack on protectionism in the Soviet Union ? A comment ». International Organization 40, n^o 2 (1986) : 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027211.

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Unlike the other countries in what we tend to call “the Soviet bloc,” the Soviet Union benefited financially from the oil crises of the 1970s, for it was a major petroleum and natural gas exporter. The oil crises also benefited the Soviet Union indirectly as a number of radical Third World oil producers acquired money to buy more Soviet arms. Moreover, the windfall increase in petroleum prices was supplemented by a similar windfall increase in the price of the other major Soviet export product, gold. The subsidies that the Soviet Union provided to Eastern Europe did not entail any sacrifice of resources that had been previously committed but required only that it forgo even greater gains. The politics underlying the Soviet decisions were the politics underlying the rapid expansion of export earnings.

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Petrov, Ivan I. « Not the Far-Right Only : Which Parties Occupy the Niche of Cultural Protectionism in the EU Countries ? » RUDN Journal of Political Science 23, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2021) : 692–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2021-23-4-692-705.

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In the 2010s many moderate parties in Europe began to use the agenda of the far-rights, competing with them on the same field. This article is devoted to the problem of inter-party competition in European countries amidst the rise of far-right parties. We also intended to check if the far-right profile is the same for all EU countries. To achieve the goal of the study, we used two databases on party positioning - MARPOR (Comparative Manifesto Project) and CHES (Chapel Hill Expert Survey). The study revealed that the consolidated family of the far-rights exists only in the countries of North-Western Europe, while in the countries of East-Central Europe the agenda of the far-rights is less consolidated and regionally heterogeneous. The mainstream competitors of the far-rights included mostly conservatives in North-Western Europe, and various parties, including the Social Democrats, in East-Central Europe. The study confirmed the hypothesis about the serious influence of the far-rights on mainstream politics. At the same time, it questioned the traditional approach which attributes the far-right profile only to far-right parties and ignores both regional differences and the factor of spatial competition.

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Evenett, Simon J. « “Murky protectionism” in Europe : How should binding rules be evaluated in tough times ? » Intereconomics 44, n^o 2 (mars 2009) : 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-009-0279-x.

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Dudek, Carolyn Marie. « The Shaping of EU-Mercosur Relations : From Altruism to Pragmatism and Liberalism to Illiberalism ». Pittsburgh Papers on the European Union 1, n^o 1 (15 août 2012) : 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ppeu.2012.3.

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Deeply-embedded norms of liberalism and protectionism alongside EU policies focusing on promoting development and regional integration have shaped EU-Mercosur relations. These stand in stark contrast to the policies of the US, the historic hegemon in the region. This paper utilizes historical institutionalism to understand how the liberal tenets of EU competition policy and the protectionism of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) have affected EU-Mercosur relations. Particular foci include Spain’s role in spearheading efforts to promote EU-Latin American relations and the way EU competition policies directed against monopolies in Europe spurred increased investment in Latin America, especially the Southern Cone. The latter prompted the EU to forge closer ties with Mercosur, encouraged cooperation and development programs and spurred regional integration and liberal trade regimes in Latin America.

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ESKENS, LAURA. « ‘The Troublesome Word of Crisis’ : Discourse on the Agricultural Crisis of the 1930s in the Belgian Parliament ». Rural History 29, n^o 2 (10 septembre 2018) : 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793318000122.

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AbstractThe concept of a ‘crisis’ was omnipresent in the period of economic depression in the 1930s. What is more, the agricultural crisis was part of a never previously experienced despair in Europe and the whole of the Western world. Historians have extensively researched the crisis in agriculture, however, without reflecting on the consequences of the use of the concept and the discourse related to it. In this article – inspired by refreshing historical research on parliamentary practices – I investigate the language and figures of speech used in the Belgian Parliament to frame the agricultural question in a particular way. The case of Belgium is unique because farmers’ associations were well represented in parliament, in spite of the declining importance of agriculture in the active population and national economy. Since 1840 onwards, Belgian governments had embraced free trade and pursued an economic policy with little or no trade obstructions, dictated by the interests of the export industry. The depression of the 1930s urged a re-evaluation of the relationship between the state and the economy, which extended to agriculture. The Belgian free trade tradition – already exceptionally abandoned during and immediately after the Great War to cope with food scarcity – seemed to crumble during the interwar period as farmers’ associations asked for protectionist measures from 1929 onwards. This article contributes to our understanding of this paradigm shift from free trade towards agricultural protectionism. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the complexity of the interest groups campaigning for agricultural protectionism and using specific metaphors and discourse to influence politics.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Protectionism – Europe"

Fink, Gerhard. « New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures ». Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.

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Many of the 10 Central European candidate member countries for EU accession entered into the transition period with strongly undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993-1995 real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms governments applied high third country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the USA increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the CE-10 more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity. However, petty protection and harassment of importers prevails. (author's abstract)
Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

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Olivar, Jimenez Marthe Lucia. « La défense commerciale contre les pratiques déloyales en droit communautaire ». Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30013.

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Dans la bataille pour l'hégémonie commerciale, à laquelle se livrent les états, il est fréquemment fait usage non seulement des réglementations protectionnistes des marchés intérieurs, mais aussi de pratiques déployés à l'encontre d'autres partenaires commerciaux. Des instruments de réaction contre ce type de comportements ont été envisagés au plan communautaire tenant compte des dispositions internationales en vigueur dans ces domaines. La connaissance de tels instruments est nécessaire aujourd'hui particulièrement par les entreprises communautaires souvent lésées par de telles pratiques. Elles sont appelées à jouer un rôle important dans la mise en œuvre de ces différents instruments
In the struggle for commercial supremacy in which the states are involved domestic market protective regulations and unfair practices against other commercial concurrents are often employed. Reaction instruments to face these kinds of behaviour have been considered by the european community taking the international law into account. The knowledge of these instruments is now particulaly necessary to the community firms often jeopardized by such practives. They are expected to play an important function in the application of the european instruments

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Wakelin, Elyse Margaret. « Minority rights protections in contemporary Europe : the double standards between the obligations of member states and candidate countries ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40347.

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Through the principle of EU conditionality, the European Union has proven itself to be somewhat of a normative actor in a number of key foreign policy areas including in minority rights. In 2003, Moravcsik and Vachudova proposed that “the accession process imposes something of a double standard in a handful of areas, chiefly the protection of ethnic minority rights, where candidates have to meet standards that the EU-15 have never set for themselves”. This assertion has been widely proven in academic literature to be correct for the case of the Central and Eastern (CEEC) enlargements of 2004 and 2007. However, there has been limited scholarly attention on whether this assertion still applies to states currently seeking European Union Membership. This thesis proposes that this ‘double standard’ in minority rights obligations has evolved into a four-way divide in minority rights standards taking into account the CEEC and the present accession processes involving the Western Balkan states. The thesis analyses this four-way divide, focusing on the key case studies of Latvia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It furthermore rejects the arguments offered to justify the different standards which have emerged in minority rights standards across the region. With the European Union facing turbulent times with the June 2016 Brexit vote and rising Euroscepticism, it is essential that the European Union seek to bring accession requirements and membership obligations in line with each other and develop an acquis communautaire on the fundamental area of minority rights.

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Auriel, Pierre. « L’équivalence des protections des droits fondamentaux dans l’Union européenne ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020054.

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L’équivalence des protections des droits fondamentaux est une exigence formulée par les juridictions nationales afin de permettre de concilier les obligations constitutionnelles de mise en œuvre du droit de l’Union européenne et de protection des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels et conventionnels. En particulier, afin de répondre aux exigences d’unité et de de primauté du droit de l’Union, les juridictions nationales acceptent de suspendre le contrôle des actes étatiques mettant en œuvre le droit de l’Union européenne sur le fondement des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels et conventionnels aussi logntemps que le droit de l’Union européenne garantit une protection équivalente des droits fondamentaux. Dispositif baroque et instable, cette exigence est nécessairement précaire, des ruptures ponctuelles de l’équivalence apparaissant fréquemment. L’étude de cette exigence et de ces ruptures permet de faire apparaître la structure de l’Union européenne dans laquelle elle s’insère et à laquelle elle répond. Notamment, la nature internationale de l’Union et les mécanismes de réception du droit de l’Union européenne et du droit interne apparaissent au travers du jeu de l’équivalence. Le droit de l’Union européenne est mis en œuvre en étant soumis aux contraintes des ordres juridiques nationaux et en particulier, de leur ordre constitutionnel
Equivalence of fundamental rights protection is a requirement formulated by national courts in order to reconcile the constitutional obligations to implement European Union law with the protection of constitutional and conventional fundamental rights. In particular, in order to meet the requirements of unity and primacy of Union law, national courts agree to suspend the review of State acts implementing European Union law in the light of fundamental constitutional and conventional rights as long as European Union law guarantees equivalent protection of fundamental rights. As a baroque and unstable device, this requirement is necessarily precarious, with occasional breaks in equivalence frequently occurring. The study of this requirement and these breaks reveals the structure of the European Union in which it is embedded and to which it responds. In particular, the international nature of the Union and the mechanisms for receiving European Union and national law appear through the interplay of equivalence. European Union law is implemented by being subject to the constraints of national legal systems and, in particular, their constitutional order

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Wang, Haiting. « The European Union's Trade Liberalization in the Textile and Clothing Sector (1995-2005) : Rhetoric or Reality ? » Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208909.

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A review on free trade principle in theory and practice suggests that trade liberalization is merely rhetoric under which industrialized countries can pursue specific interests of certain actors more deceptively. The purpose of this thesis is to testify whether this preliminary result on general trade issues is valid in the textile and clothing sector as well. The reasons for the author to narrow her research scope down to this industry are that: first, textiles and clothing had been subject to consistent trade protectionism for more than thirty years since the discriminatory Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) in 1974; second, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) in 1995 was designed to remove all quota restrictions by 1st January 2005 via a ten-year transitional period; third, the European Union (EU) raised safeguard investigations within four months after the expiry of the agreement, and succeeded in re-introducing quantitative restraints back to this sector. The intense and dramatic Europe-China textile dispute in 2005 started from the completion of quota abolishment, but ended up with quota re-imposition, which inspires the author to ask whether the European Union’s trade liberalization in the textile and clothing sector is rhetoric or reality. The thesis examines the conventional stance of the Union’s textile and clothing policy, the actual fulfillment of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), and the development of the Europe-China trade dispute on in 2005. In order to identify involved interest groups and their demands during the implementation of the agreement and in the dispute shortly afterwards, the thesis also analyzes: first, the interaction between protectionist lobbying groups and national governments at the Union’s level; and second, the divergence on the attitudes towards China’s expansion in the European market among member states. Comparing the Union’s early promises in the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) with its actual behaviors during implementation and in dispute, the author finally concludes that the Union’s trade liberalization in the textile and clothing sector is merely rhetoric under which the European Union (EU) pursues the protectionist interests of its domestic textile and clothing producers and those member states with substantial textile and clothing industry.

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Huang, He. « At the Crossroad of Free Trade and Trade Protectionism : Analyzing EU’s External Trade Policy under the Impetus of Global Trade Liberalization ». Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9367.

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Departing from the case of textile and clothing trade dispute between the EU and China in 2005, it has been noticed that the EU’s policy in textile trade to a large extent has been situated in a position of dilemma. On the one hand, the growing global impetus of liberalization in the sector forces the EU to open up its market to cheap textile imports from the developing countries; on the other hand, the fierce protectionist pressures come from the domestic producers and slow down the paces towards liberalization, or sometimes even take setback towards more conservative performances. By placing this case in a broader context, the EU’s external trade policy is confronted with the similar dilemma, swaying between the trade liberalization and trade protection. Consequently, does the EU emerge in the current multilateral trading system of the WTO as a force for trade liberalization or a force for trade protectionism?

Bearing this question in mind, the general climate of global trade under the GATT/WTO and the EU’s external trade policy will firstly be examined. Then, the EU’s trade protectionism is about to be explained by strategic trade theory, the high political content of the EU’s external trade policy and the fragmentation in the EU’s policy networks; while the EU’s inclination towards trade liberalization will be explained by the implications from the conventional trade theory and new institutionalism, and as well as the impacts from the general climate of global trade.

The results shows that the EU’s external trade policy under the global trade liberalization is a mixture, neither pure liberalization nor pure protectionism. With regard to the trade issues concerning to the vital interests, the Union without exception inclines to conservative protectionism; whereas concerning the issues of less importance, compromises and concessions always lead the outcomes of the policy to the inspiring liberalization.

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Coskun, Zeynep. « Tax Expenditures In The European Union And Turkey ». Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611898/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes the tax incentives and protection measures in the European Union and Turkey. The definition and classification of these measures in the form of tax expenditures will be stated in this study. EU&rsquo
s tax provisions in sources of the Acquis Communautaire will be described followed by the practice in the EU&rsquo
s major policy fields. The legal background and major policy implications of these tax policy measures in the framework of Turkey&rsquo
s tax laws will be explained followed by an evaluation of to what extent Turkey&rsquo
s tax expenditures are harmonized to the EU.

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Hoffmann, Leif 1975. « Land of the Free, Home of the (Un)Regulated : A Look at Market-Building and Liberalization in the EU and the US ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12026.

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xv, 372 p.
In my dissertation I argue that because the European Union and the United States of America have been largely treated as unique or at least special cases, both the literature on American-state building and that on European market integration have missed how close comparison alters both our descriptive views and social-scientific explanations of the shape of each polity. In particular, scholars have not sufficiently recognized that the European Union has gone further than the United States in many elements of the creation of a centralized, liberalized single market, nor have they produced explanations that account well for this development. This study challenges the dominant assumption that the United States is generally more hierarchical and centralized than the European Union and more of a single free market in the sense of fewer allowable trade barriers. By analyzing the rules of market integration in services (over 70% of GDP), public procurement (15 - 20% GDP) and the regulated goods markets (goods like elevators with their own regulatory regimes), I demonstrate that in all these major cases the European Union has adopted rules that open exchange to competition more than the United States. While the actual integration of flows on the ground is still generally less across European states than American ones, the political rules are more - and more liberally - integrated in Europe. I offer an institutional and ideational argument to explain these differences, with two main parts. First, there is no American parallel to the institution of the European Commission, which is mandated to continually push liberalization forward. My research shows that Commission leadership has been critical to each of the examined cases. Second, broader norms of legitimate governance favor centralized authority - including liberalizing central authority - more in the European Union than in the United States. Despite all the criticism we hear of the European Union, the basic notion of federal governance of market integration is far more strongly accepted across Europe at both elite and mass levels than in the United States. As interview evidence in this study displays, many Americans consistently object to any role for the federal government.
Committee in charge: Dr. Craig Parsons, Chairperson; Dr. Gerald Berk, Member; Dr. Lars Skålnes, Member; Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Outside Member

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Tran, Christophe. « Les manifestations juridiques et fiscales du protectionnisme de l'Union : essai sur un mode durable de régulation du libre-échange ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G004.

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Le droit de l’Union semble fondamentalement réticent à la résurgence du pendant antagoniste du libre-échange sous le vocable générique de protectionnisme. Pourtant, les manifestations juridiques et fiscales de ce protectionnisme de l’Union existent, variées en qualité et en intensité, et interpellent le juriste quant à la finalité poursuivie par l’entité souveraine qui le met en œuvre. Volonté de protection d’un intérêt propre et supérieur à l’intérieur de ses frontières ou volonté de domination du commerce international par le truchement d’instruments de défense mis au service d’une guerre commerciale, le protectionnisme peut-il être juridiquement fondé ou économiquement et politiquement opportun ? La combinaison est-elle possible ? De manière prospective, l’exigence de développement durable intégrée dans le droit de l’Union, dont la pertinence s’affirme à la lumière de la crise écologique, exhorte le juriste à penser le protectionnisme sous un angle durable dépassant la simple dimension économique. C’est à ces hypothèses, en contrariété assumée – mais nuancée – avec les libertés de circulation irriguant le droit de l’Union, que cette recherche est consacrée
European Law seems quite reluctant to trigger the opposite side of liberalism under the general term of protectionism. Thus, the legal and fiscal demonstrations of this type of protectionism from the EU do exist, as various in quality as in intensity, and challenge the lawyer towards the goal achieved by the sovereign entity that implements it. Willing to protect a proper and superior interest within its boundaries or willing to dominate world trade with defence instruments supporting trade war, can protectionism be lawfully based or economically and politically valuable? Is the combination possible? In a prospective way, sustainable development requirement contained in Union law, which goes increasingly relevant with regards to ecological crisis, urges the lawyer to rethink protectionism under a sustainable way that exceeds the only economical dimension. This research is dedicated to solving these hypotheses, with assumed – but nuanced – annoyance with Union law economic freedoms of movement

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Mareuge, Céline. « Avantages compétitifs des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale et coût des mesures de protection communautaires : les produits sensibles dans la transition ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002IEPP0034.

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Livres sur le sujet "Protectionism – Europe"

Tempini, Nadia. Fortress Europe : EC external trade relations and new protectionism. London : PNL Press, 1990.

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The resistible appeal of fortress Europe. London : Trade Policy Unit of the Centre for Policy Studies, 1994.

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Hindley, Brian. Helping transition through trade ? : EC and US policy towards exports from Eastern and Central Europe. London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1993.

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Csaba, László. The political economy of trade regimes in Central Europe. London : Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1994.

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1948-, Sutton John, et Batchelor R. A, dir. Protection and industrial policy in Europe. [London] : Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1985.

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1946-, Baldassarri Mario, Imbriani Cesare et Salvatore Dominick, dir. The international system between new integration and neo-protectionism. New York, N.Y : St. Martin's Press in association with Rivista di Politica Economica, SIPI, Rome and CEIS, University 'Tor Vergata', Rome, 1996.

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La défense du travail national ? : L'incidence du protectionnisme sur l'industrie en Europe, 1870-1914. Paris : Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2009.

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Economic nationalism and development : Central and Eastern Europe between the two world wars. Boulder, Colo : Westview Press, 1997.

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R, Lignelli Paula, dir. European Union and trade barriers in Europe. New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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International trade in the 1970s : The US, the EC, and the growing pressure of protectionism. London : Bloomsbury, 2013.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Protectionism – Europe"

Capie, Forrest. « Protectionism in Europe before 1939 ». Dans European Economic Integration as a Challenge to Industry and Government, 181–206. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80014-6_8.

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Idrac, Anne-Marie. « European Trade Policy : Countering Protectionism and Dumping ». Dans Schuman Report on Europe, 79–82. Paris : Springer Paris, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0222-0_13.

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Fischer, Wolfram. « Comments on : Protectionism in Europe before 1939 ». Dans European Economic Integration as a Challenge to Industry and Government, 207–10. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80014-6_9.

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Stanojević, Nataša. « The Rise of European Protectionism ». Dans Europe in Changes : The Old Continent at a New Crossroads, 407–23. Belgrade : Institute of International Politics ; Economics ; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Security Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/iipe_euchanges.2021.ch20.

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Mahan, Erin R. « Trade and the Atlantic Alliance : Protectionism versus Openness ? » Dans Kennedy, de Gaulle, and Western Europe, 85–106. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403913920_6.

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McKinnon, Ronald I. « A Common Monetary Standard or a Common Currency for Europe ? The Fiscal Constraints ». Dans The International System between New Integration and Neo-Protectionism, 59–79. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24664-9_3.

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Waterman, Andrew. « Resisting globalisation ? The TUC, the CBI and the politics of protectionism in the UK textile industry in the 1970s ». Dans Free Trade and Social Welfare in Europe, 126–43. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series : Routledge studies in modern European history : Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429023941-8.

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Bruggeman, Ilya G. J., et Christian Verschueren. « Protectionism in Central and Eastern Europe and the EU Internal Market : the case of retail ». Dans The Authority of EU Law, 169–91. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58841-3_14.

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Prehn, Ulrich. « “Volksgruppen Rights” versus “Minorities Protections” ». Dans A New Nationalist Europe Under Hitler, 27–42. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series : Routledge studies in Second World War history : Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315114446-2.

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Maclean, Mairi. « The Unfinished Chrysalis : Market Forces and Protectionist Reflexes in France ». Dans Europeans on Europe, 21–39. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21910-0_2.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Protectionism – Europe"

Wibowo, Rudi, et Ratnawati Ratnawati. « Conflict Dynamics Of Protectionism Policy Trading Of Biofuel Commodities Between Indonesia And The European Union ». Dans LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.200.

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The dynamics of the conflict in bio-fuel commodity trade policies was triggered by the conflict of economic interests between Indonesia and the European Union. A series of steps for negotiation and diplomacy were taken by the government and Indonesian business actors to negotiate and resolve these problems by holding talks with important (state) actors in Europe.

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Çağatay, Bilge. « Steel Industry in Turkey : Progress and Challenges ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02575.

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While Turkey was the world’s 10th biggest steel producer in 2001, she has become the 7th biggest producer globally and largest steel producer in Europe in 2020. In fact, she was the third fastest growing steel producer in the world between 2001 and 2011, after China and India. Steel production in Turkey has increased significantly since 2001, growing from 15 million tons (mt) in 2001 to 35.8 million tons in 2020. In addition to the strong domestic demand and dynamic steel using industries, Turkey’s well-placed position also supports exports and production. This article suggests employing descriptive methodology focusing on Turkish Steel Industry between 2010-2020. The authors conduct descriptive research using case study method. Both quatitative and quanlitative analysis gives a holistic understanding of the research question. We began with a discussion of how Turkish steel industry has changed and affected by the rise of protectionism in the twenty first century. Then we will focus on the competition strategy in steel industy based on the trade relationship between EU, USA and Asia. A final section summarizes our argument and findings and offers suggestions for policy implications. The paper seeks to understand the role of Turkish steel industy both in Turkish economy and global economy. We anchor our collective interest in competition strategy and trade performance in the last decade. After Covid 19, the world community faces many unknowns. As a result, we aim to fill the gap with the mapping the future appearance of steel industy in Turkey by evaluating the possibilities.

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Stoica, Adrian-Claudiu. « The European Education Area and the Covid-19 Pandemic ». Dans 11th International Conference on “Electronics, Communications and Computing". Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/ic-ecco.2021/ks.02.

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Over the last decades, across the European Union (EU), the concern for improvement of vocational education and training within the member states grew in importance. The COVID-19 pandemic affected this area of a strategic importance. Therefore, the European Union is considering the adoption of the certain measures aimed at reforming it. According to the EU vision, vocational education and training are essential to the restoring of Europe after the COVID-19 pandemic. Each member state of the European Union manages its national education and training systems and establishes the content of the curricula. According to 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, (TFEU), the EU takes on the role of contributing to a quality education, encouraging the cooperation between member states. The fast outspread and the virulence of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the instauration of a panic feeling at global level. The global dynamics was turned upside down, causing survival, production and consume issues. Governments decided to introduce restricting measures across the economical and social plans. World economy was greatly affected: the markets collapsed, both in Europe and the United States, Latin America and Africa. The states adopted measures at national level, closing the borders and enforcing protectionist decisions. In their turn, citizens were ready to accept isolation measures in order to protect their health and lives. At the same time, free circulation and commerce, as well as the financial system, suffered as well. Therefore, autocratic and populist manifestations were greatly fuelled. Recession was in place and hundreds of millions of people became unemployed across the globe. State aids are the only financial resource for millions of people and numerous companies. A complex vicious circle came into being: the reduction of trust led to less crediting, unemployment and bankruptcy.

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Marroqui, D., A. Garrigos, J. M. Blanes, R. Gutierrez, E. Maset et D. Ramirez. « SIC based solid state protections switches for space applications ». Dans 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/epe17ecceeurope.2017.8099083.

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Saathoff, Fokke, Stefan Cantré et Jan Olschewski. « The Need for Multifunctional Dikes in Europe – the MultiDikes Project Concept ». Dans The 13th Baltic Sea Region Geotechnical Conference. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13bsgc.2016.038.

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In Europe there is a considerable interest in new flood protection technologies. In case of sea or river dikes, the land consumption is an important issue, particularly in densely populated urban areas or when other land uses are compromised. However, dikes are generally restricted to the function of flood protection. Only few additional functions are common, such as roads and pathways, which often cause difficulties regarding the planning, construction and maintenance of dikes. The concept of dikes with multiple functions is therefore new. Some innovations are being developed in the Netherlands while in Germany and the rest of Europe these concepts are yet unknown – with the exception of a new prospect regarding woody plants on dams and dikes which is under investigation in Austria and Germany. The lack of multifunctionality also results from the respective laws and regulations, in which the usability of dike construction is strongly restricted. This should be discussed and rethought. The need for multifunctional dike concepts was approved by the German BMBF by funding a seed money project for a duration of 2 years. In this preparatory project, a larger EU cooperation project will be developed, in which the need for multifunctional flood protections and possible solutions will be investigated for different model regions around Europe. This paper presents the general concept and first ideas with the aim of finding additional partners and to start the discussion in the geotechnical research community.

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Azzaroli, P., M. Corti, S. Grillo, L. Piegari et E. Tironi. « Storage system control for fault protections of single phase loads in inverter-dominated grids ». Dans 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2017.8260246.

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Therapontos, Phivos, Charalambos A. Charalambous et Petros Aristidou. « Impact of Distributed Energy Resources Capabilities and Protections on Islanded Power System Frequency Stability ». Dans 2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-europe54678.2022.9960307.

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Salamak, Marek. « PROTECTIONS AND MONITORING OF EUROPEAN TRANSPORTATION ROUTES IN POLISH UPPER SILESIA MINING AREA ». Dans 14th SGEM GeoConference on INFORMATICS, GEOINFORMATICS AND REMOTE SENSING. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b22/s9.051.

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Mitrovic, Andrija, et Luka Strezoski. « Impact of existing fault protections of wind power plants with Doubly Fed Induction Machines on Fault Currents ». Dans 2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-europe54678.2022.9960431.

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Sadrić, Tomislav. « NEW TENDENCIES IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT – A WAY TOWARDS LEVELLING PLAYING FIELD OR A GLIMPSE OF PROTECTIONISM ? » Dans International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times) : Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18824.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the White Paper on levelling the playing field as regards foreign subsidies, from the public procurement perspective. This is the first time that the problem of foreign subsidies within public procurement is approached by European Commission and it is useful to analyse Commission’s findings on that regard. Due to the problems caused by COVID-19 pandemic and the forthcoming Next Generation EU initiative, the Commission is determined to develop and implement suitable legal instruments for dealing with distortions in the Internal Market, caused by foreign subsidies. Legal analysis within the paper is focused on the proposed Module 3 under the White Paper, trying to detect possible practical repercussions of implementing measures as are proposed in the White Paper. In addition, the paper seeks to identify primary function of the measures proposed and tries to examine if that function could result in protectionist effects.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Protectionism – Europe"

Alviarez, Vanessa. Global and Regional Value Chains in Latin America in Times of Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004524.

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Global value chains (GVCs) provide countries with opportunities to diversify trade, and boost productivity and growth by specializing in one stage of the production process. However, for the most part, Latin America and the Caribbean participation in GVCs remains low (18 percent) compared to Asia (28 percent) and Europe (34 percent). The COVID-19 pandemic, plus concerns regarding protectionism and the more frequent occurrence of natural disasters, have provided incentives for countries and companies to reassess their positions in global value chains. This crisis has taken a huge toll on trade, but it could also be an opportunity to boost regional integration and value chains within the region. Despite the crisis, some firms have performed well, even in those sectors where global demand has fallen, while others have lost market share. This paper analyzes the performance of individual firms, drawing on the study of rich micro data, to understand their different capacity of trade creation and destruction over the crisis. Results suggest five firm characteristics play a key role in explaining export performance during the pandemic: i) firm size, ii) diversification of export markets, iii) importer status of the firm, iv) distance from foreign suppliers, and v) performance of the firms suppliers and customers. The results are then used to outline policies fostering firms participation in global value chains.

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