Thèses sur le sujet « Protection du bois »
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Pépin, Simon. « Protection du bois par barrière pénétrante : stratégie multifonctionnelle ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67737.
Texte intégralWood is an outstanding building material; hard, light and aesthetic, it allows the construction of safe and welcoming buildings. Furthermore, as an important carbon sink, it is a great tool to prevent the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Being biologic and hygroscopic, it is however subject to degradation by diverse biotic and abiotic agents. Amongst those, dimensional changes, following the absorption and desorptionof water, and biodegradation limit its use outdoor. Fortunately, degradation may be limited by adopting building practices which reduce the exposition of wood to the sources of degradation and by using wood treatments. This thesis, divided in three axes, was dedicated to the development of a penetrating barrier, a wood treatment allowing both its impregnation and coating. The first axis was focused on the development of the penetrating part of the treatment and its service performances. During the second axis, the penetrating part was characterized to ensure durable performances. Finally, during the third axis, acrylic resins were added to the treatment as a barrier part. The first axis allowed the development a penetrating part, inspired by the Tru-Core® treatment of the American company Kop-Coat, and the evaluation of its service performances on eastern white pine (Pinus strobus, L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). It used tertiary amine oxides to allow the impregnation of wood through diffusion, avoiding the classic processes relying on vacuum and high pressure. The amine oxides allow the solubilisation of organic fungicides and their transportation into the wood, improving the treated wood’s resistance to biodegradation. They also reduce the dimensional changes induced by the fluctuating relative humidity. The treatment allowed an almost complete inhibition of the degradation from the brown-rot fungi Rhodonia placenta, while untreated samples lost more than 22% of their initial mass. Dimensional stability tests showed 29% less dimensional changes in white pine and 24% in white spruce. These results do not meet the performances of other treatments, like acetylation, which can attain as much as 70%. These treatments however need more sophisticated equipment, are more expensive and energy consuming, and increase the density of the treated wood by more than 20%. With the penetrating barrier, the mass increase is limited to 1-2%. During the second axis, more descriptive and technical aspects of the treatment were evaluated. While they do not directly affect the performances of the treatment, these aspects indicate the level of protection offered by the treatment. Penetration depth tests, performed with an indigo dye, indicated that the fungicides penetrated 2 mm deeps into the wood, and only longitudinally. The amine oxides impregnated deeper than the dye, and in all the principal axes of the wood. The amount of fungicides impregnated was quantified by liquid chromatography, indicating higher concentrations of fungicides than the 0.040 kg/m3 requested by the wood preservation standards. Even after two weeks of leaching through immersion, the concentration was still higher than the recommendations of the standards. For the third axis, commercial acrylic resins were added to the formulation as the barrier part of the treatment. Many properties of the coatings were evaluated, before and after artificial aging, according a particular attention to the influence of the penetrating part on the former. The adhesion of the coatings were substantially reduced, as evaluated with pull-off tests showing fracture at the wood-coating interface at values below 2 MPa. The permeability to liquid water slightly increased, although the permeability to relative humidity was not affected. The penetration of the indigo blue dye was slightly diminished by the acrylic resins, as a result of the increased viscosity of the treatment solutions.
Soulounganga, Patrice. « Etude de nouveaux traitements de protection du bois à base de polyglycérols ». Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10032.
Texte intégralWood is an heterogeneous material composed of tissue of vegetable origin. It is constituted of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Anisotropic and hygroscopic, it is sensitive to biotic and abiotic attacks, and requires the use of chemical treatments to be stabilized and preserved. However, the toxicity of certain products currently used, associated to the environmental constraints on greenhouse gases, justifies the search for new alternatives for wood preservation. Thus, the work undertaken during this research concerns the use of polyglycerol derivatives as wood dimensional stabilizing agents. Former studies have showed that polyglycerols (PG), soluble in water, increase wood dimensional stability, but are easily leached. To solve this problem, several solutions were developed. The first solution consists in the use of fatty esters of PG with low solubility in water. The results obtained depend on the solvent chosen for impregnation. Treatments in the form of microemulsion lead to better results of dimensional stabilization compared to treatments in organic phase. Moreover the hydrophobic character conferred to wood limits the virulence of rot fungi. A second approach consists in the use of polyglycerol methacrylate, easily obtained from polyglycerol and glycidol methacrylate. Water-borne treatment of wood leads, after drying, to the formation of a polymer insoluble in water able to improve dimensional stability of wood but also its resistance to the basidiomycetes. A microscopic study has allowed the localisation of the product in the wood cells wall, explaining the good dimensional stability observed. Lastly, the third approach considered relates to the formation of a polymeric network in wood obtained from PG, glyoxal and boric acid. Such a combination allows to stabilize wood dimensionally , to limit the depletion of boron compared to boric acid used alone and protect wood against fungi
Sahmim, Wissem. « Modification chimique des extractibles de bois : application à la protection du bois et des matériaux métalliques ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0300/document.
Texte intégralWithin the framework of this thesis, we are interested in the design, synthesis and characterization of the physicochemical properties of lipophilic derivatives of wood extractives. We have thus considered modifying the structure of three flavonoids whose resource is important from different wood species: catechin, mesquitol and naringenin to incorporate additional functionalities. The applications reported here mainly deal with the protection of materials like wood and corrodible metals. With respect to wood preservation, it seems possible to consider different strategies to inhibit the wood degradation related to fungi on wood. Impregnation of antioxidant compounds such as lipophilic polyphenols on wood can limit the effects of radicals or other oxidants used and generated by rots. The second intended application is the protection of metallic materials. Indeed, the use of natural antioxidants as a corrosion inhibitor replace inorganic inhibitors or organic molecules (polyamines, imidazole...), because their production is expensive and toxic. The grafting of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain on polyphenols which have antioxidant properties allows the formation of protective films on the material
Sahmim, Wissem. « Modification chimique des extractibles de bois : application à la protection du bois et des matériaux métalliques ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0300.
Texte intégralWithin the framework of this thesis, we are interested in the design, synthesis and characterization of the physicochemical properties of lipophilic derivatives of wood extractives. We have thus considered modifying the structure of three flavonoids whose resource is important from different wood species: catechin, mesquitol and naringenin to incorporate additional functionalities. The applications reported here mainly deal with the protection of materials like wood and corrodible metals. With respect to wood preservation, it seems possible to consider different strategies to inhibit the wood degradation related to fungi on wood. Impregnation of antioxidant compounds such as lipophilic polyphenols on wood can limit the effects of radicals or other oxidants used and generated by rots. The second intended application is the protection of metallic materials. Indeed, the use of natural antioxidants as a corrosion inhibitor replace inorganic inhibitors or organic molecules (polyamines, imidazole...), because their production is expensive and toxic. The grafting of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain on polyphenols which have antioxidant properties allows the formation of protective films on the material
Barré, Jean-Baptiste. « Évaluation du niveau de dégradation du bois dans les ouvrages de protection par spectroscopie proche infrarouge et analyse vibratoire ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS005/document.
Texte intégralThe construction of protective works responds to the need to protect themselves from natural hazards such as erosion or landslides. If the concrete is conventionally used for their construction, wood is regularly used on natural hazards generating low or moderate stresses. For this, practitioners rely on two different approaches, civil engineering and ecological engineering, which require, in this context, the implementation of a structure built on the basis of an arrangement of logs. However, there are knowledge gaps hampering the prescription of these works. In particular, scientists locks concern the assessment of the level of decay, in the sense of mechanical properties, of logs for monitoring existing structures.The aim of this thesis is to develop two methods for assessing the level of decay of silver fir logs from near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and vibration analysis. In this thesis, the level of decay is set from the rate of loss in modulus of elasticity (MOE) or modulus of rupture (MOR) in relation to their intact value .The results showed that the methods allowed evaluating the log level of decay both in semi-controlled and in natural conditions. The NIRS method assesses the level of decay from prediction models of $Dw_{MOE}$ and of $Dw_{MOR}$ based on multivariate statistics. The method by vibration analysis measuring the loss rate in dynamic MOE ($Dw_{E_n}$)of the logs, which are characterized by their geometric imperfections.This work helps to deepen knowledge on the assessment of the level of decay of wood. The methods may be considered for application on real structures. These two methods are actually suitable for textit{in-situ} measurements.The objective of this thesis is to develop two indicators, DwNIRS and DwE1, from two complementary methods, the near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) and the vibration resonant method (VRM), to assess decay-extent of small-diameters silver fir logs decayed by a microbial community. These indicators are intended to help to practitioners in the diagnostic of the structures. The work is based on a mechanical definition of the decay-extent. A reference indicator DwMOE is defined for this purpose from the normalized loss in modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the logs between intact and decayed states.The thesis is composed of three parts. The first part explores the ability of NIRS to assess decay-extent in semi controlled conditions. Small-diameter logs have been degraded in a greenhouse and monitored at different decay levels. The indicator DwNIRS is calculated from a prediction model using multivariate statistics to predict the reference indicator DwMOE. The second part studies VRM. This method allows measuring dynamically the modulus of elasticity of logs at different decay levels. The third part is dedicated to the comparison of both methods in semi-controlled conditions and also in natural conditions.The results show that both methods allow identifying the effects of the microbial community on wood from early stages of decay. The indicators DwNIRS and DwE1 follow faithfully DwMOE even if the intrinsic variability of wood properties coupled with those bring with the microbial activity alter the precision. Thus, the definition of decay classes from DwNIRS and DwE1 limits the undesirable effects of the variability and brings closer the methods from those already used to assess decay in natural conditions. Finally, the classifications obtained from logs decayed in natural conditions are comparable and allow considering an application on real structures. Both methods are effectively adaptable to in-situ measurements with a limited degradation impact on structures
Lhumeau, Fanny. « Développement d’un traitement de préservation pour la protection du bois en usage extérieur ». Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH8512.
Texte intégralWhen wood is used outdoors with repeated or continuous exposures to moisture, degradation by biotic factors is high. Consequently, resorting to systems of protection is essential to ensure an optimal service life. However, some of the traditional wood preservatives, used for decades for wood protection and regarded as the most effective, are currently subjected to severe restrictions in Europe because of their toxicity. The FUI TIMBIRDE project aimed to develop formulations allowing the grafting of non-biocidal polymers on the natural components of wood to limit water uptake and enhance dimensional stability. The grafting of compounds on wood will limit their potential release into the environment and reduce the wood porosity by filling the wood matrix with polymers. In a first step, identification and optimization of grafting functions was performed on cellulose as model compound of wood. Then, hydrophobic polymers were functionalized with these specific functions in order to graft polymers on wood. In this study, wood specimens were treated with selected formulations by vacuum/pressure impregnation in lab autoclave. Thus, a reduction up to 50% of water uptake was observed for wood treated with polymer latex compared to untreated wood
Mourant, Daniel. « Développement d'une matrice résinique à base d'huile pyrolytique pour la protection du bois ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24828/24828.pdf.
Texte intégralSundaryono, Agus. « Synthèse et étude d'analogues de curcumine : complexation de métaux de transition : essais de photoprotection du bois ». Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12426.
Texte intégralKervern, Daniel. « Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux absorbeurs-UV hybrides : Application à la protection du bois ». Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2121.
Texte intégralWood is the predilection material for house construction. Strong of its physical properties and its aesthetic aspect, its potential development is considerable. However, its constituents and mainly lignins, can react with UV radiation leading to photodegradation phenomena via complex radicalar mechanisms. These results induce surface discolorations in case of outdoor long-term irradiation (at a lower scale indoor). The dispersion of efficient UV-absorbers at wood surface appears then as a promising cure for this problem. In this prospect, common UV-absorbers (Ti02, ZnO,. . . ) turn out to be little convincing because of the white coloration they induce at the surface (diffusion phenomena due to their high refractive index). Our team has been investigating for a few years now on hybrid organic-inorganic materials, based on polyoxomolybdates and organoammonium cations, which present a large variety of compounds. Among these, some built on a 1 I oo[Mo8026]4- chain structure exhibit interesting UV-absorption properties. We thus chose to study this new class of compounds, poorly known so far, which possesses a lower refraction index thanks to their organic part. Thereby, we should expect no alteration of wood natural color. In this way, the issues of this work are the synthesis and the characterization of new hybrid UV-absorbers, and their application at the surface of wood samples towards UV behaviour tests
Hu, Jinbo. « Associations tanins-bore pour des produits de protection du bois à faible impact environnemental ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS248/document.
Texte intégralDue to its origins, wood remains biodegradable and needs to be protected against abiotic and biotic agents for a long service life. Tannin-boron associations can be considered as an innovative preservative formulation and environmentally-friendly treatment. These waterborne associations of tannins and boric acid increase the permanence of boron in the wood. Furthermore, boric acid is partly fixed to the network of autocondensed tannin in the wood and keeps sufficient mobility to maintain its biological action. These associations have been investigated for their outdoor applications, both above and in-ground, as well as for their ability for fire protection. An original formulation of tannin-hexamine and boric acid, has shown efficiency against biological attack and fire degradation. The natural and artificial weathering behaviour, and laboratory scale leaching, of such treated wood have been investigated, and followed by biological tests. The results showed that the weatherings led to different performances, always linked with the amount of remaining boron. An advanced tannin-boron formulation including ɛ-caprolactam to make the polymer network more flexible (and avoiding cracks as noticed for the original formulation) was studied for the chemical mechanisms, biological resistance above and in-ground, fire retardancy. The tannin polymer acquires a more elastic structure after adding ɛ-caprolactam, as seen with FT-IR analyses. The biological resistance of the treated wood provided a long lasting protection against degradation in outdoor exposures, and even in ground contact. However, fire retardant effect of this advanced tannin-boron preservative was negatively influenced with comparison to the original tannin-boron formulation, but still better than control. In order to improve the associations between boron and tannin for wood protection, the conception of wood polymer nanocomposite using tannin, boric acid and montmorillonite tentatively carried out. The analyses of FT-IR and XRD have investigated to identify nanoclay in Wood Tannin Nanocomposite (WTNC). Meanwhile, the trace of montmorillonite in wood cell is also captured by SEM. By comparison with control, compression strengths of WTNC samples increase; water absorption and gluing ability of WTNC depend on the wood species used (Scot Pine vs. Beech); dimensional stability of WTNC is slightly decreased, and wettability was significantly decreased. Fungal and termite resistance of WTNC are improved to different extends if Scots pine or beech samples are used. Fire performances of WTNC is affected differently depending on the wood species used and the parameters considered. This study also analyses the environmental impacts of producing tannin-boron (TB) preservative (the original formulation) and comparatively introduces the cradle-to-grave life cycle environmental impacts (LCA) of TB-treated timber as landscaping materials, compared with 2 industrial formulations and concrete.Even if all these tannin-boron association systems developed still need to be improved for some point of their chemistry, biological performances (coleoptera insects, field tests with termites, molds…), as well as for their eco-toxicological profile, they have shown to improve the biological and fire resistance of the wood
L'hostis, Clément. « Développement de nouveaux traitements non-biocides de protection du bois basés sur la formation in situ de polyesters bio-sourcés ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0319/document.
Texte intégralIn order to guarantee the sustainability of structure made of wood, this material, which is naturally degradable by many biological organisms, must generally undergo protection treatments. The use of biocidal products is currently the most employed solution to confer the wood additional durability. However, facing of the environmental problem they raise, their use tends to be increasingly limited by regulation. Alternatives to the use of biocides have been developed to increase the durability of wood: heat treatment and chemical modification. Heat treatment consists of the controlled degradation of wood macromolecules to make it more hydrophobic and therefore more dimensionally stable and more resistant to the attack of the fungi of degradation, but weakens its mechanical properties. Chemical modification involves the impregnation of molecules within the material, which then react with the constituents of the wood to modify its chemical structure. During this thesis, treatments based on bio-based molecules have been developed. Thus, the treatments carried out on beech, a species which is particularly sensitive to biodegradation and dimensionally unstable, have made possible to improve substantially these properties. The in situ formation of polyesters of glycerol and various carboxylic acids produces a material more resistant mechanically than thermally treated wood, while also providing enhanced dimensional stability and durability. The various carboxylic acids employed have also induced different behavior with regard to the various properties studied, highlighting the importance of the chemical structure of the reagents employed. The most promising treatment was the subject of an economic study showing the viability of the industrialization of the process, which would then make it possible to produce a modified wood that can be used in use class 3, while enhancing an abundant under-exploited resource
Egenberg, Inger Marie. « Tarring maintenance of Norwegian medieval stave churches : characterization of pine tar during kiln-protection, experimental coating procedures and weathering / ». Göteborg : Acta universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb409258910.
Texte intégralQueant, Caroline. « Systèmes de protection de nouvelle génération contre les UV ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30270.
Texte intégralThe work presented in this thesis is divided in three research axis. The first axis regards the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres synthesis containing UV absorbers (UVA) and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). UVA and HALS work synergistically to prevent UV degradation in coatings. The second axis studies the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive encapsulation system for the tailored release of the UV stabilizers. The last axis compares the system efficiency in the case of UV protection for clear coat for exterior wood. In the first axis, PMMA microspheres with UVA and HALS were synthesized by the internal phase separation method. Microspheres are added to an exterior clear coat binder then applied onto white spruce panels. Some formulations are realized. Some contains free UVA and HALS similar to commercial paint and others have different concentrations in encapsulated compounds. Paint performance is evaluated after accelerated weathering. The comparison of formulations allow the evaluation of the efficiency of encapsulation of UV stabilizers inside the wood clear coat. The performance of coating consists on a good aesthetic resistance, a small color change and low chemical degradation. Obtained results are based on analysis with FTIR, TEM and colorimetry. In the second axis, the release of UVA is improved by the UV sensitive polymer. This polymer is able to change its own molecular conformation under UV rays. The poly(1-(4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-azo)benzenesulfonamido)-1,2 -ethanediyl) or (PAZO) is deposited onto CaCO3 templates containing UVA encapsulated. The encapsulation is done by coprecipitation of Na2CO3 and CaCl2.The layer by layer allow the deposition of charged polymers. PAZO is adsorbed after a layer of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC). The obtained particles are added to a complete clear coat formulation. Samples are placed in an accelerated weathering chamber. The encapsulation is proved by analysis techniques of XPS, TEM and TGA. Polymer PAZO transition is observed by colorimetry. In the last axis of this work, the two encapsulation systems are compared using encapsulated UV stabilizers inside a formulation of wood clear coat. Dried films are placed in accelerated weathering chamber in order to test their efficiency. After 1000 h of artificial weathering, films are analyzed and compared to the initial state. The mapping Raman technique allows to visualize the free UV stabilizers distribution inside the dried film. DMA calculate mechanical modulus and Tg of studied films. This last axis allows to connect distribution of UV protectors and efficiency of coating protection.
Bigot, Christophe. « Cinématique de décomposition et rôle de protection pare-pierres du bois mort : le cas des rémanents ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058599.
Texte intégralCyr, Guillaume. « Optimisation de la récolte de bois dans un contexte de protection de l'habitat du caribou forestier ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30624/30624.pdf.
Texte intégralMorin, Chantal. « Étude du potentiel d'une souche albinos de Ceratocystis resinifera pour la protection biologique du bois contre le bleuissement ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23758/23758.pdf.
Texte intégralCheviré, François. « Nouvelle génération d'absorbeurs UV inorganiques. Etude des solutions solides oxydes et oxynitrures. Application à la protection du bois ». Rennes 1, 2004. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01202991.
Texte intégralEfransjah, M. « Contribution à l'étude de la préservation du bois : Amélioration de l'imprégnabilité de l'épicéa (picéa SP.) par un pré-traitement bactérien et caractérisation du comportement du bois par l'utilisation des ultrasons ». Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10032.
Texte intégralNguyen, Manh-Hung. « Évaluation des performances de protections passives au feu pour les structures métalliques ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0046.
Texte intégralSteel-timber hybrid structures are becoming more and more common in the construction industry. They offer high practical advantages as sustainable solutions with high load-bearing capacities and fire resistance. However, due to steel thermal conductivity and the decrease of mechanical performance with high temperatures, steel structures need to be protected in case of fire. Wood is occasionally used as passive protection of steel to maintain its mechanical strength as long as possible with the aim to prevent structural collapse under fire. This thesis aims to analyse the thermal behaviour of hybrid steel-timber elements through experimental tests and numerical modelling. Experiments in the furnace are performed to obtain the evolution of temperature on the steel profile surfaces and inside the timber element. Thus, thermocouples are installed on the steel profile surface and different depths of timber elements. The fire tests were performed on various steel-timber combinations using T and I steel cross-sections with various wood species. A high-temperature furnace up to 1200 °C built in the laboratory was used. The results show that wood provides significant protection to the steel cross-section mainly the fully encapsulated IPE profile. Wood behaves as an insulating material that significantly reduces the temperature rise in steel. This solution contributes to the development of passive protection of steel structures using bio-based materials. The experimental results are compared to those obtained through thermal simulations using Abaqus software. The comparison shows that the numerical model can be used to evaluate the temperature increase in the steel element protected by timber in high-temperature conditions
Maurin, Emmanuel. « Modification de la structure chimique du bois : méthodologie de synthèse et recherche de nouvelles propriétés biologiques ou physico-chimiques ». Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10208.
Texte intégralThe purpose of this study is the elaboration of new chemical modifications of the wood structure in order to obtain new physico-chemical and biological properties. In the first part, blocks of beech wood were impregnated with mixture of functionnalized polyethylene glycol / copper sulfate. The effects several parameters on the retention of chemicals and the biological protection are discussed (leaching, pH, concentrat. Ion of the treatment bath and end-group of the polyether). It is also found for exemple that an equimolar mixture (8,33. 10- ³ mole/l) of polyethylene glycol (600) diacid and of copper sulfate preserves wood from the attack of Coriolus versicolor. In the second part, different grafting metbods of chemicals on wood are presented. A new method, using acyl azides, less taxiC and more stable than isocyanates, is described. The intermediate isocyanate, obtained by Curtius rearrangement of the acyl azide, reacts with wood in the presence of a catalyst. Aromatic groupe, PEG or fatty alkyl chains are grafted by this way on spruce sawdust. Treatment,of beech blocks with a mixture of fatty acyl azides, obtained from animal greases, improves their dimensionnaI stability (ASE =45 %). The last part is devoted to the study of the ability of modified sawdusts for the removal of metallic ions or greases from water. Interesting results are obtained in this area
Boer, Febrina. « Valorization of sugarcane bagasse via slow pyrolysis and its by-product for the protection of wood ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AGPT0008.
Texte intégralBiomass residue—such as sugarcane bagasse—has great potential in providing renewable energy sources. However, its natural properties such as low density, low calorific value, and biodegradation susceptibility can limit its utilization. To improve its energy efficiency, slow pyrolysis—the process of thermal decomposition in an oxygen-deficient environment—can be applied by transforming the biomass into carbon-rich char. In a typical slow pyrolysis scenario, biomass is slowly heated to produce mainly char, where the organic vapors are often considered secondary products. However, there is an interest to recover this by-product by condensing the organic vapor generated during pyrolysis for various purposes. Moreover, this product has a long history due to its benefits as a bio-pesticide used by traditional farmers, notably in Asian countries. In this study, bagasse was slow-pyrolyzed to co-produce char and pyrolysis liquid using a laboratory fixed bed reactor. Different parameters were tested, such as temperatures (400 °C and 500 °C), heating rate (1 °C/min and 10 °C/min), and holding time (30 min and 60 min). This study aims to evaluate the valorization potential of bagasse with the purpose of energy densification (conversion of biomass into char) and valorizing the utilization of its by-product (pyrolysis liquid) for wood protection.Results showed that the yield of char decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperature but results in the favorable calorific value improvement; while at the same time generating a high mass of liquid yield. The optimum pyrolysis condition to co-produce char and pyrolysis liquid was at 500 °C temperature and 10 °C/min of heating rate, yielding 28.97% char and 55.46% liquid. The principal compounds of pyrolysis liquid were water, acetic acid, glycolaldehyde, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, methanol, formic acid, levoglucosan, furfural, followed by some phenol compounds and guaiacol derivatives. Pyrolysis liquid also exhibits anti-fungal and anti-termite activity at relatively low concentrations in the Petri-dishes bioassays. When treated to beech and pine wood, pyrolysis liquid indicates good protection towards termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) and Basidiomycete fungi (Coniophora puteana and Rhodonia placenta, cubic rot and Trametes versicolor, a fibrous rot) at concentration 50% and 100%. However, it remains leachable when exposed to water or high humidity, which indicates that future studies should be conducted to find out how to decrease its leachability.Keywords: biomass, char, slow pyrolysis, sugarcane bagasse, pyrolysis liquid, wood protection
Haloui, Abdallah. « Libération dans l'eau des produits chimiques utilisés pour la préservation du bois : modélisation et expérimentation ». Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET4017.
Texte intégralBeguin, Julien. « Analyse spatiale, sélection des paysages et stratégies de conservation en présence de régimes multiples de perturbation : le cas du caribou forestier en forêt boréale aménagée ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30203/30203.pdf.
Texte intégralLinking spatial patterns of species distribution and population dynamics with biotic and abiotic processes is central to inform effective conservation planning for endangered species. This thesis investigated how linking spatial patterns of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), hereafter boreal caribou, to processes can 1) improve our understanding of landscape selection of this ecotype and 2) inform the efficiency of current land use policies in practice. I first present a new powerful numerical method that allows integrating properly spatial information present in species distribution data to make accurate statistical inference. This method uses integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) as an alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. I show that, in addition of being accurate and rapid, the use of INLA with Bayesian hierarchical spatial models efficiently accounted for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals and fairly evaluated uncertainty in parameter estimates and predictions. I then used INLA to test which ecological processes, among climate and the distance to roads, drove the existence of geographical patterns in boreal caribou landscape selection. Data supported road-driven selection over a climate influence. Moreover, I show that boreal caribou avoidance of logged areas was two-fold stronger than burned areas. Together these results indicated that limiting the spread of road networks and accounting for the uneven impact of logging compared to wildfire should be integral parts of any habitat management plan and conservation measures within the range of this ecotype. Finally, I use a spatially explicit landscape simulation model to explore how spatial interactions among protected area networks, industrial forestry and fire regimes impacted the population dynamics of boreal caribou and the economic costs related to forest management. I show that the current policy of conservation planning and forest management in the Côte-Nord region in Québec is unlikely to be sustainable for either boreal caribou conservation or timber supply mainly because of current overestimated planned harvest levels. Fire increased antagonisms between current practices of forest management and habitat conservation, irrespective of the presence of salvage logging. This study illustrates that efficient conservation planning requires a better understanding of spatial interactions among population dynamics, protected area networks, forest management, and fire regimes.
Errotabehere, Xabier. « Nouveaux revêtements hybrides élaborés par voie sol-gel pour la protection de substrats ligno-cellulosiques : étude des microstructures et des propriétés mécaniques surface ». Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14525/document.
Texte intégralDuring their life, the parquets are subjected to mechanical aggressions and ageing (scratch, friction, wear). UV-curable organic coatings (acrylic) are classically deposited in several layers involving a first layer called “basecoat” and an upper layer called “topcoat”. The latter provides the scratch resistance necessary to the whole system. The coatings were prepared from liquid organic-inorganic precursors that undergo a consequent inorganic polymerization followed by radical UV chain polymerization. In the present work, new organic-inorganic hybrid coatings were elaborated via a sol-gel route and applied as the topcoat in a parquet vitrifying configuration. A structural study in liquid and solid phases allowed the understanding of the inorganic polymerization mechanisms of neat MAPTMS sol and binary MAPTMS/TEOS sols. The self-organization phenomenon of MAPTMS (nano structures e.g. octamer cages) is well-known when it is used as neat precursor. It was also evidenced in the presence of TEOS. Microstructures were proposed for these “hybrid varnishes”, the type of nano structures being dependent on the TEOS content. A local mechanical study, using nanoindentation technique, revealed the reinforcing effect of TEOS within the hybrid coatings. Their scratch behavior was also studied on two scales (“nano” and “micro”) and compared with to that of an industrial reference. On the “nano” scale, the damage thresholds (cracking) of the hybrid coatings are equivalent or even higher to those of the industrial topcoat. On a “micro” scale, an experimental device allowing real time recording of the true contact area between the tip and the sample, showed that elastic-plastic transition is postponed when a hybrid coating is used as a topcoat. Moreover we attempted a correlation between the microstructure and the mechanical properties (elastic modulus, hardness, scratch behavior) of MAPTMS/TEOS hybrid coatings, taking into account the inorganic network organization
Ployet, Raphaël. « Régulation de la formation du bois chez l'eucalyptus lors du développement et en réponse à des contraintes environnementales ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30094/document.
Texte intégralDue to its outstanding growth combined to superior wood properties, Eucalyptus genus has become the most planted hardwood on earth and emerged as the most appealing sources of renewable biomass feedstock for paper and second-generation biofuels. Wood is composed of lignified secondary cell walls (SCWs) and its formation is tightly regulated by a complex, partially unknown, transcription factors (TFs) network. SCWs are composed by 80% of polysaccharides targeted for most of value-added bioproducts, whereas lignin (20%) is responsible for biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic degradation but increase wood energetic potential for combustion. Despite its remarkable adaptability to various soils and climate environment Eucalyptus growth varies strongly according to these factors. Eucalyptus is extensively grown in highly weathered soils in tropical and subtropical regions where plantations are facing more frequent drought episodes in combination to nutrient starvation, requiring high amounts of expensive fertilizers. In temperate regions such as North of Europe, the main limitation for the expansion of this non-dormant tree is cold exposure, which reduces dramatically its growth. The effects of these stresses are emphasized in the actual context of climate change which induces sharp contrasting periods, and their impacts on wood formation and quality remain unknown. Scarce data from literature suggest that these stresses affect secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition as well as xylem cell patterning. However these results are highly heterogeneous among different species and mainly focused on non-woody tissues. The selection of adapted clones and the development of more sustainable cultural practices are crucial to improve wood productivity and quality, which require a better understanding of tree response to cold and water stress in interaction with nutrition. In order to unravel the regulation of xylem differentiation by low temperature, we performed a targeted approach on cold-acclimated Eucalyptus trees. By biochemical, histochemical and transcriptomic analyses, we revealed that low temperature trigger a precocious SCW deposition in developing xylem cells, characterized by a strong lignin deposition. In parallel, we aimed to characterize the effect of water stress combined to different mineral nutrition regimes, on wood formation and quality. To this end, we took advantage of an experimental design set up on field with a highly productive Eucalyptus commercial clone submitted to both rainfall exclusion combined to potassium fertilization. We combined large scale analyses of transcriptome and metabolome, with wood structural and biochemical properties analyses. The integrative approach with these datasets revealed that potassium fertilization induces a repression of SCW biosynthesis, together with regulation of cambial activity and modifications in wood properties, with a strong interaction with water exclusion. Both approaches allowed to point out several uncharacterized yet TFs which are highly promising candidates in the control of cambial activity and SCW deposition in a woody perennial. Characterization of their function in poplar and Eucalyptus revealed a new key regulator of SCW biosynthesis in wood, and several MYB TFs potentially involved in the trade-off between SCW biosynthesis and growth
Bauer, Christophe. « Étude des relations entre la teneur en eau et les champignons dans les bois mis en oeuvre ». Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10111.
Texte intégralGoubel, Clément. « Modélisation d’essais de choc sur dispositifs de retenue de véhicules : Application aux dispositifs mixtes acier-bois ». Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10333/document.
Texte intégralIn France, one third of the people dying on the roads are killed after impacting against ahazard. In 90% of the reported cases, these accidents result from loss of control. VehicleRestraint Systems (VRS) are specially designed to restrain an errant vehicle and to limitimpact severity.Before being installed on the roadsides, these devices have to be crash-tested according tostandards in order to evaluate their safety and deflexion performances.Tolerances exist on impact parameters (vehicle, vehicle mass, impact speed, impact angle,impact point …) and material’s mechanical characteristic uncertainties have an effect towardsdevice performances and have to be taken into account during numerical simulations.Steel-wood structures present an additional numerical challenge due to wood heterogeneityand its sensibility to environment variables such as temperature and moisture content.In order to assess the effect of this variability toward safety performances, three point bendingdynamic experiments on structural samples are performed and modelled.Finally, a complete model of a vehicle restraint system is built and validated according to realcrash test results thanks to a parametric method. This method takes into account the variabilityof the parameters associated to the failure modes of the structure. Once validated the model isused to assess the effect of wood mechanical properties modifications due to environmentvariable variations
Rouaud, Romain. « Les forêts de pente de la haute vallée de la Dordogne : enjeux écologiques et énergétiques d'une ancienne forêt charbonnée (Auvergne, Limousin, France) ». Phd thesis, Université de Limoges, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00928478.
Texte intégralOlmedo, Manich Ignacio. « Etude expérimentale et numérique de l’efficacité d’ouvrages ligneux de génie biologique pare-pierres ». Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0060.
Texte intégralIn mountain areas, natural hazards such as snow avalanches, landslides or rockfall threaten people and infrastructures. For this reason, civil engineering has proposed solutions to reduce the risk associated with such hazards. Despite the developments in this field, the protective capacity of forest is largely recognized. For rockfall hazard in particular, forests protection function is relevant as rock impacts onto trees lead to a significant rock energy loss. After forests maintenance tasks or windstorms the protection capacity of forests decreases. For this, felled trees are often left on the ground, in oblique position to compensate the decrease in the forest protection capacity due the forests stands density reduction. The main goal of this PhD research is to study the rockfall protection structures made of felled trees. Moreover, these investigations aim to provide recommendations for the design of such devices. A numerical model based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) has been developed to study the dynamic response of fresh wood structures to impact. Laboratory experiments have been carried out to calibrate and validate the numerical developments. The DEM model implemented has been finally used to simulate real scenarii of rock impacts on simplified felled tree structures. These simulations have allowed identifying the most favorable configurations leading to a maximal loss of the rock kinetic energy during the impact onto a felled tree structure. Some improvements on the design of these structures are proposed to improve their capacity to dissipate the rock energy
Ljung, Fredrik, et Oscar Arnflo. « How malicious bots interact with an online contest with gamification : A study in methods for identifying and protecting against bots ». Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186445.
Texte intégralAmini, Elham [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Boit, Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Szyszka, Christian [Gutachter] Boit, Bernd [Gutachter] Szyszka, Jean-Pierre [Gutachter] Seifert et Navid [Gutachter] Asadi. « A structure for protection of security-sensitive ICs against attacks through silicon backside / Elham Amini ; Gutachter : Christian Boit, Bernd Szyszka, Jean-Pierre Seifert, Navid Asadi ; Christian Boit, Bernd Szyszka ». Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238140831/34.
Texte intégralLohrke, Heiko [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Boit, Christian [Gutachter] Boit, Jean-Pierre [Gutachter] Seifert et Patrick [Gutachter] Schaumont. « Laser-based attacks on secure integrated circuits : extracting and protecting sensitive information / Heiko Lohrke ; Gutachter : Christian Boit, Jean-Pierre Seifert, Patrick Schaumont ; Betreuer : Christian Boit ». Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201411025/34.
Texte intégralMiranda, Edileuza Donizete Rocha. « Professor mediador escolar e comunitário – (PMEC) : problematizando as consideradas boas práticas ». Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2016. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/1003.
Texte intégralMade available in DSpace on 2017-06-03T14:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Edileuza Donizete Rocha Mirandas.pdf: 571682 bytes, checksum: 00c1758789574dd66711ca57d937607e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15
Due to the increase of violence in the school environment related to several situations that involve verbal, physical and symbolic aggressions carried out by basic education students, the Secretariat of Public Education of the State of Sao Paulo (SEESP), in partnership with the Secretariat of Public Security (SSP), has instituted the System of Public Protection in the State Educational System and the role of School and Community Mediator Teacher (PMEC), which aims to coordinate planning of actions destined to prevention, mediation and resolution of conflicts in the school environment. This investigative proposal has the goal of questioning the effectiveness of school mediation through analyses of the PMEC’s considered good practice in a public school that is connected to a Board of Education (DE) in the inner state of Sao Paulo. A case study was methodologically carried out and oriented by a qualitative research approach, in which techniques for data generation consist in analyses of normative resolutions, reports and evidences from the performed work, book of occurrences and semi-structured interviews. This thesis has shown many fragilities regarding the School Protection System, as these public policies interfere direct and indirectly in the effectiveness of the PMEC’s work in the Sao Paulo State schools. Through the obtained data, it was noticed that school mediation goes through a strong transition period, going from the Retributive Law, which has a more punitive nature, to the Restorative Law, based in restorative practices in conflict resolution. It was possible to perceive the effectiveness in the PMEC’s work through what is considered good practice; however, many things need to be reviewed so that a more pacific school environment can be implemented. This will only be possible with a collaborative work between the school agents, investments in formation, monitoring and assessment of projects. Finally, this research’s results aim to assist in subsidizing other PMECs’ work, broadening the debate on public policies and contributing with proposals that can come to improve the work performed by these professionals on behalf of constructing a peace culture inside and outside schools.
Devido ao aumento das violências, no ambiente escolar, em relação às diversas situações que envolvem agressões verbais, físicas e simbólicas protagonizadas por estudantes da educação básica, a Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEESP), em parceria com a Secretaria de Segurança Pública (SSP), instituiu o Sistema de Proteção Escolar na Rede Estadual de Ensino e a função de Professor Mediador Escolar e Comunitário (PMEC), que visa a coordenar o planejamento de ações destinadas à prevenção, mediação e resolução de conflitos, no ambiente escolar. A presente proposta investigativa tem como objetivo problematizar a efetividade da mediação escolar a partir das análises das consideradas boas práticas do PMEC, em uma escola pública pertencente a uma Diretoria de Ensino (DE) do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Metodologicamente, efetuamos um estudo de caso orientado pela abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, cujas técnicas para a geração de dados consistiram em análises das resoluções normativas, relatórios/evidências dos trabalhos realizados, livros de ocorrências, entrevistas semiestruturadas. Essa dissertação demonstrou muitas fragilidades, no que se refere ao Sistema de Proteção Escolar, pois essas políticas públicas interferem direta e indiretamente na efetivação do trabalho do PMEC, nas escolas paulistas. Pelos dados obtidos, percebemos que a mediação escolar passa por um forte momento de transição, da Justiça Retributiva de cunho mais punitivo para a Justiça Restaurativa, que tem suas bases nas práticas restaurativas de resolução de conflitos. Pôde-se observar a efetividade do trabalho do PMEC, através das consideradas boas práticas, no entanto, muitas coisas necessitam ser revistas, para a implantação de um ambiente escolar mais pacífico, o que só será possível por meio de um trabalho coletivo entre os agentes escolares, investimentos em formação, acompanhamento e avaliação do projeto. Enfim, espera-se que os resultados desta pesquisa sirvam para subsidiar o trabalho de outros PMECs, ampliando o debate sobre políticas públicas, contribuindo com propostas que venham a aprimorar o trabalho realizado por esses profissionais, em prol da construção de uma cultura de paz, dentro e fora das escolas.
Lema, Catherine. « L'exploitation illégale du palmier protégé Euterpe edulis Mart. : dynamique d'un conflit environnemental dans le Parque Estadual Três Picos [sic] (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil) ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0032.
Texte intégralThis work focuses on the exploitation of Euterpe edulis Mart. Palm (known in Portuguese as palmito Juçara), whose heart is very popular in Brazil gastronomy. In the Parque Estadual Três Picos (located in the State of Rio de Janeiro) the exploitation of the palm occurs under a double protection: on the one hand the palm is protected by law, and on the other hand exploitation is done in an area where any use of natural resources is prohibited. In the Park, overharvesting of the palm is favored by the socio-economic status and vulnerability of local people (who find the principal source of income on palm exploitation) and by a prosperous market, both elements threatening the wild stocks of the species. Moreover, the mechanisms for control and supervision of the Park also intensify the creation of clandestine forms of organization resulting in violence. The link between environmental issues and social issues around the palm exploitation opposes two main actors: administrators of the Park and illegal loggers of palmito (palmiteiros). This opposition takes the form of an environmental conflict as these actors perform different actions depending on their interests and their perceptions regarding the exploitation of the palm. Indeed, while for palmiteiros extracting palm hearts represents a cultural and historical activity as well as a livelihood, for park administrators this exploitation constitutes a threat to biodiversity conservation. This creates an explicit confrontation that is not only related to environment but that encompasses a far more complex reality of competing interests and social and political structures that promote inequality and exclusion
Minassian, Angela Mary. « Development of a mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge model in humans to test candidate TB vaccines and to identify potential immunological correlates of protection against TB ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531986.
Texte intégralMachado, Thierry Alves. « A influência dos protectores bucais na performance muscular do quadricípede e dos isquiotibiais ». Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2502.
Texte intégralEste estudo teve como objectivo verificar a influência dos protectores bucais na performance muscular do quadricípede e dos isquiotibiais, em atletas seniores de futsal. A amostra era constituída por 15 atletas do sexo masculino. Os sujeitos foram submetidos a 3 momentos diferentes de avaliação, utilizando protectores “custom-made”, utilizando protectores “boil-and-bite” e sem utilizarem qualquer tipo de protector. O protocolo isocinético consistiu em 2 velocidades distintas: 60º/s e 300º/s. Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas com os diferentes tipos de protectores. Os protectores “custom-made” obtiveram resultados significativos a 60º/s, no peak torque do quadricípede e dos isquiotibiais e a 300º/s, no average (avg) power e work fatigue dos isquiotibiais, enquanto que os protectores “boil-and-bite”, obtiveram resultados significativos, a 60º/s, no peak torque dos isquiotibiais e a 300º/s, no peak torque, no avg power e trabalho (total work) dos mesmos, não obtendo qualquer resultado ao nível do quadricípede. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of mouthguards on quadriceps and hamstring performance of senior indoor futsal athletes. The sample consists of 15 male athletes. Subjects underwent three different moments of evaluation, using custom-made mouthguards, using boil-and-bite mouthguards and without using any type of mouthguards. The isokinetic protocol consisted of two different speeds: 60°/s and 300°/s. The results revealed a significant difference by using the different types of mouthguards. Custom-Made mouthguards obtained significant results at 60°/s, in peak torque of quadriceps and hamstrings and at 300°/s in average power and work fatigue of the hamstrings, while Boil-and-Bite mouthguards, obtained significant results, at 60°/s, in hamstring peak torque and at 300°/s in peak torque, AVG power and total work of the same muscle, however there were no results in quadriceps.
CHOUFFOT, STRUYCKEN BARBARA. « Contribution a l'etude des capacites de multiplication vegetative du shorea curtisii dyer ex king, diphterocarpaceae de malaisie ». Strasbourg 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13138.
Texte intégralSall, Pape Ndièngou. « Étude écophysiologique de eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. En zone Sahelo-Soudanienne : L'exemple du parfob ». Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10010.
Texte intégralSantoso, Teguh. « Contribution a l'etude des relations entre la fertilisation du vegetal-hote et l'intoxication de spodoptera littoralis boisd. Par bacillus thuringiensis berliner ». Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066027.
Texte intégralMakita-Ngadi, Joseph. « Biodégradation et compostage des écorces de pin (pinus sylvestris) et d'Okoume (Aucoumea Klaineana ou Gaboon) ». Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10014.
Texte intégralBillings, Teresa Solomon, et Judith Gardner Simolke. « Characteristics of male childhood sexual abuse ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1735.
Texte intégral« Le commerce du bois tropical et la protection des forêts ». Université catholique de Louvain, 2004. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-03112004-150303/.
Texte intégral« Développement d'une matrice résinique à base d'huile pyrolytique pour la protection du bois ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24828/24828.pdf.
Texte intégral« Étude du potentiel d'une souche albinos de Ceratocystis resinifera pour la protection biologique du bois contre le bleuissement ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23758/23758.pdf.
Texte intégralLemay, Audrey. « Croissance et qualité du bois de l'épinette noire et du sapin baumier après une coupe avec protection des petites tiges marchandes (CPPTM) ». Thèse, 2012. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2328/1/030297490.pdf.
Texte intégralKingdon, Danielle. « Addressing the Gender Gap : Risk and Protective Factors Influencing Boys’ and Girls’ Academic Trajectories ». Thesis, 2012. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/974574/1/Kingdon_MA_F2012.pdf.
Texte intégralMagqoki, Thenjiwe Boipelo. « Parental supervision as a protective family factor associated with conduct competence in adolescent males with alcohol dependant fathers / ». 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/502.
Texte intégralMagqoki, Thenjiwe Boipelo. « Parental supervision as a protective family factor associated with conduct competence in adolescent males with alcohol dependent fathers ». Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/407.
Texte intégralThesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.