Articles de revues : « Propositional Constants »

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Groote, Jan Friso. « Hiding propositional constants in BDDs ». Formal Methods in System Design 8, n^o 1 (janvier 1996) : 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00121264.

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French, Rohan. « Denumerably Many Post-Complete Normal Modal Logics with Propositional Constants ». Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 53, n^o 4 (2012) : 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00294527-1722746.

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Ren, Xuanzhi. « Fullness and Decidability in Continuous Propositional Logic ». Mathematics 10, n^o 23 (25 novembre 2022) : 4455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234455.

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In this paper we consider general continuous propositional logics and prove some basic properties about them. First, we characterize full systems of continuous connectives of the form {¬,,f} where f is a unary connective. We also show that, in contrast to the classical propositional logic, a full system of continuous propositional logic cannot contain only one continuous connective. We then construct a closed full system of continuous connectives without any constants. Such a system does not have any tautologies. For the rest of the paper we consider the standard continuous propositional logic as defined by Yaacov, I.B and Usvyatsov, A. We show that Strong Compactness and Craig Interpolation fail for this logic, but approximated versions of Strong Compactness and Craig Interpolation hold true. In the last part of the paper, we introduce various notions of satisfiability, falsifiability, tautology, and fallacy, and show that they are either NP-complete or co-NP-complete.

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Pascucci, Matteo. « A Unified Semantics for a Family of Modal Logics with Propositional Constants ». Logica Universalis 10, n^o 1 (26 décembre 2015) : 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11787-015-0137-5.

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Barendregt, Henk, Martin Bunder et Wil Dekkers. « Systems of illative combinatory logic complete for first-order propositional and predicate calculus ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 58, n^o 3 (septembre 1993) : 769–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275096.

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AbstractIllative combinatory logic consists of the theory of combinators or lambda calculus extended by extra constants (and corresponding axioms and rules) intended to capture inference. The paper considers systems of illative combinatory logic that are sound for first-order propositional and predicate calculus. The interpretation from ordinary logic into the illative systems can be done in two ways: following the propositions-as-types paradigm, in which derivations become combinators or, in a more direct way, in which derivations are not translated. Both translations are closely related in a canonical way. The two direct translations turn out to be complete. The paper fulfills the program of Church [1932], [1933] and Curry [1930] to base logic on a consistent system of λ-terms or combinators. Hitherto this program had failed because systems of ICL were either too weak (to provide a sound interpretation) or too strong (sometimes even inconsistent).

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Hájek, Petr. « Computational complexity of t-norm based propositional fuzzy logics with rational truth constants ». Fuzzy Sets and Systems 157, n^o 5 (mars 2006) : 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2005.12.008.

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Beklemishev, Lev D. « Bimodal logics for extensions of arithmetical theories ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 61, n^o 1 (mars 1996) : 91–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275600.

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AbstractWe characterize the bimodal provability logics for certain natural (classes of) pairs of recursively enumerable theories, mostly related to fragments of arithmetic. For example, we shall give axiomatizations, decision procedures, and introduce natural Kripke semantics for the provability logics of (IΔ0 + EXP, PRA); (PRA, IΣn); (IΣm, IΣn) for 1 ≤ m < n; (PA, ACA0); (ZFC, ZFC + CH); (ZFC, ZFC + ¬CH) etc. For the case of finitely axiomatized extensions of theories these results are extended to modal logics with propositional constants.

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Dekkers, Wil, Martin Bunder et Henk Barendregt. « Completeness of the propositions-as-types interpretation of intuitionistic logic into illative combinatory logic ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 63, n^o 3 (septembre 1998) : 869–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586717.

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AbstractIllative combinatory logic consists of the theory of combinators or lambda calculus extended by extra constants (and corresponding axioms and rules) intended to capture inference. In a preceding paper, [2], we considered 4 systems of illative combinatory logic that are sound for first order intuitionistic propositional and predicate logic. The interpretation from ordinary logic into the illative systems can be done in two ways: following the propositions-as-types paradigm, in which derivations become combinators, or in a more direct way, in which derivations are not translated. Both translations are closely related in a canonical way. In the cited paper we proved completeness of the two direct translations. In the present paper we prove that also the two indirect translations are complete. These proofs are direct whereas in another version, [3], we proved completeness by showing that the two corresponding illative systems are conservative over the two systems for the direct translations. Moreover we shall prove that one of the systems is also complete for predicate calculus with higher type functions.

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Esteva, Francesc, Lluís Godo et Carles Noguera. « Expanding the propositional logic of a t-norm with truth-constants : completeness results for rational semantics ». Soft Computing 14, n^o 3 (11 février 2009) : 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-009-0402-8.

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Du, Guoping. « Parenthesis Notation ». Journal of Research in Philosophy and History 5, n^o 1 (22 février 2022) : p44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n1p44.

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The formal language of a logical system usually contains several types of symbols. In infix notation, two different kinds of symbols are used to construct compound formula and to indicate the order of combination. The logical constants such as Ø, Ú are used to construct compound formula, and auxiliary symbols such as ( ) are used to indicate the order of a combination. In Polish notation, there is no need for auxiliary symbols such as ( ), and only one class of symbols, N, C, K, etc., is used as a conjunction to make it function as a parenthesis. Contrary to Polish notation, a new parenthesis notation is put forward in this paper. Parenthesis notation uses only parentheses, and empowers them the function of connectives. More importantly, it is proved in this paper that we can define logical constants such as propositional connectives, quantifiers, modal operators and temporal operators in the same formula by using only parenthesis, which can greatly simplify the initial connectives needed to construct the formal system.

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VYCHODIL, VILEM. « FUZZY ATTRIBUTE IMPLICATIONS AND THEIR EXPRESSIVE POWER ». International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 21, n^o 04 (août 2013) : 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488513500244.

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We deal with the expressive power of if-then rules called fuzzy attribute implications (FAIs) which can be seen as formulas A ⇒ B where both A and B are conjunctions of subformulas containing propositional variables and constants for truth degrees and whose interpretation is parameterized by linguistic hedges. The formulas admit the following model-theoretical property: a system of fuzzy sets [Formula: see text] is a fuzzy closure system satisfying an additional condition of being closed under a*-shifts (so-called L*-closure system) if and only if [Formula: see text] is a system of models of a set of FAIs. In this paper, we point out the importance of constants of truth degrees in the antecedents of formulas by showing that simpler formulas are not sufficient to describe all L*-closure systems. As a practical consequence, the simpler formulas cannot be used as an alternative description of concept lattices with linguistic hedges.

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BELLIN, GIANLUIGI. « Subnets of proof-nets in multiplicative linear logic with MIX ». Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 7, n^o 6 (décembre 1997) : 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129597002326.

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This paper studies the properties of the subnets of a proof-net for first-order Multiplicative Linear Logic without propositional constants (MLL−), extended with the rule of Mix: from [vdash ]Γ and [vdash ]Δ infer [vdash ]Γ, Δ. Asperti's correctness criterion and its interpretation in terms of concurrent processes are extended to the first-order case. The notions of kingdom and empire of a formula are extended from MLL− to MLL−+MIX. A new proof of the sequentialization theorem is given. As a corollary, a system of proof-nets is given for De Paiva and Hyland's Full Intuitionistic Linear Logic with Mix; this result gives a general method for translating Abramsky-style term assignments into proof-nets, and vice versa.

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Rybakov, Mikhail, et Dmitry Shkatov. « Algorithmic properties of first-order modal logics of finite Kripke frames in restricted languages ». Journal of Logic and Computation 30, n^o 7 (26 août 2020) : 1305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa041.

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Abstract We study the effect of restricting the number of individual variables, as well as the number and arity of predicate letters, in languages of first-order predicate modal logics of finite Kripke frames on the logics’ algorithmic properties. A finite frame is a frame with a finite set of possible worlds. The languages we consider have no constants, function symbols or the equality symbol. We show that most predicate modal logics of natural classes of finite Kripke frames are not recursively enumerable—more precisely, $\varPi ^0_1$-hard—in languages with three individual variables and a single monadic predicate letter. This applies to the logics of finite frames of the predicate extensions of the sublogics of propositional modal logics $\textbf{GL}$, $\textbf{Grz}$ and $\textbf{KTB}$—among them, $\textbf{K}$, $\textbf{T}$, $\textbf{D}$, $\textbf{KB}$, $\textbf{K4}$ and $\textbf{S4}$.

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Stålmarck, Gunnar. « Normalization theorems for full first order classical natural deduction ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 56, n^o 1 (mars 1991) : 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274910.

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In this paper we prove the strong normalization theorem for full first order classical N.D. (natural deduction)—full in the sense that all logical constants are taken as primitive. We also give a syntactic proof of the normal form theorem and (weak) normalization for the same system.The theorem has been stated several times, and some proofs appear in the literature. The first proof occurs in Statman [1], where full first order classical N.D. (with the elimination rules for ∨ and ∃ restricted to atomic conclusions) is embedded in a system for second order (propositional) intuitionistic N.D., for which a strong normalization theorem is proved using strongly impredicative methods.A proof of the normal form theorem and (weak) normalization theorem occurs in Seldin [1] as an extension of a proof of the same theorem for an N.D.-system for the intermediate logic called MH.The proof of the strong normalization theorem presented in this paper is obtained by proving that a certain kind of validity applies to all derivations in the system considered.The notion “validity” is adopted from Prawitz [2], where it is used to prove the strong normalization theorem for a restricted version of first order classical N.D., and is extended to cover the full system. Notions similar to “validity” have been used earlier by Tait (convertability), Girard (réducibilité) and Martin-Löf (computability).In Prawitz [2] the N.D. system is restricted in the sense that ∨ and ∃ are not treated as primitive logical constants, and hence the deductions can only be seen to be “natural” with respect to the other logical constants. To spell it out, the strong normalization theorem for the restricted version of first order classical N.D. together with the well-known results on the definability of the rules for ∨ and ∃ in the restricted system does not imply the normalization theorem for the full system.

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Krajíček, Jan. « A form of feasible interpolation for constant depth Frege systems ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 75, n^o 2 (juin 2010) : 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1268917504.

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AbstractLet L be a first-order language and Φ and Ψ two L-sentences that cannot be satisfied simultaneously in any finite L-structure. Then obviously the following principle ChainL,Φ,Ψ(n, m) holds: For any chain of finite L-structures C1, …, Cm with the universe [n] one of the following conditions must fail:For each fixed L and parameters n, m the principle ChainL,Φ,Ψ(n,m) can be encoded into a propositional DNF formula of size polynomial in n, m.For any language L containing only constants and unary predicates we show that there is a constant CL such that the following holds: If a constant depth Frege system in DeMorgan language proves ChainL,Φ,Ψ(n, cL . n) by a size s proof then the class of finite L-structures with universe [n] satisfying Φ can be separated from the class of those L-structures on [n] satisfying ψ by a depth 3 formula of size 2log(S)O(1) and with bottom fan-in log(S)O(1).

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MENN, STEPHEN. « AL-FĀRĀBĪ'S KITĀB AL-ḤURŪF AND HIS ANALYSIS OF THE SENSES OF BEING ». Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 18, n^o 1 (mars 2008) : 59–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423908000477.

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Al-Fārābī, in the Kitāb al-Ḥurūf, is apparently the first person to maintain that existence, in one of its senses, is a second-order concept [ma‘qūl thānī]. As he interprets Metaphysics Δ7, ‘‘being'' [mawjūd] has two meanings, second-order ‘‘being as truth'' (including existence as well as propositional truth), and first-order ‘‘being as divided into the categories.'' The paronymous form of the Arabic word ‘‘mawjūd'' suggests that things exist through some existence [wujūd] distinct from their essences: for al-Kindī, God is such a wujūd of all things. Against this, al-Fārābī argues that existence as divided into the categories is real but identical with the essence of the existing thing, and that existence as truth is extrinsic to the essence but non-real (being merely the fact that some concept is instantiated). The Ḥurūf tries to reconstruct the logical syntax of syncategorematic or transcendental concepts such as being, which are often expressed in misleading grammatical forms. Al-Fārābī thinks that Greek more appropriately expressed many such concepts, including being, by particles rather than nouns or verbs; he takes Metaphysics Δ to be discussing the meanings of such particles (comparable to the logical constants of an ideal language), and he takes these concepts to demarcate the domain of metaphysics. This explains how al-Fārābī's title can mean both ‘‘Book of Particles'' and ‘‘Aristotle's Metaphysics.''

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Piha, Elena. « Making public space. About the same or about difference ? » Journal of Public Space 2, n^o 2 (11 octobre 2017) : 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jps.v2i2.100.

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<p class="Body">This text is about making public space out of and within the omnipresent entirety of space which is the defining circumstance of the macrocosm that holds us and that we inhabit. It begins with a propositional discourse on how that omnipresent space differentiates into public space and further articulates into human places. It concludes with a comparative précis of eight actual projects for public space as programmed, designed, realised and adopted for different purposes in the different socio-cultural and geo-locational situations of five established cities. The focus is on similarity and difference, or how social demands, human aspirations and design rationales for public space might depend on their originating context. It is also more about socio-cultural constants from which design approaches or, better, attitudes arise than the socio-political, economic or otherwise practical variables of procurement and implementation of public space, which are fleeting and fluctuate by time, government, and popular opinion.<br />The text is organised in sections, which form a collage of things that matter in making public space in the contemporary world which is essentially defined by the contemporary urban condition where global interconnectedness—networks and inclusiveness—negotiates with site-specific differentiation—otherness and exclusiveness. The order of the text is from general to particular, abstract to concrete, so as to set the subject matter in the context of the larger whole it belongs to.</p>

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Arnon, Avron. « Implication, Equivalence, and Negation ». Logical Investigations 27, n^o 1 (27 mai 2021) : 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-1472-2021-27-1-31-45.

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A system $HCL_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ in the language of {$ \neg, \leftrightarrow $} is obtained by adding a single negation-less axiom schema to $HLL_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ (the standard Hilbert-type system for multiplicative linear logic without propositional constants), and changing $ \rightarrow $ to $\leftrightarrow$. $HCL_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ is weakly, but not strongly, sound and complete for ${\bf CL}_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ (the {$ \neg,\leftrightarrow$} – fragment of classical logic). By adding the Ex Falso rule to $HCL_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ we get a system with is strongly sound and complete for ${\bf CL}_ {\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ . It is shown that the use of a new rule cannot be replaced by the addition of axiom schemas. A simple semantics for which $HCL_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ itself is strongly sound and complete is given. It is also shown that $L_{HCL}$$_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ , the logic induced by $HCL_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ , has a single non-trivial proper axiomatic extension, that this extension and ${\bf CL}_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ are the only proper extensions in the language of { $\neg$, $\leftrightarrow$ } of $ {\bf L}_{HCL}$$_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ , and that $ {\bf L}_{HCL}$$_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ and its single axiomatic extension are the only logics in {$ \neg, \leftrightarrow$ } which have a connective with the relevant deduction property, but are not equivalent $\neg$ to an axiomatic extension of ${\bf R}_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ (the intensional fragment of the relevant logic ${\bf R}$). Finally, we discuss the question whether $ {\bf L}_{HCL}$$_{\overset{\neg}{\leftrightarrow}}$ can be taken as a paraconsistent logic.

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Dyckhoff, Roy. « Contraction-free sequent calculi for intuitionistic logic ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 57, n^o 3 (septembre 1992) : 795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275431.

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Gentzen's sequent calculus LJ, and its variants such as G3 [21], are (as is well known) convenient as a basis for automating proof search for IPC (intuitionistic propositional calculus). But a problem arises: that of detecting loops, arising from the use (in reverse) of the rule ⊃⇒ for implication introduction on the left. We describe below an equivalent calculus, yet another variant on these systems, where the problem no longer arises: this gives a simple but effective decision procedure for IPC.The underlying method can be traced back forty years to Vorob′ev [33], [34]. It has been rediscovered recently by several authors (the present author in August 1990, Hudelmaier [18], [19], Paulson [27], and Lincoln et al. [23]). Since the main idea is not plainly apparent in Vorob′ev's work, and there are mathematical applications [28], it is desirable to have a simple proof. We present such a proof, exploiting the Dershowtiz-Manna theorem [4] on multiset orderings.Consider the task of constructing proofs in Gentzen's sequent calculus LJ of intuitionistic sequents Γ⇒ G, where Γ is a set of assumption formulae and G is a formula (in the language of zero-order logic, using the nullary constant f [absurdity], the unary constant ¬ [negation, with ¬A =defA ⊃ f] and the binary constants &, ∨, and ⊃ [conjunction, disjunction, and implication respectively]). By the Hauptsatz [15], there is an apparently simple algorithm which breaks up the sequent, growing the proof tree until one reaches axioms (of the form Γ⇒ A where A is in Γ), or can make no further progress and must backtrack or even abandon the search. (Gentzen's argument in fact was to use the subformula property derived from the Hauptsatz to limit the size of the search tree. Došen [5] improves on this argument.)

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Bacon, John. « The completeness of a predicate-functor logic ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 50, n^o 4 (décembre 1985) : 903–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2273980.

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Predicate-functor logic, as founded by W. V. Quine ([1960], [1971], [1976], [1981]), is first-order predicate logic without individual variables. Instead, adverbs or predicate functors make explicit the permutations and replications of argument-places familiarly indicated by shifting variables about. For the history of this approach, see Quine [1971, 309ff.]. With the evaporation of variables, individual constants naturally assimilate to singleton predicates or adverbs, leaving no logical subjects whatever of type 0. The orphaned “predicates” may then be taken simply as terms in the sense of traditional logic: class and relational terms on model-theoretic semantics, schematic terms on Quine's denotational or truth-of semantics. Predicate-functor logic thus stands forth as the pre-eminent first-order term logic, as distinct from propositional-quantificational logic. By the same token, it might with some justification qualify as “first-order combinatory logic”, with allowance for some categorization of the sort eschewed in general combinatory logic, the ultimate term logic.Over the years, Quine has put forward various choices of primitive predicate functors for first-order logic with or without the full theory of identity. Moreover, he has provided translations of quantificational into predicate-functor notation and vice versa ([1971, 312f.], [1981, 651]). Such a translation does not of itself establish semantic completeness, however, in the absence of a proof that it preserves deducibility.An axiomatization of predicate-functor logic was first published by Kuhn [1980], using primitives rather like Quine's. As Kuhn noted, “The axioms and rules have been chosen to facilitate the completeness proof” [1980, 153]. While this expedient simplifies the proof, however, it limits the depth of analysis afforded by the axioms and rules. Mindful of this problem, Kuhn ([1981] and [1983]) boils his axiom system down considerably, correcting certain minor slips in the original paper.

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Stjernfelt, Frederik. « Dicisigns and cognition : The logical interpretation of the ventral-dorsal split in animal perception ». Cognitive Semiotics 7, n^o 1 (1 mai 2014) : 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogsem-2014-0004.

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Abstract The paper is a critical investigation of the linguist James Hurford's bold proposal that animal cognition conforms to basic logical structure – particularly striking in the ventral-dorsal split of visual perception. The overall argument is that dorsal processing of visual information isolates the subject of a simple, perceptual proposition, while ventral processing addresses the corresponding predicate aspect – the two indicating and categorizing the object of perception, respectively. The paper investigates some of the problems in Hurford's interpretation – particularly his refusal of animal proto-language to have anything corresponding to constants or proper names and his idea that all such propositions must be monovalent only (and thus not addressing relations). As an alternative to Hurford's psychological interpretation of Frege for his logical basis, Peirce's theory of propositions – so-called “Dicisigns” – is proposed.

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Cottrell, Allin. « Keynes's Theory of Probability and Its Relevance to His Economics : Three Theses ». Economics and Philosophy 9, n^o 1 (avril 1993) : 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100005101.

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One calls a lot of things propositions. If one sees this, then one can discard the idea Russell and Frege had that logic is a science of certain objects – propositions, functions, the logical constants – and that logic is like a natural science such as zoology and talks about these objects as zoology talks of animals. Like a natural science, it could supposedly discover certain relations. For example, Keynes claimed to discover a probability relation which was like implication, yet not quite implication. But logic is a calculus, not a natural science, and in it one can make inventions but not discoveries.Giving grounds, however, justifying the evidence, comes to an end; – but the end is not certain propositions' striking us immediately as true, i.e. it is not a kind of seeing on our part; it is our acting, which lies at the bottom of the language-game. (Wittgenstein, 1969, §204)

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Makarova, Tatiana V., Olga A. Sotnikova et Anatoliy E. Groshev. « Forecasting Durability of Construction Composites on the Basis of Liquid Rubber ». Materials Science Forum 931 (septembre 2018) : 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.295.

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Initial theoretical propositions based on S.N. Zhurkov’s concept about termo-fluctuation approach to mechanics of destruction and solid bodies straining is formulated, formulas of dependence limits functionality of solid composites are described in the article. Physical constants of six rubber polymeric concrete composition are experimentally detected, the results of experiments are analyzed and described. The prediction and enhancement problem of working capacity for the polymeric construction materials come to detection of relationship between power, temperature and temporal limits of the material use. The optimal composition of rubber polymeric concrete from the power, temperature and temporal durability point of view is detected from the experiments results.

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Rebuschi, Manuel. « Le Moi comme un objet intentionnel. Une sémantique de «je» sans engagement ontologique ». Dialogue 51, n^o 2 (juin 2012) : 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217312000765.

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RÉSUMÉ : Les attitudes de se sont généralement considérées comme constituant une classe particulière d’attitudes de re. Cet article propose une analyse différente, qui s’appuie sur la notion d’attitude de objecto et qui évite un engagement ontologique envers le sujet. La proposition élabore l’idée de Hintikka d’une logique épistémique dite de seconde génération, qui introduit un marqueur syntaxique permettant d’exprimer des relations d’indépendance entre certaines constantes logiques. De cette sémantique résulte une conception du Moi, dénotation de «je», comme un objet simplement intentionnel.

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Griffin, Nicholas. « Was Russell Shot or Did He Fall ? » Dialogue 30, n^o 4 (1991) : 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300011860.

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In his critical notice of Russell's Theory of Knowledge, R. E. Tully takes issue with my interpretation of Wittgenstein's criticism of Russell's theory of judgment. Against it he raises two objections and also sketches an alternative interpretation. On Tully's characterization, I believe that Russell was shot out of the tree by a subtle but devastating argument, while Tully believes that he was shaken out of the tree by a much broader but non-lethal attack on his conception of a proposition. The metaphor is not inappropriate. I certainly believe that Wittgenstein's attack was lethal to Russell's theory of judgment and shows extraordinary marksmanship. But I do not want to deny that there was a lot of tree shaking going on at the same time—concerning, in particular, the logical constants and the concept of a proposition, both of which were topics closely related to the theory of judgment. Thus, while I maintain that Russell was shot, I do not subscribe to a single-bullet theory (although it must be admitted that, in such cases, the individuation of bullets is far from precise).

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Bourdeau, Michel. « La théorie intuitionniste des types : sémantique des preuves et théorie des constructions ». Dialogue 36, n^o 2 (1997) : 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300009537.

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AbstractMartin-Löf's constructive theory introduces, beside proof processes—the brouwerian mental construction—proof objects that could become the subject matter of a new kind of proof theory. In contradistinction to the classical approach, the proposition can then be defined as the set of its proofs. The lower level type theory is therefore a set theory, where the operators Σ and Π generalize the Cartesian product and the functional space to families of sets. To obtain the familiar logical constants, we have only to choose the logical reading of a : A. Σ and Π become ∃ and ∀, or, if there is no functional dependency, & and ⊃.

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Fritz, Peter. « First-order modal logic in the necessary framework of objects ». Canadian Journal of Philosophy 46, n^o 4-5 (août 2016) : 584–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2015.1132976.

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AbstractI consider the first-order modal logic which counts as valid those sentences which are true on every interpretation of the non-logical constants. Based on the assumptions that it is necessary what individuals there are and that it is necessary which propositions are necessary, Timothy Williamson has tentatively suggested an argument for the claim that this logic is determined by a possible world structure consisting of an infinite set of individuals and an infinite set of worlds. He notes that only the cardinalities of these sets matters, and that not all pairs of infinite sets determine the same logic. I use so-called two-cardinal theorems from model theory to investigate the space of logics and consequence relations determined by pairs of infinite sets, and show how to eliminate the assumption that worlds are individuals from Williamson's argument.

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Corrêa, Diogo Silva, et André Ricardo do P. Magnelli. « L’apocalypse de Gaïa : la cosmopolitique pour l’Anthropocène de Bruno Latour ». Natures Sciences Sociétés 28, n^o 3-4 (juillet 2020) : 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss/2021013.

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Nous vivons dans une société qui, tel unTitanicà la rencontre de son iceberg, persiste à accélérer vers une catastrophe incontrôlable. Les différents signes de la « grande accélération » de l’ère de l’Anthropocène s’accumulent sans cesse. Aurions-nous enfin acquis, avec la pandémie, une (nouvelle) sensibilité aux avertissements constants qui, souvent par lanceurs d’alerte, résonnent avec l’émergence du « nouveau régime climatique » ? Face à la folie de notre temps, c’est d’abord de la perplexité qu’affiche l’anthropologue et philosophe Bruno Latour. On propose de réfléchir ici aux défis actuels en dialogue avec la pensée de Latour sur la mutation écologique, notamment avec ses arguments présents dans deux de ses ouvrages,Face à GaïaetOù atterrir ?. Nous présentons son diagnostic du temps et ses propositions scientifiques, esthétiques et politiques, en montrant comment il entrelace les fils les plus divers de savoirs − science, politique, religion, esthétique, guerre – pour recomposer le monde et rendre la paix possible.

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Tamai, Fujio, et Yuji Kawakami. « Reflecting Multi-Layer Coatings by RF Sputtering ». Materials Science Forum 502 (décembre 2005) : 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.309.

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This work is concerned with the proposition of high contrast multi-layer structure for the fabrication of reflecting surface in the visible range. The multi-layer SiO2/Ta2O5 system has superior heat resistance and reflecting properties. Ta2O5 and SiO2 thin films were prepared by RF plasma sputtering in Ar-O2 mixed gas using Ta2O5 and SiO2 target respectively. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy and SEM observation were performed in order to investigate the multi-layer structure. The XRD and XPS analyses were also performed in order to investigate the crystal structure and the chemical state of the films. The optical constants of Ta2O5 single film were investigated by the ellipsometric analysis. Using the Ta2O5 film doped Bi2O3 for a reflecting multi-layer structure improved the reflecting properties and the heat resistance of the multi-layer system because of the high refractive index of the doped film.

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Gupta, Mousumi, et Debasish Bhattacharjee. « Two Weighted Fuzzy Goal Programming Methods to Solve Multiobjective Goal Programming Problem ». Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/796028.

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We propose two new methods to find the solution of fuzzy goal programming (FGP) problem by weighting method. Here, the relative weights represent the relative importance of the objective functions. The proposed methods involve one additional goal constraint by introducing only underdeviation variables to the fuzzy operatorλ(resp., 1-λ), which is more efficient than some well-known existing methods such as those proposed by Zimmermann, Hannan, Tiwari, and Mohamed. Mohamed proposed that every fuzzy linear program has an equivalent weighted linear goal program where the weights are restricted as the reciprocals of the admissible violation constants. But the above proposition of Mohamed is not always true. Furthermore, the proposed methods are easy to apply in real-life situations which give better solution in the sense that the objective values are sufficiently closer to their aspiration levels. Finally, for illustration, two real examples are used to demonstrate the correctness and usefulness of the proposed methods.

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Barra, Jérôme, Maria-Angeles Peña et Pilar Bustamante. « Proposition of group molar constants for sodium to calculate the partial solubility parameters of sodium salts using the van Krevelen group contribution method ». European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, n^o 2 (avril 2000) : 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00061-0.

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Delon, Françoise, et Patrick Simonetta. « Undecidable wreath products and skew power series fields ». Journal of Symbolic Logic 63, n^o 1 (mars 1998) : 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586598.

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We prove the undecidability of a very large class of restricted and unrestricted wreath products (Theorem 1.2), and of some skew fields of power series (Section2). Both undecidabilities are obtained by interpreting some enrichments of twisted wreath products, which are themselves proved to be undecidable (Proposition 1.1).We consider division rings of power series in various languages:We show (Theorem 2.8) that every power series division ring k((B)), whose field of constants k is commutative and whose ordered group of exponents is noncommutative with a convex center, is undecidable in every extension of the language of rings where the valuation and the ordered group B are definable.For certain k and B we prove here the undecidability of the structurewhere X↾k((B))xB is the restriction of the multiplication to k((B)) Χ B,and γ is a given conjugation of k((B)). This shows that we cannot hope to improve our previous result, a sort of Ax-Kochen-Ershov principle for power series division rings, which ensures thatis decidable for every decidable solvable B.

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Quantin, M., C. Morio, G. Guibu Pereira, J. Vazquez, J. Wertel, S. Isel, S. Galuola et J. Buche. « Calibration numérique 3D de vannes basculantes pour la mesure du débit déversé ». Techniques Sciences Méthodes, n^o 5 (mai 2019) : 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tsm/201905089.

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Un des objectifs principaux de l’arrêté du 21 juillet 2015 est de limiter les déversements non contrôlés du réseau d’assainissement vers le milieu naturel. Certaines collectivités, telles qu’Orléans Métropole, ont mis en place des vannes à basculement sur les conduites exutoires de leurs déversoirs afin de maximiser le stockage en réseau et de retarder ainsi les déversements d’eau vers le milieu naturel. Le présent travail consiste à concilier l’usage de ce type de vanne avec l’obligation d’autosurveillance, induite par le même arrêté, en élaborant une loi de calibration. Après une caractérisation du fonctionnement hydraulique de ce type de vanne, notamment en écartant l’influence du poids de la vanne et du clapet antiretour, une approche 1D, basée sur le couplage d’une loi d’orifice et d’un calcul de courbe de remous à charge spécifique constante, est proposée avant d’être validée par modélisation 3D avec un logiciel de mécanique des fluides numérique. Enfin, l’article conclut sur la proposition d’un dispositif de mesure adapté à ce type de vanne, composé d’une sonde à ultrasons en amont et d’un détecteur de basculement sur la vanne, et à un calcul de l’incertitude assortie à l’évaluation du débit, environ 20%.

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Bouvier, Jacques W., David M. Emms, Timothy Rhodes, Jai S. Bolton, Amelia Brasnett, Alice Eddershaw, Jochem R. Nielsen, Anastasia Unitt, Spencer M. Whitney et Steven Kelly. « Rubisco Adaptation Is More Limited by Phylogenetic Constraint Than by Catalytic Trade-off ». Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, n^o 7 (19 mars 2021) : 2880–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab079.

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Abstract Rubisco assimilates CO2 to form the sugars that fuel life on earth. Correlations between rubisco kinetic traits across species have led to the proposition that rubisco adaptation is highly constrained by catalytic trade-offs. However, these analyses did not consider the phylogenetic context of the enzymes that were analyzed. Thus, it is possible that the correlations observed were an artefact of the presence of phylogenetic signal in rubisco kinetics and the phylogenetic relationship between the species that were sampled. Here, we conducted a phylogenetically resolved analysis of rubisco kinetics and show that there is a significant phylogenetic signal in rubisco kinetic traits. We re-evaluated the extent of catalytic trade-offs accounting for this phylogenetic signal and found that all were attenuated. Following phylogenetic correction, the largest catalytic trade-offs were observed between the Michaelis constant for CO2 and carboxylase turnover (∼21–37%), and between the Michaelis constants for CO2 and O2 (∼9–19%), respectively. All other catalytic trade-offs were substantially attenuated such that they were marginal (<9%) or non-significant. This phylogenetically resolved analysis of rubisco kinetic evolution also identified kinetic changes that occur concomitant with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Finally, we show that phylogenetic constraints have played a larger role than catalytic trade-offs in limiting the evolution of rubisco kinetics. Thus, although there is strong evidence for some catalytic trade-offs, rubisco adaptation has been more limited by phylogenetic constraint than by the combined action of all catalytic trade-offs.

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Lapshin, Viktor P., Ilya A. Turkin, Alexey A. Zakalyuzhnyy, Viktor F. Khlystunov et Gennadiy A. Kuzin. « Adaptation of the control synthesized by the ACAR method to the control based on the implementation of the maximum principle ». MATEC Web of Conferences 226 (2018) : 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822602012.

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A special case of synthesizing the electromechanical control system by the maximum method and using the Analytical Construction method of Aggregate Regulators (ACAR) is considered in the article. For the basis the task of synthesizing the optimal for speed electromechanical positioning system was chosen, while the moment of resistance to movement linearly depended on the output coordinate of the system, that is, on the angle of the engine rotor rotation. Synthesis of the optimal system for speed makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the entire production process in many production tasks, and the synthesis of the optimal linear control system based on the maximum principle is a fairly well-formalized problem. Here it should be noted that the procedure for synergistic synthesis of the optimal control system has no such formalization. An approach that brings together the solutions obtained by these two methods, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the ACAR method by adding some features of the methodology for synthesizing optimal systems by introducing nonlinearity of the “saturation” type is proposed in the article. The results obtained made it possible to formulate the following basic scientific proposition: the synthesis of a control system based on the synergetic approach makes it possible to obtain a system close to optimal (quasi-optimal, but after the modification of the synergetic synthesis method itself.) Here we also formulate the hypothesis of a connection between the time constants, using the ACAR method, with the optimal control switching time determined in the maximum method.

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Ikechukwu I. Udema. « Rate constants are determinable outside the original Michaelis–Menten mathematical formalism wherein the substrate concentration range is  1.6  4.8 times enzyme concentration : A pre-steady-state scenario and beyond ». World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, n^o 1 (30 octobre 2022) : 350–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.1.0989.

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For some time now, there has been growing interest in pre-steady-state (PSS) kinetic parameters for whatever reasons, the measurement of which needs high-tech equipment capable of transient time-scale duration of assay. The proposition, however, is that all kinetic parameters, PSS and beyond, can be determined with appropriate PSS derivable equations and the usual Michaelis-Menten (MM) and Briggs-Haldane (BH) equations, respectively. The objectives of the research were: 1) To derive equations, for the determination of reverse rate constant when the substrate concentration, [S] « MM constant, KM, 2) determine by calculation, the reverse rate constant, forward rate constant, and consequently, show that it is possible to determine rate constant often seen to be masked within original MM cum BH mathematical formalism, and 3) validate corollaries from the derivation that justify procedural issue. Theoretical, experimental (Bernfeld method), and computational methods were explored. Pre-steady-state equations for the determination of kinetic parameters, the reverse rate constant, k-1, for the process ES ® E + S, the 2nd order rate constant, k1, and the rate, v1, for the formation of enzyme-substrate complex, ES, were derived. The derived originating equations with associated corollaries were validated and have been seen to be capable of reproducing experimental variables and kinetic parameters; rate constants that seemed masked in MM formalism were unmasked. Steady-state (SS) cum zero order kinetic parameters were » their PSS values. “Negative” catalytic efficiency (k-1/KM) was » “positive” catalytic efficiency, (kcat/KM), with lower [ET]. In conclusion, the equations for PSS kinetic parameters were derivable. Previously masked kinetic parameters in the MM/BB mathematical formalism can now be calculated using MM data; thus, all kinetic parameters can be determined regardless of the reaction pathway's state, PSS, and SS. PSS kinetic parameters were « SS/zero order values.

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Toyota, K., A. P. Dastoor et A. Ryzhkov. « Air–snowpack exchange of bromine, ozone and mercury in the springtime Arctic simulated by the 1-D model PHANTAS – Part 2 : Mercury and its speciation ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, n^o 8 (25 avril 2014) : 4135–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4135-2014.

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Abstract. Atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) refer to a recurring depletion of mercury occurring in the springtime Arctic (and Antarctic) boundary layer, in general, concurrently with ozone depletion events (ODEs). To close some of the knowledge gaps in the physical and chemical mechanisms of AMDEs and ODEs, we have developed a one-dimensional model that simulates multiphase chemistry and transport of trace constituents throughout porous snowpack and in the overlying atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). This paper constitutes Part 2 of the study, describing the mercury component of the model and its application to the simulation of AMDEs. Building on model components reported in Part 1 ("In-snow bromine activation and its impact on ozone"), we have developed a chemical mechanism for the redox reactions of mercury in the gas and aqueous phases with temperature dependent reaction rates and equilibrium constants accounted for wherever possible. Thus the model allows us to study the chemical and physical processes taking place during ODEs and AMDEs within a single framework where two-way interactions between the snowpack and the atmosphere are simulated in a detailed, process-oriented manner. Model runs are conducted for meteorological and chemical conditions that represent the springtime Arctic ABL characterized by the presence of "haze" (sulfate aerosols) and the saline snowpack on sea ice. The oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is initiated via reaction with Br-atom to form HgBr, followed by competitions between its thermal decomposition and further reactions to give thermally stable Hg(II) products. To shed light on uncertain kinetics and mechanisms of this multi-step oxidation process, we have tested different combinations of their rate constants based on published laboratory and quantum mechanical studies. For some combinations of the rate constants, the model simulates roughly linear relationships between the gaseous mercury and ozone concentrations as observed during AMDEs/ODEs by including the reaction HgBr + BrO and assuming its rate constant to be the same as for the reaction HgBr + Br, while for other combinations the results are more realistic by neglecting the reaction HgBr + BrO. Speciation of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) changes significantly depending on whether or not BrO is assumed to react with HgBr to form Hg(OBr)Br. Similarly to ozone (reported in Part 1), GEM is depleted via bromine radical chemistry more vigorously in the snowpack interstitial air than in the ambient air. However, the impact of such in-snow sink of GEM is found to be often masked by the re-emissions of GEM from the snow following the photo-reduction of Hg(II) deposited from the atmosphere. GOM formed in the ambient air is found to undergo fast "dry deposition" to the snowpack by being trapped on the snow grains in the top ~1 mm layer. We hypothesize that liquid-like layers on the surface of snow grains are connected to create a network throughout the snowpack, thereby facilitating the vertical diffusion of trace constituents trapped on the snow grains at much greater rates than one would expect inside solid ice crystals. Nonetheless, on the timescale of a week simulated in this study, the signal of atmospheric deposition does not extend notably below the top 1 cm of the snowpack. We propose and show that particulate-bound mercury (PBM) is produced mainly as HgBr42− by taking up GOM into bromide-enriched aerosols after ozone is significantly depleted in the air mass. In the Arctic, "haze" aerosols may thus retain PBM in ozone-depleted air masses, allowing the airborne transport of oxidized mercury from the area of its production farther than in the form of GOM. Temperature dependence of thermodynamic constants calculated in this study for Henry's law and aqueous-phase halide complex formation of Hg(II) species is a critical factor for this proposition, calling for experimental verification. The proposed mechanism may explain observed changes in the GOM–PBM partitioning with seasons, air temperature and the concurrent progress of ozone depletion in the high Arctic. The net deposition of mercury to the surface snow is shown to increase with the thickness of the turbulent ABL and to correspond well with the column amount of BrO in the atmosphere.

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Дубровский, В. А., К. Н. Дворецкий, С. В. Марков, Е. П. Карпочева et В. В. Тучин. « Оптическая цифровая регистрация седиментации эритроцитов и ее моделирование в форме коллективного процесса ». Журнал технической физики 126, n^o 5 (2019) : 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2019.05.47670.20-19.

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AbstractThe dependence of the sedimentation rate of donor blood on its percentage in the sample (the degree of its dilution with physiologic saline) ranging from 0.25 to 100% (whole undiluted blood) is investigated with digital video equipment. The ratio of the value of displacement of the sediment–supernatant boundary per time unit was taken as the blood sedimentation rate. In case of registration of different speeds of movement of this boundary in a given volume of the cuvette, their spatial averaging was performed. A substantial increase in the blood sedimentation rate was found experimentally at high levels of its dilution, and, conversely, at blood concentrations in physiologic saline solutions that are close to whole blood. At the same time, the rate of blood sedimentation decreased several times with blood content in the range of 30–50%. It was experimentally shown that variation of blood content in the physiologic saline solution over a wide range did not affect the evenness of sedimentation occurring for almost any blood concentration in the mixture. In other words, in the process of sedimentation of a single blood sample of a given dilution in the physiologic saline solution, the sedimentation rate does not change with time. The experimentally obtained results allowed to build a theoretical model of blood sedimentation for two cases: 1) sedimentation of free erythrocytes (highly diluted blood) and 2) sedimentation of erythrocyte aggregates (almost undiluted blood, up to whole blood). The originality of the model comes from the proposition to consider the sedimentation of cells and/or their aggregates as a collective effect, and not in the traditional form of sedimentation of individual particles or particles interacting with each other. This model gives a satisfactory agreement with experimental laws with the use of certain empirical constants. The study is useful for understanding the process of erythrocyte sedimentation.

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Bremberg, Sven G. « Early Childhood Conditions and Old-Age Mortality ». Open Public Health Journal 11, n^o 1 (30 mars 2018) : 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010112.

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Background:Early life conditions might determine adult mortality. The literature, however, both support and contradict this proposition. In most studies, the outcome has been the mortality rates in a given period of time. These rates represent the combined result of both previous and current exposures. Therefore, it is more apt to study the rate of improvement as an outcome, rather than mortality rates in a given period of time.Objective:The effects of early-life conditions, assessed as mortality rates at ages 0 and 1-4, and the effects of indicators of available resources in adult life were analysed.Methods:The outcomes were the decrease in the national rates of mortality in three age groups, aged 24-34, 35-54 and 55-74, in 18 OECD countries over the years 1990-2010. The effects were analysed in linear multiple regression models using least squares, controlling for country-specific historical constants, which represent the mortality rates in 1990.Results:Among the 24-34 and 35-54 year-olds, neither early-life indicators nor resource indicators significantly affected the regression equations. Among the 55-74 year-olds, however, in the model including the mortality rate at age 0 in 1940-49, the explanatory value of the equation in question increased from 65 to 79%, and the effect of mortality rate at age 0 was statistically significant.Conclusion:Significant effects of early-life conditions on the rate of decrease in mortality were found, but only in the oldest age group. This finding is consistent with Gavrilov’s reliability theory of aging.Key Points• Mortality rates have decreased almost linearly in recent decades in OECD countries.• Most of the variation between countries seemed to be determined by past history and the catch-up of nations that have previously lagged behind.• A significant effect of early-life conditions on the rate of decrease in mortality was found, but only in the 55-74 year-olds, not in the 24-34 and 35-54 year-olds.

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Ferreira, Denielson Moura, Dalva Valente Guimarães Gutierres et Ana Paula da Silva Carneiro. « O processo de construção e aprovação do plano de carreira dos profissionais do magistério da rede estadual de ensino do estado do Pará ». Revista Educação e Emancipação 10, n^o 1 (13 juin 2017) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v10n1p101-124.

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O estudo tem como objetivo discutir o processo de construção e aprovação da Lei nº 7.442/2010 que dispõe sobre o Plano de Cargos, Carreira e Remuneração - PCCR - dos profissionais do magistério da rede estadual de ensino do Estado do Pará. Como metodologia utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Foram analisadas as propostas do governo para o Plano de Carreira e as proposições do sindicato de professores constantes em informativos sindicais e jornais da época que originaram a Lei nº 7.442/2010. O estudo evidenciou que o processo de construção e aprovação da Lei nº 7.442/2010 foi marcado por conflitos entre governo e sindicato de professores. As diversas mobilizações, passeatas e greves de professores durante o processo possibilitaram alterações significativas na política de carreira proposta pelo governo, o que favoreceu a inclusão de propostas oriundas da representação do magistério público estadual.Palavras-Chave: Plano de Carreira; Valorização do Magistério Público; Carreira do Magistério.The making and approval process of the career plan of teaching professionals of Pará’s education networkABSTRACTThis study’s goal is to discuss the making and approval process of Law no. 7.442/2010, which defines the Offi ces, Career and Remuneration Plan – PCCR – of teaching professionals of Pará State’s education network. It was employed book and fi le research as methodology. Were analyzed the government’s proposals towards PCCR and the propositions of the teachers’ labor union commonly found in papers and syndicate newsletters of the time Law no. 7.442/2010 was originated. The study shows that the whole process of making and approval of Law no. 7.442/2010 which was marked by conflicts between state and the teachers’ labor union. Various mobilizations, rallies and strikes along the process allowed significant changes in the career policy proposed by the government, which enabled inclusion of proposals from the state public teaching body.Keywords: Career Plan; Appreciation of Public Teaching; Teaching Career.El proceso de construcción y aprobación del plan de carrera de profesionales de la Enseñanza de la red estatal de educación del estado de ParáRESUMENEl estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el proceso de construcción y aprobación de la Ley Nº 7.442 / 2010, que prevé el Plan de Carrera, Carrera y Remuneración - PCCR -. Metodología de la enseñanza profesional del estado de la educación del estado de Pará Tal como se usa el documental y bibliográfi co. las propuestas del gobierno se analizaron para el Plan de Carrera y las propuestas del sindicato maestros constantes en boletines y periódicos de la época que dio lugar a la Ley Nº 7.442 / 2010 del sindicato. El estudio demostró que el proceso de construcción y aprobación de la Ley Nº 7.442 / 2010 estuvo marcado por el confl icto entre el gobierno y el sindicato de maestros. Las protestas, marchas y varias huelgas de los maestros durante el proceso habilitadas cambios signifi cativos en la política de carrera propuesto por el gobierno, lo que favoreció la inclusión de propuestas de la representación de la enseñanza pública del estado.Palabras clave: plan de carrera; la apreciación pública del Magisterio; carrera magisterial.

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Toyota, K., A. P. Dastoor et A. Ryzhkov. « Air-snowpack exchange of bromine, ozone and mercury in the springtime Arctic simulated by the 1-D model PHANTAS – Part 2 : Mercury and its speciation ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, n^o 8 (26 août 2013) : 22151–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-22151-2013.

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Abstract. Atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) refer to a recurring depletion of mercury in the springtime Arctic (and Antarctic) boundary layer, occurring, in general, concurrently with ozone depletion events (ODEs). To close some of the knowledge gaps in the physical and chemical mechanisms of AMDEs and ODEs, we have developed a one-dimensional model that simulates multiphase chemistry and transport of trace constituents throughout porous snowpack and in the overlying atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Building on the model reported in a companion paper (Part 1: In-snow bromine activation and its impact on ozone), we have expanded the chemical mechanism to include the reactions of mercury in the gas- and aqueous-phases with temperature dependence of rate and equilibrium constants accounted for wherever possible. Thus the model allows us to study the chemical and physical processes taking place during ODEs and AMDEs within a single framework where two-way interactions between the snowpack and the atmosphere are simulated in a detailed, process-oriented manner. Model runs are conducted for meteorological and chemical conditions representing the springtime Arctic ABL loaded with "haze" sulfate aerosols and the underlying saline snowpack laid on sea ice. Using recent updates for the Hg + Br &rightleftarrows; HgBr reaction kinetics, we show that the rate and magnitude of photochemical loss of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) during AMDEs exhibit a strong dependence on the choice of reaction(s) of HgBr subsequent to its formation. At 253 K, the temperature that is presumably low enough for bromine radical chemistry to cause prominent AMDEs as indicated from field observations, the parallel occurrence of AMDEs and ODEs is simulated if the reaction HgBr + BrO is assumed to produce a thermally stable intermediate, Hg(OBr)Br, at the same rate constant as the reaction HgBr + Br. On the contrary, the simulated depletion of atmospheric mercury is notably diminished by not allowing the former reaction to occur in the model. Similarly to ozone (reported in the companion paper), GEM is destroyed via bromine radical chemistry more vigorously in the snowpack interstitial air than in the ambient air. However, the impact of such in-snow sink of GEM is found to be often masked by the re-emissions of GEM from the snow following the photo-reduction of Hg(II) deposited from the atmosphere. Gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) formed in the ambient air is found to undergo fast "dry deposition" to the snowpack by being trapped on the snow grains in the top ~ 1 mm layer. We hypothesize that liquid-like layers on the surface of snow grains are connected to create a network throughout the snowpack, thereby facilitating the vertical diffusion of trace constituents trapped on the snow grains at much greater rates than one would expect inside solid ice crystals. Nonetheless, on the timescale of a week simulated in this study, the signal of atmospheric deposition does not extend notably below the top few centimeters of the snowpack. We propose and show that particulate-bound mercury (PBM) is produced mainly as HgBr42− by taking up GOM into bromide-enriched aerosols after ozone is significantly depleted in the air mass. In the Arctic, "haze" aerosols may thus retain PBM in ozone-depleted air masses, allowing the airborne transport of oxidized mercury from the area of its production farther than in the form of GOM. Temperature dependence of thermodynamic constants calculated in this study for Henry's law and aqueous-phase halide complex formation of Hg(II) species is a critical factor for this proposition, calling for experimental verification. The proposed mechanism may explain a major part of changes in the GOM-PBM partitioning with seasons, air temperature and the concurrent progress of ozone depletion as observed in the high Arctic. The net deposition of mercury to the surface snow is shown to increase with the thickness of the turbulent ABL and to correspond well with the column amount of BrO in the atmosphere.

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DASGUPTA, Shashiprabha, Dipak DASGUPTA, Aruna CHATTERJEE, Susweta BISWAS et Birendra B. BISWAS. « Conformational changes in plant Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor on interaction with different myo-inositol trisphosphates and its effect on Ca2+ release from microsomal fraction and liposomes ». Biochemical Journal 321, n^o 2 (15 janvier 1997) : 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3210355.

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The interaction of the only reported plant inositol trisphosphate receptor with different myo-inositol trisphosphates (InsP3 species), namely Ins(1,4,5)P3, Ins(1,3,4)P3, Ins(1,5,6)P3 and Ins(2,4,5)P3, were studied to assess the extent of Ca2+ mobilization from microsomes/vacuoles as well as liposomes in vitro.Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(2,4,5)P3 bind with the receptor with comparable affinities, as evidenced from their dissociation constants (Kd approx. 100 nM at 5 ŶC), whereas the interaction between Ins(1,3,4)P3/Ins(1,5,6)P3 and the receptor was not detected even with these ligands at 5 ƁM. Ins(1,3,4)P3/Ins(1,5,6)P3 isomers also do not elicit Ca2+ release from liposomes or microsomes/vacuoles. The ability of any InsP3 to bind the receptor for Ins(1,4,5)P3 is a prime requirement for Ca2+ release. However, the comparison of binding affinities at a single temperature does not help to correlate it directly with the extent of Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores, because the concentration of Ca2+ released by Ins(1,4,5)P3 as estimated over a period of 20 s is 3500ŷ200 nM/mg of protein and is about 4-fold higher than that by Ins(2,4,5)P3 under identical conditions. To understand the role of the receptor conformation in Ca2+ release by different isomers, we have probed the conformational change of the receptor when the different isomers bind to it. Accessibility of the tryptophan residues in the free and Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ins(2,4,5)P3-bound receptor was monitored by a neutral fluorescence quencher, acrylamide. The resulting SternŐVolmer-type quenching plots of the internal fluorescence indicate a change in the conformation of the receptor on binding to Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(2,4,5)P3. It is also detected when far-UV CD spectra (205Ő250 nm) of the free and ligand [Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ins(2,4,5)P3]-bound receptor are compared. The results from CD spectroscopic studies further indicate that the conformational changes induced by the two isomers are different in nature. When thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG), for the formation of the two InsP3Őreceptor complexes are compared, a major difference in the extent of changes in enthalpy and entropy is noted. All these findings taken together support the proposition that it is the overall interaction leading to the requisite conformational change in the receptor that determines the potency of the InsP3 isomers in their abilities of Ca2+ mobilization from the intracellular stores or reconstituted liposomes.

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Garon, Jean-Denis, et Alain Paquet. « LES ENJEUX D’EFFICIENCE ET LA FISCALITÉ ». Articles 93, n^o 3 (29 mars 2019) : 297–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058424ar.

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Cet article passe principalement en revue différentes questions liées aux impacts de la fiscalité sur l’efficience et discute de propositions clés de la Commission d’examen sur la fiscalité québécoise (CEFQ). Tout en faisant référence à des propositions de réformes majeures à l’étranger, à l’aide d’une recension de la littérature, il présente les grands principes économiques sur lesquels doit reposer une révision du système fiscal. Il fait notamment ressortir le rôle des taux effectifs marginaux d’imposition et différents aspects à considérer lors d’une restructuration d’une taxe sur la consommation. Ceux-ci incluent le mode de prélèvement fiscal qui peut différer d’un prélèvement d’une taxe indirecte sur la valeur ajoutée, de la pertinence ou non d’appliquer un taux uniforme,etc.D’autres questions sont aussi abordées telles que les taxes sur les revenus du travail et du capital, de même que la taxation environnementale.En Grande-Bretagne en 1978, le rapport Meade faisait émerger plusieurs idées importantes telles que : privilégier la taxation du revenu dépensé (consommation) à un taux uniforme pour détaxer l’épargne, réduire les taux de taxation statutaire sur le revenu, abolir des échappatoires fiscales et réformer l’imposition sur les héritages. En 2011, le rapport Mirrlees s’est concentré sur la réduction des effets distortifs de la fiscalité au Royaume-Uni en maintenant les recettes du gouvernement constantes et en affectant le moins possible la redistribution des revenus. Le rapport recommande un impôt sur le revenu progressif et transparent sur le revenu des particuliers. Par ailleurs, quant à l’impôt sur les rendements du capital, le système fiscal devrait être neutre en évitant d’influencer le calendrier et la nature des investissements.Des éléments de théories viennent appuyer les arguments de Meade et Mirrlees. Le modèle néoclassique canonique permet de tirer plusieurs conclusions quant aux effets de la fiscalité sur l’efficacité économique. Notamment, il est préférable que les taux marginaux de taxation varient peu à travers le temps, car de trop grandes variations pousseront les ménages à modifier leurs décisions intertemporelles quant à leur consommation et leur travail à travers le temps, occasionnant ainsi des pertes sèches dans l’économie. Les taxes sur le revenu du travail et sur la consommation vont impacter sur les choix de consommation et de travail des ménages. Les taxes sur le revenu du capital ont à la fois des impacts sur la capacité de production future et les choix intertemporels des ménages.Plusieurs considérations doivent être prises en compte pour analyser la taxation des rendements du capital, qui tendent à décourager l’investissement privé. Premièrement, le gouvernement doit être intertemporellement cohérent, notamment si on veut éviter le recours à une taxe confiscatoire sur l’ensemble du revenu du capital. Deuxièmement, une taxe sur les rendements du capital est une taxe sur la consommation future. Troisièmement, pour des biens intermédiaires produits en situation de concurrence imparfaite, tout comme le mark-up inhérent au pouvoir de marché des firmes, l’impact d’une taxe sur revenu du capital sur l’investissement peut être accentué. Des considérations similaires s’appliquent également à l’investissement en capital humain. Par ailleurs, en présence d’agents hétérogènes soumis à des risques spécifiques non diversifiables, une taxe sur les rendements du capital pourrait être optimale afin d’éviter une épargne excessive.Les agents économiques peuvent être très sensibles à une hausse de la taxation des revenus du travail. Selon les cas, elle peut les pousser à réduire le nombre d’heures travaillées (à la marge intensive), à quitter le marché de l’emploi (à la marge extensive), à rechercher des formes de rémunération du travail non imposées ou moins imposées, voire à adopter des stratagèmes d’évitement fiscal, ou carrément se tourner vers l’économie clandestine. Tout en reconnaissant l’existence d’un débat sur l’ampleur empirique de chacun de ces effets, plusieurs travaux récents suggèrent que les impacts macroéconomiques sur les marges intensive et extensive peuvent être plus importants qu’on le pensait, surtout en fonction de l’âge et de la situation familiale des ménages. En outre, un impact négatif significatif de l’imposition des revenus du travail se ferait sentir sur l’accumulation de capital humain.D’autre part, en raison de l’interaction et du calcul applicable aux multiples crédits d’impôt existants de différents niveaux de gouvernement, les taux effectifs marginaux d’imposition sur le revenu du travail, notamment au Québec, sont souvent très élevés pour des travailleurs à faibles et moyens revenus, avec des effets désincitatifs vraisemblablement significatifs sur l’emploi. Un bouclier fiscal, dans la foulée d’une des recommandations de la CEFQ, peut compenser, dans une certaine mesure, la non-éligibilité partielle ou totale d’aides gouvernementales survenant avec une hausse du revenu personnel. Cette question mérite que les gouvernements y accordent une attention soutenue.La réforme proposée par la CEFQ a pour objectif de réduire les distorsions économiques causées par le système fiscal. La CEFQ propose notamment de taxer davantage la consommation et de réduire la taxation des intrants. Elle privilégie la TVQ à taux uniforme en tant que principal moyen de taxer la consommation, tout en préservant des biens détaxés. Pourtant, Boadway et Pestieau (2003) énumèrent des situations où il serait optimal de différencier les taux de taxation sur les biens, même en présence d’un impôt direct linéaire. Par souci d’équité, il est toutefois nécessaire de bonifier le crédit d’impôt pour solidarité pour les ménages à faibles revenus. Ces différentes questions font l’objet d’une réflexion approfondie.Les taxes environnementales viennent, avant toute chose, corriger les externalités négatives générées par l’activité économique. À l’instar des autres formes de taxation, elles génèrent tout de même des distorsions, qui réduisent l’assiette fiscale. De plus, une littérature émergente sur les changements technologiques « dirigés » montre que la combinaison de taxes sur le carbone et de subventions de recherche pour stimuler l’innovation et le développement de technologies propres peut être socialement optimale, lorsque des technologies propres et polluantes sont en concurrence.Réformer la fiscalité est une tâche de grande ampleur. De telles réformes affectent le quotidien des citoyens et suscitent des débats et les oppositions de certains groupes et personnes à une telle démarche. Pour augmenter les chances de succès d’une telle entreprise, et notamment sa faisabilité politique, le Québec aurait avantage à s’inspirer d’expériences ailleurs dans le monde. La proposition de réforme fiscale doit se fonder sur la science et sur les bonnes pratiques suggérées à la fois par les enseignements microéconomiques et macroéconomiques de la théorie de la taxation, ainsi que ceux tirés de la recherche empirique. Sans atteindre la perfection, tout en tenant compte des impondérables et des exigences démocratiques, un système fiscal peut être plus performant sur le plan de l’efficacité et de l’équité à la condition qu’un gouvernement fasse preuve de vision, de profondeur, de transparence et de volonté.

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Williams, AJ, et AJ Williams. « Some comparative studies of sulfate metabolism in Merino sheep genetically different in wool production ». Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, n^o 2 (1995) : 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950415.

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Several aspects of sulfate metabolism were compared in sheep from two selection flocks, selectively bred for either high (Fl+) or low (FI-) clean fleece weight per head. These were studied within a 23 factorial design: 2 flocksx2 levels of formaldehyde treated casein in diet (0 or 80 g day-1)x2 levels of subcutaneous L-thyroxine (0 or 1 mg day-1) with 4 sheep per cell. The treatments influenced the rates of wool growth and the output of sulfur in wool (P < 0.05), but with interactive effects (P < 0.05). The F1+ sheep produced 24 and 32 8g sulfur in wool cm-2 day-1at the midside when consuming the control and casein supplemented diet. The outputs of sulfur in wool by F1- sheep consuming these two diets were 16 and 17 8g cm-2 day-1. The thyroxine treatment increased the rate of growth of wool by 11% (P < 0.05), but did not increase average fibre diameter or the sulfur content of wool. Sulfate was cleared more rapidly (P < 0.05) from the plasma of sheep consuming the casein supplemented diet, with a rate constant of 0.134 h-1, compared to 0.099 h-1for the control sheep. The rate constants for Fl+ and F1- sheep were 0.102 and 0.131 h-1 respectively (P < 0.05). The concentration of sulfate in plasma was similar in all treatment groups: 1.3 mmol L-1The differences in the clearance of sulfate from plasma were reflected in similar differences in the proportion of the injected 35S-sulfate excreted in urine during the following 24 h. The sheep of the F1- flock and those consuming the casein-supplemented diet excreted significantly greater proportions of the injected 35S in urine (P < 0.05). In a second experiment, adult sheep (n = 24), the progeny of F1+ or F1- rams mated with a flock of medium wool Merino ewes, were randomly allocated to a low (c. 0.8 maintenance, 1 g sulfur day-1) or high (c. 2xM, 3 g sulfur day-1) dietary regime. [35S] sodium sulfate was again injected intravenously. There were no significant differences between the genetic groups for (i) sulfate concentration in plasma, (ii) total and net rates of irreversible loss of sulfate from plasma, (iii) the proportion of the injected [35S] sodium sulfate excreted in urine, (iv) the proportion of the excreted 35S present in urine as sulfate, and (v) the quantity of sulfate excreted in urine daily. However, the dietary treatments significantly influenced all these traits, except the concentration of sulfate in plasma. The direction of these effects was consistent with the proposition that sheep regulate excretion of sulfate from kidneys to maintain homeostasis of sulfate within the body. The smaller phenotypic difference in wool production between the two half-bred flocks in the second experiment, probably limited the chances of detecting any differences in the metabolism of sulfate.

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Dosse, François. « Paul Ricoeur et l’écriture de l’histoire ou comment Paul Ricoeur révolutionne l’histoire ». Perspectives théoriques, n^o 26 (29 avril 2011) : 138–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1002346ar.

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L’auteur se donne comme objet de discuter de la valeur philosophique et scientifique de la contribution de Paul Ricoeur quant à l’écriture de l’histoire, plus particulièrement au regard du rapport entre l’objectivité et la subjectivité et du rôle de l’intentionnalité dans l’historicité et le devenir. Pour ce faire, il organise son analyse autour des trois tomes de Temps et récit (1983-1985) où Ricoeur oppose à l’autosatisfaction triomphaliste de l’école des Annales sa proposition de dialogue entre la philosophie et l’histoire. L’auteur passe en revue un certain nombre de réactions aux propos de Ricoeur (entre autres de Certeau, Chartier, Rancière, Duby) et compare sa position à celle d’autres historiens et philosophes anglophones (entre autres celle de Dray, von Wright, Danto, White, Taylor). Ces discussions lui permettent d’explorer systématiquement la pensée du philosophe-historien. On est ainsi amené à constater que, pour Ricoeur, la pratique historienne est en tension constante entre l’objectivité, à jamais incomplète, et la subjectivité du regard méthodique qui doit se déprendre d’une partie de soi-même. Cette tension, précise Ricoeur, régit le « contrat de vérité » qui guide l’investigation historienne et fonde sa méthode et où la subjectivité de réflexion se trouve engagée dans la construction même des schémas d’intelligibilité. Il n’est donc pas étonnant alors que l’objet de Temps et récit soit de penser l’articulation du temps qui doit apparaître avec le temps qui est conçu comme condition des phénomènes. C’est ce qui fonde le projet herméneutique de Ricoeur, c’est-à-dire rouvrir le passé, revisiter ses potentialités à la lumière de l’intentionnalité du locuteur analysant. Ce projet ne pouvait que mener Ricoeur à s’interroger sur l’événement et son sens. À ce propos, l’auteur souligne ici l’importance de la contribution du philosophe au moment où la mondialisation de l’information fait que la totalité sociale connaît une extraordinaire dilatation de l’histoire, ce qui constitue une présentification conduisant à une expérimentation nouvelle de l’historicité, où l’événementialité est redéfinie comme approche d’une multiplicité de possibles et où la lecture historienne de l’événement n’est plus réductible à l’événement étudié, mais envisagée dans sa trace située dans une chaîne événementielle, donc à l’intérieur d’un processus. Sur cette base, on comprend alors toute l’importance de la contribution de Ricoeur à l’histoire du temps présent et l’incidence de ses travaux sur le rapport entre histoire et mémoire, dans lesquels cette dernière est elle-même érigée en objet historique. L’auteur souligne que ce renversement a une valeur heuristique, car il permet de mieux comprendre l’indétermination des possibles ouverts pour les acteurs, indétermination où l’intentionnalité subjective des acteurs prend tout son importance dans la détermination du régime d’historicité, ce dernier étant traversé par la tension entre l’espace d’expérience et l’horizon des attentes. C’est ce qui fait que le régime d’historicité est toujours ouvert vers le devenir et ne peut être la simple projection d’un projet social pensé et fermé sur lui-même, la logique d’action maintenant toujours ouvert le champ des possibles.

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Kamalakkannan, Abbish, Peter Johnston et Barbara Johnston. « Improving the accuracy of retrieved cardiac electrical conductivities ». ANZIAM Journal 63 (12 août 2022) : C154—C167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v63.17148.

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Accurate values for the six cardiac conductivities of the bidomain model are crucial for meaningful electrophysiological simulations of cardiac tissue and are yet to be achieved. A two-stage optimisation process is used to retrieve the cardiac conductivities from cardiac potentials measured on a multi-electrode array—the first stage simultaneously fits all six conductivities, and the second stage fits a subset of the conductivities (intracellular conductivities), while holding the remainder of the conductivities (extracellular conductivities) constant. Previous studies have shown that the intracellular conductivities are retrieved to a lesser degree of accuracy than extracellular conductivities. This study tests the proposition that there exists a relationship between the extracellular and intracellular conductivities during the second stage of the optimisation that affects the accuracy of the retrieved intracellular conductivities. A measure to quantify this relationship is developed using polynomial chaos. The results show that a significant relationship does exist, and thus any errors in the extracellular conductivities are magnified in the retrieved intracellular conductivities. Thus, it is suggested that future protocols for retrieving conductivities incorporate the uncertainty in the extracellular conductivities. References R. C. Aster, B. Borchers, and C. H. Thurber. Parameter Estimation and Inverse Problems. Elsevier, 2018. doi: 10.1016/C2015-0-02458-3 W. Huberts, W. P. Donders, T. Delhaas, and F. N. van de Vosse. Applicability of the polynomial chaos expansion method for personalization of a cardiovascular pulse wave propagation model. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Biomed. Eng. 30.12 (2014), pp. 1679–1704. doi: 10.1002/cnm.2695 B. M. Johnston, S. Coveney, E. T. Y. Chang, P. R. Johnston, and R. H. Clayton. Quantifying the effect of uncertainty in input parameters in a simplified bidomain model of partial thickness ischaemia. Med. Bio. Eng. Comput. 56.5 (2018), pp. 761–780. doi: 10.1007/s11517-017-1714-y B. M. Johnston and P. R. Johnston. Approaches for determining cardiac bidomain conductivity values: Progress and challenges. Med. Bio. Eng. Comput. 58 (2020), pp. 2919–2935. doi: 10.1007/s11517-020-02272-z B. M. Johnston and P. R. Johnston. Determining six cardiac conductivities from realistically large datasets. Math. Biosci. 266 (2015), pp. 15–22. doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.05.008 B. M. Johnston, P. R. Johnston, and D. Kilpatrick. A new approach to the determination of cardiac potential distributions: Application to the analysis of electrode configurations. Math. Biosci. 202.2 (2006), pp. 288–309. doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2006.04.004 A. Kamalakkannan, P. R Johnston, and B. M. Johnston. A modified approach to determine the six cardiac bidomain conductivities. In: Comput. Bio. Med. 135, 104549 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104549 I. J. Legrice, P. J. Hunter, and B. H. Smaill. Laminar structure of the heart: A mathematical model. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 272.5 (1997), H2466–H2476. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.5.H2466 References C166 R. Plonsey and R. Barr. The four-electrode resistivity technique as applied to cardiac muscle. IEEE Trans. Bio-med. Eng. 29.7 (1982), pp. 541–546. doi: 10.1109/tbme.1982.324927 D. D. Streeter Jr, H. M. Spotnitz, D. P. Patel, J. Ross Jr, and E. H. Sonnenblick. Fiber orientation in the canine left ventricle during diastole and systole. Circ. Res. 24.3 (1969), pp. 339–347. doi: 10.1161/01.res.24.3.339 M. Sun, N. M. S. de Groot, and R. C. Hendriks. Cardiac tissue conductivity estimation using confirmatory factor analysis. In: Comput. Bio. Med. 135, 104604 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104604 L. Tung. A Bi-Domain Model for Describing Ischemic Myocardial D-C Potentials. Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1978. url: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16177 [13] S. Weidmann. Electrical constants of trabecular muscle from mammalian heart. J. Physiol. 210.4 (1970), pp. 1041–1054. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009256 N. Wiener. The homogeneous chaos. Am. J. Math. 60.4 (1938), pp. 897–936. doi: 10.2307/2371268 D. Xiu and G. E. Karniadakis. The Wiener–Askey polynomial chaos for stochastic differential equations. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 24.2 (2002), pp. 619–644. doi: 10.1137/S1064827501387826

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Nascimento, Maria Naiane Rolim, Nuno Damácio de Carvalho Félix, Simone Soares Damasceno, Ana Maria Parente Garcia Alencar, Célida Juliana de Oliveira et Maria Miriam Lima da Nóbrega. « Diagnósticos de enfermagem psicoespirituais para pessoas com síndrome metabólica ». Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, n^o 12 (2 décembre 2018) : 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i12a238081p3181-3189-2018.

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RESUMOObjetivo: construir enunciados de diagnósticos de enfermagem direcionados às necessidades psicoespirituais de pessoas com síndrome metabólica. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, documental, contemplando as seguintes etapas de identificação e validação por consenso (100%) dos termos relevantes para o cuidado com a prioridade de saúde; mapeamento cruzado dos termos identificados com os da versão 2017 da classificação; construção dos enunciados de diagnósticos de Enfermagem; mapeamento cruzado dos enunciados construídos com os da Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE®), e os resultados apresentam-se em forma de figura. Resultados: classificaram-se 135 termos no âmbito das necessidades psicoespirituais, dos quais 24 foram excluídos por envolverem as necessidades psicobiológicas e psicossociais, totalizando 111 termos. Validaram-se, então, 61 termos, permitindo a elaboração de oito enunciados diagnósticos contemplando as necessidades psicoespirituais, sendo que 50% não constavam da classificação. Conclusão: construíram-se os enunciados dos quais metade apresentou-se como não constante na CIPE® 2017 colaborando, assim, para o seu desenvolvimento e para a inclusão na dimensão psicoespiritual no cuidado de Enfermagem integral direcionado ao público-alvo e para o avanço da Classificação de Enfermagem. Descritores: Enfermagem; Diagnóstico de Enfermagem; Terminologia Padronizada em Enfermagem; Síndrome Metabólica; Espiritualidade; Religião.ABSTRACT Objective: to build listed nursing diagnoses directed to psychospiritual needs of people with metabolic syndrome. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive and documentary study contemplating the following stages for the identification and validation by consensus (100%) of the relevant terms to the care with the priority of health; cross-mapping of terms identified with the 2017 version of the classification; construction of the statements of nursing diagnoses; cross-mapping of the statements constructed with the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®), and the results are presented in the form of a figure. Results: rated to 135 terms in the context of psychospiritual needs, from which 24 were excluded because they involve the psychobiological and psychosocial needs, totaling 111 terms. Validated, then, 61 terms, allowing the establishment of eight listed diagnoses contemplating the psychospiritual needs, being that 50% were not classified. Conclusion: there were built the propositions of which half was not listed in the ICNP® 2017, thus contributing to their development and for inclusion in the psychospiritual dimension in full nursing care directed to the audience and to the advancement of the Classification of Nursing. Descriptors: Nursing; Nursing Diagnosis; Standardized Nursing Terminology; Metabolic Syndrome; Spirituality; Religion.RESUMENObjetivo: generar diagnósticos de enfermería enumerados dirigidos a las necesidades psico-espirituales de las personas con el síndrome metabólico. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y documental, contemplando los siguientes pasos para la identificación y validación por consenso (100%) de los términos pertinentes al cuidado con la prioridad de la salud; cross-correlación de términos identificados con la versión 2017 de la clasificación; construcción de las declaraciones de diagnósticos de enfermería; cross-correlación de las declaraciones construidos con la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería (ICNP®), y los resultados se presentan en forma de una figura. Resultados: clasificación de 135 términos en el contexto de necesidades psico-espirituales, de los cuales 24 fueron excluidos porque implican la psicobiología y las necesidades psicosociales, por un total de 111 términos. Validado, entonces, 61 términos, permitiendo la creación de ocho diagnósticos enumerados contemplando las necesidades psico-espirituales, siendo que el 50% no estaban clasificados. Conclusión: construido si las proposiciones de las cuales la mitad no estaba incluida en la ICNP® 2017, contribuyendo así a su desarrollo y para la inclusión en la dimensión psico-espiritual en plena atención de enfermería dirigida al público y a la promoción de la Clasificación de la Enfermería. Descriptores: Enfermería; Diagnósticos de Enfermería; Terminología Normalizada de Enfermería; Síndrome Metabólico; Espiritualidad; Religión.

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EKONG, JOSEPH T. « A Ratiocinative Study and Assessment of W. V. O. Quine’s “Criterion of Ontological Commitment” ». International Journal of Philosophy 1, n^o 1 (7 octobre 2022) : 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijp.1052.

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Purpose: This work has three main objectives: Firstly, it offers an elucidation of the notion of ontological commitment. Secondly, it assesses the adequacy of the criterion of ontological commitment for different languages. Thirdly, it offers some speculative and evaluative remarks regarding the significance of Quine’s criterion of ontological commitment. Many ontologists, within the analytic tradition, often appeal to Quine's criterion of ontological commitment, when debating whether an assertion or theory implies the existence of a certain entity. Regarding his goal in formulating this criterion, he says that the criterion does not aim to help us discover what it is that there is, but only what a theory says there is: “I look to variables and quantification for evidence as to what a theory says that there is, not for evidence as to what there is” (Quine, 1960: 225). Its most popular formulation, using textual evidence from Quine's oeuvre, is: “To be is to be the value of a bound variable,” (Quine, 1961: 15). However, this formulation is susceptible to gross misunderstanding, especially if one is influenced by the formalities and technical maneuvers of model theory. In mathematical logic, model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing statements about a mathematical structure), and their models (those structures in which the statements of the theory hold). Model theory is a branch of mathematical logic where we study mathematical structures by considering the first-order sentences true in those structures and the sets definable by first-order formulas. Model theory studies the relations between sentences of a formal language and the interpretations (or ‘structures’) which make these sentences true or false. It offers precise definitions of truth, logical truth and consequence, meanings and modalities. Methodology: This work is expository, analytic, critical and evaluative in its methodology. Of course, there are familiar philosophical problems which are within the discursive framework of ‘ontology,’ often phrased by asking if something or some category of things are “real,” or whether “they exist,” concretely. An outstanding example is provided by the traditional problem of universals, which issues in the nominalist-realist controversy, as to the real existence of universals, or of abstract entities such as classes (in the mathematical sense) or propositions (in the abstract sense, referring to the content of an assertion in abstraction from the particular words used to convey it). Results: In as much as one might agree with Quine’s Criterion of Ontological Commitment, one might also opine that it is nonetheless a feature of first-order language (i.e. the language embodied in first-order logic; a symbolized reasoning process comprising relations, functions and constants, in which each sentence or statement is broken down into a subject and a predicate. In this regard, the predicate modifies or defines the properties of the subject) that there should be an exact correspondence between the ontological commitments carried by a sentence and the objects that must be counted among the values of the variables in order for the sentence to be true. However, this in itself is not a reason for thinking that such a feature will generalize beyond first-order languages. It is possible for Quine’s Criterion to degenerate, when the language contains atomic predicates expressing extrinsic properties. Unique Contribution to theory, practice and policy: Based on Quine’s analysis, a theory is committed to those and only those entities that in the last analysis serve as the values of its bound variables. Thus, ordinary first-order theory commits one to an ontology only of individuals (particulars), whereas higher order logic commits one to the existence of sets, i.e. of collections of definite and distinct entities (or, alternatively, of properties and relations). Likewise, if bound first-order variables are assumed to range over sets (as they do in set theory), a commitment to the existence of these sets is incurred. Admittedly, the precise import of Quine’s criterion of ontological commitment, however, is not completely clear, nor is it clear in what other sense one is perhaps committed by a theory to those entities that are named or otherwise referred to in it, but not quantified over in it. However, it despite its limitations, it has made is possible for one to measure the ontological cost of theories, an important component in deciding which theories to accept, thus offering a partial foundation for theory choice.

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Silva, Ana Karla Loureiro da, et Maria da Conceição Valença da Silva. « Formação de professores/as no sistema prisional do Estado de Alagoas : avanços, limites e possibilidades (Teacher training in the state of Alagoas’ prison system : advances, limits and possibilities) ». Revista Eletrônica de Educação 15 (24 mars 2021) : e4757031. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271994757.

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e4757031This study’s go analyzing constant devices in the State Plan of Education in Prisons (PEEP) of the state of Alagoas (Brazil) related to the prison units’ teacher training. There the acknowledgment of how important is to discuss the training aspects of the docents who act in the prison system, in order to make evident the advances, limits, and possibilities regarding training, as to their implications to exercise of teaching. The research has a qualitative character supported by the descriptive-analytic and interpretive perspective, with the approach of qualitative-quantitative complementarity. As methodological procedures, there were used bibliographic studies and the answering of a survey by the administrators linked to Alagoas’ prison units educational process. The analysis of the information gathered was made by documental analysis as well as it searched to interpret the event by the meaning that the participants attribute to what they say and do. The research’s results made evident the advance of the educational grounds that referenced the PEEP, namely: the respect regarding the students’ identities, experience, and knowledge, the problematization of the reality in which the educational process occurs, and the dialog as principle of education, important factors that may subsidize the prison units teachers’ training; one of the limits is the distancing between these fundamentals and the propositions to the training and acting of the teachers; and as possibilities a revision of the PEEP and the establishing of partnerships between the government instances and public universities on behalf of the training of teachers who act in the prison system.ResumoEste estudo teve como objetivo analisar dispositivos constantes no Plano Estadual de Educação nas Prisões (PEEP) do Estado de Alagoas relacionados à formação de professores/as das unidades prisionais. É reconhecida a importância de discutir aspectos da formação docente dos/as profissionais que atuam no âmbito prisional, no sentido de evidenciar avanços, limites e possibilidades tanto no que diz respeito à formação, quanto às suas implicações para o exercício da docência. A pesquisa é de caráter qualitativo, respaldada pela perspectiva de investigação analítico-descritiva e interpretativa, com abordagem de complementaridade qualitativa-quantitativa. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram realizados pesquisa e estudo bibliográficos e aplicado um questionário para gestoras vinculados ao processo educacional das unidades prisionais alagoanas. A análise das informações coletadas se deu pela análise documental, bem como buscou interpretar o sentido do evento a partir do significado que as participantes atribuem ao que falam e fazem. Dos resultados, a pesquisa evidenciou como avanço os fundamentos educacionais que referendam o PEEP, a saber: o respeito às identidades, às experiências e aos saberes dos estudantes, a problematização da realidade na qual ocorre o processo educacional e o diálogo como princípio da educação, importantes fatores que podem subsidiar a formação dos/as professores/as das unidades prisionais; um dos limites é o distanciamento entre estes fundamentos e as proposições para a formação e a atuação dos/as professores/as; e como possibilidades uma revisão dos dispositivos constantes no PEEP e a realização de parcerias das instâncias governamentais com universidades púbicas em prol da formação de professores/as que atuam nas unidades prisionais.ResumenEste estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar dispositivos constantes en el Plano Estadual de Educação nas Prisões (PEEP) del Estado de Alagoas (Brasil) relacionados a la formación de profesores de las unidades penitenciarias. Es reconocida la importancia de discutir aspectos de la formación de los docentes que actúan en el ámbito penitenciario, en el sentido de por en evidencia avances, límites y posibilidades a la formación y sus implicaciones al ejercicio de la docencia. La investigación es de carácter cualitativo, respaldada por la perspectiva de investigación analítico-descriptiva e interpretativa, con enfoque de complementariedad cualitativa-cuantitativa. Como metodología fueran realizadas investigaciones y estudios bibliográficos y aplicado un cuestionario para gestores vinculados al proceso educacional de las unidades penitenciarias. El análisis ocurrió a través de los resultados documentados y interpretación del sentido del evento por parte de los participantes a partir del significados que atribuyen a lo que hablan y hacen, poniendo como avance los fundamentos que refrendan el PEEP: el respeto a las identidades, a las experiencias y a los saberes de los estudiantes, la problematización de la realidad en que ocurre el proceso educacional y el diálogo como principio de la educación, importantes factores para la formación de los profesores de las unidades penitenciarias; como límite hay el distanciamiento entre eses fundamentos y las proposiciones para la formación y la actuación de los profesores; y como posibilidades la revisión del PEEP y cooperación entre las instancias gubernamentales y universidades públicas en beneficio de la formación de profesores que actúan en el sistema penitenciario.Palavras-chave: Educação nas prisões, Plano Estadual de Educação, Formação de professores/as, Estado de Alagoas.Keywords: Education in Prisons, State Plan of Education, Teacher training, State of Alagoas.Palabras-clave: Educación en las penitenciaras, Plan Estadual de Educación, Formación de Profesores, Estado de Alagoas.ReferencesALAGOAS. Resolução Normativa CEE nº 02. Conselho Estadual de Educação. Alagoas, 2014.ALAGOAS. Plano Estadual de Educação nas Prisões (Biênio 2016-2017). Alagoas, 2015.ALAGOAS. Relatório Mensal das Atividades de Assistência Educacional do Sistema Penitenciário Alagoano. Supervisão de Educação / GEPL/SERIS, 2014.ALAGOAS. Relatório Mensal das Atividades de Assistência Educacional do Sistema Penitenciário Alagoano. Supervisão de Educação / GEPL/SERIS, 2015.ALAGOAS. Relatório Mensal das Atividades de Assistência Educacional do Sistema Penitenciário Alagoano. Supervisão de Educação / GEPL/SERIS, 2016.BOGDAN, R.; BIKLEN, S. Investigação qualitativa em educação: uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Portugal: Porto Editora, 2010.BRASIL. Constituição (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, 1988. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm. Acesso em: 11 set. 2016.BRASIL. Lei de Execução Penal. Lei nº 7.210. Congresso Nacional. Brasília, 1984. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L7210.htm Acesso em: 11 set. 2016.BRASIL. Resolução Normativa nº 03. Congresso Nacional. Brasília, 2009. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/component/docman/?task=doc_downloadgid=10028...htm Acesso em: 11 set. 2016.BRASIL. Resolução Normativa CNE nº 02. Congresso Nacional. Brasília, 2010. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_docmanview=downloadalias=5142-rceb002-10category_slug=maio-2010-pdfItemid=30192 Acesso em: 11. Set. 2016BRASIL. Decreto nº 7.626. Congresso Nacional. Brasília, 2011. Disponível em: http:// www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2011/Decreto/D7626.htm Acesso em: 11 set. 2016CHIZZOTTI, Antonio. Pesquisa qualitativa em ciências humanas e sociais. 6 ed. São Paulo: Vozes, 2011.FOUCAULT, Michel. Vigiar e punir: nascimento da prisão. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2010.FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia do oprimido. 65. ed. Rio de Janeiro/São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2018.GIL, A. C. Como elaborar projetos de pesquisa. São Paulo: Atlas, 2002.LÜDKE, M.; ANDRÉ, M. E. D. A. Pesquisa em educação: abordagens qualitativas. 2. ed. São Paulo: EPU, 2013.ONOFRE, Elenice. Desafio histórico na educação prisional brasileira: ressignificando a formação de professores... um quê de utopia?. Campinas, Revista HISTERDBR On-line, n. 47, p. 205-219. 2012. Disponível em: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/histedbr/article/view/8640048 Acesso em: 16 mar. 2017.ONOFRE, E. M. C.; MENOTT, C. C. Formação de professores e educação na prisão: construindo saberes, cartografando perspectivas. Formação Docente – Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa sobre Formação de Professores, v. 8, n. 15, p. 149-162, 31 dez. 2016. Disponível em: https://revformacaodocente.com.br/index.php/rbpfp/article/view/146 Acesso em: 02 fev. 2018.SILVA, Maria da Conceição Valença da. EJA em penitenciária e a formação de professores: desafios de uma experiência. In: CALADO, Alder Júlio Ferreira; SILVA, Alexandre Magno Tavares da (Orgs.). Educação como Diálogo e Produção de Saberes. João Pessoa: Ideia, 2001.SILVA, Maria da Conceição Valença da. A prática docente de EJA: o caso da Penitenciária Juiz Plácido de Souza em Caruaru. Recife: Centro Paulo Freire/Bagaço, 2006.SILVA, Maria da Conceição Valença da. A EJA no Brasil e as políticas públicas para a educação de pessoas privadas de liberdade. In: DIÓGENES, Elione Maria Nogueira;SILVA, Maria da Conceição Valença da (Orgs.). Políticas públicas em educação: episteme e práticas. Curitiba: CRV, 2017.SOUZA, João Francisco. Práticas pedagógicas e formação de professores. 2. ed. Recife: Ed. Universitária UFPE, 2012.

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Boeva, Luc. « De nationalisering van de demos. Twee nieuwe bijdragen rond nationalisme in België ». WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 68, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2009) : 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v68i1.12407.

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Natievorming en democratisering zijn onderling verweven processen, die sociale, politieke en culturele conflicten inbedden in een functionele politieke eenheid. Het nationalisme biedt, met zijn referentie aan de soevereiniteit van het volk, potentieel voor de democratisering van een samenleving. De in 2007 verschenen colloquiumbundel Natie en Democratie 1890-1921 (o.r.v. Els Witte, Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk, Emiel Lamberts e.a) bestudeert het effect van het democratische verruimingsproces op de Belgische natie-staat tijdens de periode 1890-1921, met als onderzoeksvraag: welke interactie had er plaats tussen natie en democratie? België is vanaf 1830 een goed voorbeeld van actieve natievorming; in het laatste kwart van de 19e eeuw was de burgerlijke natiestaat dan ook stevig gevestigd. Op het einde van de 19e eeuw werd het nationale identiteit nog versterkt door de vlugge economische ontwikkeling, de koloniale expansie en de culturele opleving. Dat gaf echter nauwelijks impulsen aan het democratiseringsproces, omdat de voornaamste krachten van het Belgisch nationalisme gevestigde belangen te verdedigen hadden. De democratische hervormingen kwamen zelden tot stand door de nood aan een verdere nationale integratie en de door de burgerlijke elite geconstrueerde Belgische natie diende tot aan WOI niet tot emancipatorische inspiratiebron. De nationalistische exaltatie na WOI versnelde echter het democratiseringsproces en omgekeerd versterkte de democratisering de nationale gevoelens. Het Vlaams-nationalisme, dat in de colloquiumbundel ook aan bod komt, werd dan weer door het democratiseringsproces versterkt. Gedragen door kleine burgerij, boeren en werkmannen, had het immers alles te winnen met een uitbreiding van het stemrecht, inzonderheid het mannelijk algemeen meervoudig stemrecht in 1894. Ook voor het vanaf dan met de Belgische natie concurrerende Vlaamse nationalisme, vormde WOI een waterscheiding. Tijdens en na de oorlog vond daarbij de strategische en ideologische splitsing plaats, die ondermeer verband houdt met de relatie tussen democratie en nationalisme. Dat we überhaupt aan de hand van de Belgische casus geen algemene conclusies kunnen trekken over de relatie natievorming-democratisering, bewijst overigens het comparatief luik in de colloquiumbundel.De relatie met de gemeenschap, de demos en de (al dan niet) democratische vertegenwoordiging is eveneens een belangrijke constante in de bijdrage over het Vlaams-nationalisme van de Gentse academici Bruno De Wever en Antoon Vrints tot een in 2008 verschenen reader over de politieke ideologieën in Vlaanderen (o.r.v. Luk Sanders en Carl Devos).Een aantal stellingen al dan niet gebaseerd op synthetiserende modellen, zwengelt de discussie aan. Dat betreft ondermeer de zgn. C-fase in de Vlaamse beweging, het onderscheid tussen patriottisme en nationalisme en het ideologisch gehalte van nationalisme.Beide publicaties scherpen in ieder geval de honger aan naar meer comparatief onderzoek op internationale schaal. ________The nationalisation of the demos. Two new contributions about nationalism in BelgiumThe formation of a nation and democratisation are two interconnected processes that mould social, political and cultural conflicts into a functional political entity. Nationalism referring to the sovereignty of the people offers potential for the democratisation of a society. The colloquium collection Natie en Democratie 1890-1921, published in 2007 (Editors: Els Witte, Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk, Emiel Lamberts and others) studies the effect of the democratic enlargement process on the Belgian nation-state during the period 1890-1921, with the research focusing on the question: what interaction took place between the nation and democracy? From 1830 onwards Belgium was a good example of the active formation of a nation; in the last quarter of the 19th century the civil nation state had therefore acquired a solid foundation. At the end of the 19th century the national identity was reinforced even more by the speedy economic development, the colonial expansion and cultural revival. However, that hardly provided any boost to the democratisation process, because the most prominent forces of Belgian nationalism were defending vested interests. Democratic reforms were rarely realised because of the lack of more national integration, and the Belgian nation, which had been created by the middle class elite did not provide a source for emancipatory inspiration until the First World War. The nationalist exaltation after the First World War however, speeded up the democratisation process and inversely, the democratisation reinforced the national sentiment.Flemish-nationalism in its turn, which is also dealt with in the colloquium collection, was reinforced by the democratisation process. As it found its supporters among the lower middle classes, farmers and workers, it could only gain from an extension of the right to vote, more in particular the right of universal plural voting for men in 1894. World War I was also a watershed for Flemish-nationalism which from that moment on competed with the Belgian nation. During and after the war a strategic and ideological schism took place, which among other things concerns the relationship between democracy and nationalism. The comparative section in the colloquium collection proves moreover that it is not at all possible to draw general conclusions about the relationship between the formation of a nation and democratisation on the basis of the Belgian case.The relationship with the community, the demos and their representation (whether democratic or not) is also an important constant factor in the contribution about Flemish-nationalism by the Ghent academics Bruno De Wever and Antoon Vrints to a reader published in 2008 about political ideologies in Flanders (Editors: Luk Sanders and Carl Devos).A number of propositions whether or not based on synthesizing models cranks up the discussion. This concerns among other things the so-called C-phase in the Flemish Movement, the distinction between patriotism and nationalism and the ideological content of nationalism.At any rate both publications increase our appetite for more comparative research on an international scale.

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