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1
Mihaylov, Valentin. « Zasady etnopolitycznej i terytorialno-politycznej organizacji Jugosławii. Geneza, ewolucja, współczesne konsekwencje ». Sprawy Narodowościowe, no 39 (15 février 2022) : 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2011.021.
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Principles of Ethnopolitical and Territorial-Political Organization of Yugoslavia: Genesis, Evolution and Contemporary ConsequencesThe article is devoted to the principles of ethnopolitical and territorial-political organization of the Yugoslavian state. The study presents the genesis and evolution of this question in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (1918–1941) and in the Socialist Federation of Yugoslavia (1945–1991). In doing so it considers one of the most important and controversial problems in Yugoslavian ethnopolitics – the relations between its ethnopolitical and territorial-political subsystems. The author emphasizes dynamic changes and a lack of consistency in Yugoslav ethnopolitics. One issue in focus is the question of territorial-political reorganization of the federation at the beginning of the 1990s. The groups engaged in the struggle over the division of Yugoslavia applied various principles of delimitation of contentious areas. Susan Woodward identifies four main principles which the antagonist groups used as arguments for their “property right” over a given territory – historical, democratic, principle of the inviolability of borders and realistic principle. After the civil war during the 1990s, the Yugoslavian federation was reorganized into sovereign states by recognizing the existing internal administrative borders between the Yugoslav republics as international ones. The author also discusses contemporary problems of the ethnopolitical and territorial-political organization of post-Yugoslav countries and close relations between state-building and nation-building processes. Major current problems in the field of ethnopolitics are considered as a direct consequence of the influence of those accumulated during the seventy-year period of existence of a common state.
2
Uvalic, Milica. « Property reforms in Yugoslavia ». MOCT-MOST Economic Policy in Transitional Economies 1, no 3 (octobre 1991) : 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01102297.
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Čolović, Vladimir. « Agreement on Succession Issues - Protection of Private Property / Sporazum o pitanjima sukcesije – zaštita privatne svojine ». Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 5, no 5 (28 juillet 2015) : 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1505040c.
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After the breakup of Yugoslavia, many problems between the former republics, which among other things concerning the private property of natural and legal persons, are not yet resolved. In this regard, the question arises, how the state will guarantee the protection of private property. All former Yugoslav republics signed the Agreement on Succession Issues June 29, 2001, which stipulates that all newly independent states in the former Yugoslavia are the successor states. The agreement contains seven annexes and three appendices. The Agreement regulates the distribution of movable and immovable federal property, status of assets outside the territory of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, finance, archives, etc. The paper specifically analyzes the Annex G which refers to the issue of private property. In Annex G is defined that the private property of the natural and legal persons will be protected by the successor states. All rights concerning to the private property, if possible, will be returned in its original condition by the successor state, irrespective of nationality, domicile or head office of the said persons. This paper also discusses the respect of vested rights, the contents of the private property rights, the necessity of the conclusion of specific bilateral agreements between the former Yugoslav republics, as well as a dual process of resolving the above issues.
4
MILOŠEVIĆ, SRĐAN. « AGRARIAN REFORM IN YUGOSLAVIA 1945–1948 : THE AGRO-POLITICAL ASPECT ». ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no 33 (22 décembre 2022) : 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2022.33.136-152.
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This paper presents a general overview of agrarian reform implemented in Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1948. It also lays out the norms and agrarian policies on which it was based. Agrarian reform was enacted in Yugoslavia in harmony with the specific nature of the Yugoslav context and the lauded union of workers and peasants. This context widely differed from that of the USSR, which is why the nationalization of arable land was not considered in Yugoslavia. In fact, at the beginning of the reform process, private property was given stronger protections. This included issuing deeds of ownership in the names of individuals but with certain limitations, of which the most significant was a twenty-year moratorium on the alienation of property obtained from the reforms.
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Obradovic, Marija, et Nada Novakovic. « The “National Political Elites” and the Disintegration of the SFRY, 1970 - 1991 ». Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no 7 (6 août 2022) : 754–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.97.12784.
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The goal of this paper is research into the role of the "national polititical elites", religious and ethnic identies of the working class in the didintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1991. The article is based on the hypothesis that the "national political elites" in Yugoslavia, in conditions marked by the process of the historical collapse of the socialist social-economic system in Eastern Europe, through the manipulation of power, i.e. by means of propaganda of nationalistic ideology, exploited the ethnic and religious identites of the working class in Yugoslavia and converted that political pover through war into economic power by the expropriation of public property. Therefore, relying on the historical method of economics, this paper analyses the process of the founding of the conservative "national political elites" from the League of Communist of Yugoslavia's nomenclature during the process of the elemental and uncontrolled borrowings of various Yugoslavian subjects on the international financial market in the period between 1970 and 1980 and the "debt crisis" during the 1980's. The second hypothesis researched is based on the political economy approsch that the basic cause for the disintegration of the SFRY were economic factors (international and local) and not ethnic conflicts.
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Jakovljević, Branislav. « Experiments in ownership : Immaterial labour and social property ». Maska 35, no 200s3 (1 décembre 2020) : 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/maska_00042_1.
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Abstract In Yugoslavia, the social ownership of property was the driving force of self-management. At the same time, it was supposed to become the promoter of the free association of workers. Using the institution of ‘free artist’ as its focal point, this article analyses the forms of socialization that socially ownership of property made possible, and argues that artists’ groups were the true militants of self-management in Yugoslavia.
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Ilić, Simo M. « Pravni položaj žene u Predosnovi građanskog Zakonika za Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju ». Vesnik pravne istorije 1, no 2/2020 (15 juin 2021) : 194–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/hlh_20208a.
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The paper examines the legal position of women in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, with emphasis on the reforms proposed in the Draft Civil Code for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The legal system of Yugoslavia was not unified and therefore the position of women differed from one legal territory to another. The paper briefly reviews legislation in the six Yugoslav legal territories with emphasis on unfavourable norms which required reforms. The Draft is analysed in detail. It enacted complete legal capacity for married women, equal inheritance rights for male and female children and improved inheritance position of widowed spouses. Adoption of a modified separate property system and diminished parental rights of mothers are considered as drawbacks of the Draft. Special rules for inheritance in rural areas and Sharia law (mandatory for the Muslim minority) are analysed as exceptions from the Draft Civil Code. Legal theory opinions on the legal position of women that were presented during the public debate on the future Civil Code are also reviewed. The conclusion analyses the appropriateness of the Draft in the context of social and political circumstances in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
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Zajc, Marko. « Razumevanje jugoslovanstva v Sloveniji (in Slovenije v jugoslovanstvu) v začetku osemdesetih let ». Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no 2 (9 novembre 2016) : 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.2.07.
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The paper attempts to present the important discussions on nationalism, Slovenianism and Yugoslavism from the early 1980s and call attention to the (inter)dependence of nationalism (and its perceptions) and the social system and social issues. It lays out reasons for the historical study of nationalism/the national question in Slovenia and Yugoslavia in the early 1980s. The paper presents a critical overview of the established periodisation of the 1980s in Slovenian public opinion and history and sketches out the basic contours of the period in question. The main part of the paper is the analysis of different attitudes towards the national question in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. The conclusion establishes a connection between the interpretation of the national question and the interpretation of social property in the late self-management period.
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Mihajlov, Mihajlo. « Is Yugoslavia the Private Property of the Conmiunist Party ? » Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 24, no 1 (2012) : 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2012241/29.
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Mihajlo Mihajlov's Open Letter to Josip Broz Tito of 15 July 1966 is a remarkable document. Apart from Milovan Djilas, only Mihajlov dared to address Tito in this manner. Yet Mihajlov's Open Letter voiced a hope which would reverberate in his country and throughout the communist world: the abolition of one-party communist rule in favor of a multi-party system guaranteeing basic human rights and freedoms, pluralism, tolerance, and an open society. In fact, Mihajlov's Open Letter spelled out the basic parameters of an open society as well as the limits of liberalization in Titoist Yugoslavia, The regime's response was swift and clear: Mihajlov's arrest on 8 August 1966, and subsequent imprisonment for a crime of thought.
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Milošević, Srđan. « Okućnica kolektivizovanih seoskih domaćinstava u Jugoslaviji (1945–1953) ». Tokovi istorije 30, no 2 (31 août 2022) : 39–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2022.2.mlo.39-71.
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The paper deals with the organizational and practical issues related to the household plot of the collectivized households in Yugoslavia. This household plot was in the regime of individual property. This structure originated from the Soviet kolkhoz, but had different characteristics in the Yugoslav context. Besides having been an additional source of agricultural products to satisfy the needs of the collectivized households, the products grown on these plots were also allowed to enter the market. The household plot had a disproportionally large impact on the overall agricultural production, since the peasants intensified the use of this plot. This came as a consequence of the dysfunctional and unpopular organizational characteristics of the agricultural cooperatives.
11
Simon, Djerdj. « Economic transition in Yugoslavia : A view from outside ». Medjunarodni problemi 55, no 1 (2003) : 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0301104s.
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Yugoslavia, once an advanced country in market reforms, was one of the least transformed countries in Eastern Europe in the nineties. Such a situation was caused by the civil war, policy of the Milosevic?s regime and international sanctions. The resistance of the ruling conservative forces made it impossible to establish an adequate reform policy. Thus, the transition stopped short halfway. The situation has radically changed only since the autumn of 2000, after Milosevic?s downfall, when after the gradual lifting of international isolation, economic and political reforms were given a new stimulus, and the country could start the process of European integration. This article is an attempt to give an overview of the transition of the Yugoslav economy in the last ten years or so. The growth rate of Yugoslavia?s GDP is compared not only with that of its neighbouring countries, i.e. other former socialist countries of South-Eastern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Romania) but also with that of other transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Commonwealth of Independent States. A particular attention is given to the role of research and development (R&D) in Yugoslavia in the nineties as compared to Croatia, Slovenia, and the United States. The structural changes in the Yugoslav economy during the past decade are analysed together with property relations as well as the issues concerning small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At the sectoral level, it is the performance of manufacturing and agriculture that is separately explored. In relation to this, wage formation and relative wage levels in Yugoslavia?s manufacturing are viewed regarding the country?s international competitiveness and wider characteristics of globalising world economy. In analysing the role of external sources in the Yugoslav economy, the problems of foreign trade, external indebtedness, and attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) are emphasized together with the economic assistance rendered to the FRY by the European Union. Regarding the important indicator of openness, i.e. the share of exports and imports in GDP, a comparison is made between Yugoslavia, on one hand, and Croatia, Slovenia, the European Union, and the United States, on the other. The economic policy of Milosevic?s regime is contrasted with that of the new democratic government that came to power after the events in October 2000. Stabilisation, liberalisation, privatisation, and institutional reform are considered giving particular attention to the experience of the member republics of the Yugoslav federation: Serbia and Montenegro. The author comes to the following conclusions: in transition countries stabilisation, liberalisation, and privatisation cannot be successful without carrying out a comprehensive, deep reform of the system of political institutions that along with creation of conditions for establishment of democracy and its strengthening also enables building of a modern and efficient market economy. This complicated and often contradictory process could come across serious obstacles if the old state and party nomenclature in power retains the command economy without planning, and under demagogical, nationalistic, and populist slogans gets involved in wars even taking the risks of being put under international isolation. However, such an outdated economic system characterised by autarchy can only temporarily exist and hinder the unravelling of market reforms in the epoch of globalisation.
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Blagojević, Predrag, Svetlana Brzev et Radovan Cvetković. « Seismic Retrofitting of Mid-Rise Unreinforced Masonry Residential Buildings after the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia Earthquake : A Case Study ». Buildings 13, no 3 (24 février 2023) : 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030597.
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There is a significant building stock of post-WWII low- and mid-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in Serbia and the region (former Yugoslavia). Numerous buildings of this typology collapsed due to the devastating 1963 Skopje, Yugoslavia earthquake, causing fatalities, injuries, and property losses, as well as experienced damage in a few recent earthquakes in the region, including the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake (MW 5.5) and the 2020 Petrinja, Croatia earthquake (M 6.4). These buildings are three- to five-stories high, have clay brick masonry walls, and rigid floor slabs, usually with an RC ring beam at each floor level. This paper presents a case study of a URM building which was damaged due to the 2010 Kraljevo earthquake and subsequently retrofitted. A comparison of seismic analysis results, including the capacity/demand ratio and displacement/drift values, for the original and retrofitted building according to the seismic design and retrofit codes which were followed in Serbia as well as some of the neighboring countries for several decades and Eurocode 8 has been presented. The results of this study show that the selected retrofit solution that satisfied the Yugoslav seismic code requirements is not adequate according to the Eurocode 8, primarily due to significantly higher seismic demand.
13
Uvalic, Milica. « Avramovic’s contribution to the transition to market economy in Yugoslavia ». Panoeconomicus 69, no 2 (2022) : 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2202265u.
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The paper is dedicated to Dragoslav Avramovic, a unique personality who played a key role in a historically important period for Federal Republic (FR) of Yugoslavia. After the successful implementation of his macroeconomic stabilization program, Avramovic wanted to implement other important economic reforms. In November 1995, he prepared the ?Program II? that contained fifteen measures, one of which was the ?Democratization of property relations?. Avramovic formed a Working Group in April 1996 that was to prepare a privatization program for FR Yugoslavia. The program was soon ready, proposing obligatory, comprehensive and fast privatization of all enterprises in FR Yugoslavia, using a combination of different methods. However, Avramovic?s privatization program was not even officially discussed, since in mid-May 1995 he had to leave his position of Governor of the National Bank. The paper also points to the profound ideological differences among intellectuals at that time and to the wider consequences of Avramovic?s departure.
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Papajorgji, Endri, et Naim Mëçalla. « Enterprises in Yugoslavia as a Specialty of Workers' Self-Management System During Socialism (1945-1990) ». Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no 5 (5 septembre 2021) : 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0132.
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In Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (hereinafter: SFRY) many laws were approved that regulated the legal capacity of economic organizations (Dobias, 1969);1 however, no law regulated the concept of the enterprise (Stipetić, 1982). The constitution of 13.1.1953 transformed in its Art 4 “state property” to "social property". In addition, workers' self-management of enterprises (economic organizations) was proclaimed as the basis of the social and political order. The work collective managed the assets of the companies on behalf of the company, while the state was responsible for day-to-day management and the funds needed for production (Prasnikar, Svejnar, Mihaljek & Prasnikar, 1994). In this sense, the implementation of participative management systems reflects the intentions of the political leadership to decentralize and liberalize economic life (Zeffane, 1988). The company was not a commercial company, as it is known in the West, but a production cooperative that was not in a membership relationship with the workers (because then they would be equal to a public company), but in an employment relationship (Spaić, 1960). The company was self-sufficient in terms of its internal organization and management, planning its economic activity, the distribution and use of income, the signing of contracts and the formation of economic associations (Pretnar, 1961). The self-administration law, ie the right of the work collectives to the administration of the commercial enterprises, could be called civil-law or property-law authority, because the work collectives would not have possessed a real self-administration right, without such a competence. In this sense, main objective of this manuscript is the analysis of enterprises in Yugoslavia as a specialty of both systems, capitalism and socialism. Main objective of this manuscript is the Analysis of Enterprises in Yugoslavia as a specialty of workers' self-management system from 1963 -1990 Received: 16 June 2021 / Accepted: 3 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Calori, Anna, et Kathrin Jurkat. « ‘I’m Both a Worker and a Shareholder.’ Workers’ Narratives and Property Transformations in Postsocialist Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia ». Südosteuropa 65, no 4 (26 janvier 2018) : 654–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2017-0043.
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Abstract The authors offer an analysis of the property reforms that accompanied economic transformation in late socialist and postsocialist Yugoslavia, as experienced and narrated by industrial workers in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia today. The property reforms carried out in these two countries between 1990 and the 2000s have profoundly influenced the narratives that workers form around their experience of economic transformation in the workplace. By analysing how industrial workers have developed a feeling of ownership towards their particular workplace, and how they now talk about that experience, the authors provide an explanation for workers’ disillusionment and dissatisfaction towards privatisation reforms in recent years, and show how they have made sense of the seismic shifts in property relations that have accompanied economic reforms since 1989.
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Ryška, Ivan. « Military Necessity and Cultural Heritage Protection in Laws of War : Historical Overview ». International and Comparative Law Review 21, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0018.
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Summary The article examines the development of the concept of military necessity in relation to cultural property. Starting from 18th century and Emmerich de Vattel it continues to codifications of International Humanitarian Law in 19th century and finally focuses on 1954 Hague Convention and its 1999 Second Protocol. The article underlines the most significant trends in the development and aims to illustrate increasing respect for cultural property during the conflict. In its final section it presents more current issues related to cultural property protection and armed conflict: inclusion of human rights protection and matter of dual-use objects. Both questions are introduced in decision of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in Prlić et al. case that investigates destruction of Stari Most in Mostar. The decision shows that some new elements have to be considered in assessment of military necessity related to cultural property.
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Ilic, Jovan. « The Serbs in Croatia before and after the break-up of Yugoslavia ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no 120 (2006) : 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0620253i.
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The Serbs are first mentioned in the west part of the Balkan peninsula in 822. They populated the regions east of the river Cetina, mountain Pljesevica and the area between the rivers Una and Kupa. It means that the significant part of the present Republic of Croatia had been populated by the Serbs since the settlement of the Slavs. The main regions mostly populated by the Serbs were north-west Dalmatia, the larger part of Lika and Kordun, Banija, west Slavonia and smaller sections in east Slavonia, west Srem and Baranya. Social-political circumstances for the life of the Serbs in Croatia were mostly very unfavorable. Extremely unfavourable circumstances were during World War II in The Independent State of Croatia, when the Croatian ustasha fighters carried out an extensive, systematic, comprehensive and bestial genocide, that is ethnocide over the Serbs. The second genocide, that is ethnocide over the Serbs in Croatia was carried out in the civil ethnic-religious war 1991-1995, specially in 1995. In these years, the nationalist- chauvinist, antiserbian movement and war suddenly flared up in Croatia. The Serbs living there were forced to defend, so on December 19 1991 they proclaimed The Republic of Srpska Krajina. However, the Croatian armed forces were military stronger. The Serbs were defeated and punished by the total destruction of their property and mass expulsion. In that cruel civil-ethnic war, about 276.000 Serbs were expelled from Croatia, several thousand of them were killed. About 40.000 Serbian houses were destroyed and 380 Serbian villages were burnt. Hundreds of Serbian-Orthodox religious edifices were burnt or destroyed. The value of the destroyed or plundered Serbian property in Croatia was estimated at about 30 billion euros. According to the official Croatian data, in the last several years about 60.000 Serbs-refugees returned from Serbia to their native land, mostly older persons or those who returned to sell their property and leave Croatia again. About 40.000 of them went to live abroad. However, the Serbs-returnees still live in very difficult conditions, discriminated in all segments of life primarily when it comes to employment.
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Coronna, M. E. « The Concept of Social Property and the Rights of the Foreign Investor in Yugoslavia ». Review of Socialist Law 11, no 1 (1985) : 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187529885x00232.
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Clark, Janine Natalya. « The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict : The ‘Human Element’ and the Jurisprudence of the icty ». International Criminal Law Review 18, no 1 (15 février 2018) : 36–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01801005.
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During the wars in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, extensive attacks on cultural heritage took place. Established in 1993, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty) has prosecuted some of these cultural heritage crimes, and it is the Tribunal’s work in this regard that constitutes the central focus of this article. Arguing that the icty’s jurisprudence has highlighted a crucial ‘human element’ of cultural heritage destruction, the article identifies two particular ‘human’ dimensions of cultural heritage crimes that can be extracted from the icty’s cases, namely an impact dimension and an intent dimension. If the Tribunal’s jurisprudence has thereby underscored the powerful synergies between crimes against property and crimes against people, these synergies have wider practical implications. Adopting a functionalist view, this article ultimately seeks to show that cultural heritage has a potentially important and largely unexplored role to play in post-conflict reconciliation.
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Mirković, Zoran S. « Mihailo Konstantinović o radu na građanskom zakoniku u međuratnoj Jugoslaviji ». Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 70, no 5 (29 décembre 2022) : 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_22mk03a.
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The paper analyses the work on the codification of the civil code in interwar Yugoslavia and Mihailо Konstantinović’s opinion of that work, which lasted almost a decade and a half but did not lead to the adoption of the code. The paper describes the environment and circumstances in which the work on codification began, the main actors, their positions, the method of codification, and the outcome of that work – the creation of The Pre-Draft of the Civil Code for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Mihailo Konstantinović’s opinion on that work begins with the history of the creation of the Serbian Civil Code, and how it happened that the Austrian Civil Code was used as the basis, as opposed to the French Civil Code. Konstantinović’s arguments for why it was wrong to use the Austrian Civil Code, instead of the 1888 Montenegrin General Property Code are presented.
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Cvetic, Radenka. « Property law in Vojvodina in the period between world wars ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no 125 (2008) : 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0825021c.
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In the first part of this article, the author offers an outline of Hungarian legal sources of private law applied in Vojvodina, as they were applicable in this area due to the principle of legal continuity for private law sources in the territory of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The second part of the article describes the role of the Novi Sad Chamber of the Cassation Court (Chamber B) in creating the unique system of private law between world wars (denoted as mixed system of law), which is illustrated by caselaw related to property law (peaceful possession and owner?ship rights). The author compares this system with the existing Serbian private law indicating the need to preserve welldrafted legal rules regardless of their background in order to create the space for a delicate task of interpreting and applying law.
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Demiri, Shemsije, et Rudina Kaja. « OWNERSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND THE STATE AS THE HOLDER OF THE PROPERTY RIGHT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION IN 1991 ». Knowledge International Journal 28, no 6 (10 décembre 2018) : 1993–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28061993s.
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This paper deals with the right to property in general terms from its source in Roman law, which is the starting point for all subsequent legal systems. As a result of this, the acquisition of property rights is handled from the historical point of view, with the inclusion of various local and international literature and studies, as well as the legal aspect devoted to the respective civil codes of the states cited in the paper.Due to such socio-economic developments, state ownership and its ownership function have changed. The state function as owner of property also changed in Macedonia's property law.The new constitutional sequence of the Republic of Macedonia since 1991 became privately owned as a dominant form of ownership, however, state ownership also exists.This process of transforming social property into state or private (dissolves), in Macedonia starts from Yugoslavia through privatization, return and denationalization measures, on which basis laws on privatization have been adopted. Because of this, there will be particularly intensive negotiations regaring the remaining state assets.
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Dimitrijevic, Vesna. « Serbian landowners in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia the case of Bogdan Dundjerski ». Balcanica, no 42 (2011) : 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1142117d.
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Originally from Herzegovina, the Dundjerski family moved to south Hungary, present-day Serbia?s province of Vojvodina, in the seventeenth century. From the 1820s the family?s progress was marked by the enlargement of their landed property. In the early twentieth century the family owned or rented about 26,473 ha of land in Vojvodina. Bogdan Dundjerski (1860-1943), the third generation landowner, was brought up in a mixture of different traditions including the ethic of Serb highlanders of Herzegovina, central-European middle classes and Hungarian nobility. A wealthy landowner, Serb patriot and benefactor, whose political role in the Second World War remains controversial, described himself as: Serb, Christian Orthodox, landowner.
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Stanivuković, Maja. « Yugoslavia is Opening its Doors to Foreign Acquisition of Real Property : Alien Ownership of Immovables in Yugoslavia After the New Foreign Investment Act 1988 and Recent Amendments to the Basic Property Relations Act 1980 ». Netherlands International Law Review 38, no 01 (mai 1991) : 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00005271.
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Marko, Joseph. « Bosnia-Herzegovina : The Role of the Judiciary in a Divided Society ». Constitutional Review 5, no 2 (18 novembre 2019) : 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/consrev521.
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This paper analyzes the role of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the promotion of social justice under the conditions of a triple transformation from war to peace and from a communist regime based on the Titoist self-management ideology to a liberal-democratic political regime and economic market system in three parts. The first section describes the political, constitutional and economic context during and after the collapse of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The second section describes and analyzes the constitutional and institutional arrangements established under the General Framework Agreement for Peace, concluded in Dayton/Ohio and Paris, 1995. The third section deals with the role of the Constitutional Court and analyzes with reference to its case law the interpretative doctrines developed in its adjudication of the right to property concerning different concepts of property and the right to work in the context of the constitutionally guaranteed right to return of refugees and restitution of property.
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Djordjevic, Bojan. « Dubrovnik archive in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ». Prilozi za knjizevnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, no 81 (2015) : 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pkjif1581049d.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The fundamental issue in the first years after the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was related to the future organization of Dubrovnik Archive, considering that the invaluable materials still lay in the Rector?s Palace, which assumed a completely new role and a special place in the newly formed Kingdom. Namely, following the end of World War I and the foundation of the new state, the Rector?s Palace in Dubrovnik, as a cultural property of national significance, was proclaimed a cultural-historical monument, on the one hand, and also a residence of the king, on the other. Therefore, it came under the jurisdiction of the Court of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Court of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), i.e. of the Royal Office. The jurisdiction over the Archive itself, specifically over the materials kept in it, was in the hands of the Ministry of Education. In 1921, Antonije Vucetic was named the first administrator of Dubrovnik Archive. Vucetic immediately and unequivocally advanced the thesis that Dubrovnik Archive, despite not being of the rank of the Archives in Zagreb and Belgrade, still is ?the most celebrated in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes?. Above all else, he emphasized the historical significance of this Archive, containing materials important for the history of the Republic of Dubrovnik, but also for the Serbian and Croatian histories from the 11th to the 19th centuries. In the year 1930, a new administrator was appointed to Dubrovnik Archive. It was Branimir Truhelka. He realized that in the case of the most important matters related to the Archive, in the case of all the Archive?s needs, they should turn, if possible, directly to the Court of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, i.e. to the Minister of the Court. The year 1931 marks the beginning of Truhelka?s systematic efforts to obtain the most that could be obtained for Dubrovnik Archive, to explain its significance to the authorities on the Court, and - without insisting on moving the Archive from the Rector?s Palace, being aware of the lack of support for this - to do everything to provide the safe keeping of valuable materials and to secure research in the Archive. Until the beginning of World War II and the occupation of Yugoslavia, Dubrovnik Archive prospered and an increasing number of researchers came to work in it. Thus, Dubrovnik Archive proved itself to be an unavoidable source for studying the past of both the Republic of Dubrovnik and the Serbian people.
27
Izeti, Muhammed. « Social legal position of waqf in the area of the Republic of North Macedonia ». Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no 19 (2020) : 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis2019137i.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Waqf is an Islamic institution that has its foundations in Islamic legal sources: the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The norms on which waqf rests are established through the process of creation and interpretation of Islamic law by relevant Muslim jurists who set the waqf standards. Waqf played an invaluable role in the development of Muslim society and economy in the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia. In many historical periods, when different state systems in this region were in crisis, the Waqfis took the initiative and supplemented the weaknesses and weakness of the state. This was evident in the fields of religion, education, culture, health, social, economic affairs, etc. It is well known that, under repressive measures in past sociopolitical systems, the Waqf property was confiscated, nationalized and destroyed in various ways. During the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Kingdom of the SKS, the Yugoslav Kingdom and the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, over 95% of vacant property was confiscated, nationalized and destroyed in various ways. Throughout history, the waqf has been in the service of Muslims, always maintaining their basic charity and human purpose, their return, on the one hand, will strengthen the context of the rule of law, while on the other, it will promote the positive development of the religious educational and cultural processes of the Islamic community, and will at the service of the population and society. The maximum commitment of the Islamsle community administration in the context of reclaiming waqf property is a good example of both legal and social commitment to alleviate the injustice done to this institution in the previous system.
28
Jovanović, Jelica. « Mass Heritage of New Belgrade : Housing Laboratory and So Much More ». Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 48, no 2 (8 janvier 2018) : 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.11621.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The central zone of New Belgrade has been under tentative protection by the law of the Republic of Serbia; it is slowly gaining the long-awaited canonical status of cultural property. However, this good news has often been overshadowed by the desperation among the professionals, the fear among flat owners and the fury among politicians: the first because they grasp the scale of the job-to-be-done, the last because it interferes with their hopes and wishes, and the second because they are stuck between the first and the third group. This whirlpool of interests shows many properties of New Belgrade, that stretch far beyond the oversimplified narratives of ‘the unbuilt capital of Yugoslavia’, ‘the largest dormitory of Belgrade’ and ‘the unrestrained modernist playground’. This paper attempts to offer other points and value nods to those that are the most frequently used, from the complexity of the integrative efforts to the emergence of this new city, as well as the omitted and overlooked aspects of its reconstruction, deregulation and failure. The focus of the paper is the emergence, the use and the disappearance of the peculiar Yugoslav prefabricated housing, the path less travelled.
29
Trlin, Davor. « Economic and Social Rights Lost in Transition ». Gubernaculum et Administratio 2(22) (2020) : 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/gea.2020.02.11.
Texte intégralRésumé :
All European constitutions after World War II expressed their commitment to economic and social rights. Those countries that began building socialist social order after the war specially emphasized those rights. After the break-up of the “socialist paradigm” and the establishment of “new democracies”, constitutional leaders have taken a new stance towards the socio-economic group. This is the process that did not bypassed countries formed by dissolution of Yugoslavia. We will analyse specially what is left of the constitutional experiment of self-management. Nowadays, there is no workers’ participation in place in any of the countries that emerged after the breakup of the former Yugoslavia, neither as a system nor as a practice of having consultations within companies with the aim to address specific technological, organisational and social problems. There are several reasons for this, but the basic reason is that politicians still believe that workers’ participation was created as part of the ideological apparatus of the former socialist system. By way of property rights and small shareholding, the laws opened the way to participation, and the legal framework could continue to develop.
30
Trakic, Adnan. « A Legal and Administrative Analysis of Inalienable Muslim Endowments (Awqaf) in Bosnia and Herzegovina ». ICR Journal 3, no 2 (15 janvier 2012) : 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v3i2.559.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The establishment of inalienable Muslim endowments (pl. awqaf; sing. waqf) in Bosnia and Herzegovina goes back to the days of the Ottoman occupation of the region in 1463. This article explains their establishment and development together with their institutions with reference to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries when some of the most famous awqaf emerged. The great period for awqaf came to an end with the Austria-Hungarian takeover in 1878. The author argues that since then the institution of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina was subject to injustice, hostility, and devastation from the various regimes that have ruled the country. He explains the deteriorating position of waqf property through the periods of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the unlawful confiscation and nationalisation of waqf property and the ultimate complete abolition of the institution of waqf under the communist and socialist regime. This situation lasted until the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 when the Council of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina established the Waqf Directorate. The author also evaluates the legal applications of the restitution claims made by religious communities for the property which was unlawfully confiscated through various legislative mechanisms during and after the communist regime. The ways to safeguard and protect waqf property will be examined as well.
31
Hladik, Jan. « The Review Process of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Impact on International Humanitarian Law ». Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 1 (décembre 1998) : 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000180.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The end of the Cold War and the disappearance of bipolarity have resulted in a recrudescence of a number of armed conflicts in the world, in particular in the ex-Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union. Such conflicts have demonstrated a blatant disregard for the law of armed conflicts and a loss of respect for human lives and cultural heritage. They have also demonstrated deficiencies in the implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict — the only comprehensive international agreement aimed specifically at protecting movable and immovable cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict.
32
Desch, Thomas. « The Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict ». Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2 (décembre 1999) : 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000374.
Texte intégralRésumé :
On 26 March 1999, the Diplomatic Conference on the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (hereinafter, 1954 Convention), held in The Hague from 15 to 26 March 1999, adopted a Second Protocol to that Convention. The reasons leading to the elaboration and adoption of the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (hereinafter, Second Protocol) are manifold.Firstly, armed conflicts that have taken place since the entry into force of the 1954 Convention, such as in Cambodia, the Middle East or the former Yugoslavia, have revealed its deficiencies. In particular, the Convention lacked full application, as most of the armed conflicts have been of a non-international character; furthermore, it lacked proper implementation, as the system of execution of the Convention, which is based on a functioning Protecting Power-and Commissioner General-system, proved to be unworkable in practice; and, finally, it lacked adequate provisions to cope with the extensive and systematic destruction of cultural property during armed conflict, as it contains no mandatory criminal sanctions regime.
33
Fejzullahu, Bajram. « Chosen Model of Privatization of Socially Owned Enterprise in Kosovo Over Kosovo Trust Agency ». European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no 2 (30 août 2015) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i2.p49-54.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Unlike in the countries of Central and South-East Europe, where the transformation of property and political transition were smooth and peaceful, in the countries of former Yugoslavia (except Montenegro and Macedonia) these processes were accompanied by war; the effects are present even nowadays. After 1999, it was Kosovo’s turn to be part of these changes. Normally, in these processes, the political transition occurs prior to the transformation of property. This was not the case in Kosovo, where the order was reversed. It cannot be said that the privatisation method chosen by UNMIK was not the best. As of now, this method has failed to fulfil its duties of economic recovery and solve the unemployment problem. UNMIK has chosen the method of transforming the social property of Kosovo as a set up for the total transition of the political system, which later on would be one of the main elements and will serve to proclaim independence of Republic of Kosovo. It will remain an unanswered question whether the method that used is actually better, whether it is more productive economically, or not. As Kosovo’s case for many things is sui generis, and as far as the process of privatisation of the social property is concerned, it is a process which tried to adjust to the existing circumstances in Kosovo, circumstances which were earlier unknown in the other countries.
34
Fejzullahu, Bajram. « Chosen Model of Privatization of Socially Owned Enterprise in Kosovo Over Kosovo Trust Agency ». European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no 1 (30 août 2015) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i1.p49-54.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Unlike in the countries of Central and South-East Europe, where the transformation of property and political transition were smooth and peaceful, in the countries of former Yugoslavia (except Montenegro and Macedonia) these processes were accompanied by war; the effects are present even nowadays. After 1999, it was Kosovo’s turn to be part of these changes. Normally, in these processes, the political transition occurs prior to the transformation of property. This was not the case in Kosovo, where the order was reversed. It cannot be said that the privatisation method chosen by UNMIK was not the best. As of now, this method has failed to fulfil its duties of economic recovery and solve the unemployment problem. UNMIK has chosen the method of transforming the social property of Kosovo as a set up for the total transition of the political system, which later on would be one of the main elements and will serve to proclaim independence of Republic of Kosovo. It will remain an unanswered question whether the method that used is actually better, whether it is more productive economically, or not. As Kosovo’s case for many things is sui generis, and as far as the process of privatisation of the social property is concerned, it is a process which tried to adjust to the existing circumstances in Kosovo, circumstances which were earlier unknown in the other countries.
35
Sweeney, James A. « Restorative Justice and Transitional Justice at the ECHR ». International Criminal Law Review 12, no 3 (2012) : 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181212x648897.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The entire jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights contains just one reference to ‘restorative justice’, in the 2010 case of Đokić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina. The case concerned housing restitution after the conflict in former Yugoslavia and the reference to restorative justice was a quotation from the UN’s ‘Pinheiro Principles’. In its admissibility decision on 31 May 2011 in the case of Sfountouris and Others v. Germany, the European Court of Human Rights confirmed that the Convention imposes upon Contracting States no specific obligation to redress injustice or damage caused by their predecessor. Likewise, the Convention imposes no duty upon states to restore property which was transferred to them before they ratified the Convention (Kopecky v. Slovakia), or even to establish legal procedures in which restitution of property may be sought (Beshiri v. Albania). Yet restorative justice has real potential in transitional contexts, and means far more than property restitution. This article seeks definitional clarity and tracks the relationship between restorative justice and transitional justice in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, encompassing not only property restitution cases but also cases on successor trials, amnesties, truth and memorialisation, and lustration. The analysis draws upon recent scholarship on the sometimes antagonistic relationship between successor regimes’ transitional justice policies and their human rights obligations.
36
Novaković, Dragan. « THE FINANCIAL POSITION OF THE ISLAMIC COMMUNITY AND ITS RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS IN SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA ». JERUSALEM : RELIGIONS AND POLITICS 5, no 2 (1 décembre 2011) : 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0502233n.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Implementing its policy, the new socialist government took various systematic measures to confiscate the major part of the property of the Islamic Community and, thus, make it dependant on the constant state aid. Understanding the reality and acting cooperatively and pragmatically, the newly elected leadership regulated their relations with the state and, thus, created the necessary room for manoeuvre, in order to lessen the harshness of taken measures, preserve the material substance and establish the basis for constant economic strengthening of the community and its religious officials. Carefully and cautiously implemented measures for solving the issue of vakuf properties, that initially had the form of registration and basic protection against dilapidation and, later, gained their original sense expressed through the standpoint that the proper attitude of all the structures of the religious community and the believers towards that issue was of crucial importance for preservation of Islam on Yugoslav territories. The processes of democratization and creating institutional assumptions for opening and solving some important issues, encouraged the Muslim intellectuals to start the debate on the confiscated property, and the Islamic Community leadership to publicly demand its return and use for the development of the Islamic education and culture. Freeing itself from the imposed mechanisms of control, continuously strengthening and feeling unconstrained in front of more and more obvious weaknesses of the state, the Islamic Community reactivated, started and successfully closed the complex process of reestablishing of the religious duty of collecting qurban skins and donations for forming the fund of Zakat and Zakat-ul-Fitr. Correctly estimating the sensibility of its members, the funds were publicly intended for founding of the Faculty of Islamic Studies and expansion of the schooling system, nevertheless, using the donations from foreign Islamic communities for completing the reconstruction of the planned buildings, indicated that the real aim of those activities was to discipline the believers and attach them to the Islamic Community. Handling those important issues, the Islamic Community created the conditions for constant improvement of the financial position of its religious officials, thus ensuring their loyalty and readiness for engagement in realization of all the planned activities, including implementation of measures for achieving certain political goals. Continuously stabilizing and strengthening its economic basis through the donations of the believers both from the country and abroad and the aid from the international Islamic organizations, the Islamic Community created the conditions for realization of an ambitious programme developed around the intensive erecting of religious buildings, education of religious officials adapted to modern conditions, expansion of the publishing activity, including women into the activities of the religious community, systematic religious education of the youngest generation and preparing for the times to come.
37
Ickiewicz-Sawicka, Magdalena. « Political, legal and religious conflict in Montenegro – genesis, course, last clash ». Review of Nationalities 12, no 1 (1 décembre 2022) : 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2022-0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Contemporary Montenegro was created as a result of the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Although this country was for a short time an integral part of Serbian Republic and functioned on the international arena as the so-called new Yugoslavia, Montenegrin society decided in a referendum to proclaim independence in 2006. Despite the fact that the separation took place in a peaceful manner, the frozen conflict between these countries slowly began to intensify. The areas it covered were legal, political and especially religious issues. The dispute reached its climax during the Covid-19 epidemic, when the Montenegrin authorities put to a parliamentary vote a draft of the Law on Religious Freedoms, which would de facto deprive all property of the Serbian Orthodox Church that has been operating in Montenegro for centuries. This led to mass protests by the indigenous Serb population identifying with the Serbian Patriarchate. The regulations against which the supporters of the pro-Serb opposition protested provided that religious communities would have to prove the transfer of ownership of real estate and land they had acquired before 1918, when Montenegro became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – a state created after the World War I, which was renamed Yugoslavia on January 6, 1929. The main goal of the article is to present the genesis and development of the conflict summarized above, as well as to show its legal, religious and political consequences not only for the Montenegrin state, but indirectly for the entire region. The article consists of two main parts. The first one covers a short description of the Montenegrin nation/regional/ethnic group with the general problem of its identity outlined. The second describes the genesis, essence and recent events of the Serbo-Montenegrin conflict, which is taking place on the legal, political and cultural-religious level. The text includes an introduction and final conclusions.
38
Zenovich, Jennifer A., et Leda Cooks. « #MeToo, the ICTY, and Intersectionality in Postsocialist Global Capitalism ». Journal of Communication Inquiry 44, no 3 (28 novembre 2019) : 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859919887944.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this essay, we theorize and analyze (some of) the intercultural and intersecting structures that undergird rape and its representation in #MeToo via testimonial examples from rape survivors at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). While we recognize the importance of the ICTY’s ruling and of #MeToo, we remain critical of the conditions that necessitated them and that continue to mark women’s bodies as vulnerable. Utilizing both postsocialist and postcolonial feminist theory as a lens, we specifically look to how bodies are articulated both as capital/property and, in the same international judicial frame, vessels for punishment and justice. We focus on how the ICTY defined justice for rape on a mediated international stage, how identities and cultures were situated discursively in the trial, and the implications for thinking through justice for intersectionality in #MeToo. Our claim is that the symbolic and material equation of women/women’s bodies as property is foundational to the operations of capital. With this framework in mind, it may be useful to consider how undoing capital may in turn challenge the normalization of women’s precarity, victimization, and therefore, experiences of sexual violence.
39
Ranđelović, Dragana, et Irina Šolaja. « Common Law-Marriages in Regulations of the States of the Former Yugoslav Republic // Vanbračne zajednice u propisima država bivše SFRJ ». Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 9, no 9 (14 octobre 2019) : 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1909215r.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A marital union can be defined as a community of two faces of a different sex, which ends informally and in the same way ends. The authors will analyze the regulation of the constituent elements of the extramarital community in the countries of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as well as the possibility of inheriting extra-marital partners in the observed countries of the region. Since the beginning and termination of the extramarital community is not accompanied by any form, in practice it shows certain deficiencies and weaknesses. By introducing the registration of extramarital communities, numerous problems in practice will be solved, starting from proving the existence of an extramarital community, the commencement and termination of it, the establishment of the joint or special property of extra-marital partners and other legal consequences that may arise out of these circumstances.
40
Jucevicius, Robertas, et Palmira Juceviciene. « Development of Entrepreneurial Skills in a Post-Socialist Country ». Industry and Higher Education 11, no 3 (juin 1997) : 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229701100313.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The last decade has witnessed dramatic changes in the whole post-socialist world. The old Communist system in Central and Eastern Europe has been dismantled and free-market economies have been initiated. Despite the fact that Central and Eastern European countries were on different levels of socio-economic development, they had many things in common, including the problems. However, the countries of the former USSR encountered greater obstacles on their way to the free market. This also applies to Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. In contrast to East Germany, Poland, Hungary and former Yugoslavia, private property and entrepreneurship did not exist in these countries during the Soviet period. The purpose of this paper is to describe the most important theoretical problems concerning understanding of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship and to discuss different methods of developing entrepreneurial skills.
41
Mejía-Lemos, Diego. « The Concept of ‘Essence’ and Its Uses in the Identification and Application of Customary International Law by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals ». International Criminal Law Review 21, no 6 (4 octobre 2021) : 1064–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10101.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This paper seeks to provide an analysis of the uses of the concept of ‘essence’ by international criminal courts and tribunals. In particular, it is based on a survey of decisions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty), whose Trial and Appeals chambers have used the concept on multiple occasions and with consequences which have been overlooked in the literature. By providing an analysis of the concept’s uses in connection with the icty’s identification and application of customary international law, the paper addresses some of the general international law and philosophical issues raised by the concept’s uses. The paper places the concept’s uses within their respective contexts, and discusses related international decisions and academic commentary. The paper concludes by suggesting potential avenues for elucidating the concept of ‘essence’ and its proper use, with a particular focus on the notions of ‘intension’, ‘extension’ and an intensional ‘extensional property’.
42
Muharremi, Robert. « The Role of the United Nations and the European Union in the Privatization of Kosovo's Socially-Owned Enterprises ». German Law Journal 14, no 7 (1 juillet 2013) : 889–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002066.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The privatization of Kosovo's socially owned property and enterprises differs significantly from privatization programs undertaken in other countries, especially in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe when they transitioned from communism to democracy and free market systems. What is unique about Kosovo's privatization program is that it was designed and implemented under the authority of the United Nations at a time when Kosovo was directly administered by the United Nations. It is perhaps so far the only privatization program that was initiated and implemented by the United Nations under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Various other international organizations, such as the European Union, played a significant role in this process as part of their responsibilities in the administration of Kosovo. An obvious question is what the United Nations would have to do with privatization in the context of territorial administration under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and if the United Nation's authority to administer Kosovo would include the authority to privatize property, the legal nature of which was unclear even when it was developed in former Yugoslavia. The discussion of these and other legal questions and controversies which are related to the privatization process in Kosovo are the main subject of this article, with a focus on the role of the United Nations and the European Union in this process.
43
Savčić, Sanja. « On monetary compensation for non-pecuniary damage to legal entities in Serbian law : Appendix to the reform of damages law ». Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 56, no 3 (2022) : 767–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns56-41177.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The right to monetary compensation for non-property damage is not enjoyed in the same way by all legal entities, i.e. legal entities and natural persons. In theory and practice, there are different approaches regarding the issue of whether a legal entity can suffer non-material damage of the same intensity and in the same form as is the case with natural persons. In this regard, it was pointed out that a legal entity can have a reputation, and therefore a damaged reputation can be the basis for an obligation to pay compensation for the damage suffered as a result. The discussion on the merits of monetary compensation for non-material damage to legal entities continued until the adoption of the legal understanding of the Civil Department of the Supreme Court of Serbia on February 5, 2001. The more recent theory of obligation law discusses this issue in the context of the need to review the current rules of tort law. In this sense, it is emphasized that the objective concept of non-property damage, which excludes physical or psychological pain and fear from the conceptual definition, provides a legal basis for monetary compensation of such damage to legal entities. Such changes have already been implemented in some countries of the former Yugoslavia. When it comes to Serbia, theory and practice are still waiting for reform, although there are indications that reform has already taken place on the normative level. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to answer the question whether in our law there is a right of a legal entity to compensation for non-property damage.
44
Стокић Симончић, Гордана, et Бранка Драгосавац. « International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions – IFLA and Professional Associations in Serbia : The First 45 Years ». Читалиште 18, no 35 (11 décembre 2019) : 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/cit.2019.35.44-53.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This work brings to life some new facts and presents the cooperation between the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and the associations of librarians in Serbia, in four and a half decades, between 1931 and 1976. In the period between the two world wars, this cooperation was established and maintained by the Yugoslav Library Association (1931–1940), especially its Belgrade Section, and after the Second World War it was realized through the Serbian Library Association (1948–1976) as a part of the Association of Librarians in Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia, in the fi rst period as a kingdom, and in the second as a socialist country, represents a state-legal framework to examine the phenomena of library associations and international cooperation. The Yugoslav Library Association was the predecessor of the Serbian Library Association, but under the new conditions of socialist construction, mentioning the organization from the previous, bourgeois period was undesirable. Nine years of the activity of the fi rst professional library association in Yugoslavia were not evaluated in the right way: association that was founded later with the vast majority of former members and historians of librarianship, talked rarely about its existence, mainly for the political reasons.Considering knowledge of the development of librarianship in national frameworks the basis for building a professional identity of librarians, the authors of this paper are trying to shed light on cooperation with IFLA as essential for maturing of the professional self-awareness. Taking into account that economic opportunities and political infl uences in the past decades have made this process diffi cult, the authors are trying to oppose their shared memory, common values, the feeling of belonging and self-respect as an identity property. Moreover, nowadays in Serbia there is a strong need for re-evaluation of the role and importance of library associations in order to reposition the profession, interrelations of professionals and modalities of voluntary work.
45
Palhegyi, Joel. « Revolutionary Curating, Curating the Revolution : Socialist Museology in Yugoslav Croatia ». Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review 23 (15 novembre 2018) : 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.57225/martor.2018.23.02.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The communist period for Yugoslav Croatia brought about dramatic changes in museum practice and theory between the early 1950s and late 1970s. Driven by questions concerning how to properly develop socialist museums, Croatian museum professionals sought to transform the bourgeois history museum into a truly popular institution that would make Croatia’s cultural legacy accessible to the masses and allow visitors to understand their place in the socialist Yugoslav imaginary. To this end, museum professionals developed two new museum models, the Revolutionary Museum and the Native Place Museum. Revolutionary Museums were charged with memorializing the founding myths of socialist Yugoslavia, chief among them the anti-fascist, communist revolution during World War Two, and the postwar building of socialism. Native Place Museums similarly reinforced the Yugoslav state by exhibiting local history and culture within the larger trajectory of socialist Yugoslavism. Furthermore, these two models were front and center for new museological experimentation intended to create a distinctly socialist museum space that would engage the everyday working-class visitor. Analyzing contemporary museological journals and museum planning documents, I argue that these museum models were successful in implementing much of the new museological theory, but in doing so moved away from one of the fundamental principles of museum practice: the exhibition and explanation of authentic material culture to the museum visitor.
46
Jangl, Štefan. « Ochrana kultúrneho dedičstva počas ozbrojených konfliktov ». Krízový manažment 19, no 2 (2020) : 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/krm.c.2020.2.68-77.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Armed conflicts are not only international. The development at the end of the 20th century brought a new type of conflicts, called national conflicts. These conflicts take place in the territory of the collapsed and disrupted states. In Europe, the conflict in the Balkans - the break-up of Yugoslavia is such an example of national conflicts. There were problems with criminal liability for failing to respect of the obligation to protect the cultural heritage by bombing Dubrovnik and Violation of the Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property during the Period of Military Activity. The creation of the UNTAES peacekeeping mission, the "UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium", was intended to help the parties involved in the conflict to perform the demilitarization of the region and its reintegration under Croatian administration. This part of the article focuses on the Slovak Peace Battalion of the UN Peacekeeping Force in UNTAES and its presence and activities in the region. Slovak Peace Battalion has helped the local minorities to have a positive mindset and build confidence to maintain cultural traditions
47
Tchoukarine, Igor. « A Place of Your Own on Tito’s Adriatic : Club Med and Czechoslovak Trade Union Holiday Resorts in the 1960s ». Tourist Studies 16, no 4 (31 juillet 2016) : 386–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468797615618125.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article presents the disparate, yet similar, stories of foreign tourist resorts built on Yugoslavia’s coast in the 1960s: two of them owned privately, by the French Club Méditerranée, in Pakoštane (Croatia) and on Sveti Marko island (Montenegro); one, in Bečići (Montenegro), the property of socialist Czechoslovakia and its Trade Union organization ( Revoluční Odborové Hnutí). Drawing on archival documents, newspapers, and magazine articles as well as interviews, I discuss why these resorts were established, and how they operated within their specific material, financial, and metaphorical contexts, while also examining how tourists and tourism planners assigned meanings to tourism, and envisioned it within its global context. The French-owned Club Med’s resorts were profit-oriented, private initiatives that catered toward individuals and families on vacations that were envisioned as a means of personal growth. Revoluční Odborové Hnutí’s resort, by contrast, was owned by socialist Czechoslovakia’s labor union. It served union members and their families, and was designed according to principles of social and collective tourism. Nevertheless, as this article argues, each of these resorts embodied core features of the modern, time-restricted, spatially managed, and pleasure-oriented experience of vacation abroad. Moreover, a concept of insularity—the comfort of sojourning in a self-contained space that was at once foreign and familiar—defined each resort’s conception and promotion of their seaside vacations, thus bridging the projects’ ideological and institutional differences, and superseding local understandings of place. The projects’ histories, finally, prefigured contemporary tourism’s contradictions and complexities, such as the dwindling of conventional distinctions (between home and abroad, for instance). At the background of this comparative analysis is the broader history of tourism in postwar Yugoslavia, which held high hopes for tourism as a vector for economic development and the promotion of good international relations.
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Šuster, ŽeljanE. « Milica Uvalić. Investment and Property Rights in Yugoslavia : The Long Transition to a Market Economy. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1992. xii, 260 pp. $59.95. » Canadian-American Slavic Studies 30, no 1 (1996) : 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023996x00277.
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Meron, Theodor. « The Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict within the Case-law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ». Museum International 57, no 4 (décembre 2005) : 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.2005.00540.x.
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Stojanovic, Aleksandar. « A beleaguered church the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941-1945 ». Balcanica, no 48 (2017) : 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1748269s.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from its establishment only days after the German attack on Yugoslavia in early April 1941 until its fall in May 1945 a genocide took place. The ultimate goal of the extreme ideology of the Ustasha regime was a new Croatian state cleansed of other ethnic groups, particularly the Serbs, Jews and Roma. The Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC), historically a mainstay of Serbian national identity, culture and tradition, was among its first targets. Most Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries were demolished, heavily damaged or appropriated by the Roman Catholic Church or the state. More than 170 Serbian priests were killed and tortured by the Ustasha, and even more were exiled to occupied Serbia. The regime led by Ante Pavelic introduced numerous laws and regulations depriving the SPC of not only its property and spiritual jurisdiction but even of its right to existence. When mass killings stirred up a large-scale rebellion, a more political and seemingly non-violent approach was introduced: the Croatian regime unilaterally and non-canonically founded the so-called Croatian Orthodox Church in order to bring the forced assimilation of Serbs to completion. This paper provides an overview of the ordeal of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the NDH, based on the scholarly literature and documentary sources of Serbian, German and Croatian origin. It looks at legislation, propaganda, the killings and torture of Orthodox clergy and the destruction of church property, including medieval holy relics. The scale and viciousness of some atrocities will be looked at based on unused or less known sources, namely the statements of Serbian refugees recorded during the war by the SPC and the Commissariat for Refugees in Serbia, and documents from the Political Archive of the Third Reich Ministry of Foreign Affairs.