Articles de revues : « Property – European Union countries »

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Okoń-Horodyńska, Ewa, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Rafał Wisła et Tomasz Sierotowicz. « Gender in the creation of intellectual property of the selected European Union countries ». ECONOMICS & ; SOCIOLOGY 8, n^o 2 (20 septembre 2015) : 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2015/8-2/9.

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KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. « Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union ». Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section : Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022) : 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.

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Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is presented. A modern analysis of the legislation of the European Union for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, including: copyright and related rights; protection of rights to inventions; utility models; industrial designs; brands; geographical indications; branded names; plant varieties; layout of semiconductor products; commercial secrecy; as well as legislation on civil law and customs ways to protect intellectual property rights in the European Union, the practice of application. It is established that in the national legal systems of European countries the regulation of public relations in the field of intellectual property is given considerable attention. At the same time, neither universal international treaties nor national legal regulation in the field of intellectual property can ensure the effectiveness of legal protection of the results of intellectual creative activity. The acts of the European Communities on Public Administration in the field of intellectual property are analyzed. The process of improving public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the legal framework of this process is presented. The conclusion was made on the relevance of the study of problems of public administration in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union. Key words: European Union, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Right, Procedure, Public Administration, Community Court, European Communities, Intellectual Property Sphere.

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Tashian, Roman I., Bohdan P. Karnaukh et Iryna O. Dzera. « Trends in the Development of Property Law : The Civil Law of Ukraine and the Experience of European Union Countries ». Global Journal of Comparative Law 10, n^o 1-2 (25 juin 2021) : 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-10010008.

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Abstract The article deals with the problems of the development of property law in the legislation of Ukraine considering the experience of the countries of the European Union (EU). It is emphasised that the development of property law of Ukraine is determined primarily by the European tendencies of harmonisation, convergence and Europeanisation of the rights of EU Member States. The scientific doctrine of EU countries in the field of development and improvement of property law has been researched. The authors extrapolate the experience of regulation of property law in the EU countries on the development of the legal system of Ukraine. The principles of European property law are analysed: these are the principles of specificity, openness and transparency. It is concluded that recognising the existence of an EU system of substantive law will allow introducing appropriate substantive remedies that can successfully exist in addition to legal obligations.

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Mendzhul, M. V., et N. O. Davydova. « The mechanism of civil law regulation of property relations of partners in de facto unions ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law, n^o 65 (25 octobre 2021) : 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.22.

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The article investigates the mechanism of legal regulation of property relations of partners in de facto unions. The national legislation of European states is analyzed, as well as the recommendations of the Commission on European Family Law, suggestions for improving national legislation are made.It is determined that there are no uniform approaches in the legal regulation of partners in de facto unions in European countries, in particular in six countries such relations are unregulated, in fourteen countries such relations are regulated by different branches of law, and in nine jurisdictions there is a special legal mechanism (Sweden, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Catalonia, Portugal, Scotland, Ireland and Finland).The provisions of the Lithuanian Civil Code on the regulation of de facto marital relations, as well as the legislation of Croatia, Sweden, Norway and other countries are analyzed. It was found that in Scotland, civil partnerships were allowed for same-sex couples back in 2005, and for people of the opposite sex only from June 30, 2021.It is substantiated that in the context of Europeanization of private law, the position on the need to amend the Family Code of Ukraine and introduce the term «de facto union» recommended by the Commission on European Family Law in the Principles of European Family Law on property rights, maintenance and succession of couples in de facto unions.It is proved that in the process of Europeanization of private law the institution of de facto union should be regulated by the norms of the Family Code of Ukraine, which, taking into account the recommendations of the Commission on European Family Law should be improved as follows: contract on selling a dwelling in which partners live, as well as household items, is made with the consent of both partners; to guarantee partners the right to file a claim to the court for consent to dispose of the property without the consent of the other partner; to guarantee the principle of freedom of contract between partners in de facto unions; establish the right to compensation for a significant contribution to the property (or business) or profession of another partner; guarantee the right of the partner to inherit equally with the spouses, etc.

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Wołowiec, Tomasz. « LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 1, n^o 3 (30 juin 2018) : 231–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2179.

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A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on real estate that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the real estate property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Real estate properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments.

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Kisielińska, Joanna. « THE LEVEL OF INVESTMENT IN FARMS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, n^o 2 (30 juin 2019) : 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.2.17.

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The aim of the study presented in the paper was to assess the level of investment in farms in European Union countries. The assessment applied the reproduction rate, fixed-asset reproduction rate and the investment rate. Studies were performed for all farms and farms divided into classes according to economic size (KS6 classification). The study covered years 2007–2016. As significant changes were observed in individual years, the study period was divided into two equal sub-periods, for which average values of the ratios were determined. The studies showed that the level of investment in farms as taken jointly for all EU countries is not enough to reproduce their assets in both sub-periods. What needs to be positively assessed is the fact that the values of all indicators grow as the economic size of farms grows. The level of reproduction and multiplication of property in Polish farms is lower than the EU average for economically weaker farms, but it is usually higher for the stronger ones.

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Jakubowski, Olgierd. « Karnoprawna ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego przed zniszczeniem w wybranych państwach europejskich – zarys zagadnienia ». Studia Prawnoustrojowe, n^o 44 (6 janvier 2020) : 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.4901.

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Properly constructed criminal law provisions can prevent the destruction of heritage. The laws of the European Union are not an appropriate toolto reduce this phenomenon, although an analysis of criminal laws of individual countries may help in developing effective solutions in the Polish legalsystem. This article presents the criminal law solutions to protect againstthe destruction of heritage in France, Italy and Austria. Comparison of theprovisions in these European countries allows the effective scope of protection of their cultural property to be indicated and to assess the possibility ofincluding some of the standards to the Polish system of heritage protection.

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Boitan, Iustina Alina. « Residential property prices’ modeling : evidence from selected European countries ». Journal of European Real Estate Research 9, n^o 3 (7 novembre 2016) : 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-01-2016-0001.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to contribute to the relatively narrow existing residential real estate literature by developing and validating several univariate forecasting models, to reliably anticipate future house price dynamics across several European Union (EU) countries. Design/methodology/approach The research approach relies on the time series analysis, by using the Box–Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology to explore the trends of residential property prices in selected EU countries and to obtain a snapshot of the potential signs of change to be witnessed by domestic residential markets on a short time-period. The analysis has been performed distinctly for each country in the sample, to account for country-specific past and future trends as well as similarities in their house price growth rate evolutions. The models were estimated for a broad sample of quarterly observations during 1990-2015, while the forecast horizon ranged between the third quarter of 2015 and the fourth quarter of 2016. Findings The findings suggested that residential property prices’ real growth rate can be modeled through the Box–Jenkins method for France, The Netherlands, Sweden and UK. The pattern of Italy’s residential property prices’ real growth rate cannot be explained by means of univariate ARIMA models, being more suited for multivariate models. Originality/value The article subscribes to the need for timely, high-frequency and quality data about house price trends in Europe, to increase the accuracy of forecasts and prevent the appearance of bubbles on real estate market. It compares residential property prices’ dynamics across European countries to identify housing markets with similar patterns of their prices.

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Lazíková, Jarmila. « The Notion of the European Union Trademark ». EU agrarian Law 8, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2019) : 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2019-0004.

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AbstractThe EU trademark law has recorded the important changes in the last years. The Community trademark in the past and the EU trademark at the present have become very popular legal measures not only in the EU Member States but also in the third countries. Its preferences are increasing year to year. The EU trademark may consist of a sign that fulfils two main attributes. Firstly, there is a distinctive character. Secondly, there is a capability of being represented on the Register of the EU trademarks. The second attribute is new and replaced the previous attribute - capability of being represented graphically. The interpretation of the above mentioned attributes is not possible without the judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is necessary to take into account the kind of trademark, list of the goods and services, which should be signed by the trademark, and its perception by the public. The paper includes the main judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union related to the interpretation of the sign that may be registered as the EU trademark. They are very helpful in the application practice of the European Union Intellectual Property Office and the national offices of the intellectual property as well.

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TKACHYK, Fedir. « The role of real estate tax in the fiscal policy of the European Union and economic reconstruction of Ukraine ». Economics. Finances. Law 5/2, n^o - (30 mai 2022) : 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.5(2).4.

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Introduction. In the modern conditions of economic development, an important task is to study the specific features of real estate tax administration in the European Union in order to implement best practices in the Ukrainian system, especially during martial condition and postwar reconstruction of Ukraine. European experience shows that the real estate tax, using the right approach, can become one of the important provisions of the revenue side of budgets at various levels. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the theoretical and applied provisions of real estate taxation in the European Union and the formation of measures for effective administration of real estate tax in modern Ukrainian fiscal practice. Results. The paper examines the current features of real estate taxation in the European Union. Emphasis is placed on specific procedures for applying real estate tax rates in some European countries. A comparative analysis of the elements of real estate tax in the European Union and Ukraine is conducted. The monitoring of system-wide trends in the development of property taxation in the European Union and Ukraine revealed a high degree of compliance of domestic and European property tax systems. In particular, in Ukraine, as well as in the EU member states, there is an increasing role of property taxes in the fiscal policy of the state and municipalities. Attention is drawn to the controversial provisions and prospects of riches taxation, which can serve as a potential in solution budget problems of national economies. Conclusions. The actual normative positions on optimization of property taxation in Ukraine in the conditions of martial condition are systematized. The conducted research made it possible to form scenarios for strengthening the fiscal potential of the real estate tax in Ukraine, taking into account the experience of the European Union in the period of economic recovery.

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Miłek, Dorota, et Marta Mistachowicz. « Innovation of the Polish Economy in comparison to European Union countries ». MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019) : 09006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925209006.

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Knowledge and innovation are fundamental drivers of development processes. This is affirmed by a reorientation of the European Union policies for 2014–2020, which consider a more dynamic construction of economy based on knowledge and innovation, a more effective use of pro-innovative resources, and the strengthening of innovation systems are as basic dimensions of economic activity. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and assess the level of Poland’s innovation as compared to the European Union countries in 2011 and 2015. To assess innovation, expenditure on research and development (R&D) activity was employed, along with the employment levels in R&D and indices referring to the effects of innovation activities in the form of protection of intellectual and industrial property. As a result of the study, clusters of countries with the highest and lowest innovation level were identified. The study is supplemented by Ward’s clustering method, which forms the basis for separation of similar countries with respect to an analysed phenomenon. The calculations were carried out with the use of Statistica 13 programme.

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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. « The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek ? » ECONOMICS 7, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.

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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.

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Angelovska, Julijana, et Anita Čeh Časni. « The influence of recurrent property income and expenditure on house prices in European Union countries : Evidence from a panel model ». Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 8, n^o 1 (1 juin 2022) : 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/crebss-2022-0003.

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Abstract Land value capture can be defined as a policy approach that allows communities to restore and reinvest land value increases that result from public investment and other government actions. For that reason, public action should generate public benefit. The recurrent property tax, one of many tools for land value capture, is the foundation of a stable, enduring revenue source that supports the provision of essential housing and amenities services. This empirical paper aims to examine the influence of recurrent property tax income, and general government spending on housing and community amenities on house prices. To assess the hypothesized direction of the effects, yearly data structured in a balanced panel on a sample of 26 European Union economies from 2010 to 2019 was used. Fixed effects regression model with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors was employed and the results confirmed a negative but statistically insignificant effect of increased property tax revenue on house prices, while increased expenditure on housing and amenities confirmed a positive and statistically significant effect on house prices dynamics in European Union countries.

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Shuju, FU. « Music Trademark : New Development of Intellectual Property in Digital Economy ». World Journal of Social Science Research 9, n^o 2 (1 juin 2022) : p64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v9n2p64.

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With the vigorous development of digital economy, the enterprise must pay more attention to the Internet instead of totally the traditional way, and new types of trademarks, especially music trademark, can attract the attention of consumers more than traditional trademarks. But situation is different in different countries and international organization. This paper takes China and the European Union as the research objects, and observes the specific standards in the practical operation of registering new trademarks such as music trademarks both in China and in the European Union through studying a large number of cases and analyzing local laws in comparative study. In China, a music that wants to be registered as a trademark needs to have at least three requirements: legitimacy, distinctive and long-term and heavy use. EU and its member states have different requirements for whether a music is allowed to be registered as a trademark. When member states want to make their own trademark law according to the EU law, they have their own domestic practices and customs of the member states so they finally formed the different trademark legal system from each other. However, music is now generally accepted as a registered trademark in the European Union.

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Jurickova, Eva. « Efficiency of innovation system in the Czech Republic : Comparison with other European countries ». New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, n^o 10 (12 janvier 2018) : 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i10.3066.

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This paper examines the efficiency of the innovation system in the Czech Republic compared to other European Union countries. The analysis is based on a data envelopment method using a model containing innovation drivers, knowledge creation and indicators of innovation and entrepreneurship as inputs, and intellectual property and application assets producing outputs of the national innovation systems of selected European countries. The data envelopment analysis method focuses on non-parametric linear programming, examining the relative performance and efficiency of particular units under a constant return to scale, converting inputs into outputs as variables of modelling. The measured technical efficiency indicates a difference in performance of innovation systems of selected countries of the European Union and compares an obtained score in efficiency evaluated in the model. The Czech Republic belongs to the moderate group in terms of innovation performance; its national innovation system is characterised by weaknesses in intellectual assets and research. Keywords: Innovation, national innovation system, DEA modelling, technical efficiency.

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Stanković, Jelena J., Ivana Marjanović, Sandra Milanović et Milica Jovanović Vujatović. « DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNAMICS : THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci : časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics : Journal of Economics and Business 40, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2022.2.329.

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Since economic theory identifies new enterprises as one of the basic drivers of economic growth, it brings to the forefront the need to understand the existing dynamics of entrepreneurship. Consequently, the identification of the basic entrepreneurship’s determinants is a central issue from both a theoretical and a practical point of view in contemporary literature. A better understanding of the factors influencing the dynamics of entrepreneurship is a basic precondition for creating effective policies aimed at encouraging the creation of new companies, and consequently, the creation of new jobs. Therefore, this paper addresses several important issues. From the theoretical standpoint, the role of entrepreneurial determinants in creating a new business is examined. From a practical standpoint, the basic formal institutional factors influencing the birth rate of new companies are analyzed. The analysis was conducted on a sample of European Union countries for the period from 2010 to 2019 using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business database, as well as data on business dynamics from the Eurostat database. A panel data regression analysis using the fixed-effects estimation procedure with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors was conducted, and the results indicate that the dynamics of new enterprises’ foundation are negatively affected by the total tax burden, as well as the cost of property registration, while the amount of initial capital required to open a business has a positive impact. The results of the research can serve as a basis for fine-tuning policies that will facilitate and encourage the creation of new enterprises.

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Kovalenko, Tetiana. « Trademark registration in the European Union ». Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, n^o 3 (9 août 2022) : 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/32022.262625.

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Keywords: trademark, EU Regulation, EU trademark, European Union, Europeansystem of trademark protection The developmentof economic integration of European countries has created the need to create asingle system of legal protection of trademarks, as it should contribute to the formationof a common market, the conditions of which are the possibility of competitionand free movement of goods and services in European countries. One of the legal instrumentsto meet these conditions is the trademark, which must be used in the EuropeanUnion. The creation of a common economic space in Europe has contradicted thenational laws of each of the member states of the European Union. Therefore, there isa need to create a single European system of trademark protection.According to the EU Regulation, one of the main functions of an EU trademark isto guarantee the origin of goods and services sold or provided to consumers under thattrademark. The EU trademark is unitary. As it is registered for all member states ofthe European Union through a single procedure, it acquires rights only if it is acceptedin all member states of the European Union. An EU trademark is acquired onlythrough registration, not use. The EU regulation provides for the free movement of goods and services betweenmember states. Accordingly, the owner of an EU trademark cannot object to the use ofsuch a registered trademark in the European Union. Moreover, the EU regulation definesnot only the registration criteria, but also the examination procedure, includingthe possibility of objections to registration made by third parties, and the procedurefor filing claims for infringement of trademark rights.Either party may appeal the decision on the objection to the Board of Appeal ofthe European Union Intellectual Property Office. Thereafter, any issue can be appealedto the Court of Justice of the European Union, which can only annul orchange the decision.Once the EU trademark application has been published, the pre-emption holderhas three months to file an objection. Obtaining an EU trademark is essential for asuccessful brand protection strategy. Since its inception, the EU trademark systemhas become one of the most important tools available to both legal entities and individualswho want to effectively protect their trademark rights in Europe.

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Roszko-Wójtowicz, Elżbieta, et Jacek Białek. « Diverse approaches to the multidimensional assessment of innovation in the European Union ». Acta Oeconomica 68, n^o 4 (décembre 2018) : 521–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.4.3.

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The paper concentrates on the evaluation of the Global Innovation Index, the Summary Innovation Index and the Innovation Output Indicator. For the purpose of this article, the PROFIT (PROperty- FITting) method, an extension of the multidimensional scaling (MDS), was applied. The ultimate goal of MDS techniques is to produce a geometric map that illustrates the underlying structure of complex phenomena such as the innovation performance of the EU countries. Cluster analysis, conducted with the use of Ward’s method provided an objective view of the division of the EU countries based on their selected characteristics. The final result is a two-dimensional map illustrating the structure of innovation performance. The main conclusion drawn from the analysis is the explanation of distance between single indices in a spatial map and their role in distinguishing specific groups of the EU countries from the perspective of innovation performance.

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KAPINOS, Natallia, Viktor GONCHAROV, Olena RYBINA et Nataliia PROKOPENKO. « EXPERIENCE OF LAND USE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AT THE LOCAL (MUNICIPAL) LEVEL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». AgroLife Scientific Journal 10, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2021) : 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2021210.

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The article examines the development of theoretical and methodological approaches and practical recommendations for improving the ecological and economic foundations of land management and land management at the local level in the example of the European Union. In practice, regional, spatial, strategic, landscape, and integrated types of land use development planning are most often used in the European Union. With the development of the market economy of European society, environmental problems arose, which prompted the development of landscape planning, both landscape-ecological and socio-economic aspects of territorial development. The experience of landscape planning was introduced in Germany, which later became used in almost all European countries. The study and direct comparison of existing landscape planning systems in different European countries, and their reduction to several basic features are not possible and impractical because these systems are very different. This is due to a number of reasons: history, features of political systems, cultural traditions, level of economic development, the nature of legal systems and property relations. Landscape planning in the European Union is going to be one of the tensest areas of activity in the future, and Ukraine must take an active part in this process.

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Zioło, Monika, et Lidia Luty. « Disproportions in the level of innovation in European Union countries ». Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, n^o 166 (2023) : 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.57.

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Purpose: One of the most important areas of reflection on innovation and innovativeness is regional policy and issues related to the development of the economy. The phenomena of globalisation and pressure to create a knowledge-based economy means that not only enterprises, but also countries are forced to optimise the use of their potential on a macro, meso or micro scale. For this reason, the issue of innovativeness is connected with particular economic entities and sectors of the economy, with the activity of state, regional and local authorities and the European Union. In the conditions of deepening European integration, stimulating innovation of territorial socio-economic systems is an important instrument of economic policy at the international, national and regional levels. The aim of the study is to assess the level of innovativeness of the region in spatial and dynamic terms. Multivariate Statistical Analysis will be used to determine the aggregated indicator based on data taken from Eurostat database. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the objective will be achieved through the evaluation and comparison of the level of innovativeness of EU countries with the use of a synthetic measure, estimated by using one of the model methods of linear ordering of objects in the years 2015, 2018 and 2021. In the proposed method, the synthetic measure is determined using the distance of the examined objects from the model objects. The dynamic approach will allow to determine the directions of changes. The level of innovation of regions (EU countries) determined by a number of indicators that were adopted in four areas: human capital, finance, business activity and intellectual property protection. Findings: The region's innovativeness is a multidimensional phenomenon, which is directly unmeasurable, hence the need to use statistical methods when measuring it. Obtained results will allow to assess the studied phenomenon, build a ranking and identify countries with a high, medium or low level of innovation. The results of the analyses confirmed that it is advisable to consider innovation by plane, because in this case there is a greater differentiation of countries. Due to the level of innovation, the highest positions in the ranking were taken by Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria, at the end of the ranking were countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania. In the area of innovative activities, Estonia ranked very high being classified in the group I of the most innovative countries. The country is characterized by high employment in innovative enterprises, significant expenditure on innovation and a large share of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) introducing product innovations. The fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are reducing the distance to more innovative EU countries should be assessed positively, as evidenced by lower values of the coefficients of variation in 2021 compared to 2015. Keywords: innovation of regions, dynamics, Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Category of the paper: research paper.

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Marton, Boris, et Alena Mojsejová. « Macroeconomic Indicators and Subjective Well-Being : Evidence from the European Union ». Statistika : Statistics and Economy Journal 102, n^o 4 (16 décembre 2022) : 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.19.

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This paper examines the role of factors which could have influenced subjective well-being (SWB) in European countries at a national level between 2010 and 2019. Macroeconomic variables in much of the existing literature have looked at GDP, inflation, government size and expenditure and their relationship to SWB. The current analysis included corruption, property rights, poverty, life expectancy, working time and emissions to enrich the existing body of literature. The World Happiness Index (WHI) is used to measure SWB in this study. The correlation analysis in this study shows a high level of correlation between WHI and the Human Development Index (HDI) which suggests the WHI is a suitable proxy for measuring subjective well-being. Next, the fixed and random effects models were estimated since the dataset was longitudinal, and we have also compared panel regression models with OLS regression models. This analysis revealed positive relationships of GDP, income and property rights on WHI, while poverty and unemployment impact WHI negatively, thus we can conclude positive relationship between material aspects of life and subjective well-being. Corruption and working time impact SWB in a negative way while the impact of life expectancy is positive. The regression models with inflation and emissions were not found to be significant in the research. The results were compared with existing studies based on individual as well as aggregated data. Similarities in results prove that it is possible to analyze determinants of SWB from aggregated data on national level. At the end, we formulate proposals for improving quality of life in the analyzed countries.

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Dinicu, Anca. « The Challenge Of Asylum To The European Union’s Policy In A Knowledge Based Society ». International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, n^o 1 (1 juin 2015) : 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0004.

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Abstract Migration is not a new phenomenon. People have been forced or tempted to leave their homes since ancient times, due to the economic (lack of resources, type of property, level of national economy development, better careers, famine), social (family reunification, social justice, poverty), political (oppression, war, ideology) or environmental (flooding, drought) problems. If for some, migrating is a quest of improving an already good living, for many others, it is a quest of survival. On this second aspect the paper intends to focus on, especially by relating the issue with the pressure created not only upon some European countries, but also upon the European Union as a political international actor. It seems that migration reveals a whole spectrum of vulnerabilities concerning the European Union internal security, including lack of sane regulation, which if not tackled properly can easily create disorder and endanger regional security. One thing is for sure – tackling migration and asylum problems should be structured on solidarity and responsibility, both at national and European levels.

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Dadzie, Emmanuel Obed, et Ionela Gabriela Matei. « The Effects of Intellectual Property on Financial Integration in the European Union and Moldova Republic ». Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies 7, n^o 1 (juin 2021) : 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/2537-6179.7-1.04.

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In order to encourage creative work and prevent possible abuses, the field of intellectual property must be well regulated; from a legislative point of view. This present era which is characterized by continuous technological progress is experiencing a boost in relevance of intellectual property; thereby becoming one of the key elements of industries. This has made players of markets to become aware of the need to ensure protection of intellectual property rights. Hence, financial integration is a key element which can be affected by intellectual property and the innovation process involved. This paper analyses the correlation between international financial integration and intellectual property. Also, the analysis focuses on European Union (EU) member countries and Moldova in assessing the effects of intellectual property and international financial integration. Fixed-effect panel estimation and the ordinary least squares model are used in the analysis. The analysis has been conducted over the last two decades to see the differences that intellectual property has had over financial integration over periods of time that have had extremely different economic oscillations. The results of this research provide an update on the analysis effects of intellectual property on international financial integration and it shows a negative relationship between them. Hence, this depicts that when intellectual property is carefully considered by firms and governmental institutions, it can be a major source of revenue for the stakeholders and the economy at large.

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Dadzie, Emmanuel Obed, et Ionela Gabriela Matei. « The Effects of Intellectual Property on Financial Integration in the European Union and Moldova Republic ». Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies 7, n^o 1 (juin 2021) : 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/2537-6179.7-1.04.

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In order to encourage creative work and prevent possible abuses, the field of intellectual property must be well regulated; from a legislative point of view. This present era which is characterized by continuous technological progress is experiencing a boost in relevance of intellectual property; thereby becoming one of the key elements of industries. This has made players of markets to become aware of the need to ensure protection of intellectual property rights. Hence, financial integration is a key element which can be affected by intellectual property and the innovation process involved. This paper analyses the correlation between international financial integration and intellectual property. Also, the analysis focuses on European Union (EU) member countries and Moldova in assessing the effects of intellectual property and international financial integration. Fixed-effect panel estimation and the ordinary least squares model are used in the analysis. The analysis has been conducted over the last two decades to see the differences that intellectual property has had over financial integration over periods of time that have had extremely different economic oscillations. The results of this research provide an update on the analysis effects of intellectual property on international financial integration and it shows a negative relationship between them. Hence, this depicts that when intellectual property is carefully considered by firms and governmental institutions, it can be a major source of revenue for the stakeholders and the economy at large.

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Shulha, Viktoriia. « COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN PROTECTION OF CULTURAL VALUES ». Scientific Journal of Polonia University 47, n^o 4 (17 janvier 2022) : 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4716.

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In the provisions of the scientific article, the author analyzes the formation of cooperation between the Member States of the European Community in the field of protection of cultural property since the introduction of the single European market in 1993 and to the present day. This study presents the formation of cooperation in the field of export of cultural values. It was found that special control has been established, and the criteria for issuing licenses for the export of cultural property are the items’ age and value. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of legal regulation and cooperation in the field of return of cultural objects illegally moved from the territory of an EU member state. It is determined that in order to combat the illicit trafficking of cultural property, the current legislation has expanded opportunities for cooperation and exchange of information between Member States. Greater emphasis is placed on the development of cooperation in the field of import of cultural values from non-EU countries, which provides for the creation of a centralized electronic database of imported cultural values.

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Aronovitz, Alberto M. « Individual Patrimonial Rights Under the European Human Rights System : Some Reflections on the Concepts of Possession and Dispossession of Property ». International Journal of Legal Information 25, n^o 1-3 (1997) : 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650000812x.

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Both in general and in regional international law, the subject of private patrimonial rights presents a spectrum of interesting points for discussion. Amid the most notorious issues that have loomed in recent times in relation to this topic, one could refer to the dispute over the dormant accounts of Holocaust victims in Switzerland and other European countries (or, more widely, to the entire question of gold and other property stolen by the Nazis during the Second World War), to the problem of reprivatization of property in Eastern Europe, or to the issue of restitution of property taken in pursuance of communist reforms in the former Soviet Union and its former satellite countries.

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Słowik, Anna. « Management of intellectual property in polish companies ». Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 18, n^o 2 (30 juin 2017) : 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2927.

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The aim of this article is to present the methods of intellectual property management in Polish enterprises. It highlights the strategies of commercialisation of enterprises by using only their own capital and knowledge resources, and by using the capital and knowledge resources of their business partners. It also identifies examples of companies which, in accordance with the introduced system of intellectual property management successfully implement new technologies by which they achieve better financial results. The article shows the low level of innovativeness of Polish entrepreneurs in relation to other member countries of the European Union and indicates its causes.

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Diez, Maria del Carmen Fernandez, et Maria de los Reyes Corripio Gil-Delgado. « Is Intellectual property Right Legislation Constraining the Agrifood Biotechnology Sector in the European Union ? » Science & ; Technology Studies 16, n^o 2 (1 janvier 2003) : 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55155.

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In this paper, we discuss the implications of the recent Intellectual Property Right (IPR) enforcement in the European Union (EU) as a potential factor affecting agrifood biotechnology industry stagnation. After presenting a theoretical framework justifying patents, we describe some controversial questions in the European patent protection related to: a) the distinction between discovery and invention and; b) the morality and ordre public exception to the patentability. Although we provide some evidence about the reduction in importance of agrifood activities compared to that of pharmaceutical areas of application, we conclude that differences between EU and other developed countries IPR legislations are not the principal regulatory controversial factor affecting activities in the agrifood biotechnology sector.

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Kępiński, Jakub. « Polish industrial property law ». Pravovedenie 65, n^o 3 (2021) : 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.303.

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In recent years, entrepreneurs have become increasingly aware of the legal means to protect intangible goods, but to ensure proper protection it is necessary to possess certain knowledge of the ways how to do it efficiently. The article is intended to explain the basic issues of Polish industrial property law. The systematics of Polish law including the issues concerning inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks and geographical indication have been presented. However, currently it is not enough to be familiar with the national laws of each member states of the EU. It is also necessary to know EU law which affects strongly the law of individual member states. Therefore Polish industrial property law cannot be interpreted without taking into account EU law. At the same time, it is difficult to accurately delineate the boundaries of EU law. For example, there is the concept of a “European patent”, which will be granted by the European Patent Office in Munich. The “European Patent” is based on the European Patent Convention of 5 October 1973. It must be noted that the European patent is not an EU instrument and the Convention itself is not part of the EU acquis communautaire. Nevertheless, it is an important instrument signed by 38 countries, including all EU Member States. The European patent is often referred to as a “bundle of national patents”, and patent protection may differ from country to country. On the other hand, the law of EU Member States has only been harmonised to some extent. Thus, there is a need for further harmonisation as well as uniform interpretation of the existing provisions by the national courts and by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Thus, in the coming years, also Polish industrial property law may be expected to have been amended accordingly.

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Savchenko, M. « Integration of Ukraine into European Union securities market ». Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 69, n^o 2 (2021) : 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.02.168.

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The paper deals with the main parameters of the Ukrainian securities market at the current stage, identifies its functioning problems, gives a set of measures for the effective implementation of Ukraine's desire to integrate the national stock market into the European Union. Compared with the stock markets of the EU countries, the domestic securities market is underdeveloped, poorly regulated and illiquid, therefore there is the need to develop it and implement the European legislative initiatives. The paper covers the basic laws in the field of legal regulation of the Ukrainian and EU securities market. The investigation includes the results of the research of the current experience in leading European countries in terms of capitalization of the largest stock exchanges in Europe. The classification of 5 largest European stock exchanges is given and the influence of COVID-19 virus on their activity is analyzed. The main trends in the field of securities investment market of the largest stock exchanges in Europe and Ukraine are led. While examining statistical data concerning the capitalization of European stock exchanges in comparison with the PFTS of Ukraine in 2019, the LSE (London Stock Exchange) ranks 1st with €3.86 bn., 2nd place is taken by Euronext – €3.4 bn., 3rd place by Deutsche Börse having capitalization volume at the level of €1.9 bn., and PFTS Ukraine – €0.17 bn., which indicates that Ukrainian securities market is insufficiently elaborated. Nowadays, the Ukrainian securities market repeats European historical development trends, and at this stage it largely depends on the directions of development that international stock markets can take. Changes in European securities markets are extremely rapid and require competent response from regulatory structures. The rapid development of the European stock market, accompanied by the emergence of advanced technologies in the field of securities and new financial instruments, make it necessary to monitor all the changes and innovations that happen in the Ukrainian securities market in order to develop more effective recommendations for improving its functioning and regulation. In addition, integration with the European Union requires deeper and more radical reforms of the domestic state administration, macroeconomic regulation, property relations, and anti-corruption policy. Only a large-scale and complete reform will enable progressive renewal and effective, socially responsible integration into the EU countries, taking into account national interests.

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Silva, Célia Taborda. « Protests in Europe in Times of Crisis -The Case of Greece, Ireland and Portugal ». European Journal of Social Sciences 5, n^o 2 (1 octobre 2022) : 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eujss-2022-0019.

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Abstract The year 2008 was marked by a financial crisis that started in the United States but quickly spread to the rest of the world. Subprime-related, this crisis was linked to property speculation, leveraged by the banking sector. This crisis quickly spread to Europe due to exposure of European economies to international markets. To avoid economic collapse the States decided to intervene in the banking sector, nationalizing some banks and injecting capital in others. Some European countries not to enter bankruptcy had to ask for external financial support between 2010-11, was the case of Greece, Ireland and Portugal. The aid granted by the Troika (European Union, European Central Bank, International Monetary Fund) to European countries referenced advocated a drastic austerity plan. Faced with such a scenario of crisis, austerity, unemployment and precariousness, Europeans came to the streets to demonstrate their discontent with the crisis but also with politicians and policies implemented to solve the economic problems. Throughout Europe there were large protests, especially in the countries that received international aid. From a corpus taken from newspapers and from a theoretical framework of social movements we intend to verify if there was a direct relationship between crisis and contestation in the three countries that had external aid and if this crisis returned the centrality to materials on European social movements.

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Steinhauser, Dušan, et Miroslava Čukanová. « Impact of Corporate Governance Framework on Economic Performance in European Union ». Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 11, n^o 40 (1 décembre 2018) : 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2018-0018.

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Abstract In the current post-crisis period, the implementation of Corporate Governance principles has proven to be important. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development considers failure of Corporate Governance as one of the causes of the latest financial and economic crisis. We assume that the higher quality of institutional environment point to higher performance of the economy. The aim of the paper is to quantify the implementation of Corporate Governance in the European Union through selected qualitative indicators and his impact on economies. We have verified that countries with better values of judicial independence, protection of property rights, corruption, minority investor protection, extent of conflict of interest and resolving insolvency have a higher value of gross domestic product per capita. The index of enforcing contracts was statistically insignificant.

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Dudzevičiūtė, Gitana, Agnė Šimelytė et Aušra Liučvaitienė. « Government expenditure and economic growth in the European Union countries ». International Journal of Social Economics 45, n^o 2 (12 février 2018) : 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2016-0365.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide more reliable estimates of the relationship between government spending and economic growth in the European Union (EU) during the period of 1995-2015. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consisted of several different stages. In the first stage for an assessment of dynamics of government spending and economic growth indicators over two decades, descriptive statistics analysis was employed. Correlation analysis helped to identify the relationships between government expenditures (GEs) and economic growth. In the third stage, for modeling the relationship and the estimation of causality between GE and economic growth, Granger causality testing was applied. Findings The research indicated that eight EU countries have a significant relationship between government spending and economic growth. Research limitations/implications This study has been bounded by general GE and economic growth only. The breakdowns of general GE on the basis of the activities they support have not been considered in this paper, which is the main limitation of the research. Despite the limitation, it might be maintained that the research highlights key relationships in the EU countries. Originality/value These insights might be useful for policy makers. In countries with unidirectional causality running from GE to economic growth, the government can employ expenditure as a factor for growth. The governments should ensure that resources are properly managed and efficiently allocated to accelerate economic growth in the countries with unidirectional causality from GDP to GE.

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Marchuk, M., et L. Gudz. « Local elections in the European Union and Ukraine : comparative characteristics ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law, n^o 70 (18 juin 2022) : 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.16.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the electoral legislation of the EU countries and Ukraine at the local level and on the basis of this analysis, the proposals to improve the electoral legislation of Ukraine take into account the experience of the European Union. The main forms of direct democracy in most EU member countries and Ukraine are fixed at the constitutional level, and the procedure of preparing and holding elections is regulated by special election laws. Domestic electoral legislation is overloaded with detailed norms of procedural aspects, unlike the legislation of EU countries, in which much more attention is paid to the issues of transparency of party financial funds and transparency of election campaign financing, as well as protection of national minorities’ interests. The main ways of exercising the right to vote not at the place of inclusion in the voter lists in the EU member states were characterized: voting by absentee ballots at specially designated polling stations, voting on the territory of diplomatic and consular missions, voting by mail, proxy voting, mobile voting, voting via the Internet, distance voting. It is noted that the norms in which the institution of a cash deposit is enshrined are discriminatory since they violate the principle of equality of suffrage and create a situation in which candidates are excluded from the political arena on the basis of the property criterion. Relevant for EU countries is the adoption of measures to create appropriate conditions for the full implementation of the principle of equality of citizens before the law, in particular, to overcome the actual inequality of opportunities between women and men. In order to bring Ukrainian legislation in line with international standards set by the European Union, we propose: to grant the right to vote in local elections to citizens of other states or stateless persons who permanently reside on the territory of the respective territorial community and permanently pay local taxes and fees have common local interests related to everyday life, infrastructure, communication, recreation; to introduce electronic voting; not to apply the institution of cash deposit at the local level; to introduce individual (party) gender quotas, following the French example.

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Steponavičiūtė, Ramunė. « Object of Misappropriation in an Authorship Crime and its Meaning for Qualification ». Teisė 115 (29 juin 2020) : 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2020.115.7.

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This article analyses one element of corpus delicti of misappropriation of authorship, criminalised in Lithuanian Criminal Code Article 191 – the object (or the protected good) of a crime. The quality of Lithuanian national regulation and the scope of object of misappropriation of authorship, which affects the qualification of the crime, is evaluated by comparing it with other European Union countries’ criminal legal regulation of intellectual property.

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Soldatenko, Darya. « Industrial Intellectual Property as the EU’s Innovative Development Factor ». Contemporary Europe 104, n^o 4 (1 août 2021) : 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope42021107118.

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The article addresses correlation between the use of different intellectual property objects and the general goals of innovation policy of the EU. The subject of the research is industrial intellectual property along with trademarks and patents for inventions. The research period is limited to 2010‒2019. Based on the data from annual European innovation board and analysis of the dynamics of the activity of the EU member states in the field of intellectual property, the author identifies a group of EU countries that have the biggest potential in the use of the stipulated industrial property. It is show that trademark protection is mostly used in the medium and high-tech industries of the sample countries. However, there is a certain differentiation in the scale and dynamics of its application. Moreover, the author points out a high interest of the third countries such as USA, Japan and China in obtaining competitive advantages in the EU market through registration of a trademark in the European Union intellectual property office. The unified patent system in the EU is still at the preliminary stage as the most used national patent systems within the EU are the German and the French ones. The analysis demonstrates advantages of intellectual property systems in the Netherlands and Sweden. The author concludes that the successful implementation of the EU innovation policy through the creation of a system of exclusive industrial property rights is under way.

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Marković, Slobodan. « Položaj Srbije u globalnoj i evropskoj harmonizaciji prava intelektualne svojine ». Pravo i privreda 60, n^o 3 (15 août 2022) : 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55836/pip_22301a.

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The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) from 1994 triggered the process of transplantation of a neoliberal model of intellectual property protection from Western highly industrialized countries to the rest of the world, including the least developed countries. Because of its political aspirations, Serbia has the obligation to implement TRIPS and the law of the European Union. Consequently, the legal profession in Serbia is currently preoccupied with harmonization, and not with the creation of norms that are in the function of the country's development interests. Thus, the criterion for assessing the quality of regulations has become their compliance with EU law, and not their correspondence with the need for national development and well-being. With several examples of transplants of intellectual property law from the EU, the author illustrates two contradictory phenomena that characterise this process. Firstly, narrowing the space for the national legislator to adopt a norm that would correspond much better to the current national need. Secondly, leap forward of the domestic legislation on the basis of indisputable values of the European economic and cultural world.

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Grover, Richard, et Christine Grover. « The role of house price indices in managing the integration of finance and housing markets in the European Union ». Journal of European Real Estate Research 7, n^o 3 (28 octobre 2014) : 270–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-02-2014-0013.

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Purpose – The article aims to examine why residential property price indices (RPPI) are important, particularly in the European Union (EU) with its highly integrated financial system and examines the problems in developing a pan-European price index that aggregates the indices of different countries. Design/methodology/approach – The reasons why RPPI are important is explored through a review of the literature on residential price bubbles and the issues with the indices through studies of individual examples. Findings – Financial integration in the EU has taken place without adequate consideration having been given to diversity in residential property markets. The development of means of monitoring them has lagged behind integration with the national price indices using a variety of methods and approaches to data that limit the extent to which they can be aggregated. Originality/value – The article shows the need for better quality data about house price trends in Europe if the consequences of future bubbles are to be avoided. Current initiatives are unlikely to satisfy this, as they leave too many choices about methodology and data in the hands of individual countries.

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Angelova, Elena Hristova, Doru Leonard Irimie, Metodi Sotirov et Georg Winkel. « Bulgarien und Rumänien in der Europäischen Union – forstpolitische Herausforderungen | Bulgaria and Romania in the European Union – challenges for forest policy ». Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2009) : 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0015.

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Romania's and Bulgaria's accession to the European Union (EU) increased the forested area of the Community considerably and lead to significant changes within the forest sectors of these states, which had been shaped by centrally planned economy for a long time. Entering the European economic area and complying with its legal framework triggered a dynamic development, which was characterized by the competing priorities of domestic forest policy and the requests formulated by the EU. This article is going to discuss the immanent processes of these developments based on the results of three dissertations on this topic carried out at the Institute of Forest and Environmental Policy, University of Freiburg (Germany) during the recent years. The research focuses on the institutional changes in Romania and Bulgaria paying special attention to the restitution of property to private owners. Besides formal institutions, also informal aspects such as conflicting beliefs and interests of different forest policy stakeholders are considered. It can be shown that, despite the considerable development the forest sectors of both countries went through, still major challenges remain to be dealt with until they are fully integrated into the European economic and political area.

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Runowski, Henryk. « DILEMMAS OF MEASURING AND EVALUATING INCOME IN AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, n^o 1 (30 janvier 2020) : 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7868.

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The aim of the article is to outline problems related to the measurement and assessment of income in European Union agriculture. Research shows that measuring agricultural income, as well as assessing differences in income between EU countries are a matter of many doubts. They not only result from problems of a methodical nature, but also from specific solutions of a cultural nature (e.g. sale of a successor farm or free family transfer). The methodology used to determine income in agriculture currently used in the European Union only takes income resulting from agricultural production and the processing of agricultural products as well as other activities directly related to agricultural production into account. Other sources of farmer income are ignored. This applies, for example, to remuneration for work outside the farm, social allowances and revenues from the lease or rental of property resources. Thus, the methodology used to determine the income of persons related to agriculture prevents or at least hinders the full assessment of the income situation of farmers in the EU and in individual countries, including Poland. The current way of measuring farmer income causes certain economic and social repercussions and is often criticized. The conclusion is that there is a need to improve the methodology of measuring income in agriculture.

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Steponavičiūtė, Ramunė. « The scope of criminal liability for misappropriation of authorship in EU countries : comparative analysis ». Vilnius University Open Series, n^o 6 (28 décembre 2020) : 192–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.law.2020.17.

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Intellectual property legal protection is undoubtedly one of the most important factors and conditions of effective economic, social and cultural development in modern society. According to researchers, absolute majority of countries in the world have set criminal liability for certain crimes against intellectual property rights, including all of the European Union (hereinafter – EU) countries. One of those crimes is misappropriation of authorship. Yet the criminal laws of EU countries criminalise misappropriation of authorship very differently - some protect not only author rights but also related rights, the conditions for criminal liability in the general corpus delicti are of a very different scope as well as the punishments for those crimes differ significantly. This analysis will present the scope of criminal liability in all the EU countries, including the reasons why, as well as will try to find the answer whether ways of coping with these difficulties exist.

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DOLGOPOLOVA, Liubov M., Marina V. US et Sergiy O. GLOTOV. « Relevant Issues of Property Rights Protection in Ukraine ». Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, n^o 4 (15 juin 2020) : 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.4(50).08.

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The issue of protecting property rights today is one of the most important, and depends both on the state and in on the owners of these rights. Despite the fact that Ukraine strives to join the European Union, its legal system is still far from international standards. For example, if the owner of property does not possess at least initial knowledge in the field of protecting his rights, then his property may be at risk, problems may emerge not only from authorities, but also from other owners, entrepreneurs or legal entities. Another issue that should be noted is intellectual property, the concept and regulation of which is necessary for the successful development of the state and its investment attractiveness. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the status of the issue of property rights protection in Ukraine and create a development strategy that can be an important component of a national security strategy. In the paper, along with questions of legislative support of citizens` property rights, considered legislative methods of increasing the potential of enterprises and the level of social protection of the population. Based on the experience of protecting property rights in the European Union, it is shown that the basis for legal protection should be economic feasibility, and not the political situation of the executive and legislative branches. As a result, measures were developed with the help of which the legislative framework and human rights activities should be improved to the level of the EU countries, where special attention is paid to human rights, and, therefore, the property.

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Gotsova, Boryana. « The Gordian Knot of European Union Competence : Commercial Aspects of Intellectual Property After the Judgment in Case C-414/11Daiichi Sankyo ». German Law Journal 15, n^o 3 (1 mai 2014) : 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019027.

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The division of external competences between the European Union and the Member States is a long-standing object of contention for constitutional and practical reasons. The competence to negotiate and conclude international agreements in a given area has as many highly political implications as concrete policy-making ones. This tension is well illustrated by the field of the commercial aspects of intellectual property. Community, and later Union, competence over this area was established only gradually. After multiple Treaty revisions and legal disputes over competence, the Treaty of Lisbon now lists the field as one of the main elements of the Union's Common Commercial Policy (CCP). The CCP itself is one of the founding policies, dating back to the European Economic Community. It structures the Union's trade relations with third countries, encompassing bilateral and multilateral trade and tariff agreements, as well as unilateral trade defense measures such as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy instruments. Today, the Treaty of Lisbon expressly provides for exclusive Union competence over the CCP, codifying the case law of the Court of Justice.

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Kolesnikova, M. V., et K. R. Koroshchenko. « Protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union : comparative and legal aspect ». Legal Novels, n^o 13 (2021) : 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32847/ln.2021.13.09.

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Brahmi, Pratibha, et Vijaya Chaudhary. « Protection of plant varieties : systems across countries ». Plant Genetic Resources 9, n^o 3 (4 février 2011) : 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000037.

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This study discusses some of the important aspects of laws/regulations formulated for the protection of plant varieties in Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) member states, European Community countries and India. The study also provides an insight into some of the unique features of Indian sui generis system for the protection of plant varieties. During this study, the registration of crop notified in India and in some selected UPOV member countries has been examined. Since India is not an UPOV member state, the system of plant variety protection (PVP) is independent of international scenario but aims for similar standards. The study provides useful information in order to analyse the implementation of PVP laws in UPOV member states and India. Some important features were selected for carrying out a comparative analysis. These include Intellectual Property Rights protection (patent/breeder's right), types of varieties protected, methods of testing, criteria for protection, duration of protection, exemptions (researcher/farmer's exemption), infringement and penalty and compulsory license.

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Belikova, Ksenia Michailovna. « Theoretical and practical aspects of legal qualification of virtual property in Russia and abroad ». Юридические исследования, n^o 7 (juillet 2021) : 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.7.35869.

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The subject of this research is the theoretical and practical aspects of legal qualification of virtual property – digital online objects (cryptocurrencies, game property, user accounts, etc.) in Russia and abroad. Virtual property is viewed through the prism of the concept of “asset” / “economic asset”, established in the national and foreign legislation and doctrine. Real right to game objects in online games are considered through the lens of John Locke’s labor theory of property (acquisition), M. Radin’s theory of personality, theories of utilitarianism (deterrence of negative behavior and economic efficiency), law enforcement practices and legislation (South Korea, China, etc.). Real right to online accounts (Google, Yahoo etc.) are examined in the context of allowability of transferring personal and business accounts from the perspective of property and conventional law. The relevance, theoretical and practical importance of this research is are substantiated by supplementing the tangible objects of proprietary right with digital, created in modern reality with the use of digital technologies (cryptocurrencies, tokens, etc.), which requires clarification of their legal regime in the context of the effective legislation of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, ideas for its amendment, and law enforcement practice. The author concludes that the legal doctrine of a number of countries, distinguishing tangible and intangible, virtual objects (game objects, user accounts) recognized the existence and legal status of virtual property (Hong Kong, European Union, South Korea, Russian Federation, Taiwan), qualifying it as the analogue of digital information and content; legally - movable (Taiwan) or other (Russian Federation) property; property (the European Court of Human Rights) or utilitarian (mandatory) digital (Russian Federation) rights; economically – virtual (financial, in form of future income), and material (in form of commercial ties, domain names, etc.) assets (the European Court of Human Rights, Russian Federation).

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Jazic, Aleksandar. « A new approach to the system of civil protection in the European Union ». Medjunarodni problemi 67, n^o 1 (2015) : 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1501064j.

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After the Cold War civil defense was transformed into civil protection. This part of the state structure moved from the armed forces in the civilian sector. There are two reasons. First, direct threat of nuclear war stopped. Second, major natural disasters caused by climate changes. Today?s civil protection is organized in order to protect life and property in the event of disasters caused by nature or man. The European Union is due to the problems that arise when disasters appear start a process aimed at higher efficiency of civil protection in the Member States, but also the formation of a joint civil protection system on its territory. A key reason for the formation of a joint civil protection system is a phenomenon that disaster in one country causes consequences in several neighbouring countries. This is why the framework of modernization of the European Union Civil Protection includes non-member states.

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Ilić, Vladimir, Milan Mihajlović et Milena Knežević. « The role of social entrepreneurship in modern business conditions ». Oditor 8, n^o 2 (2022) : 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/oditor2202074i.

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The goal this one work is indicate on the meaning and role social entrepreneurial things in contemporary economy working realization overall economic development. The essence existence company in areas social entrepreneurial things it is solution social questions and reduction poor thing. Helping endangered categories residential property implements se active through the Work social company, in particular in countries European union. Development social entrepreneurial things is unambiguously connected with increasing niwa employment, development new ones skills and creation conditions For inclusion in society socially endangered.

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Fruscione, Alessandro. « The Free Trade Agreement Between the European Union and Vietnam ». Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021005.

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The European Union and Vietnam have signed a far-reaching Free Trade Agreement, which came into force on 1 August 2020 and represents a turning point in the trade relations that the Union has with third countries. In addition to providing for a substantial reduction in duties, partly with immediate effect and partly over the next few years, the agreement affects non-tariff barriers, substantially simplifying the documentation needed for customs operations (in particular in Vietnam) and the certifications required for certain types of products (for example, for pharmaceuticals). The Agreement also limits the adoption of anti-dumping and countervailing duties, specifying that trade remedies should be enforced in full compliance with the relevant requirements of the World Trade Organization and should be based on a fair and transparent system. The products originating from the two contracting parties will benefit from the duty exemptions and reductions upon production of a proof of preferential origin, represented, up to a value of 6,000 euros, by the exporter’s invoice declaration and, above this amount, by an exporter registered on the REX (Registered EXporter) system. The protection of intellectual property, ‘Made in’ and geographical indications is ensured, with specific provisions aimed at preventing fraud. Along with the Free Trade Agreement, the Union and Vietnam have also signed an Investment Protection Agreement, whose main point is the provision for the creation of an independent and qualified court to settle disputes between investing companies and the state. Agreements, Vietnam, Preferential, REX, protection, investments, ASEAN, Exports, Made in, ICS

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Balabanova, Zlatina, et Ralf Brüggemann. « EXTERNAL INFORMATION AND MONETARY POLICY TRANSMISSION IN NEW EU MEMBER STATES : RESULTS FROM FAVAR MODELS ». Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, n^o 2 (17 mars 2016) : 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000516.

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We investigate the effects of monetary policy shocks in the new European Union (EU) member states the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. In contrast to existing studies, we explicitly account for external developments in European Monetary Union (EMU) countries and in other acceding countries. We do so by using factor-augmented vector autoregressive models that employ information from nonstationary factor time series. One set of VAR models includes factors obtained from a large cross section of time series from EMU countries, whereas another set includes factors obtained from other acceding countries. We find that including EMU factors does change impulse response patterns in some but not all acceding countries. In contrast, including factors from other acceding countries leads to substantial changes in impulse responses and to economically more plausible results. Overall, our analysis highlights that taking external economic developments properly into account is crucial for the analysis of monetary policy in the new EU member states.

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