Thèses sur le sujet « Processus hydrologiques de surface »
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Napoly, Adrien Antoine. « Apport de paramétrisations avancées des processus liés à la végétation dans les modèles de surface pour la simulation des flux atmosphériques et hydrologiques ». Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/17682/7/napoly.pdf.
Texte intégralHenine, Hocine. « Couplage des processus hydrologiques reliant parcelles agricoles drainées, collecteurs enterrés et émissaire à surface libre : intégration à l'échelle du bassin versant ». Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066631.
Texte intégralJomaa, Fatima. « Précipitations sur le sud de la France : caractérisation, source et impacts sur le cycle hydrologique régional ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU025.
Texte intégralThe Mediterranean region stands out as a potential ’hotspot’ in climate science which signifies a region where the impacts of climate change are expected to be particularly significant. In Mediterranean region there is intricate interplay between the ocean atmosphere and land, coupled with distinct morphological features. This strong coupling refers to the interactions among the Mediterranean Sea, the atmosphere, and the surrounding land, influencing specific local climate dynamics. In our study, we focused on the Southern part of France located in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Due to these special geographical features and the complex interactions between ocean and atmospheric processes at different spatial and temporal scales, the climate and especially the hydroclimate of the Southern part of France exhibits intricate spatial and temporal characteristics and their variability. There is a lack of understanding of local hydrological processes, which requires a high-resolution comprehensive analysis of all hydrological cycle components in this region. In our work, we will focus on the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle in the Gulf of Lion and we will consider precipitation, moisture transport, and surface hydrological processes such as runoff and soil moisture.The aim of this PhD research can be summarized in three main questions addressing the complexities of the hydrological cycle over southern France:1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of various type of datasets in capturing the precipitation variability and its extremes over southern France ?To answer this question, we investigated the accuracy and reliability of all available data sources for this region in representing the actual climatic conditions, providing insights into their applicability for hydrological studies in the Mediterranean region. Results of this analysis are presenting in Chapter 2.2. What are the sources of moisture transport contributing to precipitation and extreme weather events in southern France ?To answer this question, we analyzed the moisture transport in this region. Additionally, we investigated the moisture transport for the conditions of extreme precipitation events. To explores the mechanisms driving of moisture transport we performed clustering analysis of corresponding weather patterns. Results are presenting in Chapter 3.3. How do variability and trends in precipitation impact soil moisture and continental runoff in southern France ?To answer this question, we analyzed the interactions between precipitation patterns and terrestrial components of the hydrological cycle, such as soil moisture and runoff. Reasulate are presenting in Chapter 4.The structure of this thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the data sources utilized in this study, discussing their respective limitations. It also details the methodologies employed to evaluate these datasets and to investigate the sources of moisture affecting this region. Chapter 2 focuses on the examination of precipitation characteristics within the region. It assesses various precipitation datasets to understand their reliability and accuracy in capturing the area’s precipitation dynamics. Chapter 3 is dedicated to analyzing long-term moisture transport patterns. This chapter aims to elucidate the mechanisms behind moisture movement into the region. Chapter 4 delves into the analysis of runoff and soil moisture, exploring their relationship with precipitation. It examines how precipitation influences soil moisture and runoff, contributing to the broader understanding of the regional hydrological cycle
Picourlat, Fanny. « Mise à l'échelle des processus hydrologiques pour les modèles de surface continentale, de la modélisation 3D intégrée au modèle de réservoir : Application au bassin du Little Washita ». Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ016.
Texte intégralAs the water cycle is a driving force of climate, accurate modeling of the various continental hydrological fluxes is a major challenge in climate modeling. These flows are modeled within Land Surface Models (LSM) with a horizontal resolution of about 100 km. At this scale, the representation of continental hydrology is simplified: lateral flows are conceptualized through reservoirs, and their influence on the spatial distribution of soil water content is neglected. Such simplifications introduce biases on the calculation of evapotranspiratory flux and river flow. A consensus is therefore observed within the scientific community on the need to improve the representation of hydrology in LSM. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to develop an upscaling approach of the hydrological processes for LSM, ranging from integrated 3D model to reservoir model. Applied to the Little Washita basin (Oklahoma, USA), this approach is articulated in three steps of dimensionality reduction. First, a 3D simulation is conducted over 20 years using a physically-based integrated code. The 3D model of the basin is then reduced to a 2D equivalent hillslope model. A third step consists in reducing the 2D model to a conceptual reservoir model using simplifying assumptions. Finally, a 1D column simulation is performed using a LSM. A comparison with the conceptual model resulting from the upscaling approach allows us to identify different avenues for the development of LSM hydrology
Pak, Lai Ting. « Modélisation hydrologique distribuée des écoulements surface-souterrain à l’échelle d’un bassin versant bananier en milieu tropical volcanique (Guadeloupe, France) ». Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0014/document.
Texte intégralIn the French West Indies (FWI), limited resources supply on island and farming with extensive uses of pesticides have damaged water resources. In environments under intensive banana production, water pollution can be of particular concern, with regards to the use of chlordecone, an insecticide to control the banana weevil. Understanding the hydrological behaviour of a catchment is a challenge in assessing the exposure of the ecosystem to pollutions and in predicting the long-term contamination dynamics. This thesis aimed at developing a model to simulate de surface and underground hydrological processes at the catchment scale on volcanic deposits in a humid tropical area covered by banana plantations in Guadeloupe. First, we developed an original water budget model at the plot scale, adapted to the banana canopy. It takes into account the high rainfall redistribution by banana cover and simulates the effects of modified rainfall intensities and within-plot heterogeneities on the water balance components. The sensitivity analysis showed that rainfall redistribution promotes surface runoff and percolation, in accordance with the field observations, but influences little or only temporarily the average field evapotranspiration and soil moisture. The model calibration tested on experimental data indicated improved runoff production performances compared to a model without rainfall redistribution. Secondly, the Féfé experimental catchment (17.8 ha) was studied with a linked iterative modelling approach (of MHYDAS and MODFLOW) that includes surface and underground hydrological processes. Tested against a year of outlet discharge and water table depth measurements, the linked modelling approach seems appropriate. However, the main limit of this approach was that it does not consider the transfer through the unsaturated zone when simulating the aquifers' recharge. The analysis of the results and of the differences between measured and simulated variables supported the hypothesis, from experimental analyses, that: the surface runoff is mainly Hortonian, groundwater flow is the main contributor to runoff at the catchment outlet. However, there was still uncertainty concerning the main processes during wet periods. Various hypotheses were suggested and should be investigated in future studies. This work represents a first step towards the evaluation of the major flow paths and contamination dynamics of pesticides on volcanic deposits in a humid tropical area covered by banana plantations
Pedinotti, Vanessa. « Préparation à la mission SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) : Apport de l'altimétrie à large fauchée à la modélisation grande échelle des processus hydrologiques et hydrodynamiques en Afrique de l'Ouest ». Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0014/document.
Texte intégralThe hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes of the Niger basin are largely influenced by the West African monsoon variabilty. In the last 3 decades these variations have resulted in an increase of extreme events such as floods and droughts. Retrospectively, the climate might be impacted by the evaporation fluxes from the inner Delta flooded region, at least regionally. A better understanding of the Niger basin water cycle is a crucial issue for water resources management but requires observation datasets with a large spatial and temporal coverage. The SWOT satellite mission will provide 2D global maps of water level and slope at an unprecedented resolution (50 to 100 meters). Within the framework of the preparation of the SWOT mission, this thesis aims at proposing a SWOT data assimilation strategy for the improvement of global scale hydrological models. First, the ISBA-TRIP hydrological model from CNRM is evaluated over the Niger basin. This model includes an inundation scheme and simple aquifer reservoir. The model diagnostics are compared to an extensive set of in-situ and satellite observations. According to its relative simple physics, the model is able to simulate in a realistic manner, the continental water dynamics : discharge, water levels, floods, total water storage variations. Sensitivity tests are also performed to determine the most sensitve ISBA-TRIP parameters. Among them, the Manning coefficient has a key role in the flow dynamics but its estimation is difficult and usually based on geomorphologic relationships. The second part of this work consists in setting up a SWOT data assimilation strategy for the optimization of the ISBA-TRIP parameters. Since the SWOT observations are not available yet and also to assess the skills of the assimilation method, the study is carried out in the framework of an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). The corrected parameter is the Manning coefficient, spatially distributed over the river. The assimilation allows a good improvement of the relative bias of discharge and water level over the river. The Manning coefficient is also globally improved and tends to an optimal value. Moreover, the water storage anomalies and flooded fraction are also better simulated. Finally, the study shows that the method is useful for hydrological forecasting over longer time periods than those of the calibration
Pourrier, Jonathan. « Caractérisation des processus de transferts et d’interactions entre les compartiments hydrologiques, hydrogéologiques et cryosphériques d’un bassin versant andin semi-aride soumis à une forte variabilité climatique (Vallée de l’Elqui – Chili) ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20108/document.
Texte intégralThe north Chile is affected by an arid to semi-arid climate, associated with a strong seasonal to inter-annual variability. In this region, while mountainous areas are supporting low areas, the availability of water resources remains limited. In order to improve the water management in these basins, it is necessary to precise how the high areas support the low areas, and to characterize water transfers and interaction processes between the constitutive compartments of the hydrosystem. This work concern the characterization of the hydrodynamic behavior of the Elqui watershed from the headwaters, in the Andes, to the valleys, ranging between 500 and 2000 m.a.s.l.In the headwaters, the interactions processes between cryospheric and hydrologic compartments and their impact on water transfers to the low areas are characterized. The behavior of unglacierized or partially glacierized watershed is also studied. In the low area of the watershed, the study mainly considers groundwater-surface water interactions under semi-arid context and the impact of the climatic variability on these processes. This study is based on more than 40 years of hydro-meteorological data available in the lower zone of the basin, completed by hydrological measurements in the upper zone (> 2000 m.a.s.l.) and chemical (majors and traces elements) and isotopic samples (²D, 18O) over the whole study area realized between 2011 and 2013.This work demonstrated that the conceptual model of the Elqui basin hydrological behavior, generally accepted, was incomplete. In the high area (> 2000 m.a.s.l.), the study of a glacierized watershed show that the function of the cryosphere overpass the water production with some compartments storing water during humid periods and draining their water content during dry periods. This process buffers the temporal variability of precipitations and melting rates in the high area. Physico-chemical analysis, allows to identify some ignored aquifer compartments, as the volcanic and plutonic compartments. The results of this study improve the knowledge about interactions processes between cryospheric, hydrologic and hydrogeologic compartments, which precise the hydrological functioning of the high area. The interpretation of the hydrological behavior of the high altitude area allows to better understand the way that it support the low area, and the way that climate variability may affects it.In the low area, results show that the groundwater-surface water interaction potential is good between alluvial and hydrological compartments, but also between the plutonic and the alluvial compartments. The study of hydro-meteorological and physico-chemical data allowed to characterize the type of exchanges that take place between groundwater and surface water. In some sectors the main process is the recharge of the alluvial compartment by the hydrological compartment, while in other sectors the processes show a seasonal variability with periods of alluvial compartment recharge and periods of hydrological compartment support. The answer of these processes face to climatic and anthropic forcing will constrain the evolution of the availability and quality of the water resources in the Elqui basin. Finally, the results of this study will certainly allow to better anticipate the future modifications of the semi-arid mountainous watershed hydrological functioning
Jabot-Robert, Dorothée. « Caractérisation et modélisation de la dynamique de l'évapotranspiration en Afrique Soudanienne en zone de socle : interaction entre les aquifères et la végétation ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU024/document.
Texte intégralIn West Africa, millions of people rely on water resources exposed to the monsoon variability. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to better understand hydrological processes in bedrock areas, and more particularly to estimate the role of lateral redistribution of soil water by the interactions between underground reservoirs, vegetation and atmosphere, using hydrogeological prospection and modeling at field and catena scale. This work is supported by the experimental device implemented in the small Ara catchment in the framework of the AMMA-CATCH observatory. The use of the ParFlow-CLM model allows the simulation of transfers in the saturated and the vadose zone by solving the Richards equation in 3D. The model was forced using observed atmospheric forcing at the surface. We first identify influential parameters for vertical water transfers. Then a spatial characterization of these parameters is carried out. The 1D version of the Parflow-CLM model is assessed using observed data. We show that the model provides relevant times series of the surface energy balance and of soil water distribution as compared to the observations. The impact of the spatial variability of the hydraulic parameters at the field scale (<1 ha) is studied. Finally, the bedrock geometry and the spatial distribution of vegetation are taken into account in the modelling. This allows the identification of horizontal subsurface lateral fluxes, which generate wet and dry patterns, which are related to the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration
Robert, Dorothee. « Caractérisation et modélisation de la dynamique de l'évapotranspiration en Afrique Soudanienne en zone de socle : interaction entre les aquifères et la végétation ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00849151.
Texte intégralSantos, Da Silva Joecila. « APPLICATION DE L'ALTIMÉTRIE SPATIALE À L'ÉTUDE DES PROCESSUS HYDROLOGIQUES DANS LES ZONES HUMIDES DU BASSIN AMAZONIEN ». Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488150.
Texte intégralLang, Gabriel. « Estimation de la régularité et de la longue dépendance de processus gaussiens. Applications aux débits hydrologiques ». Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30076.
Texte intégralGomez, Delgado Federico. « Processus hydrologiques, écophysiologiques et de transfert de sédiments dans un bassin agroforestier caféier combinant des approches expérimentales et de modélisation pour les besoins des Services Hydrologiques Environnementaux ». Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0032/document.
Texte intégralThe profitability of hydropower is affected by soil erosion and sedimentation in dam reservoirs, which are influenced by land use, infiltration and aquifer interactions with surface water. In order to promote the payment of Hydrological Environmental Services (HES) in Costa Rica, a quantitative assessment of the impact of land uses (such as coffee farming) on the functioning of drainage basins is required. This thesis seeks: 1) to study the water balance partitioning in a newly installed coffee agroforestry basin 2) to estimate the water and sediment yield at various spatio-temporal scales: from plot to basin and from event to annual scale; and 3) to simulate the water and sediment yields, at both annual and peakflow scale, by including the surface runoff from hillslopes and roads. The main hydrological, ecophysiological and sediment processes were monitored during one year at the basin (rainfall, streamflow, evapotranspiration, soil humidity, aquifer level, turbidity) and at the plots (surface runoff and erosion). A new eco-hydrological model was developed to close the water balance, and the annual sediment yield was also quantified. Improvements are in progress to take into account the effect of roads in surface runoff generation. The low surface runoff, low plot erosion and low basin sediment yield observed under the current biophysical conditions (andisol) and management practices (no tillage, planted trees, bare soil kept by weeding), offer potential HES by reducing the superficial displacement capacity for fertilizers and pesticides, yielding low sediment loads and regulating streamflow variability through highly efficient mechanisms of aquifer recharge-discharge
Legout, C. « Etude des mécanismes hydrologiques et biogéochimiques de la recharge des nappes à surface libre ». Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130462.
Texte intégralLes mécanismes hydrologiques et biogéochimiques de la recharge des nappes ont été caractérisés et étudiés en conditions naturelles sur le bassin versant de Kerbernez sur l'ensemble du continuum zone non saturé / zone de fluctuation de nappe / zone saturée en permanence, par modélisation numérique sur un versant théorique et par traçage sur une colonne d'arène granitique. L'activité bactérienne dans la zone non saturée profonde a été quantifiée par expérimentations en batch.
Les observations faites dans la nappe à Kerbernez montrent que si les concentrations sont très stables en profondeur, elles présentent de fortes variations en surface à l'échelle de l'année hydrologique, particulièrement dans la zone de fluctuation de nappe. La zone de fluctuation de nappe est une zone active de mélange entre des eaux d'origine et d'âge différents, et où des transferts latéraux rapides peuvent avoir lieu.
L'inaptitude des modèles classiques de transfert (Convection-Dispersion et Mobile-Immobile) à reproduire les traits caractéristiques des variations chimiques dans la zone de fluctuation de nappe a été montrée, confirmant la nécessité de prendre en compte l'hétérogénéité des écoulements.
Ainsi, nous proposons une représentation du milieu sous forme de deux compartiments de porosité mobile, un lent et un rapide, expliquant l'origine des fortes variations chimiques intra-annuelles dans la zone de fluctuation de nappe.
Les courbes d'élution en sortie de colonne au laboratoire montrent que la dispersion des solutés augmente en régime de fluctuation de nappe par rapport aux régimes d'écoulement stationnaire. Ces fortes dispersions seraient le résultat de l'activation alternée de chacun des deux compartiments de porosité mobile, activation contrôlée par le degré de saturation du milieu.
Les variations inter-annuelles des concentrations en conditions naturelles dans la zone non saturée nous ont conduit à définir un troisième compartiment de porosité immobile échangeant par diffusion avec les autres compartiments de porosité. Nous avons par ailleurs montré à partir de l'analyse des concentrations mesurées sur le terrain et dans les incubations au laboratoire que de la dénitrification hétérotrophe se produisait dans la zone non saturée profonde. Le compartiment immobile de la porosité serait le lieu de cette dénitrification.
Legout, Cédric. « Étude des mécanismes hydrologiques et biogéochimiques de la recharge des nappes à surface libre ». Rennes 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130462.
Texte intégralLegout, Cédric. « Étude des mécanismes hydrologiques et biogéochimiques de la recharge des nappes à surface libre / ». Rennes : Éd. de Géosciences Rennes, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401902153.
Texte intégralHigy, Christophe. « Modélisation conceptuelle et à base physique des processus hydrologiques : application au bassin versant de la Haute-Mentue / ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2148.
Texte intégralGnouma, Raouf Chocat Bernard Breil Pascal. « Aide à la calibration d'un modèle hydrologique distribué au moyen d'une analyse des processus hydrologiques application au bassin versant de l'Yzeron / ». Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2006. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=gnouma.
Texte intégralBouteffeha, Maroua. « Echanges hydrologiques surface-souterrain induits par une retenue collinaire en milieu méditerranéen : quantification et analyse ». Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0042/document.
Texte intégralHill reservoirs are hydraulic infrastructures widely used in North Africa, generally in arid and semi arid zones of the planet. These infrastructures are used for both water conservation in the catchment scale and to reduce siltation of downstream dams. The implementation and the management of water resources mobilized in this infrastructure must be based on knowledge of their hydrological functioning. However, the hydrological functioning of this system is not very known, especially the water flux exchange processes and intensity between the reservoir and the subsurface is still an open question.The main purpose of this study is to quantify and analyse the hydrological functioning of the reservoir-subsurface exchange processes for an agricultural catchment. This study was conducted on the hill reservoir of the experimental observation site of Kamech belonging to the OMERE observatory. In the first part of this study, we develop a water balance approach to estimate reservoir-subsurface exchange flux. The results of this approach shows that reservoir-subsurface exchange flux is dominated by infiltration that represent about 79% of the water outflow, and largely exceeds the water loss by evaporation that represents only 21 % of the total water outflow. However, the cross-analysis of the hydrological dynamics of the hill reservoir and the aquifer in the vicinity of the reservoir revealed that infiltration can occur in both directions: reservoir-subsurface exchange dominated by infiltration with the aquifer located in the foot of the dam, however the water exchange with the lateral aquifer of the hill reservoir can occur in both directions but remain very fleeting. The preliminary results of the modeling approach developed in this work has highlighted the complexity of reservoir-subsurface exchange flux. In fact, the relationship between water level in the hill reservoir and the infiltration flux is not unique and can present different behavior between the rise and decrease phase of the water level in the hill reservoir
Jerbi, Hamza. « Anthropisation des processus hydrologiques autour de l’oued Merguellil, Tunisie centrale : caractérisation des formes d’évolution et quantification des flux ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG079/document.
Texte intégralThe Merguellil basin in central Tunisia provides an illustrative example of hydrological processes profoundly modified by human action. The Wadi Merguellil, the main river of the basin, has experienced an extremely marked socio-hydrological evolution. Its current state is the legacy of a long history of interactions between man and his environment. Truly, it is currently intermittent over most of its course, but the statements of farmers and archival records reveal that this was not the case at the beginning of the last century. The use of ancient information from archival documents has shown that the Wadi Merguellil was supported mainly by the overflow of the confined aquifer of Bouhefna. During the years 1974-1975 and in order to transfer groundwater resources from the Merguellil basin to the coastal regions, a management plan was put in place. The aim of this plan was to reduce the level of the Bouhefna aquifer so as to reduce '' losses '' by evaporation in the Wadi Merguellil and minimize the groundwater flow towards the nearby Haffouz aquifer. As expected, this strategy led to a reversal of the hydraulic gradient inferring the drying up of the overflow springs, the emptying of the alluvial aquifer and the disappearance of the Wadi Merguellil baseflow during the period 1976-1978. The hydrodynamic model established in this thesis suggests that the averaged groundwater flow that was feeding the Wadi before the hydraulic gradient reversal is around 9 hm3. Currently, it is rather the floods of the Wadi that feed the alluvial aquifer and the shallow aquifers. The average flow infiltrated during the propagation of flood events is estimated at 17 hm3 in the section of the wadi between the Haffouz station and El Haouareb dam for the year 2013-2014.Though, the exploitation management plan of the Bouhefna aquifer was based exclusively on hydrodynamic considerations without taking into account the evolution of hydro-agricultural practices. Indeed, the disappearance of the baseflow of the Wadi Merguellil has forced farmers to abandon traditional irrigation canals and opt for the installation of motor pumps and the establishment of deep wells. This feedback on the change in the Wadi flow regime has further disrupted the hydrological balance. This resulted in an excessive exploitation of the groundwater with an observed current decrease of the piezometry higher than 1m/year and a reversal of the hydraulic gradient between the Bouhefna aquifer and the Haffouz aquifer. The hydrodynamic model suggests that the average flow exchanged by vertical drainage has decreased from 8 hm3 in 1970 to 2 hm3 in 2015. In the opposite direction, the average flow transiting from the Haffouz aquifer to the Bouhefna aquifer has increased from 1 hm3 in 1970 to 6 hm3 in 2015, imposing a risk of salinity in the long term.The transfer of water from Bouhefna to the coastal regions, even though it is widely disputed by the local populations, has never been put forward as a factor explaining the hydrological evolution experienced locally. The work of this thesis allows to show how much this transfer of water has influenced the hydrological regime of the wadi. However, by not omitting their own responsibilities in these dynamics, farmers are lucid. Indeed, the hydrodynamic model suggests that the cumulative part of groundwater volumes mobilized by the latter after the disappearance of the Wadi baseflow is comparable to that for drinking water. The results of this thesis are in line with research in socio-hydrology that calls for integrating social aspects into management plans to ensure sustainable development of water resources
Larouche, Tremblay François. « Analyse détaillée du fonctionnement interne du schéma de surface CLASS ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25359.
Texte intégralCanadian Land Surface Scheme
Bougon, Nolwenn. « L'influence des circulations hydrologiques sur la structure des communautés bactériennes à l'interface sol-nappe ». Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342702.
Texte intégralLe premier axe a été analysé en utilisant des bio-réacteurs stimulants différents états redox et disponibilité en nutriment. Le second a consisté à suivre les changements de structure de communautés dans le temps (suivant les périodes de hautes et de basses eaux) et suivant la profondeur. Le troisième axe est abordé sous des conditions expérimentales à partir d'eau échantillonnée en profondeur, en contrôlant les paramètres de forçages (quantité et nature du carbone, quantité d'azote). Pour chaque bio-réacteur, une analyse du Métaprotéome par des empreintes peptidiques a été réalisée pour modéliser le fonctionnement de l'écosystème.
L'importance des circulations hydrologiques sur les communautés bactériennes a été confirmée en agissant directement sur la structure des communautés ou indirectement sur la disponibilité de ressources. Le manque de connaissance actuel dans les bases de données ne nous a pas permis d'aller aussi loin que nous l'aurions souhaité dans les expériences de protéomique. Il nous est impossible à l'heure actuelle de proposer un modèle de fonctionnement de niche écologique. Cependant, le protéome des cellules exposées aux deux sources de carbones a été montré comme significativement différent, laissant suggérer une réponse différentielle du système suivant la nature de la pollution induite.
Gascoin, Simon. « Etude des paramétrisations hydrologiques d'un modèle de surface continentale : des aquifères jusqu'aux premiers centimètres du sol ». Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00399672.
Texte intégralNgo-Duc, Thanh. « Modélisation des bilans hydrologiques continentaux : variabilité interannuelle et tendances. Comparaison aux observations ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011408.
Texte intégralLe, Xuan Kham. « Variabilité des processus hydrologiques entrant dans le mecanisme de la génèse des crues sur les bassins à cinétique rapide ». Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000682/.
Texte intégralThe MARINE model developed at Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, is a space distributed, event dedicated, real time and physically based rainfall - runoff model aimed at predicting flash floods. It provides distributed parameters and hydrographs enabling previsionists to estimate events dangerousness. Distributed data provide a tentative value, fitted using one single multiplying coefficient for each model parameter on observations on the Gardons d’Anduze watershed used as test basin. In order to determine most sensitive parameters, the GLUE «Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation» theoretical framework allowing a sensitivity analysis is used. Each model parameter is then ranked according to its importance; its variation range is determined and uncertainty bounds are computed for forecasting purpose
Le, Xuan Kham Dartus Denis. « Variabilité des processus hydrologiques entrant dans le mecanisme de la génèse des crues sur les bassins à cinétique rapide ». Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000682.
Texte intégralJoerin, Christophe. « Etude des processus hydrologiques par l'application du traçage environnemental : association à des mesures effectuées à l'échelle locale et analyse d'incertitude / ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2165.
Texte intégralBelle, Pierre. « Contribution des processus hydrologiques et hydrogéologiques aux glissements de terrain de grande ampleur : application au contexte tropical de la Réunion ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0022/document.
Texte intégralThe landslide activity is commonly controlled by the variation of hydraulic head inside the instable mass. Thus, the hydrogeological study of landslides is an essential step to predict landslide dynamic, and for the remediation choices. However, the aquifers developed in landslide are generally complexes. Actually, the comprehension of landslide hydrogeological functioning is a major problematic, especially for the deep-seated landslides.Under humid tropical climate, the Salazie landslides (Reunion Island) allow to implement an interesting study to characterized deep-seated landslide hydrogeology and functioning. In this study, we performed a multidisciplinary approach, combining geology, hydrochemistry and numerical modeling (global and deterministic);The geological study allows the construction of the deep seated landslide geological model (Grand Ilet sector). The Grand Ilet landslide, corresponding to 175 Mm3, is the most active part of deep seated instability whose the total volume is estimated at 370 Mm3. The volcano-detritic lithologies (i.e basic breccia) constitute the main geological formation of the unstable mass. This breccia is a present-day reactivation of an old destabilization (> 350 Ma). Furthermore, the extensive deformation generated by the landslide activity allows the formation of decompressed zones.Inside breccias, a continuous aquifer is identified. Here, the groundwater flows are controlled by the geometry of the landslide base. Natural land cover, soils properties, unsaturated zone thickness and warm temperature limit the groundwater recharge. Only the intense rainfall episode (80 mm/event) can generated the recharge of landslide aquifer. During these events, rapid transfers circulating inside the decompressed zones have a significant effect on hydraulic charge variations. A slow component is infiltrated inside the porous medium of breccias.The inverse modeling methods with bimodal Gaussian-Exponential transfer function is applied to study the Salazie landslides dynamic. The results show that landslide speed variations are directly controlled by groundwater level variations during the hydrologic cycle (recharge and recession stage). Consequently, the inverse model is a powerful tool for predicting deep-seated landslide movements and for studying how they function
Noireaux, Johanna. « Fractionnement isotopiques du bore dans les processus de surface ». Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC142.
Texte intégralThis study focuses on two main aspects of boron geochemistry at the Earth's surface. Boron isotope compositions are used to trace severals processes involved in climate evolution on geological timescales ; the ocean pH variations and continental weathering. Boron is also sensitive to biological reactions, which makes it a potential traceur of the coupling between weathering and biological cycling. Ocean pH is supposed to be recorede in the boron isotope signature of marine carbonates. The study of boron incorporation in carbonates precipitated under controlled environment evidenced the dominant role of crystallography on the boron isotope composition of inorganic carbonates and thus on the di iB sensitivity to pH variations. Moreover, d 11B in aragonite is consistent with the paleo-pH hypothesis of sole incorporation of borate ion. On the Contrary, calcite can incorporate boric acid. This has implications on our understanding of vital effects in marine biological carbonates and their use as paléo-pHmeters. Comparison between the fluxes and boron isotope fractionation in two small watershed evidenced the constrasted behaviour of boron. In Mule Hole watershed, boron fluxes are controlled by atmospheric inputs and vegetation cylcling, resulting in some of the highest di 1B ever measured in the dissolved load. We also confirm that weathering processes fractionate boron isotopes during secondary minerals formation. In Shale Hills watershed, boron fluxes are controlled by atmospheric inputs and water-rock interactions, in particular by boron inputs by groundwater having reacted with the shale. These results as a whole confirm the usefulness of boron isotopes as a tracer of surface processes but call for a better knowledge of isotope fractionation induced by biological activity
Auradou, Harold. « Quelques processus physiques au voisinage d'une surface auto-affine ». Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10067.
Texte intégralNicolas, Matthieu. « Etude expérimentale et numérique du ruissellement de surface : effets des variations d'intensité de la pluie : application à une parcelle de vigne en Cévennes-Vivarais ». Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU009.
Texte intégralThrough a cross-disciplinary approach, a study of the rain-dynamics and hillslope-length effects on runoff was carried out at plot scale. To achieve this, a vineyard plot in Ardèche was instrumented in order to implement runoff experiments under simulated and natural rainfall. Laboratory rainfall simulations completed this experimental ensemble via a reproducible artificial porous medium made of ceramic bricks. A distributed physically based model (PSEM_2D) was utilized and a conceptual model constituted of triangular section basins was created to reproduce the observed runoff. In steady regime, field rainfall simulations showed that runoff intensity do not depend on collected slope length. The responsibility of transitional regime on the non proportionality of runoff volume with slope length is put forward. Steady regime infiltration increase with rainfall intensity was observed in the field and in the laboratory. With microtopography, modeling results showed that a punctual hydraulic conductivity increase with elevation could explain the observed infiltration variation range in the field. An intermittent rainfall creates more runoff than a continuous rainfall of the same mean intensity as the simulated rainfall experiences showed. However, this effect was softened for heavy intensities due to the infiltration increase with rainfall intensity and to the superficial detention infiltrated between two flushes (estimated by the intermittent runoff deficit between intermittent and continuous rainfalls of same amount). This observation reinforces the use of hyetogram-independent runoff coefficients in hydrological models
Gascoin, Simon. « Etude des paramétrisations hydrologiques d'un modèle de surface continentale : importance des aquifères et des premiers centimètres du sol ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00399672.
Texte intégral– une application au bassin de la Somme (France) qui a permis d'améliorer la prise en compte des écoulements souterrains,
– une application à la moraine du Glacier Zongo (Bolivie) pour analyser la relation entre l'albedo et l'humidité du sol nu,
– une application dans le cadre du projet ALMIP (Afrique de l'Ouest) pour l'intercomparaison régionale de LSM.
La diversité de ces contextes jette un éclairage varié sur les forces et les faiblesses de CLSM, et offre la possibilité de mieux appréhender les interactions complexes qui gouvernent les échanges d'eau et d'énergie à la surface des continents. On montre l'importance de considérer l'intégralité du domaine souterrain, depuis les premiers centimètres du sol jusqu'aux aquifères.
Gnouma, Raouf. « Aide à la calibration d'un modèle hydrologique distribué au moyen d'une analyse des processus hydrologiques : application au bassin versant de l'Yzeron ». Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0084/these.pdf.
Texte intégralThe present work is a contribution to the recent research topics in hydrology devoted to the amelioration of hydrological modelling performance on the base of field knowledge. The study catchment is the Yzeron basin (A = 147,3 km²) located at the west of Lyon. Following a state of the art review concerning hydrological processes for runoff generation and distributed hydrological modelling, the WISTOO model was implemented in the Yzeron basin. This first work of modelling raised the different problems of the distributed hydrological modelling, already evoked in the literature, and stresses the importance of knowledge about the hydrological behaviour of the study catchment is necessary. In the second part of this work, a spatial analysis was carried out, using the different available thematic layers, leading to the selection of three representative sub-catchments. A field experimental approach has been conducted at two scales : catchment (runoff-rainfall analysis and geochemical tracing) and hillslope scale (piezometric level measurements). The geochemical tracing application has made it possible to propose some hypotheses on the hydrological behaviour of these entities. For a smaller scale approach, a set of piezometers have been installed on two hillslopes, which allowed monitoring of the piezometric level during some rainfall-runoff events. Association of two techniques (geochemical tracing and experimental investigation at the hillslope scale) and global rainfall-runoff analysis have finally permitted to improve our understanding of dominant hydrological processes associated to the representatives sub-catchments of Yzeron basin. A first tentative of integration of this knowledge in to the calibration process of WISTOO model constitutes the last chapter of this work
Renault, Daniel. « Modélisation hydrologique en irrigation de surface : analyse de la vitesse de la linéarisation de la vitesse du front d'avencement : alive ». Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20224.
Texte intégralOberlé, Kenny. « Devenir des antibiotiques et des populations d'Escherichia coli et d'Enterococcus spp. Dans les hydrosystèmes de surface ». Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES014.
Texte intégralContamination of aquatic environments by antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant faecal bacteria is a great concern at the worldwide scale. Discharges of WWTP and runoff or leaching of soils are the main pathways for inputs of these contaminants in surface water. In order to better understand the fate of antibiotics and faecal bacteria populations (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus), these contaminants have been studied along two continuums : (i) medical center - WWTP - river and (ii) cattle farm - urban area. A multi-residue chemical methodology (LC/MS/MS) was developed to detect low concentrations (ng. L-1) of 34 antibiotics in water along the two continuums. Together with these chemical analyses, the structures of faecal bacteria were characterized by antibiotic resistance, distribution of phylogroups A, B1, B2, D, occurence of integrons, virulence factors for E. Coli ; and diversity of species, antibiotic resistance and associated resistant genes for Enterococcus. The study of the two continuums has shown that compounds found in rivers were not the most prescribed (penicillins), but the more enduring molecules (quinolones, sulfonamides, macrolides). However, antibiotic concentrations (1ng. L-1 to 100ng. L-1) are insufficient to exert a selective pressure on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Land use, vicinity of contamination sources and farm practices have an impact on (i) levels of contamination by antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant faecal bacteria, (ii) the structure of E. Coli and Enterococcus populations in water. Strains of E. Coli and Enterococcus from hospital origin have disappeared along the continuum in favor of other well-adapted strains. First assays of modeling using the hydrological model GR have shown the significance of E. Coli fluxes during recurrent runoff periods (winter) on a watershed submitted to a main human pressure
Kosuth, Pascal. « Techniques de régulation automatique des systèmes complexes : application aux systèmes hydrauliques à surface libre ». Toulouse, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAT0057.
Texte intégralCauduro, Dias de Paiva Rodrigo. « Hydrologie du bassin amazonien : compréhension et prévision fondées sur la modélisation hydrologique-hydrodynamique et la télédétection ». Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2009/.
Texte intégralThe Amazon basin is known as the world's main hydrological system and by its important role in the earth system, carbon cycle and global climate. Recent anthropogenic pressure, such as deforestation, climate change and the construction of hydropower dams, together with increasing extreme floods and droughts, encourage the research on the hydrology of the Amazon basin. On the other hand, hydrological methods for modeling and remotely sensed observation are being developed, and can be used for this goal. This work aimed at understanding and forecasting the hydrology of the Amazon River basin. We developed and evaluated techniques for large scale hydrologic-hydrodynamic modeling, data assimilation of both in situ and remote sensing data and hydrological forecasting. By means of these techniques, we explored the functioning of the Amazon River basin, in terms of its physical processes and its hydrological predictability. We used the MGB-IPH large scale hydrologichydrodynamic model forced by satellite-based precipitation. The model had a good performance when extensively validated against in situ discharge and stage measurements and also remotely sensed data, including radar altimetry-based water levels, gravimetric-based terrestrial water storage and flood inundation extent. We showed that surface waters governs most of the terrestrial water storage changes, the influence of large water bodies on precipitation spatial variability and the importance of the floodplains and backwater effects on the routing of the Amazon floodwaves. Analyses showed the dominant role of hydrological initial conditions, mainly surface waters, on hydrological predictability on the main Amazon Rivers, while the knowledge of future precipitation may be secondary. Aiming at the optimal estimation of these hydrological states, we developed, for the first time, a data assimilation scheme for both gauged and satellite altimetry-based discharge and water levels into a large scale hydrologic-hydrodynamic model, and it showed a good performance. We also developed a forecast system prototype, where the model is based on initial conditions gathered by the data assimilation scheme and forced by satellite-based precipitation. Results are promising and the model was able to provide accurate discharge forecasts in the main Amazon rivers even for very large lead times (~1 to 3 months), predicting, for example, the historical 2005 drought. These results point to the potential of large scale hydrological models supported with remote sensing information for providing hydrological forecasts well in advance at world's large rivers and poorly monitored regions
Ramel, Romain. « Impacts des processus de surface sur le climat en Afrique de l'Ouest ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009125.
Texte intégralAUVRAY, LAURENT. « Formalisation prescriptive d'un processus de conception de l'aspect de surface d'un produit ». Paris, ENSAM, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENAM0007.
Texte intégralPineau, Nicolas. « Etude théorique du rôle des phonons dans les processus d'interaction atome/surface ». Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13016.
Texte intégralDehédin, Arnaud. « Changements globaux et assèchement des zones humides fluviales : conséquences sur les processus biogéochimiques et les communautés d'invertébrés ». Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976026.
Texte intégralNagot, Isabelle. « Grandes deviations pour les processus d'apprentissage lent a statistiques discontinues sur une surface ». Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112068.
Texte intégralLemonsu, Aude. « Modélisation des processus de surface et de la couche limite en milieu urbain ». Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30140.
Texte intégralSérazin, Guillaume. « Empreinte de la variabilité intrinsèque océanique sur l'océan de surface : caractérisation et processus ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30209/document.
Texte intégralThis work focuses on the intrinsic oceanic variability spontaneously generated under seasonal atmospheric forcing in high-resolution oceanic simulations (1/4 ? and 1/12 ? ) including mesoscale eddies (~ 100 km). The imprint of intrinsic variability on sea-level (SLA) and sea surface temperature (SST) is characterized in various spatio-temporal ranges using filtering methods. In particular, the small-scale interannual-to-decadal SLA variability observed by satellite altimetry, is stochastic and mostly intrinsic. At multi-decadal timescales, SLA intrinsic variability is comparable to the internal climate variability simulated in climate coupled models (devoid of oceanic turbulence), and may yield additional uncertainties in the detection of human-induced regional sea-level change. A spectral analysis eventually shows that non-linear advection of relative vorticity spontaneously transfers kinetic energy from high-frequency frontal waves to slower mesoscale eddies, ultimately generating low-frequency intrinsic variability. The analyses have been performed using tools developed for optimal processing of high-resolution oceanic dataset. This work generally provides evidence of the chaotic behavior of the turbulent ocean, whose interaction with the atmosphere is still poorly-known
Lambeets, Sten. « Hydrogénation catalytique du CO2 sur le rhodium :étude des processus en surface et sous-surface par techniques d’émission de champ ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/263477.
Texte intégralDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Weill, Sylvain. « Modélisation des échanges surface/subsurface à l'échelle de la parcelle par une approche darcéenne multidomaine ». Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003411.
Texte intégralJoannon, Alexandre. « Coordination spatiale des systèmes de culture pour la maîtrise de processus hydrologiques. Cas du ruissellement érosif dans les bassins versants agricoles du Pays de Caux, Haute Normandie ». Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001257.
Texte intégralMarchandise, Arthur. « Modélisation hydrologique distribuée sur le Gardon d'Anduze : étude comparative de différents modèles pluie-débit, extrapolation de la normale à l'extrême et tests d'hypothèses sur les processus hydrologiques ». Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20254.
Texte intégralNlend, Bertil. « Processus hydrologiques dans une zone côtière hyper-humide sous forte influence anthropique (Douala, Cameroun). : Une étude géochimique de la dynamique de l'eau de l'atmosphère au sous-sol ». Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD055.
Texte intégralA multidisciplinary approach was carried out in Douala, a humid tropical coastal megacity (Cameroon, West Africa) which already experiences some environmental changes due to population growth, urbanization and industrialization. We aimed at identifying the hydrological processes involved in this peculiar site, which records approximately 4 m of rainfall/year and undergoes almost continuous rainfall during year. Moreover since it is well known that modifications in land uses may profoundly influence hydrology, we need to improve our understanding on key hydrological processes in such tropical humid. To answer this question, we focus on water fluxes across the critical zone (land–atmosphere-subsurface continuum) through isotopic and chemical data from water vapour, rainfall and groundwater.Concerning atmospheric fluxes, results highlight an influence of large scale meteorological conditions on precipitation stable isotope composition. Classical processes (thermo-dependency, amount effect, continental recycling) observed elsewhere cannot be applied in Douala region. The intensity of upstream convection and the size of convective system mostly impact monthly and daily rainfalls. We also put in evidence that extended clouds in altitude, due to strong convection, provoke depleted precipitation in heavy isotopes. Moreover, the isotopic signature in rainfall is similar to that of water vapour, thus meaning a lack of post-condensational effects.By coupling this isotopic signal of precipitation with that of groundwater, we show that the Mio-Pliocene aquifer in Douala is recharged locally by rainwater and that this recharge occurs preferentially from April to August and November. There is no fractionating process during the infiltration of rainwater. Stable isotopes in groundwater highlight the existence of different flow paths within this multi-layered aquifer. We identified a deep flow path that mays correspond to groundwater with long residence time compared to shallower ones. Information obtained by the isotopes is similar to that provided by hydro-meteorological and potentiometric data. The aquifer recharge varies between 892.6 mm and 933.6 mm/year. Rainwater infiltrates at high altitudes, then flows underground with a velocity estimated to 1.96 m/day, before reaching the estuary. Groundwater chemistry enforces these findings. Water mineralization clearly increases along a flow path conducting water from the recharge zone (high altitudes) to the discharge area (estuary). Concentrations in main ions are partly controlled by rainfall intensity through the dilution effect, water-rocks interactions processes and human activities.The impacts of these human activities on groundwater quantity and quality, but also, on a more general way on climatic changes within the region, have been then deeply investigated. The results show that there is a widespread degradation of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities, leading also to seawater intrusion in some coastal megacities of West Africa. Groundwater deterioration tends to be emphasized by climate change (through an increase in CO2, increase in air temperatures and slight increase in precipitation amount).Finally this thesis provides new insights for tropical hydrology and key management tools to Douala water resource managers.Keywords: Douala, Rainwater; Mio-Pliocene groundwater; stable isotopes; major ions; upstream convection; anthropogenic activities, critical zone
Devau, Nicolas. « Processus rhizosphériques déterminant la disponibilité en phosphore : apport de la modélisation mécaniste géochimique ». Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0019.
Texte intégralRoot-induced chemical processes are recognized as a major strategy developed by plants to enhance phosphorus (P) availability and thus to promote P acquisition. However, the exact influence of these root-induced chemical processes is still poorly understood and quantified. The present study aimed at investigating the influence of root-induced chemical processes, especially root-induced pH changes, on P availability in the rhizosphere. In this work, we used a set of mechanistic adsorption models (« 1-pK triple plane », ion-exchange and Nica-Donnan) within the framework of the component additive approach in order to simulate the effects of root activity on P availability. First, we described the effects of pH on P availability in several soils unaffected by roots, a Chromic Cambisol and a Luvisol. The Luvisol showed different concentrations in inorganic P because of a long-term fertilisation trial. In the rhizosphere of durum wheat (Triticum tu rgidum durum L.) grown on these two soils, we found that calcium (Ca) uptake, in addition to P uptake and root-induced alkalisation, controlled to various extents the changes of soil P availability. Calcium uptake markedly increased P availability by decreasing the promoting effect of Ca adsorption on P adsorption. The relative influence of these three root processes depended on the solution composition (especially concentration of Ca and pH). Our simulations showed the relationship between changes in P availability and the speciation of adsorbed P onto the different soil minerals. Soil mineralogy, especially the relative abundance of illite vs. Fe oxides, controlled the influence of root processes by regulating the contribution of soil minerals to P adsorption. By identifying a novel root-induced processes, namely the Ca uptake, and describing its influence on P availability, our results demonstrate the ability of surface complexation models to predict the effects of root-i nduced processes on P availability in soils
Goulam, Houssen Yannick. « Plasmonique appliquée à l'ingéniérie des processus de fluorescence en biophotonique ». Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077152.
Texte intégralThe surface plasmons are collective modes of oscillation of conduction electrons at the interface metal / dielectric. Their properties are particularly interesting for applications in biosensing and bio- photonic imaging. They are associated with intense evanescents EM fields and can be coupled and positively change the emission properties of bio-marker type fluorophores or nanoparticles (NPs) of metal. Markers (fluorescent molecules, quantum dots, NPs) widely imposed in biological imaging, medicine or for the diagnosis, have some disadvantages (photodestruction, low intensity, blinking, size). These can be mitigated by changing the environment of these molecules. In this thesis we have studied particular aspects 2. First, a new type of fluorescence imaging alternative to TIRFM (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy) based on the use of a thin metal film. We studied in detail through simulations and experiments, the interaction between a thin metal film and a fluorophore. We have shown that amplification of the signal was collected and an expected reduction of photodestruction. These results have been applied to imaging membranes phenomena on HEK cells. In a second part, we studied the coupling between nanoparticle's localized plasmon with a thin film and metal. In this case, we obtained an amplification by a factor of 13 signal scattered by these nanoparticles