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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Private military companies – England »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Private military companies – England"

Nefedov, Sergey. « On the formation of the phenomenon of the economic lag of Russia in the first half of the 19th century ». St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 37, n^o 3 (2021) : 489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2021.306.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for Russia’s economic lagging behind during the Great Divergence. The author tests the well-known hypotheses that industrial development was hampered by the opposition of the nobility and the cheap labor of serfs. Upon closer examination, these assumptions are not confirmed. The economic lag was primarily due to the lag in railway construction, which in the 19th century was the main driver of the development of heavy industry. The article analyzes the policy in the field of railway construction during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855). It is shown that the formation of this policy took place in a conflict between the emperor and the ministerial bureaucracy, headed by the Minister of Finance, Count Kankrin. While Nicholas I was guided by military-strategic considerations, the ministers proceeded from economic interests. Economic calculations pointed to the unprofitability of railways compared to transportation by waterways. The technical conservatism of the bureaucracy did not allow adequately assessing the prospects for new technology and the possibility of reducing the cost of transportation in the future. The article analyzes the difference between economic policy in Russia and in England, the United States, France and Germany, which led to the lag of Russia. In the West (with the exception of France), economic policy developed spontaneously on the basis of private initiative. The Russian bureaucracy blocked private initiative, it sought to preserve the capital stored in state banks to finance the great power politic. On the other hand, the railroad “mania” in England was accompanied by a speculative boom and the ruin of many railroad companies. For the Russian bureaucracy, this was another argument in favor of refusing to attract private capital. Meanwhile, “mania” promoted the mobilization of capital from small shareholders for railway construction and spurred the development of industry. Another way of using controlled private initiative was possible, which was implemented in France in the “Legrand project”. But the Russian bureaucracy refused to use private initiative, which doomed the country to an economic lag.

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Nebolsina, Maria A. « Private Military and Security Companies ». Russia in Global Affairs 17, n^o 2 (2019) : 76–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2019-17-2-76-106.

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Renou, Xavier. « Private Military Companies Against Development ». Oxford Development Studies 33, n^o 1 (mars 2005) : 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600810500099717.

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Kinsey, Christopher. « Private military companies : options for regulation ». Conflict, Security & ; Development 2, n^o 03 (décembre 2002) : 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678800200590624.

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JONES, CLIVE. « Private Military Companies as ‘Epistemic Communities’ ». Civil Wars 8, n^o 3-4 (septembre 2006) : 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698240601060660.

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Vestner, Tobias. « Targeting Private Military and Security Companies ». Military Law and the Law of War Review 57, n^o 2 (décembre 2019) : 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2019.02.02.

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Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. « EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN THE WORLD ». Current Issues of the State and Law, n^o 9 (2019) : 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-9-107-113.

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In a rapidly changing and unstable situation on the world stage, private military companies are present and developing very effectively in the military sphere. Relation to private military companies is a relatively new actors in the military sphere, is not clear. The history of formation and development of these organizations is short, but very bright. Mercenarism and prototypes of private military companies were known in ancient times. We show the evolution of private military companies from mercenaries to modern companies. In the modern sense of the term private military companies began to be actively created only in the middle of the 20th century. European states, in particular, the United States, played an active role in these processes. This state also went down in history as the first legally regulate the activities of military companies. In just over half a century, private military companies have been involved in many military conflicts and have proven to be a highly mobile and versatile tool for addressing geopolitical and state tasks. Since the early of 21th century, international private corporations and enterprises have become interested in the services of these organizations. The private-military segment of the market is developing very actively and steadily in the conditions of the modern world situation.

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Rogozhina, Evgeniya Mikhailovna, Igor' Valer'evich Ryzhov et Roman Nikolaevich Sokolov. « Specificity of work of private military companies in the XXI century (on the example of Near East) ». Конфликтология / nota bene, n^o 4 (avril 2020) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2020.4.34041.

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  This article is dedicated to examination of the phenomenon of private military companies as a regional actor of security. Leaning on the analysis of international normative legal documents, the authors derive the definition of private military companies due to the fact that neither academic nor applied spheres have precise understanding of this phenomenon. The key research method is the structural and functional analysis, which allows authors considering the object of study from the perspective of various systems of actors. With the increased demand for private military services, private military companies gradually shift from the category of organizations serving military operations to the category of full-fledged independent military organizations that are capable of fulfilling the functions of regular army. For the past two decades, the market for private military services has grown from $ 55 billion to over $200 billion in 2010. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive overview of various aspects and trends that take place in the market of private military services, as well as in classification of motives and consequences of usage of private military companies in armed missions. The authors discuss the question of international legal status of private military companies, provide practical examples of their activity with the prolonged consequences for regional systems of international relations, analyze the mechanisms of use of these companies in the current context, as well as synthesize the key factors of the increased demand for their services. The absence of regulation of the work of private military companies and ambiguous status of their employees in international law make it virtually impossible to impose international responsibility upon them.  

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Manoilo, A. V., et A. Ya Zaytsev. « International Legal Status of Private Military Companies ». Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 90, n^o 1 (janvier 2020) : 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331620010098.

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Ryngaert, C. « Litigating Abuses Committed by Private Military Companies ». European Journal of International Law 19, n^o 5 (1 novembre 2008) : 1035–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn056.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Private military companies – England"

Šváb, David. « Private Military Companies v Africe ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149825.

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The Master's thesis "Private Military Companies in Africa" deals with the issues of the private military and security companies and their current position in international security relations. The central thesis of this academic publication is the question whether these commercial companies are capable of representing a significant position within the international community and executing extensive operations in conflict resolution and the subsequent transition towards a stable arrangement of the stricken regions. Essentially, the arguments leading to the key objective of this thesis are drawing upon a comparative study of recent activities of PMCs on the African continent, a discursive analysis of the approach towards these private subjects, as well as their international legal status. Consequently, by relying on the gathered information from the aforementioned research, the most substantial section of the text offers basic models of potential widespread use of private military companies in connection with national states and international organizations and explains the benefits resulting from this shift towards privatization of global security. Furthermore, the publication points out specific contemporary cases for the prospective application of PMCs and analyses the space for this industry within the existing international system.

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O'Brien, James M. « Private military companies an assessment ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Sept/08Sep%5FOBrien.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Rothstein, Hy. "September 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 31, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-78). Also available in print.

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Dunar, Charles J. Mitchell Jared L. Robbins Donald L. « Private military industry analysis private and public companies / ». Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FDunar%5FMBA.pdf.

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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007."
Advisor(s): Dew, Nicholas ; Hudgens, Bryan J. "December 2007." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 10, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-127). Also available in print.

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Dunar, Charles J., Donald L. Robbins et Jared L. Mitchell. « Private military industry analysis : private and public companies ». Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10195.

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MBA Professional Report
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Since the end of the Cold War, the Private Military Industry has skyrocketed. This study gathers, compiles and examines demographic and financial information on 585 private and public companies that operate in the Private Military Industry. The demographic analysis reveals that an overwhelming majority of firms are privately held and offered no financial information. Firm inception dates are closely correlated with past and current world events. Majority of the private firms founders have military or government backgrounds and are located in the United States and United Kingdom. Using Singer's and Avant's classification of the Private Military Industry, the study determines that most firms are not restricted to one classification as they operate in more then one arena. The analysis of public firms reveals that revenues and profits have been increasing steadily since 2003 as well as operating expenses, shrinking profit margins. The public firm analysis presents the financial relationships between the Initial Public Offerings, locations, and employee numbers to the success of the companies. Overall this study and the analysis of the Private Military Firms offer insight into the prevalence of the Private Military Industry in the business world and how financially rewarding it can be.

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Cinti, Letizia. « Private Military Companies e Private Security Companies. Problemi di responsabilità internazionale degli Stati ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427198.

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The study has examined the privatization of military services, in particular the companies that offer military and security services on international scale. The first purpose of the study is to construct the legal framework through an exam of international norms applicable to the companies and to the States involved in their employment. Furthermore, we have considered the principal problems concerning the international responsibility of these states.

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Dumlupinar, Nihat. « Regulation of private military companies in Iraq ». Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FDumlupinar.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Bruneau, Thomas ; Ear, Sophal. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Private military companies, Private security companies, Civil-military relations, Regulation of private military companies, Contractors. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-100). Also available in print.

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Giesen, Stefan [Verfasser]. « Private Military Companies im Völkerrecht / Stefan Giesen ». Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & ; Co. KG, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1108816622/34.

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Meyering, Alexander Barrett. « Military, Inc. Private Military Companies And State-Centrism In International Relations ». Thesis, Department of Government and International Relations, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8871.

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This study sheds light on the relationship between military privatisation and state-centrism in international relations. The growth of the private military industry has led many to consider the operational implications of the military privatisation program, focusing on the merits of the industry and its inadequate regulation. Few have considered the ontological implications of military privatisation; that as the state outsources what many consider to be its core function and purpose – public security – military privatisation challenges the nature of the state and its central role in international relations. This thesis seeks to further the ontological argument by employing an English School approach to international relations. This approach allows for the puzzle to be interrogated at multiple levels and within three separate yet overlapping realms; the International System, International Society, and World Society. In contrast to existing research, I find that the state remains central to international relations. I conclude that although private military companies do not challenge the notion of state-centrism in international relations, the English School remains a powerful tool for exploring international phenomena. I also demonstrate the need for international relations theory to account for the changing identity of security actors and interplay between states.

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Galai, Katerina. « The use and regulation of private military companies ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68194/.

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Kornburger, Michael D. Dobos Jeremy R. « Private military companies analyzing the use of armed contractors / ». Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FKornburger.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Roberts, Nancy C. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 17, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-73). Also available in print.

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Livres sur le sujet "Private military companies – England"

The deepest night. Naperville, Illinois : Sourcebooks Casablanca, 2014.

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Jäger, Thomas, et Gerhard Kümmel, dir. Private Military and Security Companies. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90313-2.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee. Private military companies : Written evidence. London : Stationery Office, 2003.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Private military companies : Options for regulation. London : The Stationery Office, 2002.

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Spearin, Christopher. Private Military and Security Companies and States. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3.

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(Netherlands), Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken. Employing private military companies : A question of responsibility. The Hague : AIV, Advisory Council on International Affairs, 2007.

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Utesch, Philip. Private Military Companies, die zukünftigen Peacekeeper, Peace Enforcer ? Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2014.

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Xavier, Renou, dir. Peacekeeping or pillage ? : Private military companies in Africa. Pretoria, South Africa : Africa Institute of South Africa, 2001.

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Kidwell, Deborah C. Public war, private fight ? : The United States and private military companies. Fort Leavenworth, Kan : Combat Studies Institute Press, 2005.

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1951-, Alexandra Andrew, Baker Deane-Peter et Caparini Marina, dir. Private military and security companies : Ethics, policies and civil-military relations. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2008.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Private military companies – England"

Galai, Katerina. « Introduction ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 1–10. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-1.

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Galai, Katerina. « Conclusion ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 197–200. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-10.

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Galai, Katerina. « Private military companies, a contemporary problem ? » Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 11–32. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-2.

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Galai, Katerina. « Private forces in different forms of governance ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 33–63. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-3.

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Galai, Katerina. « Mercenaries of the twentieth century and state responsibility ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 64–91. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-4.

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Galai, Katerina. « New wars, neoliberalism, and the rise of PMCs ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 92–113. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-5.

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Galai, Katerina. « Legal mechanisms and challenges in invoking individual and state responsibility for PMCs ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 114–38. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-6.

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Galai, Katerina. « The role of international regulation and the growing power and legitimacy of companies ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 139–52. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-7.

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Galai, Katerina. « Limitations and opportunities arising from the corporate status of PMCs ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 153–70. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-8.

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Galai, Katerina. « Exploring the mechanisms of international criminal law to develop corporate accountability for PMCs ». Dans Regulating Private Military Companies, 171–96. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465888-9.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Private military companies – England"

Liu, Renfang, Xianping Zhou et Guyue Xiang. « Civil-Military Integration and Technical Innovation of Private Listed Companies ». Dans Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.191225.048.

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Dyshekov, Murat. « Private Military And Security Companies : Search For International Legal And National Laws ». Dans International Scientific Conference «Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism» dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Turkayev Hassan Vakhitovich. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.05.36.

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Simović, Slobodan, et Mihajlo Manić. « USLUGE PRIVATNOG OBEZBEĐENjA U SRBIJI – EKONOMSKI ZNAČAJ ». Dans 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.145s.

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The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century are characterized by privatization of the public goods, border transparency is getting bigger, common market and primarily the basic functions of the state are getting weaker, which leads to weakening of her efficiency in law enforcement, as well as fragmentation of the security sector, which was traditionally in jurisdiction of the state. Pressed from all sides, political, economical and variety of different threats, processes and actors, countries have lost monopoly over conducting organized violence. The consequence of that process is that countries, some voluntarily, led by economic reasons, and some regarding political and security pressures, have given up their role of the ultimate legitimate provider and guarantor of security to the private military and security companies. Development of the private security sector, inside which private and non- state providers of security are functioning, elsewhere, excessively independent of the parent state, represent very significant moment in the development of the contemporary international relations, as well as for functioning the states themselves. Private security industry, private security companies and private military companies have built, in the world, industrial chain which is functioning freely on global market, and it is organized along permanent and firm corporation relations and it is constantly growing and getting stronger.

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Kis Kelemen, Bence. « RESPONSIBILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES ON EU BORDERS : A CASE STUDY OF THE CONTRACTS OF THE EUROPEAN ASYLUM SUPPORT OFFICE ». Dans EU 2020 – lessons from the past and solutions for the future. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/11900.

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Irina, Akimova. « Managing Russian Mega-Projects Amid Geopolitical Turbulence : Challenges and Opportunities for International Cooperation ». Dans ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210866-ms.

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Abstract Beginning of 2022 was marked by unprecedented geopolitical turbulence between Russia and Ukraine which followed by military conflict and sanctions applied to major Russian companies and projects. Most of the international energy majors announced cutting ties with Russian state-owned and private companies and a number of mega oil and gas projects. Among them BP, Shell, Caterpillar, Eni, Equinor and others. Some mega projects were temporary put on hold but after a very short break continue its development. This conflict made serious pressure on gas prices in Europe and costs for many industrial and domestic consumers in EU. In spite of strained relationships, Russian companies still supply gas to EU according to existing long-term contracts and even were able to increase trade volumes to Asia. As Russia is still main gas supplier to EU and its very unlikely for EU to substitute such volumes in a short-term, so its very important for international gas market security to made assessments of this geopolitical turbulence on the market volatility.

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Zhang, Baobao, Markus Anderljung, Lauren Kahn, Noemi Dreksler, Michael C. Horowitz et Allan Dafoe. « Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence : A Survey of Machine Learning Researchers (Extended Abstract) ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/811.

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Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) researchers play an important role in the ethics and governance of AI, including through their work, advocacy, and choice of employment. Nevertheless, this influential group's attitudes are not well understood, undermining our ability to discern consensuses or disagreements between AI/ML researchers. To examine these researchers' views, we conducted a survey of those who published in two top AI/ML conferences (N = 524). We compare these results with those from a 2016 survey of AI/ML researchers and a 2018 survey of the US public. We find that AI/ML researchers place high levels of trust in international organizations and scientific organizations to shape the development and use of AI in the public interest; moderate trust in most Western tech companies; and low trust in national militaries, Chinese tech companies, and Facebook. While the respondents were overwhelmingly opposed to AI/ML researchers working on lethal autonomous weapons, they are less opposed to researchers working on other military applications of AI, particularly logistics algorithms. A strong majority of respondents think that AI safety research should be prioritized more and a majority that ML institutions should conduct pre-publication review to assess potential harms. Being closer to the technology itself, AI/ML researchers are well placed to highlight new risks and develop technical solutions, so this novel data has broad relevance. The findings should help to improve how researchers, private sector executives, and policymakers think about regulations, governance frameworks, guiding principles, and national and international governance strategies for AI.

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Patrascu, Petrisor. « THE APPEARANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGIES ». Dans eLSE 2018. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-222.

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In the last years, digital world have took a lot of importance applied on multiple fields, due to benefits, but also due to multiple number of users from both government and private companies. This development had involved a lot of risks and vulnerabilities. Nowadays a lot of vulnerabilities had been attacked, another ones had been tried to jeopardize and because of that were issued measurements for protection and cyber defense. The cyber security concept was generate by a permanent development of the information and communications technology, due to an increased number of users, due to an increased number of cyber threats and attacks and also due to the importance of this concept as an instrument of the national power strength. All through, the cyberspace became a field that applied to diplomatic, information, economic and military level of the global and country policy. The cyber security had an ascendant course started from technical discipline, developed to tactical level and finally reached strategically level of the powerful countries. Development of the cyber security became country policy and worldwide directives as a consequence of an increased number of threats and cyber-attacks. Because of those a lot of states took a lot of countermeasures to protect the national cyber infrastructure. Is observed that those countermeasures had been took when the cyber infrastructures were attacked or after that. Therefore, after these moments when cyber-attacks became a threat to critical cyber infrastructure, worldwide countries started to take in consideration that prevention is the basement of the cyber security and started to develop strategies and some of these states applied laws of cyber security.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Private military companies – England"

Dunar, III, Mitchell Charles J., Robbins Jared L. et Donald L. III. Private Military Industry Analysis : Private and Public Companies. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, décembre 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada475797.

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Efflandt, Scott L. Under Siege : How Private Security Companies Threaten the Military Profession. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mars 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589194.

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Ozano, Kim, Andrew Roby et Jacob Tompkins. Learning Journey on Water Security : UK Water Offer. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.026.

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The overarching goals for the UK in relation to global water security are to; tackle and reverse growing water insecurity and its consequences caused by depletion and degradation of natural water sources; and address poor water management and increasing demand. To do this, the UK has a well-developed water ‘offer’ that together can help reach the goal of global water security. This note details some of that water offer: UK water leadership: The UK developed the concept of modern sanitation and water supply, with an early example being the Victorian Bazalgette London sewer; Ownership and regulation: The UK has four models of ownership: government department in Northern Ireland, GoCo in Scotland, Mutual in Wales, and private companies in England. But the common thread is strong and clear, regulation to deliver the right outcomes for society; Competition and markets: The UK set up the world’s first water retail markets for business customers, delivering savings and environmental benefits. Similar market mechanisms are being developed for sewage sludge, which will help drive circular economy solutions; Innovation: The UK has a huge number of water tech start-ups and most water companies have labs and pilot schemes to support these fledgling companies. At the same time, the English regulator, Ofwat, has established a huge innovation fund, which along with the Scottish Hydro Nation initiative has made the UK the best place in the world for water innovation and tech.

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