Articles de revues : « Pricing – France »

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Silberztein, Caroline. « France : New Transfer Pricing Rules ». Intertax 24, Issue 6/7 (1 juin 1996) : 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1996046.

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Le Pen, Claude. « Drug Pricing and Reimbursement in France ». PharmacoEconomics 10, Supplement 2 (1996) : 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199600102-00006.

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Zielke, Rainer. « Transfer Pricing of Mayor EC Member Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden of the Thirty-Four OECD Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy Compared ». EC Tax Review 23, Issue 6 (1 décembre 2014) : 332–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2014032.

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In the February 2014 issue of the EC Tax Review, the author compared the anti-avoidance legislation in the mayor EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom and Italy and suggested some international tax planning strategies - without regard to transfer pricing (part 1). The author now considers transfer pricing involving these mayors EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy and suggests further transfer pricing strategies also with regard to the up-to-date CIT rates in OECD countries (part 2). As stated, despite continuous instability in the European Community (EC) its mayor countries Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. According to the International Monetary Fund these European countries have - in this order - the highest gross domestic product in the European Community in 2012. In this article transfer pricing rules of - according to the gross domestic product - the four most important EC Member Countries will be reviewed with reference to the OECD's perspective of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) and to the up-to-date tax differential to the thirty-four OECD Member Countries. The pivotal question is, to what extent can internal tax planning with mayor EC Member Countries be optimized by inclusion of transfer pricing. This article outlines the primary corporate objective and key concepts of international tax planning with regard to transfer pricing and discusses the corporate income tax burden in the thirty-four OECD Member Countries analysing the tax differential as incentive in relation to transfer pricing, the reduction in ETR as the primary corporate objective and key concepts and the he importance of current and reliable information. After that transfer pricing in the mayor EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy is presented and transfer pricing strategies with relation to mayor EC Member Countries are developed. Afterwards this is evaluated from the OECD's perspective of BEPS. Finally the concluding remarks are presented.

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Carricano, Manu. « Pricing myopia : do leading companies capture the full value of their pricing strategies ? » Management Decision 52, n^o 1 (11 mars 2014) : 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-03-2013-0184.

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Purpose – Many companies lack insights or fact-based support for the pricing decisions they make in an increasingly complex environment. In order to optimize their pricing process, managers need to identify key indicators that may influence the performance of their decisions. The purpose of this paper is to report an investigation of pricing determinants in large companies manufacturing capital goods in France. First a conceptual framework is proposed, in order to fill several gaps identified in the literature on pricing practices and more precisely by operating a distinction between environmental variables (determinants), decision making (pricing strategy and price and product-line structures) and its consequence in terms of price level. Design/methodology/approach – The author conducted an empirical research on the determinants of the pricing process. This study consistedof a questionnaire survey addressed to pricing managers (or executives in charge of pricing) in 98 of the largest manufacturing companies in France about their new-product pricing decision-making process. Findings – The author studies environmental determinants and their influence on the pricing and describes the structure of pricing determinants as a five dimensions construct: market-based, value-based, position-based, competition-based and production-based. The results show that firms rely on environmental determinants as indicators of their pricing flexibility. These indicators operate as pricing levers: a good position on these variables gives firms more pricing power. But in the vast majority of the cases, companies extensively relied on competitive conditions instead of taking advantage of a favorable position, described as pricing myopia. Originality/value – This paper describes current pricing practices in leading companies with key informants (mainly pricing managers) highly involved in the pricing decision process, and contrasts two pricing orientations, pricing power vs pricing myopia.

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Hellier, Emmanuelle. « Locally uniform water utility pricing. Social and economic issues in an emergent policy in France and Italy. » Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2018) : 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0008.

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Abstract Over the past twenty years, the principles of ‘full-cost recovery’ and ‘the user pays’ have become prominent in water utility pricing across the EU. At the same time, uniform pricing has been introduced by local authorities to boost equality between users in a given territory. Two case studies in France and Italy reveal different processes, depending upon the institutional setting, though in both cases EU regulations exert increasing influence on the water pricing structure. A literature review and study of specific documentation was used to prepare about thirty semi-directive interviews with public owners, private firms, and users’ organizations, all conducted face-to-face. The overview presented here has highlighted several trends common to the two case studies, France and Italy, in line with the EU standardization of water pricing structures. The differences arise from different national regulations and territorial models. Local congruence in pricing clearly accompanies reinforced cooperation between municipalities, promoting the legitimacy and visibility of public authorities but inducing complex economic mechanisms such as cross-subsidies and amendments to delegation agreements.

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Friedeberg-Steward, Beatrix. « Pricing and Reimbursement of Pharmaceutical Products in France ». Drug Information Journal 34, n^o 4 (octobre 2000) : 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150003400427.

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Kilani, Moez, Ngagne Diop et Daniel De Wolf. « A Multimodal Transport Model to Evaluate Transport Policies in the North of France ». Sustainability 14, n^o 3 (28 janvier 2022) : 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031535.

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We developed a passenger transport model for the North of France and used it to discuss the impacts of some policies focusing on the limitations of polluting gas emissions and congestion. The model is calibrated for the North of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. Four transport modes are considered: walking, biking, public transport and private cars. To some extent, the combination of these modes is possible. The model is calibrated to match mode shares and the dynamic of congestion along a full day. The simulations are conducted within the MATSim framework. We evaluate the impacts, on traffic flows and polluting gas emissions, of two pricing reforms: free public transport and road pricing in city center of Lille (the main metropolitan area in the study region). Free public transport yields a significant modal shift towards public transport, resulting in a reduction in the usage of private cars. The road pricing scheme we have considered results in similar impacts but with limited magnitude. Overall, a significant reduction in congestion and emissions of pollutant gases can be obtained by applying convenient pricing reforms. Since we use an agent-based model, we are able to identify the specific location of the main impacts on the network.

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Pelc, Alain, et Jean-Philippe Castan. « New Developments in Pricing and Drug Reimbursement in France ». PharmacoEconomics 6, Supplement 1 (1994) : 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199400061-00009.

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Garcia, Serge, et Arnaud Reynaud. « Estimating the benefits of efficient water pricing in France ». Resource and Energy Economics 26, n^o 1 (mars 2004) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2003.05.001.

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Rodrigues, J., D. Bartels, L. Gundtoft, M. P. Planel, J. P. Sales et T. A. Behnk. « PNS116 COMPARATIVE PRICING POLICY ANALYSIS BETWEEN DENMARK AND FRANCE. » Value in Health 22 (novembre 2019) : S781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.09.2018.

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GRAND, H., A. L. Samson et M. Aulois-Griot. « Orphan Drug Pricing In France : Influence of Main Factors ». Value in Health 17, n^o 7 (novembre 2014) : A534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1702.

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Pandey, Asheesh, Sanjay Sehgal, Amiya Kumar Mohapatra et Pradeepta Kumar Samanta. « Equity market anomalies in major European economies ». Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, n^o 2 (10 juin 2021) : 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(2).2021.20.

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This paper investigates five leading equity market anomalies – size, value, momentum, profitability, and asset growth, for four Western European markets, namely, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, from January 2002 to March 2018. The study tests whether these anomalies reverse under different macro-economic uncertainty conditions, and evaluates if strategies based on time diversification can be formed using these equity market anomalies. Market anomalies were tested using four major asset pricing models – the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Fama-French three-factor model, the Carhart model, and the Fama-French five-factor model. Macro-economic uncertainty was tested using two proxies, namely VIX and default premiums. Time diversified strategies were examined by estimating Sharpe ratios of combined portfolios formed by combining winner univariate portfolios. Value effect in Germany, Size effect in France and Profitability effect in Italy and Spain provide the highest unadjusted returns on long side strategies. No significant reversal of these anomalies was found under different macroeconomic uncertainties. Asset pricing tests show that CAPM works well for Spain and Italy, while Carhart’s model explains returns in Germany. The Fama-French five factor model does not seem to be a good descriptor of asset pricing for data. No suitable model for explaining asset returns is identified for France. Finally, it is observed that some of the equity market anomalies seem to be countercyclical and therefore provide time diversification opportunities. The study has implications for academicians, investors, and policy makers by providing insights for developing profitable investment strategies and highlighting the efficacy of alternative models as performance benchmarks.

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Megerlin, Francis, et François Lhoste. « Innovation et réglementation du pricing des dispositifs médicaux en France ». Santé Décision Management 12, n^o 1-4 (30 décembre 2009) : 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/sdm.12.69-84.

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Ben Ali, Chiraz, et Cédric Lesage. « Audit pricing and nature of controlling shareholders : Evidence from France ». China Journal of Accounting Research 6, n^o 1 (mars 2013) : 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2012.08.002.

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Colla, Enrico, et Paul Lapoule. « Banning below‐cost resale in France : the impact on pricing decisions ». International Journal of Retail & ; Distribution Management 36, n^o 10 (5 septembre 2008) : 746–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550810900973.

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Karamti, Chiraz, et Lukasz Grzybowski. « Hedonic study on mobile telephony market in France : pricing–quality strategies ». NETNOMICS : Economic Research and Electronic Networking 11, n^o 3 (21 avril 2010) : 255–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11066-010-9049-y.

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Montginoul, Marielle. « Analysing the Diversity of Water Pricing Structures : The Case of France ». Water Resources Management 21, n^o 5 (16 novembre 2006) : 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9104-5.

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Natz, Alexander, et Marie-Geneviève Campion. « Pricing and reimbursement of innovative pharmaceuticals in France and the new healthcare reform ». Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 13, n^o 2 (4 juin 2012) : 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v13i2.270.

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Over the last years, many cost-containment measures were implemented by the government leading to drastic price-cuts. New paradigms and healthcare models are emerging and health technology assessments are increasingly taken into consideration. France has the second biggest rank in terms of healthcare spending after the US. Pharmaceuticals represented around 19% of the budget of the Health Insurance funds in 2009. In France, innovative pharmaceuticals have been subject for a long-time to price-control and cost-containment measures. The present review provides a general description of the French health care system, analyzing the developments and changes by the recent French health care reform.

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RAIMOND, VÉRONIQUE C., WILLIAM B. FELDMAN, BENJAMIN N. ROME et AARON S. KESSELHEIM. « Why France Spends Less Than the United States on Drugs : A Comparative Study of Drug Pricing and Pricing Regulation ». Milbank Quarterly 99, n^o 1 (mars 2021) : 240–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12507.

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Gilard, Martine, Frédérique Debroucker, Claude Dubray, Yves Allioux, Eliane Aper, Valérie Barat-Leonhardt, Michèle Brami et al. « Scientific Evaluation and Pricing of Medical Devices and Associated Procedures in France ». Therapies 68, n^o 4 (juillet 2013) : 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2515/therapie/2013036.

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Niklitschek, T., A. E. Williams et M. Storer. « PMS69 Key Drivers for Pricing and Reimbursement for Biologic Drugs in France ». Value in Health 15, n^o 7 (novembre 2012) : A452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.1424.

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Tazi, N., et Y. Bouzidi. « Evolution of wind energy pricing policies in France : Opportunities and new challenges ». Energy Reports 6 (février 2020) : 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.050.

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Dubois, Pierre, et Laura Lasio. « Identifying Industry Margins with Price Constraints : Structural Estimation on Pharmaceuticals ». American Economic Review 108, n^o 12 (1 décembre 2018) : 3685–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140202.

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We develop a structural model to investigate the effects of pharmaceutical price regulation on demand and on manufacturers’ price-setting behavior in France. We estimate price-cost margins in a regulated market with price constraints and infer whether these constraints are binding, exploiting cost restrictions across drugs, which come from observing the same drugs in potentially price-constrained markets (France) and in markets where prices are unregulated (United States and Germany). Our counterfactual simulations suggest that price constraints generated modest savings for anti-ulcer drugs in 2003–2013 (2 percent of total expenses), relative to a free pricing scenario, and shifted consumption from generic to branded drugs. (JEL C51, D24, I18, L13, L51, L65)

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Herrenschmidt, Fleur. « The French Competition Council and Parallel Trade in the Pharmaceutical Industry : A Step Ahead of EU Case Law ? » World Competition 31, Issue 2 (1 juin 2008) : 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2008019.

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This article focuses on the French competition authorities’ analysis of the validity, from a competition law perspective, of various distribution policies implemented by pharmaceutical companies in France which aimed to reduce parallel trade. In France, the pharmaceutical sector is notably characterised by: the existence of a specific “export–only” wholesaler status; numerous but imprecise public service obligations on “fullline” wholesalers which in particular require that they permanently supply all pharmacists with all products in a given time period; a strict capping of end retail prices and also of financial advantages (margins, rebates, etc.) which operators on the national market may grant or benefit from; and a quasitotal market transparency (in terms of both prices and volume). In this context, the French competition authorities have considered to be legitimate some of the policies which unilaterally limit parallel trade, in some cases by discriminating between export–only and full–line wholesalers. Although none of the pharmaceutical companies concerned had actually implemented dual pricing policies in France, the Court of Appeal went as far (in anticipation) as validating such policies in principleÐthus following before the issue was even dealt with at European level, the direction that the European Court of Justice has invited the Commission to follow in its recent Glaxo Dual Pricing judgment. The Competition Council, through its various decisions, has now in fact regulated the relationships between the various operators in the market. Its final commitment decisions raise, however, the question of to what extent a competition should be entitled to use commitment procedures as a preventive regulatory tool.

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Kockaya, Guvenc, Kagan Atikeler, Esin Tuna, Pelin Kılıc, Pelin Tanyeri, Nurcan Umman, İsmail Mert Vural et al. « Results of reference pricing and reimbursement discount rate schemes of Turkey ». Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 14, n^o 2 (22 mars 2013) : 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v14i2.473.

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OBJECTIVES: General Directorate of Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacy (IEGM) is responsible for setting all prices for human medicinal products. The reference pricing system is used for setting these prices. Reference countries are reviewed annually and may be subject to certain alterations. There were 5 reference countries in 2009: Spain, Italy, Germany, France and Greece. The aim of this study is to show the distribution of reference countries which were used for reference pricing.METHODS: The price list of pharmaceuticals which was published by IEGM on 15.04.2011 was used for analysis. Distribution of reference countries and prices were evaluated.RESULTS: Prices of 6,251 generic and 3,703 original products were set according to the price list. 5,283 of generics and 3,306 of originals were in the positive list for reimbursement. Reference pricing was used for 2,352 generics and 2,281 originals. Prices of the remaining were set outside of reference pricing. 32 different countries were used for reference pricing. Italy was the most popular country for reference pricing. Even if it was not a reference country, Germany was used in some of the pharmaceuticals. The average reimbursement discount rate and price were 24.43% and 249 TL, respectively. There were no colerations between price and reimbursement discount rate, or reference country and reimbursement rate.CONCLUSION: It has been shown that Italy has the highest impact on the pricing of all pharmaceuticals in Turkey. Even if it was not a reference country, Germany showed to affect pharmaceuticals more than other countries which were also not used for reference pricing. Even if reimbursement discount rates are stated by the Social Security Institution (SGK), there are different discount rates for pharmaceuticals. The analysis stated that there were correlation between price, country and discount rates. This analysis is first for the literature. Further analysis is necessary in the light of price changes and newly launched pharmaceuticals.

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Myungsu Hong. « A Study on the Predatory Pricing in EU Competition Law - France Telecom Case - ». KYUNGPOOK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LAW JOURNAL ll, n^o 59 (août 2017) : 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17248/knulaw..59.201708.259.

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Carval, G., M. Planel et T. Zaccherini. « PMD160 - PRICING OF REIMBURSED MEDICAL DEVICES IN FRANCE : WHAT FACTORS IMPACT DECISION-MAKING ? » Value in Health 21 (octobre 2018) : S270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.09.1609.

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Moutie, A. S., J. P. Sales, M. P. Planel et J. Rodrigues. « PDG57 DRUG PRICING PREDICTABILITY IN FRANCE : WHICH MANAGED ENTRY AGREEMENT SUITS THE BEST ? » Value in Health 22 (novembre 2019) : S606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.09.1071.

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Pavelková, Eva Mazegue, et Iva Živělová. « Pricing Electric Power in the Czech Republic and in Selected Countries ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, n^o 3 (2016) : 1001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664031001.

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This paper focuses on state intervention in the pricing of electricity from renewable power sources in the Czech Republic when compared with the pricing in the Slovak Republic, Germany, France and Italy. In these countries the state intervention is implemented in different forms, but the critical part of the price is regulated everywhere by the state. The price of electricity is determined by its production costs, which depend on the source from which electricity is produced. The highest cost of electricity is required to generate renewable energy, particularly solar power, while the lowest costs of power are associated with its production by coal-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants. However, hydroelectric power plants attain clearly the lowest cost for generating electricity. State intervention includes supporting power generation from renewable power sources by guaranteeing purchase prices.

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Rakhmayil, Sergiy. « Dating Capital Market Integration In The EMU ». International Business & ; Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, n^o 3 (14 mars 2011) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i3.4102.

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This paper analyzes the effect of the Euro on structural breaks in financial market variables in a sample of three EMU (France, Germany, Netherlands) and two non-EMU (U.K. and Switzerland) countries from March 1984 to November 2002. We identify two dates when integration-related structural breaks occurred in European asset pricing; the first in 1986 affected all sample countries whereas the second in 2000 affected only the EMU countries and could be attributed to the adoption of Euro in 1999.

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Rodwin, Marc A. « Common Pharmaceutical Price and Cost Controls in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany : Lessons for the United States ». International Journal of Health Services 51, n^o 3 (9 mars 2021) : 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731421996168.

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To identify pharmaceutical spending-control options for the United States, we analyzed the policies of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, which encourage drugmakers to undertake innovations that improve health while controlling spending. Their main strategies today include: using legislation to set default rules that increase the insurer's bargaining position, employing health technology assessment that measures cost-effectiveness or comparative effectiveness and caps the purchase or reimbursement price, setting a single maximum price for similar drugs (reference group pricing), capping prices near prices in other European countries (external reference pricing), prohibiting price increases, contracting to obtain discounts as sales volume rises, procuring drugs through competitive bids, and requiring manufacturers to pay rebates when spending exceeds a global budget. Each strategy addresses a distinct cause of high spending and supports overall goals. Most recent US reform proposals recommend incremental changes that would not address the major sources of high and increasing pharmaceutical prices. However, some US reform proposals resemble certain European strategies and could bring more significant change. US policymakers should consider adopting each of the strategies employed in these countries.

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Montginoul, M., J.-D. Rinaudo, Y. Lunet de Lajonquière, P. Garin et J.-P. Marchal. « Simulating the impact of water pricing on households behaviour : the temptation of using untreated water ». Water Policy 7, n^o 5 (1 octobre 2005) : 523–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0031.

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Recent studies on urban water demand have suggested that the water price increase observed during the last ten years in France has led to a reduction in the consumption of urban water by households. Whereas certain households have reduced their water consumption, others have turned to substitute water resources (collection of rainwater, borehole drilling, wells supplied with untreated mains water, grey water recycling systems, etc.). This article presents the results of a case study, which describes and analyses the phenomenon of resorting to untreated groundwater as a complement to or a substitute for the urban water supply. After highlighting the risks associated with uncontrolled development of private boreholes, the paper presents a survey conducted in Southern France to understand the motivations of households drilling boreholes. The results of this survey are utilised to develop a micro-economic model of households' behaviour, which is then used to assess the probability of development of private boreholes on a regional scale. The impact of various economic and regulatory scenarios on borehole development and the related impact on urban water demand and financial sustainability of water and wastewater management utilities are assessed.

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Leurent, Fabien, et Sheng Li. « Between Pricing and Investment, What Mobility Policies Would Be Advantageous for Île-de-France ? » Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (19 décembre 2020) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859913.

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This article provides a prospective study of mobility policies for the private car and public transit (PT) modes of transportation in the Paris Ile-de-France region. Different economic instruments are considered: pricing of car traffic or transit service, subsidizing PT, and investment in PT to improve service quality. Policy scenarios are defined and assessed according to multiple criteria: users’ benefits, PT production costs and fare revenues, public subsidies, and environmental damage both local (air pollution) and global (carbon emissions). The social, economic, and environmental impacts are monetized and aggregated in a wellbeing function. While a first set of scenarios are specified directly, two other sets of scenarios are calculated by optimizing the wellbeing function with respect to action variables on the transit mode in the medium or long run. The regional mobility system is modeled in a structural way: concentric subregions, travel demand segmented by geographical and behavioral conditions, environmental impacts based on road and rail traffic, and car mode and transit mode depicted each as a set of technical components involving 1 to 3 structural factors that can make action levers. This model-based methodology allows for trading between different kinds of impacts and identifying performance-oriented policy packages.

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Furet, J., G. Marinoni et G. Ando. « Medico-Economic Evaluation in France : Methodology and Impact on the Pricing and Reimbursement System ». Value in Health 16, n^o 7 (novembre 2013) : A456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.766.

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Sukmadilaga, Citra, Jose Christian Santoso et Erlane K. Ghani. « Can Accounting Value Relevance and Pricing Error Influence Stock Price of High-Technology Service Enterprises ? » Economies 11, n^o 2 (2 février 2023) : 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11020048.

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This study examines whether relevant accounting ratios influence the stock prices of high-technology service enterprises in five countries, namely, the United States, Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and France. Subsequently, this study determines the existence of pricing error (if any) between the intrinsic value and the market value of the stock price due to the accounting ratios. Content analysis was performed on the annual reports of 326 high-technology service enterprises to determine the effect of three accounting ratios, namely diluted earnings per share, revenue per share, and book value per share, on the stock price of the high-technology service enterprises. This study shows that diluted earnings per share and book value per share influence the stock price of high-technology service enterprises. However, this study shows revenue per share does not influence the stock price of high-technology service enterprises. In addition, this study shows that, on average, the pricing error of high-technology services enterprises is considered moderate, with some countries exhibiting higher pricing errors. This study provides insight into how much accounting ratios can influence the movement of stock prices and, in turn, assist investors in understanding the key metrics within the high-technology industry.

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Boutouria, Nahla, Salah Ben Hamad et Imed Medhioub. « Option Valuation in the Presence of Market Sentiment : Application to Listed Companies in the CAC40 Index ». Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, n^o 9 (30 septembre 2021) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2021.v01i09.001.

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Asset pricing theory based on rationality was widely criticized in literature. Indeed, the non-inclusion of investor behavior and assuming market efficiency led to the weaknesses of option valuation through the traditional Black and Scholes model (1973). In this paper we examine the effect of the inclusion of investor behavior in the option pricing model. We test whether the Black and Scholes model in presence of sentiment behavior can lead to an improvement of the calculation of call price. Using daily data of 30 listed companies of France in the CAC40 index for the period June 18, 2009 to May 09, 2018, results showed that the introduction of sentiment effect in the Black and Scholes model provides better estimates of the call price than that obtained by the standard Black-Scholes model. In fact, we obtain an average gain of about 44% in terms of relative change in mean square error between both methods.

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Grande, Mathilde, Judith Fernandez, Jade Putzolu, Sorin Stanel, Margaret Galbraith, Chantal Belorgey, Nicolas Albin, Loic Guillevin et Anne d'Andon. « Access and price of cancer drugs : What is happening in France ? » Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, n^o 15_suppl (20 mai 2017) : 6623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.6623.

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6623 Background: The French National Authority for Health (HAS) is responsible for health technology assessment (HTA), providing opinion on drugs for reimbursement and pricing purposes. For all indications with a positive opinion for reimbursement, HAS assesses the clinical added value (CAV) on a 5-point scale for pricing negotiations based on clinical data. A major to moderate CAV leads to the highest prices, a minor CAV leads to a higher price than the comparator, and no CAV leads to lower price than the cheapest comparator. Countries increasingly face the policy challenge of harnessing the benefits of cancer drugs while managing healthcare budgets. In this context, we aimed to analyze cancer drugs assessment by HAS. Methods: a retrospective and descriptive analysis comparing all new hematology/oncology cancer indications versus all others new indications assessed by HAS between 2010 and 2015 has been conducted. Results: 87 cancer indications (60 drugs) have been evaluated, representing 17% (87/510) of all new drugs indications assessed by HAS. Almost all cancer indications (92%) obtained a favorable opinion for reimbursement. Seven (8%) had an unfavorable opinion versus 20% in other therapeutic areas. However, 5 of these 7 indications were related to a drug included on the list of reimbursed drugs for another indication and consequently drugs are available. Overall, only 2 drugs were not reimbursed: nintedanib in non small cell lung cancer and tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil in gastric cancer (no impact on survival and lack of results transposability). Of the 80 indications with a favorable opinion, 20 had a major to moderate CAV (25%), 32 a minor CAV (40%) and 28 have no CAV (35%). Major to moderate CAV are mostly composed of hematology drugs (12, 60%). The proportion of major to moderate CAV assessment is higher in oncology than in other therapeutic areas (66% vs. 30%). Conclusions: France benefits from a universal healthcare system offering wide coverage and large access to drugs. Almost all of the new hematology/oncology cancer drugs assessed had a favorable opinion and are fully reimbursed (100%) by health insurance. A high proportion (66%) of CAV is recognized in oncology. Nevertheless, the over DRG list can inadvertently limit access to these new cancer drugs.

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Rodwin, Marc A. « Pharmaceutical Price and Spending Controls in France : Lessons for the United States ». International Journal of Health Services 50, n^o 2 (30 janvier 2020) : 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419897580.

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As U.S. policymakers consider strategies to control pharmaceutical spending, they can learn from France, which has stopped drug spending growth without slowing access to innovative medicines. France determines the comparative therapeutic value of new drugs. Insurance pays more for drugs superior to their comparator and the same or less for drugs offering modest or no improvement. Contracts require discounts for high sales volume and prohibit price increases. In addition, payers reduce prices of older drugs. Furthermore, Parliament sets an insurance pharmaceutical spending budget, and manufacturers pay clawbacks when spending exceeds the budget. France offers these lessons: setting prices based on added therapeutic value is a principled means to cap new drug prices and provides incentives for manufacturers to negotiate prices. Restricting formularies can help lower prices. Insurers can link prices and quantity to control spending and improper uses. Insurers can use global budgets to control spending and negotiate prices. Contracts can prevent manufacturers from raising prices after launch. External reference pricing can reduce price discrimination but is difficult to implement. Nations can ensure rapid access to new drugs while controlling prices. Regulation and competition are complementary strategies to control drug spending.

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Żelewski, Paweł, Michał Wojna, Katarzyna Sygit, Elżbieta Cipora, Izabela Gąska, Mateusz Niemiec, Mateusz Kaczmarski et al. « Comparison of US and EU Prices for Orphan Drugs in the Perspective of the Considered US Orphan Drugs Act Modifications and Discussed Price-Regulation Mechanisms Adjustments in US and European Union ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 19 (24 septembre 2022) : 12098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912098.

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The 2019 worldwide sales of Orphan Drugs were estimated at $136 billion USD, which constituted 16% of the global pharmaceutical prescription market and is expected to grow by 12% in the next 5 years. A better understanding of Orphan Drug pricing may contribute to on-going discussions on Orphan Drug Act (ODA) corrections in US or modifications of price setting mechanisms in EU. The objective of the study was comparison and analysis of the prices of Orphan Drugs in US and EU. All drugs with Orphan Drug status were compared in the US and EU. For the US prices, the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) was sourced. The EU List Prices came from six EU countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain. We found US prices to be higher than the six selected EU countries. The average Price Ratio was 1.64. The prices across EU countries were more homogeneous, while the number of the reimbursed and therefore available to patient medicines varied and was correlated with GDP per capita r = 0.87. Considered implementation of the External Reference Price system in US may generate significant savings in the US but may result in upward pressure on pricing of Orphan Drugs in EU. Centralization of the Orphan Drugs pricing negotiations in EU may prevent such development and offer a win-win opportunity for all involved parties.

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Solaman, Dilani Angela, Andrew Walker, Salus Alba, Hanim Edoo, Claudio Jommi et Mark Ratcliffe. « PP40 HTA Evaluations Of Combination Drugs : Positive Reimbursement Solutions ». International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018) : 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318002040.

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Introduction:Health technology assessments (HTA) for combination drug therapies in oncology are increasingly common. Companies face multiple challenges when determining their economic value due to their complexity and high cost, while payers must balance the need for these vital innovations with sensitivity to rising costs. The study objective was to evaluate the current HTA frameworks in Europe and identify the potential barriers/solutions to reimbursement of brand-on-brand (BoB) combination therapy.Methods:A targeted literature review of HTA agency websites was undertaken to identify any literature/guidance relating to HTA decision-making for combination oncology therapies in France, Germany, Sweden, and the UK.Results:In France and the UK, BoB HTA decisions reflect clinical- and cost-effectiveness. Combination therapies have been accepted for use in France and the UK, for example, dabrafenib plus trametinib, are assessed through standard HTA processes, exemplifying that positive reimbursement is not unattainable where there is an unmet need and high clinical value. Despite this flexibility, many therapies will fail to prove their cost-effectiveness, resulting in delays or arbitrary pricing decisions. Potential solutions are the use of the ‘efficiency frontier’, as typified by the German HTA system, giving more ‘scope‘ to expensive innovations; or the Swedish HTA approach, which applies variable cost-effectiveness thresholds according to therapeutic area, disease severity, and social criteria. Other possibilities include indication-specific pricing, multiple-criteria decision analysis, and net monetary benefit with willingness-to-trade weights. One likely issue to arise is when different companies are involved, necessitating co-operation. In this scenario, a simplistic solution would be arbitration of the division of the combined price, circumventing the need for HTA agencies to make changes to decision-making criteria.Conclusions:Constructive debates and collaboration between industry and decision-makers are vital to achieve a harmonized HTA process for high-cost combination therapies which offer advanced benefits and improved safety outcomes, whilst satisfying HTA bodies and providing better access for patients.

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Solaman, DA, T. Chandler et A. Wright. « Innovation Ranking in France and Italy : Differences and their Impact on Pricing and Reimbursement Processes ». Value in Health 18, n^o 7 (novembre 2015) : A560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.1822.

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Rinaudo, Jean-Daniel, Noémie Neverre et Marielle Montginoul. « Simulating the Impact of Pricing Policies on Residential Water Demand : A Southern France Case Study ». Water Resources Management 26, n^o 7 (24 février 2012) : 2057–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-9998-z.

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Weill, Caroline, et David Banta. « Development of health technology assessment in France ». International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (juillet 2009) : 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309090503.

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Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe the history of health technology assessment (HTA) in France.Methods:The approach was a descriptive review done by people who have been very much involved in this history.Results:The interest in HTA and evaluation as a tool for health decision making goes back to the 1970s in France. During the 1980s, there were several attempts to develop a national HTA agency, which finally came to fruition with the development of the Agence Nationale de l'Evaluation Medicale (ANDEM) in 1989. ANDEM's main success, perhaps, was in making HTA known in France by developing its own assessments, writing and validating appropriate methodologies for assessing medical technology and medical practices, and by organizing in France the development of programs of consensus development conferences, which the ANDEM either organized itself or supported and validated. In the mid-1990s, the mandate of ANDEM was extended to hospital accreditation and the agency's name was changed to Agence Nationale d'Accreditation et d'Evaluation en Sante (ANAES). Finally, in 2005, the National Authority for Health (HAS) was formed to consolidate efforts to centralize the programs of HTA, aiming at helping decision making regarding reimbursement and pricing, in one agency and to define the optimal use of health technology in France.Conclusions:HTA has become a strong influence in the healthcare system in France. These developments may be considered rather typical of the approach to public policy questions in France, where regulation is more in use than in other countries (at least in the healthcare field). At the same time, this approach has made lobbying and other attempts to influence decisions common as well, so one might say that HTA is more politicized than in some other countries in Europe.

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Doly, A., B. Coudert, P. Cottu, J. Manson, H. Barletta, D. Perol, O. Aujoulat et al. « The Personalised Reimbursement Models (Prm) : Real World Data Collection to Provide Innovative Pricing Solutions in France ». Value in Health 20, n^o 9 (octobre 2017) : A743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.2058.

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Souche, Stéphanie, Aurelie Mercier et Nicolas Ovtracht. « The impacts of urban pricing on social and spatial inequalities : The case study of Lyon (France) ». Urban Studies 53, n^o 2 (20 janvier 2015) : 373–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098014563484.

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Sidibé, Yoro, Jean-Philippe Terreaux, Mabel Tidball et Arnaud Reynaud. « Coping with drought with innovative pricing systems : the case of two irrigation water management companies in France ». Agricultural Economics 43 (8 octobre 2012) : 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00628.x.

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Oku, Y., A. Fukushima, J. Dorey et M. Toumi. « Health Technology Assessment : Drivers of Additional Benefit Scoring and the Impact on Orphan Drug Pricing in France ». Value in Health 21 (septembre 2018) : S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.07.851.

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Pouxviel, N., A. Duckit, E. Duteil, AA Epis De Fleurian et A. Troubat. « HPR103 Pricing Negotiations of ASMR IV Drugs in France : Impact of the Latest LEEM-CEPS Framework Agreement ». Value in Health 25, n^o 12 (décembre 2022) : S251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.1233.

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Rand, Leah Z., et Aaron S. Kesselheim. « An International Review of Health Technology Assessment Approaches to Prescription Drugs and Their Ethical Principles ». Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 48, n^o 3 (2020) : 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958885.

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In many countries, health technology assessment (HTA) organizations determine the economic value of new drugs and make recommendations regarding appropriate pricing and coverage in national health systems. In the US, recent policy proposals aimed at reducing drug costs would link drug prices to six countries: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and the UK. We reviewed these countries’ methods of HTA and guidance on price and coverage recommendations, analyzing methods and guidance documents for differences in (1) the methodologies HTA organizations use to conduct their evaluations and (2) considerations they use when making recommendations. We found important differences in the methods, interpretations of HTA findings, and condition-specific carve-outs that HTA organizations use to conduct evaluations and make recommendations. These variations have ethical implications because they influence the recommendations of HTA organizations, which affect access to the drug through national insurance and price negotiations with manufacturers. The differences in HTA approaches result from the distinct political, social, and cultural contexts of each organization and its value judgments. New cost-containment policies in the US should consider the ethical implications of the HTA reviews that they are considering relying on to negotiate drug prices and what values should be included in US pricing policy.

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Cardebat, Jean-Marie, Jean-Marc Figuet et Emmanuel Paroissien. « Expert Opinion and Bordeaux Wine Prices : An Attempt to Correct Biases in Subjective Judgments ». Journal of Wine Economics 9, n^o 3 (3 novembre 2014) : 282–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2014.23.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to assess the role of expert opinion on the pricing of Bordeaux wines. To this end, we compile an original dataset including (1) retail prices, (2) scores attributed to wines from France, Spain, and the United States by nine experts from 2000 to 2010, and (3) the meteorological conditions under which the grapes were produced. With this dataset, we aim to determine the presence of bias rooted in the subjectivity of the experts. We assume that the expert wine scores have two main components: (1) an objective one that is driven by the fundamentals of wine production (the quality of soil, producers' skills, and climate conditions) and (2) a subjective one that is determined by the individual opinion of the experts. We use control function techniques to compare the respective impacts of these two factors and find that prices are influenced more deeply by the fundamental quality of the wine than they are by the judge's subjectivity. Furthermore, we notice the great impact of “highest ratings” on pricing, which we interpret as a “marketing effect”: the most favorable score is likely to be the most publicized, which influences the price of the respective wine. (JEL Classifications: C21, D89, L15)

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