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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Preferenze sociali »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Preferenze sociali"

Paletto, A., I. De Meo et F. Ferretti. « Comparison among social and institutional preferences : the case study of Arci-Grighine district ». Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 8, n^o 6 (19 décembre 2011) : 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0680-008.

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Arace, Angelica. « Stereotipi e disuguaglianze di genere nell'istruzione scolastica ». MINORIGIUSTIZIA, n^o 3 (janvier 2021) : 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mg2020-003003.

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Gli stereotipi di genere condizionano, sin dalla scolarizzazione di base, atteggiamenti, preferenze e impegno nei confronti delle diverse materie scolastiche: quelle scientifiche e tecnologiche vengono etichettate come più confacenti ai maschi, mentre le materie umanistiche sono considerate più "da femmine". Numerosi studi dimostrano che tali stereotipi influenzano le scelte formative e gli esiti scolastici dei ragazzi e delle ragazze e sono responsabili di meccanismi di segregazione formativa e professionale che distinguono nettamente tra percorsi di studio e mestieri adatti agli uomini e alle donne. La letteratura evidenzia inoltre come sia di primaria importanza attuare programmi sociali ed educativi di contrasto alle disuguaglianze di genere nelle opportunità formative e di successo scolastico, sia per i maschi sia per le femmine, come dimostrato dai dati sull'abbandono scolastico e sui giovani Neet.

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Ruggeri, Mirella, Nazario Santolini, Marco Stegagno, Giuseppe Imperadore et Rosa Bruna Dall'Agnola. « Prospettive future ». Epidemiologia e psichiatria sociale. Monograph Supplement 8, S5 (mars 1999) : 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1827433100000393.

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Gli studi sulla qualità della vita sono particolarmente innovativi e di estremo interesse in quanto tendono ad abbracciare in una visione unitaria aspetti diversi, ma non indipendenti, dell'esperienza umana, consentendo una valutazione ad ampio spettro dell'impatto dei trattamenti nella vita del paziente.Ma molti sono gli interrogativi irrisolti sulla qualità della vita. Essi riguardano innanzitutto il ruolo da attribuire alla multidimensionalità del concetto ed in particolare quali siano le dimensioni della qualità della vita che più facilmente si deteriorano nei pazienti affetti da disturbi psichici e quali quelle che migliorano in maniera più sensibile in seguito ai trattamenti eseguiti. Se pare accertata l'inappropriatezza di giudicare la qualità della vita di un individuo solamente sulla base di parametri oggettivi (ad esempio, economici, sociali ed abitativi), indipendentemente dalle sue preferenze, scopi e valori, non è d'altronde chiaro quale parametro dovrà essere privilegiato nei casi, prevedibilmente numerosi, in cui dati obiettivi e soggettivi saranno discordanti. Ed ancora ci si chiede quanto le abilità cognitive di un individuo e la sua autonomia personale concorrano nel determinare la sua qualità della vita, ed, ancora, fino a che punto le valutazioni della qualità della vita basate sul giudizio soggettivo possano essere influenzate da altri fattori, quali il livello intellettivo dell'individuo e la sua personalità. Un altro dubbio, infine, che percorre costantemente questo tipo di ricerca è fino a che punto sia possibile quantificare questo fenomeno complesso, senza che la quantificazione stessa finisca con l'introdurre un elemento di distorsione e di arbitrarietà nell'interpretazione del fenomeno stesso.

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Torrieri, Francesca, Federica Cadamuro Morgante et Alessandra Oppio. « The social discount rate in cost-benefit analysis for flood risk management : reasoning on the intertemporal preferences ». Valori e Valutazioni 29 (janvier 2022) : 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20212908.

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About the Flood Risk Management Plans (PGRA) the European Community (DIR. 2007/60; Regulation No. 1303/2013) introduces the need to provide an assessment of the prevention and mitigation measures for the hydraulic risk through a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), (Cohesion Fund, 2014-2020). Indeed, the CBA helps identifying a priority ranking of structural and non-structural interventions to be implemented so to reduce the probability of flooding and the negative consequences for human health, the environment, cultural heritage and economic activities. In Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) application, the Social Discount Rate (SDR) covers a fundamental role in revealing the intergenerational concern and the willingness to pay for environmental protection and debt inheritance of a society into a specific territorial-time dimension. In particular, scientific research on the hydraulic risk area like the national and international guidelines demonstrates no agreement about the methodologies for estimating the SSS and the (SSS) value adopted in different territorial contexts. For this reason, this paper aims at investigating literature debates about SDR effectiveness on a value-based assessment and how it is applied in CBA analysis dealing with intergenerational environmental costs redistribution and human heath protections. The theoretical explanation is supported by applying CBA analysis to the real case study of Olbia city, where relevant flood events occurred in the last fifty years and, in particular, the last one in 2013, causing significant losses in economic welfare and human lives. First results from the empirical application show how the choice of the SSS and the time-frame of the interventions have a strong impact on the effectiveness of the strategic decisions from a social point of view. In particular, these two factors' influence is more evident in long-term scenarios due to intertemporal prices' cumulative and multiplicative effects, which reduce future values such as environmental and social benefits if discounted to date. Nell’ambito dei Piani di Gestione del Rischio Alluvioni (PGRA), la Comunità Europea (Dir. 2007/60; Regulation No. 1303/2013) ha introdotto la necessità della valutazione delle misure di prevenzione del rischio alluvioni sulla base di una Analisi Benefici-Costi (ACB), al fine di individuare una graduatoria di priorità degli interventi strutturali e non strutturali da attuarsi per ridurre la probabilità di inondazione e le conseguenze negative per la salute umana, l’ambiente, il patrimonio culturale e le attività economiche. Rispetto all’applicazione dell’ACB, la stima del Saggio Sociale di Sconto (SSS) rappresenta uno degli aspetti più critici per esprimere il valore delle preferenze intertemporali, la disponibilità a pagare per la tutela dell’ambiente e la qualità della vita, nonché il peso attribuito all'eredità del debito futuro intergenerazionale in una specifica dimensione spazio-temporale. In particolare, le applicazioni al settore del rischio idraulico così come le linee guida nazionali e internazionali mostrano come non vi sia ancora una convergenza di opinioni sulle metodologie da applicare per la stima del SSS e sul valore da adottare in differenti contesti territoriali. A partire da un’analisi della letteratura sul ruolo del SSS nelle ACB applicate al settore della prevenzione del rischio idraulico, il presente articolo propone un quadro ampio di casi di studio in differenti contesti geografici, che sottopone a una riflessione critica in merito agli aspetti teorici e operativi. Le riflessioni teoriche sono poi sperimentate attraverso un’applicazione dell’ACB alla città di Olbia, dove si sono verificate grandi alluvioni negli ultimi cinquant'anni, l'ultima delle quali nel 2013, che hanno causato perdite significative in termini di benessere economico e vite umane. I primi risultati ottenuti mostrano come la scelta del SSS, così come la temporalizzazione degli interventi, sia determinante per l’efficacia delle scelte dal punto di vista sociale, soprattutto in scenari di lungo periodo, a causa dell’effetto cumulato e moltiplicativo dei prezzi intertemporali che porta a ridurre i valori futuri, quali per esempio i benefici ambientali e sociali, se scontati all’attualità.

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Dhamal, Swapnil, et Y. Narahari. « Scalable Preference Aggregation in Social Networks ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 1 (3 novembre 2013) : 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v1i1.13074.

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In social choice theory, preference aggregation refers to computing an aggregate preference over a set of alternatives given individual preferences of all the agents. In real-world scenarios, it may not be feasible to gather preferences from all the agents. Moreover, determining the aggregate preference is computationally intensive. In this paper, we show that the aggregate preference of the agents in a social network can be computed efficiently and with sufficient accuracy using preferences elicited from a small subset of critical nodes in the network. Our methodology uses a model developed based on real-world data obtained using a survey on human subjects, and exploits network structure and homophily of relationships. Our approach guarantees good performance for aggregation rules that satisfy a property which we call expected weak insensitivity. We demonstrate empirically that many practically relevant aggregation rules satisfy this property. We also show that two natural objective functions in this context satisfy certain properties, which makes our methodology attractive for scalable preference aggregation over large scale social networks. We conclude that our approach is superior to random polling while aggregating preferences related to individualistic metrics, whereas random polling is acceptable in the case of social metrics.

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Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio. « A Preference for Selfish Preferences ». Philosophy of the Social Sciences 38, n^o 3 (septembre 2008) : 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393108319470.

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Purcell, A. T., R. J. Lamb, E. Mainardi Peron et S. Falchero. « Preference or preferences for landscape ? » Journal of Environmental Psychology 14, n^o 3 (septembre 1994) : 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(94)80056-1.

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Wulandari, Siti Abir, et RA Rani Eka Fitri. « HUBUNGAN ANTARA PERSEPSI DENGAN PREFERENSI KONSUMEN TERHADAP TEMPE DI PASAR ANGSO DUO KOTA JAMBI ». Jurnal MeA (Media Agribisnis) 5, n^o 1 (30 avril 2020) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/mea.v5i1.64.

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This research was conducted to find out about the general description of consumer perception towards tempe, consumer preference towards tempe and to find the correlation between perception and preference towards tempe in Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi. The reason this research was conducted in Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi Kelurahan Legok Kecamatan Danau Sipin, because the market in this place is the largest market or the central market in Kota Jambi and costumer came from all the social class. Data collection for this research were implemented on November 2019. Number of sample studied was 50 people. The research hypothesis proposed is thought to have a correlation between perception and consumer preferences for tempe in Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi. Chi-Square test statistical analysis was used to examine the correlation between perception and consumer preferences for tempe. The results showed that there was no correlation between perception and consumer preferences for tempe in Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi, seen from count = 0.646 > table 0.481 with α = 5% the same as using SPSS where the results of count = 0.646 ( Sig.2-sided) = 000 < α = 5%.Keyword : Perception, Preference, and Tempe.ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran persepsi konsumen terhadap tempe, untuk mengetahui gambaran preferensi konsumen terhadap tempe dan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara persepsi dengan preferensi terhadap tempe di Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi Kelurahan Legok Kecamatan Danau Sipin, dengan alasan bahwa pasar tersebut merupakan pasar terbesar atau pasar induk yang ada di Kota Jambi dan konsumen yang berbelanja di Pasar Angso Duo terdiri dari berbagai lapisan masyarakat Jambi dan sekitarnya. Pengambilan data penelitian di laksanakan pada bulan November 2019. Adapun jumlah sampel yang diteliti adalah sebanyak 50 orang. Hipotesis penelitian yang diajukan diduga terdapat hubungan antara persepsi dengan preferensi konsumen terhadap tempe di Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi. Analisis statistik uji Chi-Square digunakan untuk menguji hubungan antara persepsi dengan preferensi konsumen terhadap tempe. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara persepsi dengan preferensi konsumen terhadap tempe di Pasar Angso Duo Kota Jambi, dilihat dari hitung = 0,646 > tabel 0,481 dengan = 5% sama dengan menggunakan SPSS dimana hasil hitung = 0,646 (Sig.2-sided) = 000 < α = 5%.Kata Kunci : Persepsi, Preferensi, dan Tempe.

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de Boer, Jelle. « A STRAWSON–LEWIS DEFENCE OF SOCIAL PREFERENCES ». Economics and Philosophy 28, n^o 3 (novembre 2012) : 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267112000259.

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This paper examines a special kind of social preference, namely a preference to do one's part in a mixed-motive setting because the other party expects one to do so. I understand this expectation-based preference as a basic reactive attitude (Strawson 1974). Given this, and the fact that expectations in these circumstances are likely to be based on other people's preferences, I argue that in cooperation a special kind of equilibrium ensues, which I call a loop, with people's preferences and expectations mutually cross-referring. As with a Lewis-norm, the loop can get started in a variety of ways. It is self-sustaining in the sense that people with social preferences have sufficient reason not to deviate.

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Nguyen, Dat-Dao. « Using Social Choice Function Vs. Social Welfare Function To Aggregate Individual Preferences In Group Decision Support Systems ». International Journal of Management & ; Information Systems (IJMIS) 18, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2014) : 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v18i3.8703.

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In multi-criteria decision making, any Group Decision Support System (GDSS) requires a social judgment model for calculation of weights on decision alternatives, and tabulation of individual votes toward a consensus. One could assess a Social Welfare Function - such as Keeneys - to aggregate individual cardinal preferences or utilities into a group preference. Alternatively, one could use Social Choice Functions - such as Condorcet, Borda, Copeland, and Eigenvector - to aggregate individual ordinal preferences or rankings into a group ranking. This study empirically investigates the consensus between individual preferences and the group preference derived from various aggregation methods.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Preferenze sociali"

BOUMAN, LOES. « COLLECTIVE ACTION SUCCESS IN STEP-LEVEL PUBLIC GOODS GAMES Experimental Studies on the Role of Social Value Orientation and Information on Efficacy Heterogeneity ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/314001.

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La tesi tratta il successo dell'azione collettiva e quali fattori ne favoriscono o ne ostacolano il raggiungimento. Nello specifico, la tesi si concentra sull'azione collettiva finalizzata alla produzione di beni pubblici e come i gruppi affrontano i dilemmi sociali che sono inerenti a tale argomento. Un dilemma sociale può essere definito come una situazione in cui la razionalità individuale e collettiva sono in contrasto. Esistono due grandi categorie di dilemmi sociali. La prima categoria riguarda i problemi di cooperazione, vale a dire come ogni individuo ha la tentazione di astenersi dal dare contributi alla produzione del bene pubblico e puntare al consumo del bene fornito da altri, cioè attraverso il free-riding. Tuttavia, se tutti gli individui agiscono per i propri interessi, il bene pubblico non viene prodotto. Il modo in cui gli individui valutano i risultati propri e altrui prodotti dalla cooperazione è concettualizzato in termini di preferenze sociali (il termine ufficiale è ‘social value orientation, SVO)’. La ricerca dimostra come SVO sia un valido predittore del comportamento cooperativo in vari contesti empirici. Tuttavia, una volta che gli individui interagiscono ripetutamente, la forza relativa e la stabilità del legame SVO e comportamento appare meno evidente. In questa dissertazione SVO è uno degli fattori chiave che dovrebbero svolgere un ruolo nel successo dell'azione collettiva. La seconda categoria riguarda, invece, i problemi di coordinamento. In qeusto caso, gli individui si trovano in situazioni in cui gli interessi coincidono; tuttavia, ci sono più opzioni di scelta per raggiungere il risultato auspicato e quanto detto può provocare un problema di coordinazione. Ricerche precedenti hanno dimostrato che l'eterogeneità tra i collaboratori può aiutare a superare i problemi di coordinamento. I membri del gruppo differiscono tipicamente nell'impatto che i loro investimenti hanno sulla probabilità della produzione di un bene pubblico. L'impatto che il comportamento di un individuo ha sui risultati è generalmente indicato con il termine ‘efficacia’. La ricerca ha messo in risalto l’esistenza di una significativa relazione positiva tra eterogeneità nell'efficacia e azione collettiva di successo. Tuttavia, questa relazione richiede che le persone coinvolte abbiano informazioni sull'efficacia reciproca. Ma resta ancora una questione aperta, ovvero come il grado di eterogeneità delle informazioni sull'efficacia influenzi il successo dell'azione collettiva. Il grado di eterogeneità delle informazioni di efficacia costituisce la seconda spiegazione chiave di questa tesi. I fattori di spiegazione principali - SVO e informazioni sull'eterogeneità di efficacia – nel lavoro in questione si concentrano su come le caratteristiche individuali, le caratteristiche del gruppo e la struttura della situazione influenzano il successo dell'azione collettiva.Tali elementi sono strettamente correlati ai due dilemmi sociali (problemi di cooperazione e coordinamento) che connotano l'azione collettiva. Nel presente lavoro il fuoco è rivolto a due interrogativi di centrale importanza; In che modo le preferenze sociali e le informazioni sull'eterogeneità dell'efficacia influenzano il successo dell'azione collettiva? Un modello ben noto ampiamente utilizzato nel trattare il problema dei beni pubblici è lo Step-Level Public Good design (SPG). Tale modello viene utilizzato per definire un quadro teorico e per derivare ipotesi che verranno testate tramite esperimenti di laboratorio e con l’impiego di modelli multilivello.
This dissertation is concerned with understanding collective action success and what factors foster or hamper the endeavour. Specifically, we focus on collective action that is aimed at the production of public goods and how groups overcome social dilemmas that are inherent to that. A social dilemma can be defined as a situation where individual and collective rationality are at odds. There two broad categories of social dilemmas. The first category compiles cooperation problems, were each individual has the temptation to abstain from making contributions to public good production and aim for consumption of the good provided by others, that is, by means of free-riding. However, if all individuals act on their own interests, the public good is not produced. How individuals value their own and others’ outcomes from cooperation is conceptualized as their Social Value Orientation (SVO). Research demonstrates that SVO is a valid predictor of cooperative behavior across various empirical settings. However, once individuals interact repeatedly, the relative strength and stability of the SVO – behavior link are less clear cut. In this dissertation SVO is one of the key explanans that are expected to play a role in collective action success. The second category compiles coordination problems. In coordination problems, individuals find themselves in situations in which interests coincide, however, there are multiple choice options to reach that outcome and this can instigate a coordination problem. Previous research has shown that heterogeneity among cooperators can help in overcoming coordination problems. Group members typically differ in the impact their investments have on the likelihood of public good production. The impact an individual’s behavior has on outcomes is generally referred to as their efficacy. Research has established a significant positive relationship between heterogeneity in efficacy and successful collective action. However, this relationship requires that individuals involved have information about each other’s efficacy. But it yet remains an open question how the degree of information of efficacy heterogeneity influences collective action success. The degree of information of efficacy heterogeneity constitute the second key explanantia of this dissertation. The two main explanans - SVO and information on efficacy heterogeneity - in this dissertation focus on how on individual characteristics, group characteristics and the structure of the situation influence collective action success. Both elements are closely related to the two social dilemmas (cooperation and coordination problems) inherent to collective action Bringing both questions together constitute an overacting question for the dissertation: How do social preferences and information on efficacy heterogeneity influence collective action success ? A well-known model naturally reflecting public goods problems is the Step-Level Public Good design (SPG). we adopt the design in the dissertation and use it as theoretical framework to derive hypotheses to answer this research question. We test hypotheses in laboratory experiments and analyse data in a multilevel framework.

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Jeon, Joo Young. « Essays on social preference ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53364/.

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This thesis consists of six essays related to experimental investigation of social preference. We investigate the effects of a pure income effect on social preference in the first essay. In the second essay we explore the effects of gender in altruism and the corresponding anticipation behavior. The third essay discusses the effects of different type of rebate schemes on altruistic behavior. We study the effects of a real and a minimal identity on initiation and escalation of conflict in the fourth essay. The fifth essay investigates the effects of social cues in (anti) social behavior. The final essay tests the effects of pure framing on altruistic behavior.

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Zarri, Luca. « Social preferences and beyond : modelling pro-sociality in game theory ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437835.

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Nosenzo, Daniele. « Social preferences and social comparisons ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11362/.

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Chapter 1 introduces the thesis providing an overview of the common themes and methods underlying this research. Chapter 2 reports an experiment that examines the characteristics of effective leaders in a leader-follower voluntary contributions game. We focus on two factors: leaders’ cooperativeness and their beliefs about followers’cooperativeness. We find that groups perform best when led by cooperatively inclined leaders, partly because they are intrinsically motivated to contribute more than non-cooperative leaders, partly because they are more optimistic about followers’ cooperativeness. Chapter 3 reports an experiment comparing sequential and simultaneous contributions to a public good in a quasi-linear two-person setting. As predicted, we find that overall provision may be lower under sequential than simultaneous contributions. However, we also find that the distribution of contributions is more equitable than predicted when the first-mover is predicted to free-ride, but not when the second-mover is predicted to free-ride. These results can be explained by second-movers’ willingness to punish free-riders, and unwillingness to reward first-movers who contribute. Chapter 4 investigates the impact of social comparisons on reciprocal relationships. Using a three-person gift- exchange game we study how employees’ reciprocity towards an employer is affected by pay comparison information (information about what co-workers earn) and effort comparison information (information about how co-workers perform). We find that pay comparison information does not affect reciprocity, while effort comparison information can influence reciprocal relationships in important ways. Chapter 5 also examines the impact of pay comparisons on effort behaviour. We compare effort in a treatment where co-workers’ wages are secret with effort in two ‘public wages’ treatments differing in whether co-workers’ wages are chosen by an employer, or are fixed exogenously by the experimenter. We find that pay comparisons are detrimental for effort, particularly when coworkers’ wages are exogenous. Chapter 6 summarises the findings of this research and concludes.

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Sherman, Misty. « Exercise preference and social identity ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/748.

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Schofield, N. « Social equilibrium ». Thesis, University of Essex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370494.

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Strassmair, Christina. « Incentives and social preferences ». Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-108369.

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Suchon, Rémi. « Essays on the economics of social identity, social preferences and social image ». Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN080/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur trois déterminants sociaux des décisions économiques : l'identité sociale, l'image sociale et les préférences sociales. Le premier chapitre rend compte d'une expérience visant à tester l'effet de la mobilité sociale ascendante sur la confiance interpersonnelle. Les individus se sont caractérisés à la fois par une identité de groupe naturelle et par un statut attribué au moyen de leur performance relative dans une tâche dans laquelle les identités naturelles prédisent fortement la performance. La mobilité ascendante se caractérise par l'accès au statut élevé des individus appartenant au groupe naturel associé à une performance attendue inférieure. Nous constatons que les personnes socialement mobiles font moins confiance que celles qui ne sont pas socialement mobiles, à la fois lorsque le l'autre individu appartient au même groupe naturel ou à un autre groupe naturel. En revanche, la mobilité ascendante n'affecte pas la fiabilité. Nous ne trouvons rien qui indique que l'interaction avec une personne mobile a une incidence sur la confiance ou la fiabilité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous testons si les individus intériorisent les effets de leur comportement sur l'image sociale de leur groupe. Dans notre expérience, nous recrutons des paires d'amis et étudions si le nombre de fausses déclarations diminue quand cela peut avoir des retombées négatives sur l'image de l'ami. Nous constatons que les participants nuisent à l'image sociale de leurs amis en faisant de fausses déclarations : les observateurs externes mettent à jour leurs croyances et s'attendent à juste titre à ce qu'un participant dont l'ami a fait de fausses déclarations soit susceptible de faire de même. Cependant, les participants font autant de fausses déclarations quand leur comportement peut nuire à l'image de leur ami que quand il ne le peut pas, même si le fait de nuire à l'image de leurs amis réduit leurs propres gains monétaires. Notre interprétation est qu'ils sous-estiment l'impact de leur comportement sur les croyances des observateurs externes concernant leurs amis. Nos résultats montrent que, même dans notre cas où l'appartenance à un groupe est évidente, les groupes peuvent avoir de la difficulté à se bâtir une bonne image. La bonne nouvelle, c'est que les observateurs externes peuvent utiliser les retombées d'images pour mettre à jour leurs croyances et interagir plus efficacement avec les membres des groupes. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous examinons expérimentalement si la sailliance des gains contre-factuels a une incidence sur la générosité. Les participants exécutent d'abord une tâche d'effort réel pour un salaire fixe, puis jouent au jeu du dictateur. Entre les conditions, nous faisons varier le niveau et le moment de la révélation du salaire. Dans certaines conditions, les participants connaissent le salaire avant la tâche de l'effort réel et ne sont pas informés des autres niveaux potentiels. Dans d'autres conditions, ils sont informés de la répartition des salaires avant la tâche d'effort réel, mais le salaire réel n'est révélé qu'ensuite. Notre hypothèse est que les participants à ces dernières conditions évaluent leur salaire réel par rapport aux autres niveaux potentiels, ce qui, à son tour, influe sur leurs transferts dans le jeu dictateur qui suit. Les résultats corroborent cette hypothèse : les participants qui obtiennent un salaire élevé ont tendance à transférer davantage lorsqu'ils sont informés des autres niveaux potentiels que lorsqu'ils ne le sont pas. Symétriquement, les participants qui reçoivent le plus bas salaire ont tendance à transférer moins quand ils sont informés des autres niveaux potentiels que quand ils ne le sont pas
The present dissertation studies three social determinants of economic decisions: Social Identity, Social Image, and Social preferences. The first chapter reports on an experiment testing the effect of upward social mobility on interpersonal trust. Individuals are characterized both by a natural group identity and by a status awarded by means of relative performance in a task in which natural identities strongly predict performance. Upward mobility is characterized by the access to the high status of individuals belonging to the natural group associated with a lower expected performance. We find that socially mobile individuals trust less than those who are not socially mobile, both when the trustee belongs to the same natural group or to the other natural group. In contrast, upward mobility does not affect trustworthiness. We find no evidence that interacting with an upwardly mobile individual impacts trust or trustworthiness. In the second chapter, we test whether individuals internalize the effects of their behavior on the social image of their group. In our experiment, we recruit pairs of real-life friends and study whether misreporting decreases when it may have negative spillovers on the image of the friend. We find that participants hurt their friends' social image by misreporting: external observers update their beliefs and rightfully expect that a participant whose friend misreported is likely to misreport himself. However, participants misreport as often when their behavior can hurt the friend's image as when it cannot, even though hurting their friends' image reduces their own monetary gains. Our interpretation is that they underestimate the impact of their behavior on external observers' beliefs about their friends. Our results show that, even in our case where group membership is salient, groups might have difficulties building a good image. The good news is that external observers may use image spillovers to update their beliefs and interact with members of groups more efficiently. In the third chapter, we experimentally test whether the salience of counter-factual payoffs impacts generosity. Participants first perform a real-effort task for a fixed wage, and then play a dictator game. Between conditions, we vary the level and the timing of the revelation of the wage. In some conditions, participants know the wage before the real effort task, and are not informed of the other potential levels. In some other conditions, they are informed of the distribution of the wages before the real effort task, but the actual wage is only revealed afterward. Our hypothesis is that participants in the latter conditions evaluate their actual wage relative to the other potential levels, which in turns impact their transfers in the subsequent dictator game. The results support this hypothesis: participants who get a the high wage tend to transfer more when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not. Symmetrically, participants who get the low wage tend to transfer less when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not

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Sihra, Colson Eve. « Consumption, social interactions and preferences ». Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0015/document.

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La notion de besoin caractérise souvent une nécessité biologique, le strict minimum pour se nourrir et se loger. Les besoins ont pourtant souvent été définis comme relatifs et propres à une situation donnée. Les incitations culturelles et sociales tendent à fournir des motivations puissantes aux individus, les conduisant à prendre des décisions parfois à leur détriment au plus ou moins long-terme. Ces choix révèlent certains besoins allant au-delà de la seule survie. Ma thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre ces décisions en incluant des composants sociaux ou culturels à la théorie standard de la consommation. Elle contribue à faire le lien entre deux branches importantes de la littérature économique: l'analyse de la demande, et l'économie comportementale/sociale. Les différents chapitres répondent à des questions telles que : pourquoi les personnes souffrant de malnutrition dépensent une part significative de leur budget en biens ostentatoires (premier chapitre) ? Pourquoi des personnes différant seulement par le groupe social auquel elles appartiennent ne consomment pas les mêmes biens (deuxième chapitre) ? Les interactions sociales contribuent-elles à la persistance de goûts locaux (troisième chapitre) ? Et l'intégration commerciale contribue-t-elle à la convergence des goûts (quatrième chapitre) ? Ces sujets requièrent de considérer la signification sociale des choix de consommation, en plus de l'effet du revenu, des prix et de leur valeur fonctionnelle. En d'autres termes, ils requièrent de penser la consommation comme un langage
The notion of need often characterizes the strict minimum amount of food and shelter to survive. Needs have however recurrently been described as essentially relative and context-driven. Indeed, cultural and social incentives tend to provide powerful motivations for individuals to engage in choices sometimes detrimental to their short- or long-term fitness. These choices reveal certain needs which are beyond mere sustenance. My thesis aims at better understanding these decisions by including cultural and social components to a standard theory of consumption. By doing so, it contributes to bridge the gap between two important branches of the literature: demand analysis and behavioral/social economics. The different chapters adress questions such as: Why do malnourished people spend a significant portion of their budget on conspicuous goods (first chapter)? Why do people of different social groups choose to consume different types of goods, given similar prices, income and demographics (second chapter)? Do social interactions contribute to the persistence of localized tastes (third chapter)? And does market integration contribute to taste convergence (fourth chapter)? These topics require to take into account the social meaning of consumption choices, aside from income, prices and functionality. In other words, they require to consider consumption as a language

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Kazemi, Ali. « Distributive preferences in social dilemmas / ». Göteborg : Dept. of Psychology, Göteborg University, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015509278&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Livres sur le sujet "Preferenze sociali"

Tokumaru, Natsuka. Social Preference, Institution, and Distribution. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0137-6.

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Benjamin, Daniel J. Social identity and preferences. Cambridge, Mass : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Nicholas, Capaldi, dir. Affirmative action : Social justice or unfair preference ? Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1996.

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Klochko, Marianna A. Endogenous time preferences in social networks. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Pub., 2005.

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1942-, Ordeshook Peter C., dir. Endogenous time preferences in social networks. Northhampton, MA : Edward Elgar Pub., 2006.

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Voto di classe : Posizione sociale e preferenze politiche in Italia. Bologna : Il mulino, 2010.

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Grochulski, Borys. Nonseparable preferences and optimal social security systems. Cambridge, Mass : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Grochulski, Borys. Nonseparable preferences and optimal social security systems. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Sheldon, Kamieniecki, dir. Referendum voting : Social status and policy preferences. New York : Greenwood Press, 1987.

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Fehr, Ernst. Neuroeconomic foundations of trust and social preferences. Bonn, Germany : IZA, 2005.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Preferenze sociali"

McCain, Roger A. « Social preference ». Dans Welfare Economics, 77–100. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series : Routledge advances in social economics ; 26 : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315543116-5.

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Hayashi, Takashi. « Preference ». Dans Microeconomic Theory for the Social Sciences, 33–44. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3541-0_3.

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Ogaki, Masao, et Saori C. Tanaka. « Social Preferences ». Dans Behavioral Economics, 115–40. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6439-5_8.

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Cartwright, Edward. « Social preferences ». Dans Behavioral Economics, 321–70. 3rd Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | : Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315105079-7.

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Carpenter, Jeffrey. « Social Preferences ». Dans The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–5. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1974-1.

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Carpenter, Jeffrey. « Social Preferences ». Dans The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 12615–19. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1974.

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Carpenter, Jeffrey. « social preferences ». Dans Behavioural and Experimental Economics, 247–52. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230280786_31.

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Wilkinson, Nick, et Matthias Klaes. « Social Preferences ». Dans An Introduction to Behavioral Economics, 399–471. London : Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52413-3_10.

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Cabrales, Antonio, et Giovanni Ponti. « Social Preferences ». Dans Experimental Economics, 87–104. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137538192_6.

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Lehr, Brandon. « Social Preferences ». Dans Behavioral Economics, 312–43. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367854072-19.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Preferenze sociali"

Zafari, Farhad, Rasoul Rahmani et Irene Moser. « Proposing a Highly Accurate Hybrid Component-Based Factorised Preference Model in Recommender Systems ». Dans Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/185.

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Recommender systems play an important role in today's electronic markets due to the large benefits they bring by helping businesses understand their customers' needs and preferences. The major preference components modelled by current recommender systems include user and item biases, feature value preferences, conditional dependencies, temporal preference drifts, and social influence on preferences. In this paper, we introduce a new hybrid latent factor model that achieves great accuracy by integrating all these preference components in a unified model efficiently. The proposed model employs gradient descent to optimise the model parameters, and an evolutionary algorithm to optimise the hyper-parameters and gradient descent learning rates. Using two popular datasets, we investigate the interaction effects of the preference components with each other.We conclude that depending on the dataset, different interactions exist between the preference components. Therefore, understanding these interaction effects is crucial in designing an accurate preference model in every preference dataset and domain.Our results show that on both datasets, different combinations of components result in different accuracies of recommendation, suggesting that some parts of the model interact strongly. Moreover, these effects are highly dataset-dependent, suggesting the need for exploring these effects before choosing the appropriate combination of components.

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Pereira, Fabiola S. F., Gina M. B. Oliveira et João Gama. « User Preference Dynamics on Evolving Social Networks - Learning, Modeling and Prediction ». Dans XXV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2019.8129.

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The preferences adopted by individuals are constantly modified as these are driven by new experiences, natural life evolution and, mainly, influence from friends. Studying these temporal dynamics of user preferences has become increasingly important for personalization tasks. Online social networks contain rich information about social interactions and relations, becoming essential source of knowledge for the understanding of user preferences evolution. In this thesis, we investigate the interplay between user preferences and social networks over time. We use temporal networks to analyze the evolution of social relationships and propose strategies to detect changes in the network structure based on node centrality. Our findings show that we can predict user preference changes by just observing how her social network structure evolves over time.

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Grossi, Davide, Wiebe van der Hoek et Louwe B. Kuijer. « Logics of Preference when There Is No Best ». Dans 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/46.

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Well-behaved preferences (e.g., total pre-orders) are a cornerstone of several areas in artificial intelligence, from knowledge representation, where preferences typically encode likelihood comparisons, to both game and decision theories, where preferences typically encode utility comparisons. Yet weaker (e.g., cyclical) structures of comparison have proven important in a number of areas, from argumentation theory to tournaments and social choice theory. In this paper we provide logical foundations for reasoning about this type of preference structures where no obvious best elements may exist. Concretely, we compare and axiomatize a number of ways in which the concepts of maximality and optimality can be generalized in this general class of preferences. We thereby expand the scope of the long-standing tradition of the logical analysis of preference.

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Brandt, Felix, Patrick Lederer et Warut Suksompong. « Incentives in Social Decision Schemes with Pairwise Comparison Preferences ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/19.

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Social decision schemes (SDSs) map the preferences of individual voters over multiple alternatives to a probability distribution over the alternatives. In order to study properties such as efficiency, strategyproofness, and participation for SDSs, preferences over alternatives are typically lifted to preferences over lotteries using the notion of stochastic dominance (SD). However, requiring strategyproofness or strict participation with respect to this preference extension only leaves room for rather undesirable SDSs such as random dictatorships. Hence, we focus on the natural but little understood pairwise comparison (PC) preference extension, which postulates that one lottery is preferred to another if the former is more likely to return a preferred outcome. In particular, we settle three open questions raised by Brandt in Rolling the dice: Recent results in probabilistic social choice (2017): (i) there is no Condorcet-consistent SDS that satisfies PC-strategyproofness; (ii) there is no anonymous and neutral SDS that satisfies PC-efficiency and PC-strategyproofness; and (iii) there is no anonymous and neutral SDS that satisfies PC-efficiency and strict PC-participation. All three impossibilities require m>=4 alternatives and turn into possibilities when m<=3.

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Wang, Li, Binbin Jin, Zhenya Huang, Hongke Zhao, Defu Lian, Qi Liu et Enhong Chen. « Preference-Adaptive Meta-Learning for Cold-Start Recommendation ». Dans Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/222.

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In recommender systems, the cold-start problem is a critical issue. To alleviate this problem, an emerging direction adopts meta-learning frameworks and achieves success. Most existing works aim to learn globally shared prior knowledge across all users so that it can be quickly adapted to a new user with sparse interactions. However, globally shared prior knowledge may be inadequate to discern users’ complicated behaviors and causes poor generalization. Therefore, we argue that prior knowledge should be locally shared by users with similar preferences who can be recognized by social relations. To this end, in this paper, we propose a Preference-Adaptive Meta-Learning approach (PAML) to improve existing meta-learning frameworks with better generalization capacity. Specifically, to address two challenges imposed by social relations, we first identify reliable implicit friends to strengthen a user’s social relations based on our defined palindrome paths. Then, a coarse-fine preference modeling method is proposed to leverage social relations and capture the preference. Afterwards, a novel preference-specific adapter is designed to adapt the globally shared prior knowledge to the preference-specific knowledge so that users who have similar tastes share similar knowledge. We conduct extensive experiments on two publicly available datasets. Experimental results validate the power of social relations and the effectiveness of PAML.

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Adeyeye, Michale, et Oluniyi Oyeleke. « Learning Styles and Learners' Preference : A Study of Undergraduate Students in an Online Nursing Program ». Dans Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.6687.

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This study investigated the learning styles and learners’ preferences in an online nursing program of Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. The learning styles investigated are visual, verbal, aural, social, logical, physical, and solitary, while the learning materials are video, forum and text. Comparisons were made across the levels of studies with a view of gaining knowledge of the adjustment rate of learners across the years of course of study. // The study employed survey method of data collection. Questionnaire items were administered to the participants and data obtained was analysed by frequency distribution and mean statistics wherein the lowest mean value indicates the most preferred learning style. // The results show the distribution of learning styles of the participants in order of preference as visual, verbal, aural, social, logical, physical and solitary. In addition, direction of preference for the combination of learning materials are video and text, video and forum, forum and text and video only; and the most preferred length of video is between 10-30 minutes. The findings also show that there is no significant difference in learning preferences among learners across levels of study.

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Ebadian, Soroush, Rupert Freeman et Nisarg Shah. « Efficient Resource Allocation with Secretive Agents ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/39.

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We consider the allocation of homogeneous divisible goods to agents with linear additive valuations. Our focus is on the case where some agents are secretive and reveal no preference information, while the remaining agents reveal full preference information. We study distortion, which is the worst-case approximation ratio when maximizing social welfare given such partial information about agent preferences. As a function of the number of secretive agents k relative to the overall number of agents n, we identify the exact distortion for every p-mean welfare function, which includes the utilitarian welfare (p=1), the Nash welfare (p -> 0), and the egalitarian welfare (p -> -Inf).

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Afshari, Hamid, Qingjin Peng et Peihua Gu. « An Agent-Based Method to Investigate Customers’ Preference in Product Lifecycle ». Dans ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13415.

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Consumer requirements for products vary dynamically based on the change of technologies, social influence, individual taste, etc. A sustainable product should meet customer requirements in its lifecycle. Different methods and techniques have been proposed to find possible changes of product needs or customers’ preferences. This paper introduces an agent-based technique to address the change of product requirements. Major contribution of the proposed method is to embed customers’ preference in the analysis of product performance using agent interactions. Using the combination of Quality Function Deployment (QFD), agent-based modeling and data mining methods, customers’ preference trends related to elements and functions of product are simulated. The prediction period is flexible based on estimated product lifecycle. The proposed method is compared with other techniques in a case study.

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Wang, Mingxian, Wei Chen, Yun Huang, Noshir S. Contractor et Yan Fu. « A Multidimensional Network Approach for Modeling Customer-Product Relations in Engineering Design ». Dans ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46764.

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Analytical modeling of customer preferences in product design is inherently difficult as it faces challenges in modeling heterogeneous human behavior and product offerings. In this paper, the customer-product interactions are viewed as a complex socio-technical system and analyzed using social network theory and techniques. We propose a Multidimensional Customer-Product Network (MCPN) framework, where separate networks of “customers” and “products” are simultaneously modeled, and multiple types of relations, such as consideration and purchase, product associations, and customer social networks are considered. We start with the simplest unimodal network configuration where customer cross-shopping behaviors and product similarities are analyzed to inform designers about the implied product competition, market segmentation, and product positions in the market. We then progressively extend the network to a multidimensional structure that integrates customer preference decisions with product feature similarities to enable the modeling of preference heterogeneity, product association and decision dependency. Finally, social influences on new product adoption are analyzed in the same framework by introducing customer-customer relations together with other product-product and customer-product relations. Beyond the traditional network descriptive analysis, we employ the Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) as a unified statistical inference framework for analyzing multiple relations in MCPN to support engineering design decisions. Our approach broadens the traditional utility-based logit approaches by considering the dependency among product choices and the “irrationality” of customer behavior induced by social influence. While this paper is focused on presenting the conceptual framework of the proposed methodology, examples on customer vehicle preferences are presented to illustrate the progressive development of the MCPN framework from a simple unimodal configuration to a complex multidimensional structure.

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Salehi-Abari, Amirali, et Craig Boutilier. « Preference-oriented Social Networks ». Dans RecSys '15 : Ninth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2792838.2800190.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Preferenze sociali"

Benjamin, Daniel, James Choi et A. Joshua Strickland. Social Identity and Preferences. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, août 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13309.

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Lazear, Edward, Ulrike Malmendier et Roberto Weber. Sorting, Prices, and Social Preferences. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, février 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12041.

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Grochulski, Borys, et Narayana Kocherlakota. Nonseparable Preferences and Optimal Social Security Systems. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, septembre 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13362.

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DellaVigna, Stefano, John List, Ulrike Malmendier et Gautam Rao. Estimating Social Preferences and Gift Exchange at Work. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, février 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22043.

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Cappelen, Alexander, John List, Anya Samek et Bertil Tungodden. The Effect of Early Education on Social Preferences. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, décembre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22898.

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Anderson, G. Oscar, et Laura Mehegan. Sweating Together : Exercise and Social Preferences among Adults 18+. AARP Research, mai 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00229.001.

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Kolstad, Charles. International Environmental Agreements among Heterogeneous Countries with Social Preferences. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juin 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20204.

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Lee, Jungmin, Byung-Yeon Kim, Sokbae (Simon) Lee, Kyunghui Choi et Syngjoo Choi. Do institutions affect social preferences ? Evidence from divided Korea. Cemmap, août 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2013.3513.

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Kerr, William. Income Inequality and Social Preferences for Redistribution and Compensation Differentials. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, décembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17701.

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Andreoni, James, Deniz Aydin, Blake Barton, B. Douglas Bernheim et Jeffrey Naecker. When Fair Isn't Fair : Understanding Choice Reversals Involving Social Preferences. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, novembre 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25257.

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