Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pre-Reader status »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Pre-Reader status"
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Bennett, Karen. « THE TRANSPARENCY TROPE : DECONSTRUCTING ENGLISH ACADEMIC DISCOURSE ». Discourse and Interaction 8, no 2 (15 décembre 2015) : 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2015-2-5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
English Academic Discourse has always presented itself as a neutral vehicle of objective fact. Through the use of clearly defi ned terms and straightforward syntax, and the studied avoidance of forms of overt manipulation of the reader, it claims to offer a transparent window onto some pre-existing external reality. Today, however, most linguists agree that objectivity is a linguistic construct, achieved by the systematic use of grammatical forms such as nominalizations and the passive voice which mask human agency. Similarly, it is now generally understood that even the most positivistic science texts contain a certain amount of rhetorical manoeuvring designed to convince the reader of the truth value and utility of the claims made. This paper draws upon a range of linguistic, historical and philosophical sources to question this discourse’s status as the hegemonic vehicle of knowledge in the modern world.
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SHIN, HYUN WOONG. « Old Literature as Text for Building up Verstand ». Research of the Korean Classic 59 (30 novembre 2022) : 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20516/classic.2022.59.29.
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This paper examined that classical literature is a valuable text that can building up Verstand just because it is old. The reasons for this are the following three. First, I wondered if the value of classical literature was coming to an end. Second, some pre-modern literature that does not have a status as classics may have excessive meaning. Third, it is difficult to prepare lectures at universities because the number of works with classical status is small among pre-modern literature. As a response to this, the following discussions were conducted in this paper. Chapter 1 established a justification for discussing the value of classical literature by diagnosing the reality of the decline in the status of classics. Chapter 2 focused on the problem of the value of classical literature. The actual appreciation results of Song Soon(宋純)’s Sijo work “Managing a Decade”(십년을 경영하여〜) were analyzed. The analysis results are as follows. The difference in the literary environment is involved in the temporal distance between the reader and the work. This results in differences in language texture. This difference has a characteristic that acts to make the reader understand the familiar concept formed in the good deed. Chapter 3 examines the meaning of the analysis results in Chapter 2 in Kant’s concept of Verstand. As a result of the review, it was found that the reader’s Verstand was built up in the process of appreciating classical works. The building up of Versatnd was caused by the reader’s efforts to understand the language of ‘Then, There, His/Her’ in order to reduce the distance from the language of work, ‘Now, Here, My’. The degree of Building up depends on the degree of effort. The following topics were demonstrated by the discussion of this paper. Classical literature is valuable as a text that can build up Verstand just because it is old. The reason is that classical literature works were produced in a different literary environment of ‘Then, There, His/Her’, which is far from the era of ‘Now, Here, My’ of the reader. The difference in language texture itself, which is caused by old age, is the foundation for building up Verstand so that the world can be viewed in various ways. As a result, the following three problems were solved. The first is the problem that researchers give excessive meaning to some pre-modern literature. The second is the difficulty of selecting works for instructors to lecture in the educational field. The third is anxiety about selecting. The perception of this value of classical literature will serve as an opportunity for the center of classical literature to shift somewhat to old literature.
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Викулова, Л. Г., Э. М. Рянская et С. А. Герасимова. « PRAGMATICS OF THE DISCURSIVE GENRES PREFACE AND INTRODUCTION TO THE RUSSIAN AND FRENCH PHILOSOPHICAL DICTIONARIES : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ». Русистика и компаративистика, no 15 (2 février 2022) : 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.25688/2619-0656.2021.15.12.
Texte intégralRésumé :
В статье речь идет о прагматике дискурсивных жанров предисловие и введение к русскому и французскому философским словарям. Доказывается, что презентационной составляющей введения и предисловия является продвижение словаря как жанра научной коммуникации. Сравнительный анализ паратекстовых образований в русском и французском языке показывает, что коммуникативная стратегия информирования характерна для обоих изданий, вместе с тем для презентации достижений в области отечественной и зарубежной философии используются различные способы авторской самопрезентации. The pre-textual part of any published work is especially important for the readers and includes pragmatic purpose of the content explication and prior notification to the reader about the edition. Such genres contribute to the consideration of the publications providing any preface or introduction as a knowledge product in the publishing industry. The objectives of the article include identifying the linguo-pragmatic features of discourse genres such as preface and introduction to the Russian and French lexicographic practice based on the text-typological approach. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that philosophical discourse reveals not only linguistic, but also communicative features in the scientific communication. Furthermore, the features can exercise a certain degree of influence over a reader in conjunction with the language, that can be considered as a keeper of scientific experience and social foundations. A comparative analysis has illustrated that using paratextual units to inform the reader about the particular book characteristics is a common feature of Russian and French philosophical discourse. Moreover, the prospective orientation of the texts is anchored in the semantics of the terms of Preface and Introduction. The article argues that the pragmatic purpose of the preface is to familiarize the reader with the content of the published work. As for the introduction, the main 198 Сравнительное языкознание purpose of this pre-textual unit is to improve perceptions of the information drawing on the author’s concept and theoretical analysis. The result of the research demonstrates the description of the main communication strategies and tactics, indicating the linguistic and pragmatic features of the discourse genres such as preface and introduction. It was revealed that these pre-textual units are based on a stylistic effect of dialogicity, which includes the use of rhetorical questions and exclamation sentences. Terminological language is actively used as a reflection of the scientific picture of «philosophy». Furthermore, it is proved that the promotion of the dictionary as a scientific genre is a part of the presentation of the texts, evidence of which can be seen in the use of ameliorative assessment of the publications. Various ways of the author’s self-presentation are submitted as a presentation of achievements in the field of philosophy. The tactics of explanation, comparison and the special characteristics of the edition innovation are presented in the Russian dictionary. Whereas the authors’ competence and authority is emphasized in the French dictionary, which also indicates their scientific status and presents detailed information about their workplace. French philosophers actively use the tactics of the use of authoritative source or opinion as the basis of philosophical reflection.
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Bazant-Hegemark, Florian, Katharine Edey, Gordon R. Swingler, Mike D. Read et Nicholas Stone. « Review : Optical Micrometer Resolution Scanning for Non-invasive Grading of Precancer in the Human Uterine Cervix ». Technology in Cancer Research & ; Treatment 7, no 6 (décembre 2008) : 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153303460800700610.
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Management of cervical precancer is archetypal for other cancer prevention programmes but has to consider diagnostic and logistic challenges. Numerous optical tools are emerging for non-destructive near real-time early diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the cervix. Non-destructive, real-time imaging modalities have reached pre-commercial status, but high resolution mapping tools are not yet introduced in clinical settings. The NCBI PubMed web page was searched using the keywords ‘CIN diagnosis’ and the combinations of ‘cervix {confocal, optical coherence tomography, ftir, infrared, Raman, vibrational, spectroscopy}’. Suitable titles were identified and their relevant references followed. Challenges in precancer management are discussed. The following tools capable of non-destructive high resolution mapping in a clinical environment were selected: confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, IR spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Findings on the clinical performance of these techniques are put into context in order to assist the reader in judging the likely performance of these methods as diagnostic tools. Rationale for carrying out research under the prospect of the HPV vaccine is given.
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Sahin, Hilal, Janette Smith, Jeries Paolo Zawaideh, Amreen Shakur, Luca Carmisciano, Iztok Caglic, Annemarie Bruining, Mercedes Jimenez-Linan, Sue Freeman et Helen Addley. « Diagnostic interpretation of non-contrast qualitative MR imaging features for characterisation of uterine leiomyosarcoma ». British Journal of Radiology 94, no 1125 (1 septembre 2021) : 20210115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210115.
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Objective: To assess the value of non-contrast MRI features for characterisation of uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and differentiation from atypical benign leiomyomas Methods: This study included 57 atypical leiomyomas and 16 LMS which were referred pre-operatively for management review to the specialist gynaeoncology multidisciplinary team meeting. Non-contrast MRIs were retrospectively reviewed by five independent readers (three senior, two junior) and a 5-level Likert score (1-low/5-high) was assigned to each mass for likelihood of LMS. Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative MRI features was done using uni- and multivariable regression analysis. Inter-reader reliability for the assessment of MRI features was calculated by using Cohen’s κ values. Results: In the univariate analysis, interruption of the endometrial interface and irregular tumour shape had the highest odds ratios (ORs) (64.00, p < 0.001 and 12.00, p = 0.002, respectively) for prediction of LMS. Likert score of the mass was significant in prediction (OR, 3.14; p < 0.001) with excellent reliability between readers (ICC 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76–0.92). The post-menopausal status, interruption of endometrial interface and thickened endometrial stripe were the most predictive independent variables in multivariable estimation of the risk of leiomyosarcoma with an accuracy of 0.88 (95%CI, 0.78–0.94). Conclusion: At any level of expertise as a radiologist reader, the loss of the normal endometrial stripe (either thickened or not seen) in a post-menopausal patient with a myometrial mass was highly likely to be LMS. Advances in knowledge: This study demonstrates the potential utility of non-contrast MRI features in characterisation of LMS over atypical leiomyomas, and therefore influence on optimal management of these cases.
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McCullough, A., A. Dueck, B. Chen, M. Reinholz, A. Wiktor, W. Lingle, R. Jenkins et E. Perez. « HER-2 central confirmatory testing using ASCO/CAP guidelines for trastuzumab/lapatinib trial MCCR RC0639 ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no 15_suppl (20 mai 2009) : e11527-e11527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e11527.
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e11527 Background: 118 Her2 positive invasive carcinomas were retested centrally at the Mayo Clinic for Her2 status confirmation prior to inclusion in Mayo Clinic Cancer Research Consortium study RC0639 phase II study of cardiac safety and tolerability of adjuvant chemotherapy plus trastuzumab with lapatinib for resected Her2+ breast cancer (MCCRC RC0639). Methods: Central confirmatory methods were immunohistochemical (IHC) Dako HercepTest on a Dako Autostainer using the manufacturer's recommendations and HercepTest kit epitrope retrieval kit and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using Vysis PathVysion probe kit. Test results are interpreted using ASCO/CAP guidelines (IHC >30%, Her2:CEP 17 ratio >2.2). Results: There is local and central test 3+ IHC concordance in 48 of 53 tumors (agreement 90.6%) and FISH amplification in 29 of 33 tumors (agreement 87.9%), improved or similar results using identical methods to results in NCCTG N9831 adjuvant trial (n=1063, 81.6% IHC; n=813, 88.1% FISH). Of 92 centrally tested 3+ IHC positive tumors, 88 (95.7%) were FISH amplified. 5 centrally tested patients interpreted as Her2 positive by pre-ASCO/CAP guidelines (IHC >10%; HER2:CEP17 ratio >2) are Her2 ineligible using ASCO/CAP guidelines. IHC not confirmed centrally was reviewed by a second pathologist in 16 of 118 specimens. IHC concordance between two central pathologists was 10/16 (62.5%) in negative or equivocal (≤30% IHC staining) specimens; 7/10 (70%) with two reader agreement were FISH amplified and 4/6 (66%) with disagreement were FISH amplified. Conclusions: Concordance in IHC and FISH results between local and central labs is similar or improved since N9831. New ASCO/CAP Her2 testing guidelines change eligibility based on Her2 status in 4.2 % of patients. Equivocal IHC results falling between pre- and post- ASCO/CAP IHC positive thresholds (>10% and <30% IHC strong staining) are only partially resolved by repeat IHC review and/or FISH testing. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Yang, Yu-Tao, San-Yuan Dong, Jue Zhao, Wen-Tao Wang, Meng-Su Zeng et Sheng-Xiang Rao. « CT-detected extramural venous invasion is corelated with presence of lymph node metastasis and progression-free survival in gastric cancer ». British Journal of Radiology 93, no 1116 (1 décembre 2020) : 20200673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200673.
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate if CT-detected extramural venous invasion (ctEMVI) was associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM) and survival outcomes in patients with gastric cancer. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 105 patients with pathologically proved gastric cancer who underwent pre-operative CT examinations and received radical gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. Differences in CT characteristics between the LNM-positive and -negative groups were assessed by two observers. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Progression-free survival analysis was performed by Kaplan–Meier method. Results: Two observers reached good inter-reader agreements in ctEMVI and ctN status with κ values of 0.711 and 0.751, respectively. The frequency of ctEMVI-positive status was 58.1% (61/105) in patients with gastric cancer. The LNM-positive group showed higher possibility of ctEMVI-positive status (81.7% vs 26.7%, p＜0.001), larger tumor volume (mean volume, 40.77 vs 22.09 mL, p＜0.001), poor tumor margin (45.0% vs 26.7% , p = 0.054) and high enhancement on arterial phase (43.3% vs 26.7%, p = 0.023) and venous phase (60.0% vs 44.4%, p = 0.048), than LNM-negative group. In multivariate analysis, ctEMVI status and tumor volume were identified as independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis with odds ratio (OR) of 9.804 (95% CI, 3.076－31.246; p＜0.001) and 1.030 (95% CI, 1.001－1.060; p = 0.044). CT-detected EMVI presented better diagnostic efficiency for lymph node metastasis than CT-defined N status, with sensitivity (81.7% vs 70.0%), specificity (73.3% vs 71.1%), accuracy (78.1% vs 70.5), PPV (80.3% vs 76.4%), and NPV (75.0% vs 64.0%), respectively. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that patients with positive ctEMVI findings has lower PFS rate than patients with negative ctEMVI findings (Log-rank test, p = 0.007). Conclusion: CT-detected EMVI was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and progression free survival in patients with gastric cancer. Compared to CT-defined N status, ctEMVI provided superior diagnostic performance to predict pathologic Nstatus. Advances in knowledge: Our study proved that CT-detected EMVI is a promising imaging marker to predict lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis, which may contribute to the precise evaluation of gastric cancer before surgery.
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Maksymowych, W. P., J. L. Jaremko, S. Juhl Pedersen, I. Eshed, U. Weber, A. Mcreynolds, S. Wichuk, J. Paschke et R. G. Lambert. « POS1101 THE OMERACT KNEE INFLAMMATION MRI SCORING SYSTEM : VALIDATION OF QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGIES AND TRI-COMPARTMENTAL OVERLAYS BY COMPARISON WITH THE MRI OSTEOARTHRITIS KNEE SCORE ». Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19 mai 2021) : 831.2–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.4052.
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Background:Randomized controlled trials have targeted reducing the size of BML and degree of synovitis for the treatment of OA. We have developed the OMERACT Knee Inflammation MRI Scoring System (KIMRISS) and have recently refined it to maximize reliability and sensitivity to change. Innovations include electronic overlays for assessment of BML in 500 subregions, a web-based interface with direct online scoring, and real-time iterative calibration (RETIC) prior to reading exercises. Synovitis-effusion (S-E) is also scored on all consecutive sagittal slices on a web-based interface.Objectives:We aimed to test the feasibility, reliability, and responsiveness of KIMRISS versus an established method, MOAKS, in two multi-reader exercises.Methods:KIMRISS incorporates web-based graphic overlays for each of femur, tibia, and patella (range 0-500). S-E is recorded as the largest diameter perpendicular to the longest axis of this feature (range 0-100). All scores are pro-rated for a standardized number of MRI slices. In a pre-reading exercise for KIMRISS, readers scored sufficient cases in RETIC to attain scoring proficiency, pre-specified as an ICC of ≥0.80 and ≥0.70 for status and change scores of BML and S-E compared to developer reads. A new web-based scoring platform with overlays designating different subregions for scoring BML was developed for MOAKS. We compared reliability for status and change scores of BML and S-E in 2 international multi-reader exercises of baseline and one-year MRI scans from the Osteoarthritis Initiative: A. 4 expert readers and an OMERACT fellow scored 38 cases selected for MOAKS BML score ≥1. B. 7 expert readers and an OMERACT fellow scored 60 cases selected for MOAKS BML ≥3 and Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade <3. Reliability was assessed by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Smallest Detectable Change (SDC), responsiveness by the standardized response mean (SRM), and feasibility using the System Usability Scale (SUS scoring range 0-100).Results:For exercises A/B, subjects were 55.3%/ 26.7% male, mean(±SD) age 61.7(±9.1)/61.9(8.8) years, and radiographic K-L grade ≤2 in 39.4%/100%. Change was small in both exercises (<5% of scoring range for KIMRISS and MOAKS BML and S-E) with comparable responsiveness (Table 1). Despite this, ICC for change was consistently good to very good for both BML and S-E and consistently better for KIMRISS (Table 1). Mean SUS scores were 88.2 for KIMRISS and 54.3 for MOAKS.Table 1.KIMRISS and MOAKS scores in Two International Multi-reader ExercisesMethodMRI featureScores mean (SD)SDC(% of max)P valueSRMBaselineOne-year Follow upChangeEXERCISE AMOAKSBML3.6 (2.9)3.4 (2.3)-0.2 (1.9)1.0 (2.2%)0.72-0.11Synovitis-effusion1.3 (0.8)1.5 (0.8)0.2 (0.4)0.4 (13.3%)0.0170.5KIMRISSBML15.7 (13.3)21.2 (22.5)5.5 (15.3)5.6 (1.1%)0.0220.36Synovitis-effusion21.8 (12.0)24.3 (11.9)2.5 (7.4)2.8 (2.8%)0.0430.34EXERCISE BMOAKSBML4.2 (2.6)3.7 (2.4)-0.5 (2.1)1.1 (2.4%)0.083-0.24Synovitis-effusion1.2 (0.7)1.3 (0.8)0.0 (0.5)0.4 (13.3%)0.590.0KIMRISSBML18.0 (17.5)15.9 (14.3)-2.1 (12.3)5.9 (1.2%)0.19-0.17Synovitis-effusion21.8 (9.3)22.9 (10.8)1.1 (7.1)2.2 (2.2%)0.250.15Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (95%CI)MethodMRI featureExercise AExercise BKIMRISS statusKIMRISS changeBML0.86 (0.78-0.92)0.88 (0.81-0.93)0.80 (0.70-0.87)0.72 (0.64-0.80)MOAKS statusMOAKS changeBML0.71 (0.46-0.85)0.76 (0.64-0.85)0.67 (0.56-0.77)0.69 (0.60-0.78)KIMRISS statusKIMRISS changeSynovitis-effusion0.88 (0.81-0.93)0.87 (0.79-0.92)0.75 (0.52-0.86)0.87 (0.82-0.91)MOAKS statusMOAKS changeSynovitis-effusion0.66 (0.4-0.79)0.52 (0.36-0.67)0.65 (0.52-0.75)0.48 (0.37-0.60)Conclusion:The KIMRISS method for scoring BML and Synovitis-Effusion scores highly for feasibility and demonstrates consistently high reliability when compared to MOAKS. Further validation for responsiveness is necessary in cases with greater change in MRI features than in the OAI dataset.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.
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Jaremko, Jacob L., Omar Azmat, Robert G. W. Lambert, Paul Bird, Ida K. Haugen, Lennart Jans, Ulrich Weber, Naomi Winn, Veronika Zubler et Walter P. Maksymowych. « Validation of a Knowledge Transfer Tool According to the OMERACT Filter : Does Web-based Real-time Iterative Calibration Enhance the Evaluation of Bone Marrow Lesions in Hip Osteoarthritis ? » Journal of Rheumatology 44, no 11 (1 juillet 2017) : 1713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.161101.
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Objective.To assess reliability and feasibility of using a Web-based interface and interactive online calibration tool for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring of bone marrow lesions (BML) in osteoarthritis (OA), applied to the Hip MR Inflammation Scoring System (HIMRISS).Methods.Seven readers new to HIMRISS (3 radiologists, 4 rheumatologists) scored coronal short-tau inversion recovery MRI from a hip OA observational study obtained pre- and 8-week poststeroid injection (n = 40 × 2 scans × 2 hips = 160 hips). By crossover design, Group B (4 readers) scored 20 patients (40 hips) using conventional spreadsheet-based methods and then another 20 using a Web-based interface and an online real-time iterative calibration (RETIC) training module. Group A (3 readers) reversed the order, scoring the first 20 subjects by the new method and the final 20 conventionally. Outcomes included ICC and reader survey.Results.Interobserver reliability for BML status was high by both spreadsheet and Web-based methods (0.84–0.90), regardless of the order in which scoring was performed. Reliability of change scores was moderate and improved with training. Improvement was greater in readers who began with the spreadsheet method and then used the Web-based method than in those who began with the Web-based method, especially at the acetabulum. Readers found Web-based/RETIC scoring more user-friendly and nearly 50% faster than traditional spreadsheet methods.Conclusion.HIMRISS offers reliable BML scoring in OA, whether by conventional spreadsheet-based scoring or by a Web-based interface with interactive feedback. The new method allowed faster readings, provided a consistent training environment that helped inexperienced readers achieve reliability equivalent to that of conventional methods, and was preferred by the readers.
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Jaskólski, Michał. « D.A.F. de Sade – „Boski Markiz”, czyli destruktor idei oświecenia ». Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 5, no 3 (2012) : 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.12.017.0918.
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D. A. F. DE SADE: “DIVINE MARQUIS” OR DEMOLISHER OF THE IDEAS OF ENLIGHTMENT The paper provides a brief outline of the major elements that made up the foundations for the political thought of Marquis D. A. F. de Sade. The author of the paper believes that these elements have not been sufficiently presented in the Polish historiography of political doctrines. The Marquis, being deeply anchored in the Enlightenment ideas and stylistics, was simultaneously the thinker who questioned a remarkable number of elements of these ideas. What he challenged were in particular: the previous descriptions of nature, natural state, location and status of the human being, social contract and the concept of State and law. By questioning these concepts he indirectly challenged also the major articles of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. His political concepts are detectable in most of his literary production and therefore the author of the paper treats what is detectable as a certain whole which perhaps is not fully consistent of morality and law, both those of ancien régime as well as those promoted by too idealistic concepts of the pre-revolutionary era. An interesting example of the originality of his way of political thinking was his attempt to present to the reader the two extremely different socio-constitutional models – that of classical Utopia and that of Anti-utopia – as included in one literary production. The essay is concluded with a brief attempt at the summarizing and assessing of the discussed concepts as viewed against our present-day reception of de Sade’s production and his location in the history of political thought.
Thèses sur le sujet "Pre-Reader status"
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Laurent, Sylvie. « L'appropriation du personnage des albums narratifs au cycle1 : développer une attitude empathique pour construire une posture de "pré-lecteur" ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALL005.
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La majorité des élèves français rencontrent encore des difficultés au collège à adopter un point de vue de lecteur interprète et autonome capable de comprendre les inférences d’une œuvre littéraire, de percevoir avec finesse les états émotionnels et cognitifs d’un personnage. Ils restent encore peu audacieux lorsqu’il s’agit de convoquer leurs impressions personnelles, affirmer leur point de vue en acceptant celui des autres. Malgré une avancée des programmes concernant l’enseignement de la littérature en maternelle force est de constater que l’album n’est pas totalement exploité par les enseignants dans sa dimension littéraire, culturelle ou esthétique. C’est pourquoi, nous nous sommes interrogée sur la réception des œuvres au cycle 1 et la manière d’aider les élèves à mettre en place des compétences qui leur serviront dans leur futur parcours de lecteur. Si le personnage est une entrée évidente pour mettre en place cette posture, son approche est loin d’être un truisme pour de jeunes enfants. Se représenter cet être de papier au cycle 1, est une étape obligatoire, qui nécessite un réel apprentissage. Ainsi, le concept d’empathie au cœur des notions d’ipséité et d’altérité, de l’intersubjectivité, peut-il aider l’élève à s’engager avec motivation dans l’univers fictionnel et tisser des liens entre lui-même, les autres et le monde ? Le contexte de cette recherche est l'enseignement de la littérature au cycle 1 fondée sur l’appropriation du personnage des albums narratifs de schéma actanciel et quinaire pour construire une posture de pré-lecteur. Cette étude observera dans quelle mesure, adopter une attitude empathique vis-à-vis du personnage d'album peut aider des élèves de GS à se positionner en tant que sujet pré-lecteur. Une expérimentation sur cinq classes de GS de différents milieux sociaux urbains durant une année scolaire sera mise en place avec des groupes « de référence » et « de comparaison ». Le protocole expérimental reposera sur des échanges collectifs enregistrés, des fiches de lecteurs et des rappels de récits. Ces dispositifs permettront de récolter différentes données tels que des verbatim, des questionnaires afin d’observer et de comparer l’évolution de l’attitude empathique du jeune lecteur et son transfert au sein d’organisations plus collectivesMost French students still struggle when they are in high schools to be autonomous readers capable of infering or having a subjective insight into a character’s psychology. They hardly dare to express their views or make personal statements while accepting the ones made by their peers. In spite of an important breakthrough in the kindergarten curriculum for the teaching of literature one has to admit that children literature is not fully exploited by teachers in all its literary, cultural or aesthetic dimensions. Hence our interrogations about the way children books are perceived by young learners and about how to implement practices meant to develop reading skills that will be helpful for the grown up readers-to-be. It is logical to see the characters in children literature as an obvious tool to help young readers acquire those skills but the acquisition itself is far from being a natural process for young learners. To have a mental representation of fiction characters at an early stage is a necessary process that requires consistent practice. This leads us to wonder whether the idea of empathy inherent to the notions of selfhood and otherness can help the readers commit themselves fully in a work of fiction and build relationships between themselves and the outer world. This research aims at focusing on the teaching of literature in kindergarten based on the internalization of the characters in children books with an actancial and quinary schema which is meant to help the young learners become aware of their pre-reader status. This research is to find out to what extent being an empathetic senior kindergarten reader towards the characters can help reach a pre-reader status.An experiment will be carried out with reference and for comparison groups from five classes of senior kindergarten pupils with different social backgrounds in urban areas over one school year. The experimental protocol will involve the achievement of recorded debates, readers’s notebooks and story abstracts between the young readers. These materials will make it possible to gather all sorts of data such as quotes and surveys all meant to observe and compare the evolution of the young readers’ empathetic attitude and its benefits on larger social groups
Livres sur le sujet "Pre-Reader status"
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Hardy, W. David, et The American Academy of HIV Medicine. Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2021. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197576595.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This book discusses the global prevalence as well as the geographic distribution of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and updates on recent shared global initiatives. The demographic trends in HIV in the United States, especially regarding gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, age, injection-drug use, socioeconomic status, and recent initiatives are reviewed. Special attention is paid to HIV among communities of color, as well as women, children, and adolescences. The role of HIV in men who have sex with men and the transgender community is reviewed in detail. HIV Testing and Counselling lists and describes the various types of HIV testing available. The book also presents an overview of HIV counselling. HIV testing terminology and algorithms are presented to the reader along with descriptive figures. Laboratory markers for HIV are reviewed. The chapter describes who should be tested, as well as pre and post-test counselling elements. A section of the chapter is dedicated to special populations and environments (blood supply screening, prenatal screening, testing settings) Strategies to improve uptake of HIV testing are discussed.
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Alexander, Jeffrey C., Ronald N. Jacobs et Philip Smith. Introduction : Cultural Sociology Today. Sous la direction de Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs et Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article introduces the reader to the current status of cultural sociology as a specific mode of inquiry. It first discusses the pre-history of cultural sociology, tracing its origins in the demise of Parsonian functionalism from the mid-1960s onward, the cultural turn in sociology through the 1980s, and the emergence of an increasingly confident cultural sociology as an alternative paradigm to the once dominant sociology of culture. The article then considers the impact of cultural sociology, especially on well-established research areas such as economic sociology. It also examines the tensions marking “best practices” in contemporary cultural sociology as a dimension of social life, including the tension between discourse and materiality, the link between public ritual and everyday life, and the question of method and epistemology.
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Reips, Ulf-Dietrich. The methodology of Internet-based experiments. Sous la direction de Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes et Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0024.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article discusses methods and techniques, procedures and tools that have been found to be necessary or useful in Internet-based experimenting. While the focus is on experiments, many of the methods apply to other types of Internet-based research as well. The article is structured in a step-by-step fashion, guiding the reader through the various stages of setting up and conducting a web experiment. Apart from general issues, the relevant steps begin with planning, generating, and pre-testing an experiment. They continue with recruitment and monitoring, then analysis and archiving.
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Prizel, Natalie. Victorian Ethical Optics. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192888563.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Victorian Ethical Optics asks how artists and authors in the Victorian period answer the ethical question of how one should live with others by turning to a more specific one: how should one look at others? Looking would seem to necessarily lead to interpretation and judgment, but this book shows how Victorian artists and authors imagined other ethical and optical relations. In an era in which aberrant, deformed, and disabled bodies proliferated—particularly those bodies ravaged by industrial labor and poverty—the ideological and economic stakes of looking at such bodies peaked; moreover, as work became a gospel and the question of deservingness became central, looking at aberrant bodies was always a matter of ethics and politics. The aesthetic thinking of John Ruskin animates the ethical optics at the center of this book, as he advocates for “innocence of the eye,” which calls for a return to infantile sight of a kind that precedes judgment or classification. Although Ruskin understands such innocence to be an asymptote, optical innocence remains an ethical demand, and it is to this demand that this book attends. Encounters between normative and aberrant characters or figures within the texts and objects under discussion shape the encounter that the external reader or viewer has with those same aberrant bodies. Among the authors and artists included are Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Wilkie Collins, Henry Mayhew, Ford Madox Brown, John Everett Millais, other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and English genre painters.
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Sime, Stuart. A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure. 24e éd. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192844521.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure guides the reader through the procedural requirements employed in the civil courts. The volume provides an overview of the key statutory provisions, rules, practice directions, and case law which govern the various stages of a civil litigation claim. Providing practical guidance, the text charts the progress of a typical civil litigation claim, from funding litigation, the importance of alternative dispute resolution processes, issuing and serving proceedings, case management, and through to trial, enforcement, and appeal. Relevant sample documentation is featured throughout and introduces the forms and documents which will be encountered in practice, while key points summaries featured at the end of chapters highlight the essential points covered. This edition has been revised to incorporate rule changes up to the Civil Procedure (Amendment No 2) Rules 2021 and the 129th Update. Changes incorporated into the new edition include: Pre-action protocol for small claim road traffic accident cases and the new PD 27B; procedural aspects of the tariff system for whiplash injuries under the Civil Liability Act 2018; recent case law on service of claim forms and particulars of claim; revised rules on costs management; changes to the rules on statements of truth; revisions to the chapter on summary judgment, including the cheque rule and the approach taken in summary judgment applications for discretionary remedies; replacement PD 51U on disclosure of documents in the Business and Property Courts; case law developments on legal professional privilege and without prejudice privilege; developments on search orders, and case law on imaging orders; further guidance on remote hearings; and debt respite procedures.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Pre-Reader status"
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Kholikov, Aleksey A. « Study of the Ways and Nature of the Interaction of Russian Literature and Journalism in a Crisis Era ». Dans Russian Literature and Journalism in the Pre-revolutionary Era : Forms of Interaction and Methodology of Analysis, 11–16. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0661-1-11-16.
Texte intégralRésumé :
By the beginning of the twentieth century, periodicals had become almost the main platform for writers, many of whom acted as journalists in publications that are still inertially characterized by “party” characteristics. The real diversity of positions seems to us more complex and contradictory. On the one hand, the status of a Russian writer as early as the 19th century began to influence the socio-political life of the country. On the other hand, at the turn of the century, journalism, as never before, actively participated in the creation and destruction of writers’ reputations, adapted for the general reader the meanings contained in works of verbal art. The proposed book, the second issue of the new scientific series “Russian Literature and Journalism in the Pre-Revolutionary Era”, is devoted to a multifaceted consideration of these processes.
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Falcone, Jessica Marie. « Rebirth/SAMSARA ». Dans Battling the Buddha of Love, 245–48. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501723469.003.0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This brief epilogue picks up where the author’s fieldwork leaves off. It tells the story of the end of the Maitreya Project iteration, MP 2.0, whose pre-life was detailed in the book. It then updates the reader about the next iterations of the statue, and how plans have proceeded since the revival of the project.
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Gibson-Light, Michael. « Introduction ». Dans Orange-Collar Labor, 1—C1.P55. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055394.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This chapter introduces the reader to Sunbelt State Penitentiary (SSP), the site of eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork and the setting of this book. Central figures, including working prisoners and correctional staff, are presented. After detailing current knowledge on pre- and post-prison inequalities in the United States, the chapter outlines the book’s central focus: an investigation into how on-the-ground realities in prison—and especially the realities of prison labor—contribute to stratification behind bars. It situates this argument in a historical overview of the importance of labor to American punishment. The book’s theoretical framework is discussed, and chapter summaries are provided.
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Guilbault, Keri M. « Academic Acceleration ». Dans Strategies and Considerations for Educating the Academically Gifted, 74–94. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6677-3.ch005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the history and research on acceleration followed by practical guidance for making informed decisions on acceleration cases and guidance on developing policies that support acceleration. The chapter begins by defining acceleration and providing a brief history of acceleration practices in the United States. Descriptions of 20 forms of acceleration are included to guide the reader as they develop an understanding of the wide variety of accelerative options that span grades Pre-K through college. A synthesis of the research related to the cognitive and affective development of advanced learners and long-term outcomes of accelerants is provided. Discussion of myths about acceleration and reasons why there is a gap between research and practice follow with recommendations for tools and processes to help make informed decisions about candidates for acceleration as well as development of research-based acceleration policies.
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Mansfield, Gavin, et Lydia Banerjee. « Employment Litigation in the Civil Courts ». Dans Blackstone's Employment Law Practice 2023, 315–38. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192887788.003.0020.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Chapter 20 (Employment Litigation in the Civil Courts) provides, for the benefit of practitioners and others who are mainly familiar with the employment tribunals, an overview of the procedural rules governing employment claims in the High Court and County Court. It discusses the jurisdiction of each forum: should a particular claim be brought in the employment tribunal, the High Court, or the County Court? The related question of overlapping claims is addressed, with practical considerations highlighted. With detailed reference to provisions of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR), the chapter walks the reader through the key procedural stages of an employment dispute in the civil courts, from pre-action steps to trial. It includes practical checklists of steps up to completion of the statements of case and of matters for consideration at a case management conference.
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Goldsmith, Ronald E. « Online Consumer Behavior ». Dans End-User Computing, 141–47. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-945-8.ch013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One convenient way of describing consumer behavior both off-line and online is to present the topic as a model representing the steps typical consumers go through when they acquire the goods and services they desire. These steps are Need Recognition, Information Search, Pre-purchase Alternative Evaluation, Purchase, Consumption and Post Consumption Evaluation (Blackwell, Miniard & Engel, 2001). Although not every consumer goes through every step for every purchase, this model is a useful heuristic for organizing the study of consumer behavior and serves as a way to describe online consumer behavior as well. In the Need Recognition stage consumer behavior is stimulated by needs and wants. Needs are the abstract categories that consumers require in order to survive, function and thrive. Wants are the specific objects or mechanisms that consumers learn will enable them to satisfy their needs. Consumer needs are few, universal and inborn. Wants are acquired through individual learning histories defined by the time, place and context of the consumers’ life. Consequently, wants are many, individual and varied. Each consumer is born with the same needs and learns what will satisfy those needs through the experience of being reared within a specific society, time and place. Marketers recognize that consumers have shared needs and seek to develop brands as the specific want-satisfying ways in which consumers can gratify their needs. Table 1 presents a summary of consumer needs and wants (Foxall & Goldsmith, 1997). Physiological needs derive from the fact that consumers are physiological creatures. The social needs come from the fact that consumers are social animals. Hedonic needs describe the needs consumers have for pleasurable sensations for the five senses. Experiential needs arise because consumers are saturated with feelings and emotions that they constantly seek to modify. Cognitive needs come from the curious, inquiring cerebral cortex that wants to know about its environment. Finally, consumers have egos, a sense of self-identity, they want to express, usually through symbols. Each consumer is born with these mind/body “systems” and spends much time and energy seeking to satisfy the requirements these systems impose. Products (goods, services and information) can be multidimensional (Freiden, Goldsmith, Hofacker, & Takacs, 1998). That is, consumption of a given product can simultaneously satisfy more than one need, as buying and wearing an item of clothing protects the wearer from the elements (physiological), attracts the opposite sex (social), is comfortable to the skin (hedonic), makes the wearer feel sexy (experiential) and represents the self-concept and values of the wearer (psychological). Consuming a news magazine might satisfy cognitive needs as well as psychologically symbolic ones; the reader acquires some desired information and shows that he/she is a responsible citizen. Moreover, consumers might buy many different products to satisfy the same needs, as where designer brand names are wanted for clothing, furniture, perfumes and cars to symbolize social status. This theory of motivation can be used to explain the motivations for participation in virtual communities. Belonging to a virtual community fulfills some of the social need for belonging and fellowship. Group participation can yield feelings of fun, excitement and pleasure. The community can be an important source of information that can satisfy the cognitive need to know. Membership can be used symbolically to express identity. Thus, much like the consumption of goods, services