Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pre-emption in u.s.a. and europe »

In the present study we tested four macroalgae species – harvested in Denmark – for their suitability of bioconversion to methane. In batch experiments (53 °C) methane yields varied from 132 ml g volatile solids−1 (VS) for Gracillaria vermiculophylla, 152 ml g VS−1 for Ulva lactuca, 166 ml g VS−1 for Chaetomorpha linum and 340 ml g VS−1 for Saccharina latissima following 34 days of incubation. With an organic content of 21.1% (1.5–2.8 times higher than the other algae) S. latissima seems very suitable for anaerobic digestion. However, the methane yields of U. lactuca, G. vermiculophylla and C. linum could be increased with 68%, 11% and 17%, respectively, by pretreatment with maceration. U. lactuca is often observed during ‘green tides’ in Europe and has a high cultivation potential at Nordic conditions. Therefore, U. lactuca was selected for further investigation and co-digested with cattle manure in a lab-scale continuously stirred tank reactor. A 48% increase in methane production rate of the reactor was observed when the concentration of U. lactuca in the feedstock was 40% (VS basis). Increasing the concentration to 50% had no further effect on the methane production, which limits the application of this algae at Danish centralized biogas plant.

Czech economy went through a substantial transformation in last two decades affecting business environments of all fields. This paper presents partial results of the Czech development market ana­ly­sis. It explains the characteristics of real-estate development, real-estate development market and the complexity of the real-estate development process, including market research, site selection (using feasibility analysis), due diligence, property acquisition, project design, obtaining entitlements, financing, construction, lease-up or sale or operation, if the project is retained as and asset.The significant growth in last decade of the analyzed market is slowing down due to current greater circumspection of banks when providing credits for new development projects, drop of real pro­per­ty prices in Western Europe and at the same time greater revenues from real properties in Eastern Europe. The inhibition of the investment in commercial real property (both what number of transactions concerns, and total volume of investment) is influenced by so-called mortgage crisis on the U. S. and British real estate market. In Czech market, the factors are reflected in a number of respects.The paper suggests future steps of the intended research, focus on identification of factors affecting decision-making process when preparing real-estate development project, finding interrelationships among these factors, quantification and setting weight of the factors, creation of a decision-making process model and its test on a real case. The model should contribute to decrease waste of time and money investment in these feasibility calculations by providing a tool which helps pre-select projects with higher chance of success in earlier phase.

The paper presents results from an international research project looking at Roma children between the ages of 3 and 6 years old. Thirty Roma children from Southwest Bulgaria and 30 Roma children from East Slovakia were tested with a psycholinguistic test in Romani language, measuring the knowledge of different grammatical categories. In most East European countries, the children are tested employing psychological/IQ tests in the official languages of the country and if the child does not understand the test task, because of a lack of knowledge in that language, s/he is deemed to have “light mental retardation”. The knowledge of the children on different grammatical categories in their mother tongue is not taken into account. For the first time in Europe, a psycholinguistic test was developed for measuring the knowledge in Romani (comprehension and production). Categories such as wh-questions, wh-complements, passive verbs, possessiveness, tense and aspect, learning new nouns and verbs are measured with newly developed test. The knowledge of the children is connected with two theories: the ecological theory of Ogbu (1978) and the integrative theory of child development (García Coll et al. 1996). Ogbu’s theory stresses the importance of the home culture in the development of the children and the theory of García Coll and her collaborators presents the home environment and the SES of the families as an important predictor for language development and school readiness of the minority/migrant children. References Bafekr, S. (1999) Schools and their undocumented Polish and “Romany Gypsy” pupils.International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 295-302. Bakalar, P. (2004) The IQ of Gypsies in Central Europe. The Mankind Quarterly, XLIV,(3&4), 291-300. Berko, J. (1958). The child’s learning of English morphology. Word, 14, 150-177. Bronfenbrenner U (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature anddesign. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bronfenbrenner U (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development:Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742. Cvorovic, J. (2014) The Roma: A Balkan Underclass. Ulster: Ulster Institute for SocialResearch. Forget-Dubois, N., Lemelin, J.-P., Perusse, D., Tremblay, R. E. & Boivin, M. (2009). EarlyChild Language Mediates the Relation Between Home Environment and SchoolReadiness. Child Development, 80 (3), 736-749. García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H. andGarcía, H. V. (1996) An Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competenciesin Minority Children. Child Development, 67 (5), 1891-1914. Han, W.-J. (2006) Academic Achievements of Children in Immigrant Families.Educational Research and Review. 1 (8), 286-318. Hollo, L. (2006) Equality for Roma in Europe. A Roadmap for Action. Budapest: OSI Kezdi, G. and Kertesi, G. (2011) The Roma/non-Roma test score gap in Hungary.American Economic Review, 101 (3), 519-525. Kyuchukov, H (2006). Desegregation of Roma schools in Bulgaria. Sofia: SEGA Kyuchukov, H. (2014) Acquisition of Romani in a Bilingual Context. Psychology ofLanguage and Communication, 18 (3), 211-225. Kyuchukov, H., Kaleja, M. & Samko, M. (2016) Roma parents as educators of theirchildren. Intecultural education, 26 (5), 444-448. Neuman, S., & Marulis, L. M. (2010). The Effects of Vocabulary Intervention on YoungChildren’s Word Learning: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 80 (3),300-335. Ogbu J. U. (1978). Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-culturalPerspective. New York: Academic Press. Ogbu J. U. (1981). Origins of human competence: A cultural ecological perspective. ChildDevelopment, 52, 413-429. Ogbu, J. U. (1988). Cultural diversity and human development. In: D. Slaughter (Ed.),Black children and poverty: A developmental perspective. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.11-28. Parsons, Talcott. (1940). An Analytical Approach to the Theory of Social Stratification.American Journal of Sociology, 45 (6), 841-862. Roskos, K., & Neuman, S. (2005). The state of pre-kindergartens standard. EarlyChildhood Research Quarterly, 20, 125-145. Rushton, J. P. Cvorovic, J. and Bons, T. A. (2007). General mental ability in South Asians:Data from three Roma (Gypsy) communities in Serbia. Intelligence, 35(1), 1-12. Rydland, V. (2009). “Whow-when I was going to pretend drinking it tasted coke for real!”Second-language learners’ out-of-frame talk in peer pretend play: A developmental studyfrom preschool to first grade. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6 (2), 190-222. Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of LanguageAcquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Migracije i migracijska kriza zaposjeda cijelu Europu. Ne samo njezin teritorij, nego njezin duh, misao i osjećaje. Europa je prisiljena promišljati, planirati, a nerijetko i strahovati. Netko je nepoznat i prijeteći ovdje, među nama. Netko tko straši. Jedan od okidača za njezin hitan angažman svakako je strah od stvarnog ili mogućeg nasilja (pre)često tematiziranog u sredstvima društvenog priopćivanja. Događa se, nažalost, da strah od nasilja i nepoznatog postaje sredstvo zastrašivanja domaćeg stanovništva usmjereno protiv onih koji su potrebni možda samo razumijevanja i prihvaćanja. Stoga, osnovna nakana ovoga rada sastoji se u tome da, na temelju razumijevanja bitnih obilježja fenomena nasilja, podrobnijeg razmatranja nekih statističkih elemenata migracijske krize, naročito činjenice da su migranti i izbjeglice i počinitelji i žrtve nasilja, pokaže kako ne postoje konkretni dokazi koji bi na poseban način povezivali migracije i nasilje u smislu značajnijeg povećanja nasilja povezanog upravo s migracijama. Migracijska kriza i 'nepoznat netko' ne rješava se manipulacijama, strahom, prijetnjom i nasiljem, nego aktualizacijom temeljnih evanđeoskih vrednota ljubavi i solidarnosti, prihvaćanja i gostoljubivosti.

Abstract Major bleeding among patients receiving oral anticoagulants is common and is reported to occur in up to 6.5% of patients per year. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) remain the most frequently prescribed class of anticoagulants for conditions such as atrial fibrillation, mechanical heart valves and venous thromboembolism. The products used for the reversal of VKA-associated coagulopathy include Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa), and Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC). Kcentra® (CSL Behring Gmbh, Marburg, Germany) is a 4-factor PCC that contains all of the vitamin K-dependent proteins (Factors II,VII, IX, X, Protein C and S). While Kcentra® has been in use in Europe and other parts of the world for several years, it was only recently approved in the United States for warfarin reversal during acute major bleeding (April, 2013) or when there is a need for an urgent invasive procedure (December 2013). We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the use of 4-factor PCC in a community-based tertiary care center. The efficacy and safety of PCCs has been established in large multi-center trials. However, there is limited data from outside of carefully conducted clinical trials. In particular, there is a paucity of data regarding the use of 4-factor PCC in the community setting, specifically from the United States. We developed protocols for the reversal of warfarin for life-threatening bleeding and emergent surgery. All patients get vitamin K and they receive Kcentra® if the INR is ≥ 2. If the INR is < 2 they receive plasma. The dose of Kcentra® is based on pre-treatment INR (25 u/kg for INR 2 to < 4, 35 u/kg for INR 4-6 and 50 u/kg for INR >6). We identified 33 patients from July 2013 to April 2014 that were treated with 4-factor PCC (18 males and 15 females). The mean age was 71.06 +/- 14.04 years (Range 42-94). Kcentra® was used appropriately, per our institutional protocol for VKA reversal, in 28/33 (84.35%) cases. Four of the patients, who were treated inappropriately, did not have a drug history on admission and were subsequently found to have an elevated INR due to liver dysfunction. The leading indications for PCC use were intracranial hemorrhage (49%), reversal of elevated INR prior to surgery (21%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (15%). 73% of patients had a pre-reversal INR in the range of 2-4, 12% had INR of 4-6 and15% of patients presented with an INR of >6. The indications for warfarin use included atrial fibrillation (50% patients), prosthetic valve (21.4%) and prior deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in 18% patients. 40% patients were also receiving concomitant antiplatelet therapy. The mean administered dose of Kcentra® was 2461 +/- 825 units (Range 1375-4715). Among patient treated for reversal of VKA-related coagulopathy, the pre-treatment INR was 4.6 (range 2-17) and mean post-treatment INR was 1.32 (range 1.1-1.9). Post-treatment INR of ≤ 1.5 was attained in 24/33 (73%) patients. Post-treatment INR was not available for one patient. There was only one case of thrombosis within 72 hours of treatment (myocardial infarction). 28/33 patients (85%) were alive at 24 hours. Based on experience from our limited number of patients, we have found Kcentra® to be effective in the rapid reversal of INR in the setting of VKA associated coagulopathy. Kcentra® was successfully used for a wide variety of indications in our patient population. Arterial and venous thromboembolic complications have previously been reported in patients receiving 4-factor PCC. We found a low complication rate in our patients with only one patient developing a thrombotic phenomenon (acute coronary event) within 72 hours of administration of Kcentra®. In conclusion, based on our experience, we have found Kcentra® to be a safe and effective agent for reversal of VKA associated coagulopathy. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Seven spot ladybird beetle, (Coccinella septempunctata) is a widely distributed natural enemy of soft-bodied insect pests especially aphids worldwide. Both the adult and larvae of this coccinellid beetle are voracious feeders and serve as a commercially available biological control agent around the globe. Different techniques are adopted to enhance the mass rearing and storage of this natural enemy by taking advantage of its natural ability to withstand under extremely low temperatures and entering diapause under unfavorable low temperature conditions. The key objective of this study was to develop a cost effective technique for enhancing the storage life and predatory potential of the larvae of C. septempunctata through cold storage in conjunction with the use of nuclear techniques, gamma radiations. Results showed that the host eating potential of larvae was enhanced as the cold storage duration was increased. Gamma irradiation further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. Different irradiation doses also affected the development time of C. septempuntata larvae significantly. Without cold storage, the lower radiation doses (10 and 25 GY) prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae. Furthermore, the higher dose of radiation (50GY) increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. This study first time paves the way to use radiation in conjunction with cold storage as an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programs.Key wordGamma irradiations; cold storage, Coccinella septempunctata larvae; predatory potential; integrated pest management programme.INTRODUCTIONNuclear techniques such as gamma radiations have a vast application in different programmes of biological control including continuous supply of sterilized host and improved rearing techniques (Greany and Carpenter, 2000; Cai et al., 2017). Similarly irradiation can be used for sentinel-host eggs and larvae for monitoring survival and distribution of parasitoids (Jordão-paranhos et al., 2003; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Tunçbilek et al., 2009; Zapater et al., 2009; Van Lenteren, 2012). Also, at the production level, such technique may facilitate the management of host rearing, improve quality and expedite transport of product (Fatima et al., 2009; Hamed et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Gamma irradiations can also be used to stop insect’s development to enhance host suitability for their use in different mass rearing programs (Celmer-Warda, 2004; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Seth et al., 2009). Development and survival of all insects have a direct connection with temperatures which in turn affect the physical, functional and behavioral adaptations (Ramløy, 2000). Many insects living in moderate regions can survive at low temperature by process of diapause. A temperature between 0 to 10oC may cause some insects to become sluggish and they only become active when the temperature is suitable. Such insects show greater adaptations to flexible temperature regimes for better survival. Many studies have reported this concept of cold-hardiness in insects in general (Bale, 2002; Danks, 2006) and specifically in coccinellid beetles over past years (Watanabe, 2002; Koch et al., 2004; Pervez and Omkar, 2006; Labrie et al., 2008; Berkvens et al., 2010). Using this cold hardiness phenomenon, many coccinellids have been studied for the effect of cold storage such as Coccinella undecimpunctata (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000), Coleomegilla maculata (Gagné and Coderre, 2001) and Harmonia axyridis (Watanabe, 2002). This natural phenomenon, therefore, can be a helpful tool in developing low temperature stockpiling for improving mass-rearing procedures (Mousapour et al., 2014). It may provide a significant output in terms of providing natural enemies as and when required during pest infestation peaks (Venkatesan et al., 2000). Use of irradiation in conjunction with cold storage proves to be an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programme. A study reported that the pupate of house fly, Musca domestica irradiated at dose of 500 Gy and can stored up to 2 months at 6°C for future use for a parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius rearing (Zapater et al., 2009). Similarly, when irradiated at 20 GY, parasitic wasps Cotesia flavipes were stored safely up to two months without deterioration of their parasitic potential (Fatima et al., 2009). Similarly, bio-control program of sugarcane shoot borer Chilo infescatellus proved successful through the use of irradiation combined with cold storage of its egg and larval parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and C. flavipes (Fatima et al., 2009). Less mobile life stages such as larvae are of significance in any IPM strategy because they remain on target site for more time period as compared to adults. Therefore, use of predatory larvae is very promising in different biological control approaches because of their immediate attack on pests and more resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions than delicate egg stage. In addition, with their augmentation into fields, larval stage shows their presence for longer time than adult stage and their feeding potential is also satisfactory as that of adults. For the best utilization of these predators in the field and maximum impact of 3rd and 4th larval instars on prey, we should encourage late 2nd second instar larvae of predatory beetles in the fields as these instars have more feeding capacity due to increased size and ability to handle larger preys.In spite of higher significance, there is little information available about the effect of cold storage on the survival of larval instars of different ladybird beetles and its effect on their predatory potential. Very few studies report the use of cold storage for non-diapausing larval stage like for Semiadalia undecimnotata and only one study reported the short-term storage (up to two weeks) of 2nd and 3rd instar coccinellid, C. maculate, without any loss in feeding voracity of larvae after storage (Gagné and Coderre, 2001). The survival of 3rd and 4th larval instars of C. undecimpunctata for 7 days after storage at 5oC was reported in a study but the survival rate declined after 15-60 days of storage (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000). As C. septempunctata is considered one of the voracious predators (Afroz, 2001; Jandial and Malik, 2006; Bilashini and Singh, 2009; Xia et al., 2018) and diapause is a prominent feature of this beetle and it may undergo facultative diapause under suitable laboratory conditions (Suleman, 2015). No information is available to date about the combined effect of cold storage and irradiation on the larval instars of this species.OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to devise a cost effective technique for the cold storage and its effect on the subsequent predatory potential of the seven spotted ladybird beetle larvae in conjunction with the use of gamma radiations. Hypothesis of the study was that an optimum length of low temperature treatment for storage purpose would not affect the predation capacity of C. septempunctata larvae and their developmental parameters including survival and pupation will remain unaffected. Furthermore, use of gamma irradiation will have some additional effects on survival and feeding capacity of irradiated C. septempunctata larvae. Such techniques can be utilized in different biocontrol programs where short term storage is required. So these larvae can be successfully imparted in different IPM programs against sucking complex of insect pests as a component of biological control strategyMATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materials: Collection and rearing of C. septempunctata: Adult C. septempunctata were collected from the wheat crop (in NIAB vicinity and farm area) in the month of March during late winter and early in spring season 2016-2017. They were kept in plastic jars and were fed with brassica aphids. Under controlled laboratory conditions (25+2oC, 16h: 8h L:D and 65+5% R.H.), eggs of C. septempuctata were obtained and after hatching, larvae were also given brassica aphids as dietary source. Larvae of second instar were selected for this experiment (as the first instar is generally very weak and vulnerable to mortality under low temperatures). As the larvae approached second instar, they were separated for the experimentation. Irradiation of larvae at different doses: Irradiation of larvae was carried out by the irradiation source 137CS at Radiation laboratory, and the larvae were then brought back to the IPM laboratory, Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) Faisalabad. Radiation doses of 10 GY (Grey), 25 GY and 50 GY were used to treat the second instar larvae. There were three replicates for each treatment and five larvae per replicate were used. Control treatment was left un-irradiated.Cold storage of irradiated larvae: In present work, second instar C. septempunctata larvae were studied for storage at low temperature of 8oC. The larvae were kept at 8oC for 0, I and II weeks where week 0 depicts no cold treatment and this set of larvae was left under laboratory conditions for feeding and to complete their development. For larvae that were kept under cold storage for one week at 8°C, the term week I was devised. Similarly, week II denotes the larvae that remained under cold conditions (8°C) for two continuous weeks. Larvae were removed from cold storage in their respective week i.e., after week I and week II and were left under laboratory conditions to complete their development by feeding on aphids. Data collection: For recording the predatory potential of C. septempunctata larvae, 100 aphids were provided per larva per replicate on a daily basis until pupation as this number was more than their feeding capacity to make sure that they were not starved (personal observation). Observations were recorded for survival rate, developmental time and feeding potential. Data analysis: Data were statistically analysed by Statistical Software SPSS (Version 16.0). The data were subjected to normality check through the One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Non normal data were transformed to normal data which were then used for all parametric variance tests. One-way and two-way analyses of variance were used. For comparison between variables, LSD test at α 0.05 was applied.RESULTSFeeding potential of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Results showed an increase in the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae with increased cold storage duration. The feeding potential was significantly higher for the larvae that spent maximum length of time (week II) under cold storage conditions followed by week I and week 0. Gamma irradiations further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. When larvae were irradiated at 10 GY, the eating capacity of larvae increased significantly with the duration of cold storage. Similarly, larvae that were irradiated at 25 GY, showed increase in feeding potential on aphids as the time period of cold storage increased. The feeding potential of larvae that were irradiated at 50 GY, was again significantly increased with increase of cold storage duration. When different radiation doses were compared to week 0 of storage, there was a significant difference in feeding potential and larvae irradiated at 50 GY consumed the maximum numbers of aphids when no cold storage was done followed by larvae irradiated at 10 and 25 GY. With the other treatment, where larvae were kept under cold storage for one week (week I) the larvae irradiated at 50GY again showed the highest feeding potential. The feeding potential of irradiated larvae was again significantly higher than the un-irradiated larvae that were kept for two weeks (week II) under cold storage (table 1).Two-way ANOVA was performed to check the interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae on aphids. The feeding potential of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the radiation doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in feeding levels (table 2).Developmental time of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Significant difference was found in the development time of the larvae of C. septempunctata when irradiated at different doses at week 0 (without cold storage). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY took the maximum time for development and with the increase in irradiation dosage, from 25 to 50 GY, the time of development was shortened. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY had the same development time as the un-irradiated ones. When, the irradiated larvae were subjected to cold storage of one week duration (week I), their development time after removal from storage condition varied significantly. The larvae irradiated at 25 GY took the maximum time for development followed by larvae irradiated at 50 GY and 10 GY. There was an indication that the development time was extended for irradiated larvae as compared to un-irradiated larvae.Results also depicted a significant difference in the time taken by irradiated larvae to complete their development after taken out from cold storage of two weeks duration (week II). As the storage time of irradiated larvae increased, the development time was prolonged. Results showed that the larvae that were irradiated at 25 and 50 GY, took the maximum time to complete their development. With the prolonged duration of cold storage up to two weeks (week II), this difference of development time was less evident at lower doses (10 GY). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY showed a significant difference in their developmental duration after being taken out of cold storage conditions of the week 0, I and II. There was no difference in the developmental duration of larvae that were un-irradiated and subjected to different regimes of storage. Un-irradiated larvae were least affected by the duration of storage. With the increase in the storage time, a decrease in the developmental time was recorded. Larvae that were irradiated at 10 GY, took the maximum period to complete their development when no cold storage was done (week 0) followed by week I and II of cold storage. When the larvae irradiated at 25 GY were compared for their development time, there was again significant difference for week 0, I and II of storage duration. Maximum time was taken by the larvae for their complete development when removed from cold storage after one week (week I). With the increase in storage duration the time taken by larvae to complete their development after removal from cold storage reduced.When the larvae were removed after different lengths of cold storage duration i.e., week 0, week I and week II, there was a significant difference in the developmental time afterwards. Results have shown that the higher dose of radiation, increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY took the longest time to complete their development after removal from cold storage (week I and week II) as compared the larvae that were not kept under cold storage conditions (week 0) (table 3).Interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for development time of larvae were checked by two-way ANOVA. The development time of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in development times (table 4). DISCUSSIONThe present research work indicates the possibility of keeping the larval instars of C. septempunctata under cold storage conditions of 8oC for a short duration of around 14 days without affecting its further development and feeding potential. Furthermore, irradiation can enhance the feeding potential and increase the development time of larval instars. This in turn could be a useful technique in mass rearing and field release programmes for biological control through larval instars. Usually temperature range of 8-10oC is an optimal selection of low temperature for storage as reported earlier for eggs two spotted ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata and the eggs of C. septempunctata (Hamalainen and Markkula, 1977), Trichogramma species (Jalali and Singh, 1992) and fairyfly, Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptra; Mymaridae) (Leopold and Chen, 2007). However, a study reported more than 80% survival rate for the coccinellid beetle, Harmonia axyridis for up to 150 days at moderately low temperature of 3-6oC (Ruan et al., 2012). So there is great flexibility in coccinellid adults and larvae for tolerating low temperature conditions. After removal from cold storage, larvae showed better feeding potential with consumption of more aphids when compared to normal larvae that were not placed under low temperature conditions. This indicates that when the adult or immature insect stages are subjected to low temperature environment, they tend to reduce their metabolic activity for keeping them alive on the reserves of their body fats and sustain themselves for a substantial length of time under such cold environment. Hereafter, the larval instars that were in cold storage were behaving as if starved for a certain length of time and showed more hunger. This behavior of improved or higher feeding potential of stored larvae has been reported previously (Chapman, 1998). Hence, the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae significantly increased after cold storage. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported higher predatory efficacy in larvae of C. maculata when stored at the same temperature as in the present study i.e., 8oC. Similarly, Ruan et al. (2012) showed that the multicolored Asian ladybug, H. axyridis, when stored under cold conditions, had more eating capacity towards aphids Aphis craccivora Koch than the individuals that were not stored. Such studies indicate that the higher feeding potential in insects after being subjected to low temperature environmental conditions could be due to the maintenance of their metabolism rate to a certain level while utilizing their energy reserves to the maximum extent (Watanabe, 2002).The individuals coming out from cold storage are therefore capable of consuming more pray as they were in a condition of starvation and they have to regain their energy loss through enhanced consumption. Furthermore, the starvation in C. septempunctata has previously been reported to affect their feeding potential (Suleman et al., 2017). In the present study, the larval development was delayed after returning to normal laboratory conditions. Cold storage affects the life cycle of many insects other than coccinellids. The cold storage of green bug aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptra; Braconidae) mummies increased the life cycle 3-4 times. Nevertheless, in current study the development process of stored larvae resumed quickly after taking them out and larvae completed their development up to adult stage. Similar kinds of results were reported for resumption of larval development after removal from cold storage conditions. Such studies only report satisfactory survival rates and development for a short duration of cold storage but as the length of storage is increased, it could become harmful to certain insects. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported that cold storage for longer period (three weeks) proved fatal for almost 40% of larvae of C. maculata. Furthermore, in the same study, the feeding potential of C. maculata larvae was also affected beyond two weeks of cold storage due to the loss of mobility after a long storage period. Many studies have reported that longer durations of low temperature conditions can either damage the metabolic pathways of body cells or may increase the levels of toxins within the bodies of insects. Also, low temperature exposure for longer duration may cause specific interruptions in the insect body especially neuro-hormones responsible for insect development, which could be dangerous or even life threatening.Chen et al. (2004) also reported that the biological qualities of parasitized Bemisia tabaci pupae on population quality of Encarsia formosa were affected negatively with increase in cold storage duration. Similarly, the egg hatchability of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephen was lost completely beyond 18 days of cold storage (Sohail et al., 2019). However, in the present study the cold storage was done for maximum two weeks and it is to be regarded as a short term storage hence the survival rate was satisfactory. Longer periods of cold storage for larvae are not considered safe due to their vulnerable state as compared to adults which are hardier. Also 2nd instar larvae used in the present study for cold storage for being bigger in size and physical stronger than 1st instar. Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky (2000) reported that in C. undecimpunctata the cold storage of 3rd and 4th larval instars was higher and considered safer than early larval instars. The same study showed sharp decline in survival rate after two weeks and there was no survival beyond 30-60 days of cold storage. The present study showed that short term storage of the larvae of C. septempunctata could be done without any loss of their feeding potential or development so the quality of predator remained unaffected. Similar kind of work for many other insects had been reported previously where cold storage technique proved useful without deteriorating the fitness of stored insects. For example, the flight ability of reared codling moth Cydia pomonella Linnaeus remained unaffected after removal from cold storage (Matveev et al., 2017). Moreover, a sturdy reported that pupae of a parasitoid wasp Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) could be safely put in cold storage for above than 50 days (Tezze and Botto, 2004). Similarly, a technique of cold storage of non-diapausing eggs of black fly Simulium ornaturm Meigen was developed at 1oC. Another study reported safe storage of a predatory bug insidious flower bug Orius insidiosus for more than 10 days at 8°C (Bueno et al., 2014).In present study without cold storage, the lower doses of 10 and 25 GY prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae and higher doses of irradiations in conjunction with cold storage again significantly prolonged the developmental time of larvae when returned to the laboratory conditions. Salem et al. (2014) also reported that Gamma irradiations significantly increased the duration of developmental stages (larvae and pupae) in cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). In another study, where endoparasitic wasps Glyptapanteles liparidis were evaluated with irradiated and non-irradiated gypsy moth Lymantria dispar larvae for oviposition, it was found that non-irradiated larvae had a shorter time to reach the adult stage as compared to irradiated larvae (Novotny et al., 2003). Both for higher doses with cold storage and lower doses without cold storage extended the larval duration of C. septempunctata. In another study when the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor was irradiated at the dose of 10 GY, it resulted in prolonged longevity (Genchev et al., 2008). In the same study, when another parasitoid Ventruria canescens was irradiated at lower doses of 4GY and 3 GY, it resulted in increased emergence from the host larvae, while gamma irradiations at the dose of 1 GY and 2 GY significantly stimulated the rate of parasitism (Genchev et al., 2008). The current study also indicated higher rates of predation in the form of increased feeding potential of larvae as a result of irradiations at lower doses.CONCLUSIONThe outcome of the current study shows that storage of 2nd instar C. septempunctata at low temperature of 8oC for a short duration of about 14 days is completely safe and could have broader application in different biocontrol programs. Such flexibility in storage duration can also assist in different mass rearing techniques and commercial uses. The combination of gamma radiation with low temperature cold storage could be a useful tool in developing different biological pest management programs against sucking insect pests. Incidence of periodic occurrence of both the target insect pests with their predatory ladybird beetles in synchrony is an important aspect that could be further strengthened by cold storage techniques. Therefore, short or long term bulk cold storage of useful commercial biocontrol agents and then reactivating them at appropriate time of pest infestation is a simple but an advantageous method in mass rearing programs. Increased feeding capacity of stored larvae is another edge and hence such larvae may prove more beneficial as compared to unstored larvae. Both cold storage and improved feeding of the C. septempuctata larvae can be utilized for implementation of IPM for many sucking insect pests of various crops, fruits and vegetables. Due to some constraints this study could not be continued beyond two weeks but for future directions, higher doses and longer duration periods could further elaborate the understanding and better application of such useful techniques in future IPM programmes on a wider scale. Also, some other predatory coccinellid beetle species can be tested with similar doses and cold storage treatments to see how effective this technique is on other species as well.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the Sugarcane Research and Development Board for providing a research grant (No. SRDB/P/4/16) to carry out this research work. This paper is a part of research thesis entitled “Effect of gamma irradiation on storage and predatory potential of seven spotted lady bird beetle larvae” submitted to Higher Education Commission, Pakistan for the degree of M.Phil. Biological Sciences.CONFLICT OF INTERESTAuthors have no conflict of interest.REFERENCESAbdel‐Salam, A. and N. J. J. o. A. E. Abdel‐Baky, 2000. Possible storage of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Col., coccinellidae) under low temperature and its effect on some biological characteristics. 124(3‐4): 169-176.Afroz, S., 2001. Relative abundance of aphids and their coccinellid predators. Journal of aphidology, 15: 113-118.Bale, J., 2002. Insects and low temperatures: From molecular biology to distributions and abundance. Biological sciences, 357(1423): 849-862.Berkvens, N., J. S. Bale, D. Berkvens, L. Tirry and P. De Clercq, 2010. Cold tolerance of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in europe. Journal of insect physiology, 56(4): 438-444.Bilashini, Y. and T. J. I. J. A. E. Singh, 2009. Studies on population dynamics and feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata linnaeus in relation to Lipaphis erysimi (kaltenbach) on cabbage. Indian journal of applied entomology, 23: 99-103.Bueno, V. H. P., L. M. Carvalho and J. Van Lenteren, 2014. Performance of Orius insidiosus after storage, exposure to dispersal material, handling and shipment processes. Bulletin of insectology, 67(2): 175-183.Cai, P., X. Gu, M. Yao, H. Zhang, J. Huang, A. Idress, Q. Ji, J. Chen and J. Yang, 2017. The optimal age and radiation dose for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)(Diptera: Tephritidae) eggs as hosts for mass-reared Fopius arisanus (Sonan)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biological control, 108: 89-97.Celmer-Warda, K., 2004. Preliminary studies suitability and acceptability of irradiated host larvae Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) on larval parasitoids Venturia canescens (gravenhorst). Annals of warsaw agricultural university, horticulture (Landscape Architecture), 25: 67-73.Chapman, R. F., 1998. The insects: Structure and function. Cambridge university press.Chen, Q., L.-f. Xiao, G.-r. Zhu, Y.-s. LIU, Y.-j. ZHANG, Q.-j. WU and B.-y. XU, 2004. Effect of cold storage on the quality of Encarsia formosa Gahan. Chinese journal of biological control, 20(2): 107-109.Danks, H., 2006. Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments. The Canadian entomologist, 138(1): 1-23.Fatima, B., N. Ahmad, R. M. Memon, M. Bux and Q. Ahmad, 2009. Enhancing biological control of sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), through use of radiation to improve laboratory rearing and field augmentation of egg and larval parasitoids. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 277-290.Gagné, I. and D. Coderre, 2001. Cold storage of Coleomegilla maculata larvae. Biocontrol science technology, 11(3): 361-369.Genchev, N., N. Balevski, D. Obretenchev and A. Obretencheva, 2008. Stimulation effects of low gamma radiation doses on perasitoids Habrobracon hebetor and Ventruria canescens. Journal of Balkan ecology, 11: 99-102.Greany, P. D. and J. E. Carpenter, 2000. Årea-ide control of fruit flies and other insect pests: Importance. Joint proceedings of the International Conference on Årea-Wide Control of insect pests, May 28–June 2, 1998 and the Fifth International symposium on fruit flies of economi, June 1-5.Hamalainen, M. and M. Markkula, 1977. Cool storage of Coccinella septempunctata and Adalia bipunctata (Col., coccinellidae) eggs for use in the biological control in greenhouses. Annales agricultural fennicae, 16: 132-136.Hamed, M., S. Nadeem and A. Riaz, 2009. Use of gamma radiation for improving the mass production of Trichogramma chilonis and Chrysoperla carnea. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 43-48.Hendrichs, J., K. Bloem, G. Hoch, J. E. Carpenter, P. Greany and A. S. Robinson, 2009. Improving the cost-effectiveness, trade and safety of biological control for agricultural insect pests using nuclear techniques. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 3-22.Jalali, S. and S. Singh, 1992. Differential response of four Trichogramma species to low temperatures for short term storage. Entomophaga, 37(1): 159-165.Jandial, V. K. and K. Malik, 2006. Feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata Linn. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) on mustard aphid, lipaphis erysimi kalt. And potato peach aphid, Myzus persicae sulzer. Journal of entomological research, 30(4): 291-293.Jordão-paranhos, B. A., J. M. Walder and N. T. Papadopoulos, 2003. A simple method to study parasitism and field biology of the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biocontrol science technology, 13(6): 631-639.Koch, R. L., M. Carrillo, R. Venette, C. Cannon and W. D. Hutchison, 2004. Cold hardiness of the multicolored asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental entomology, 33(4): 815-822.Labrie, G., D. Coderre and E. Lucas, 2008. Overwintering strategy of multicolored asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Cold-free space as a factor of invasive success. Annals of the entomological society of America, 101(5): 860-866.Leopold, R. and W.-l. Chen, 2007. Cold storage of the adult stage of Gonatocerus ashmeadi girault: The impact on maternal and progeny quality. In: Proceedings of the 2007 pierce’s disease research symposium, San Diego, CA. pp: 42-46.Matveev, E., J. Kwon, G. Judd and M. J. T. C. E. Evenden, 2017. The effect of cold storage of mass-reared codling moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on subsequent flight capacity. The Canadian entomologist, 149(3): 391-398.Mousapour, Z., A. Askarianzadeh and H. Abbasipour, 2014. Effect of cold storage of pupae parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (say)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on its efficiency. Archives of phytopathology plant protection, 47(8): 966-972.Novotny, J., M. Zúbrik, M. L. McManus and A. M. Liebhold, 2003. Sterile insect technique as a tool for increasing the efficacy of gypsy moth biocontrol. Proceedings: Ecology, survey and management of forest insects GTR-NE-311, 311.Pervez, A. and Omkar, 2006. Ecology and biological control application of multicoloured asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: A review. Biocontrol science technology, 16(2): 111-128.Ramløy, U.-B., 2000. Aspects of natural cold tolerance in ectothermic animals. Human reproduction, 15(suppl_5): 26-46.Ruan, C.-C., W.-M. Du, X.-M. Wang, J.-J. Zhang and L.-S. Zang, 2012. Effect of long-term cold storage on the fitness of pre-wintering Harmonia axyridis (pallas). BioControl, 57(1): 95-102.Salem, H., M. Fouda, A. Abas, W. Ali and A. Gabarty, 2014. Effects of gamma irradiation on the development and reproduction of the greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.). Journal of radiation research applied sciences, 7(1): 110-115.Seth, R. K., T. K. Barik and S. Chauhan, 2009. Interaction of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), cultured in irradiated hosts, with ‘f1 sterility’: Towards management of a tropical pest, Spodoptera litura (fabr.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 139-155.Sohail, M., S. S. Khan, R. Muhammad, Q. A. Soomro, M. U. Asif and B. K. Solangi, 2019. Impact of insect growth regulators on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea (stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ecotoxicology, 28(9): 1115-1125.Suleman, N., 2015. Heterodynamic processes in Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera): A mini review. Entomological science, 18(2): 141-146.Suleman, N., M. Hamed and A. Riaz, 2017. Feeding potential of the predatory ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) as affected by the hunger levels on natural host species. Journal of phytopathology pest management, 4: 38-47.Tezze, A. A. and E. N. Botto, 2004. Effect of cold storage on the quality of Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biological control, 30(1): 11-16.Tunçbilek, A. S., U. Canpolat and F. Sumer, 2009. Suitability of irradiated and cold-stored eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) and Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) for stockpiling the egg-parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in diapause. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 127-138.Van Lenteren, J. C., 2012. The state of commercial augmentative biological control: Plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. BioControl, 57(1): 1-20.Venkatesan, T., S. Singh and S. Jalali, 2000. Effect of cold storage on cocoons of Goniozus nephantidis muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) stored for varying periods at different temperature regimes. Journal of entomological research, 24(1): 43-47.Wang, E., D. Lu, X. Liu and Y. Li, 2009. Evaluating the use of nuclear techniques for colonization and production of Trichogramma chilonis in combination with releasing irradiated moths for control of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 235-242.Watanabe, M., 2002. Cold tolerance and myo-inositol accumulation in overwintering adults of a lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). European journal of entomology, 99(1): 5-10.Xia, J., J. Wang, J. Cui, P. Leffelaar, R. Rabbinge and W. Van Der Werf, 2018. Development of a stage-structured process-based predator–prey model to analyse biological control of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, by the sevenspot ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata, in cotton. Ecological complexity, 33: 11-30.Zapater, M. C., C. E. Andiarena, G. P. Camargo and N. Bartoloni, 2009. Use of irradiated musca domestica pupae to optimize mass rearing and commercial shipment of the parasitoid spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 261-270.

RESUMENDe entre todos los objetos, tiempos, espacios, palabras y seres que componen el mundo físico, algunos están investidos de un valor especial por cuanto se les atribuye la virtud de visibilizar las instancias invisibles de las que dependemos los mortales. Es lo sagrado. A lo sagrado se le depara un trato singular hecho de respeto, veneración o miedo, pero en ocasiones también de rencor y de odio por lo que encarna o representa. Es adorado, pero también, y acaso por las mismas razones, puede ser insultado, destruido, objeto de burla y, si tiene forma humana, martirizado o asesinado. La violencia contra lo sagrado puede caber en sistemas religiosos que le otorgan a la agresión un papel central en su universo mítico o ritual. También se ofende u agrede lo santo para grupos o pueblos a someter, puesto que en ello está resumido su orden del mundo. Desde esta perspectiva, el agravio, la irreverencia y el daño pasan a reclamar un lugar protagonista en los estudios sobre la institución religiosa de la cultura bajo las figuras del sacrilegio y la profanación.PALABRAS CLAVE: sagrado, profanación, sacrilegio, violencia religiosa, iconoclastia.ABSTRACTOf all the objects, times, spaces, words and beings that make up the physical world, some are invested with a special value because they are attributed the virtue of making visible the invisible instances on which we mortals depend. This is the sacred. The sacred is given a singular treatment combining respect, veneration or fear, but sometimes also resentment and hatred of what it embodies or represents. It is adored, but also, and perhaps for the same reasons, it can be insulted,destroyed, mocked and, if it has a human form, martyred or killed. Violence against the sacred can fit into religious systems that give aggression a central role in their mythical or ritual universe. Also offended or attacked is what is sacred for groups or peoples to be subdued, since in it an embodiment of their world order. From this perspective, aggravation, irreverence and damage occupy a central place in the studies on the religious institution of culture under the figures of sacrilege and profanation.KEY WORDS: sacred, profanation, sacrilege, religious violence, iconoclasm. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAgamben, G. (2005), Profanaciones, Barcelona, Anagrama.Arbeola, V. M. (1973), Socialismo y anticlericalismo, Madrid, Taurus.Arce Fustero, G. (2018), De espaldas a Cristo. Una historia del anticlericalisme en Colombia, 1849-1948, Medellín, Editorial Universidad de Medellín.Aston, M. (1988), England’s Iconoclasts, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Auzépy, M. F. (1987), “L’iconodulie: Défense de l’image ou de la devotion de l’image”, en Boesfplug, F. y Lossy, N. (comp.), Nicée II, 787-19 87. Douze siecles d’imagerie religieuse, París, Cerf, 157-164.Bataille, G. (2007 [1957]), El erotismo, Barcelona, Tusquets.Bateson, G. y Bateson, M. C. (1989), El temor de los ángeles. Epistemología de lo sagrado, Barcelona, Gedisa, 29-64.Bajtin, M. (1988 [1965]), La cultura popular en la Edad Media y el Renacimiento. El contexto de François Rabelais, Madrid, Alianza.Beçanson, A. (2003), La imagen prohibida: Una historia intelectual de la iconoclastia, Madrid, Siruela.Benjamin, W. (2014 [1921]), El capitalismo como religión, Madrid, La Llama.Benedict, R. (1938), “Religion”, en Boas, F. (ed.), General Anthropology, Nueva York, Columbia University Press, 627-655.Beránek, O. y Ťupek, P. (2018), The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam. Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry, Edimburgo, Edinburgh University Press.Bernard, C. y Gruzinski, S. (1993), De la idolatría. Hacia una arqueología de las ciencias de la religión, México DF, FCE.Blom, P. (2007), Encyclopédie. El triunfo de la razón en tiempos irracionales, Barcelona, Anagrama.Caillois, R. (2014 [1939]), El hombre y lo sagrado, México DF, FCE.Crew, Ph. M. (1978), Calvinist Preaching and lconoclasm in the Neederlanden, 1544-1566, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Cottret, B. (1984), “Pour une sémiotique de la Réforme: Le Consensus Tigurinus (1549) et la Brève résolution... (1555) de Calvin”, Annales ESC, 40 (2), 265-285.Crouzet, D. (1990), Les Guerriers de Dieu. La violence au temps des troubles de religion, París, Champ Vallon, 2 vols.Cueva, J. de la, (1998): “El anticlericalismo en la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil”, en La Parra López, E. y Suárez Cortina, M. (eds.), El anticlericalismo español contemporáneo, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 211-230.–(2000), “’Si los curas y frailes supieran…’ La violencia anticlerical”, en Juliá, S. (dir.), Violencia política en la España del siglo XX, Madrid, Taurus, 191-233.Cueva Merino, J. de la, y Montero García, F. (eds.) (2007), La secularización conflictiva. España (1898-1931), Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva.–(2009), Laicismo y catolicismo. El conflicto político-religioso en la segunda república, Alcalá de Henares, Universidad de Alcalá.De Baets, A. (2014), “The Year Zero: Iconoclastic breaks with the past”, Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Politologica, 13, 3-18.Delgado, M. (2012), La ira sagrada. Anticlericalismo, iconoclastia y antirritualismo en la España contemporánea, Barcelona, RBA.Di Stefano, R. (2010), Ovejas negras. Historia de los anticlericales argentinos, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana.Durkheim, É. (2006 [1906]), “Determinación del hecho social”, en Sociología y filosofía, Buenos Aires, Schapire, 35-65.– (2008 [1912]), Las formas elementales de la vida religiosa, Alianza, Madrid.Davis, N. Z. (1993), “Los ritos de la violencia”, en Sociedad y cultura en la Francia moderna, Barcelona, Crítica, 149-185.Eliade, M. (1981 [1957]), Lo sagrado y lo profano, Madrid, Guadarrama.Freedberg, D. (2017), Iconoclasia. Historia y psicología de la violencia contra las imágenes, Vitoria-Buenos Aires, Sans Soleil Ediciones.Hubert, H, y Mauss, M. (2010 [1899]), “Ensayo sobre el sacrificio”, en Mauss, M., El sacrificio. Magia, mito y razón, Buenos Aires, Las Cuarenta.Gamboni, D. (2014), La destrucción del arte: iconoclasia y vandalismo desde la Revolución Francesa, Madrid, Cátedra.Garrisson Estebe, J. (1975), “The rites of violence: Religious riot in Sixteenth Century France”, Past & Present, 66, 127-150.Giobellina, F. (2014), El lado oscuro. La polaridad sagrado/profano en Durkheim y sus avatares, Buenos Aires, Katz.Girard, R. (1983), La violencia y lo sagrado. Anagrama, Barcelona.Gofmann, E. (2009 [1959]), La presentación de la persona en la vida cotidiana, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu.Goody, J. (1999), “¿Iconos e iconoclastia en África? Ausencia y ambivalencia”, en Representaciones y contradicciones, Barcelona, Paidós, 51-90.Grabar, A. (1998), La Iconoclastia bizantina, Madrid, Akal.Gruzinski, S. (2014), La Colonización de lo imaginario, México DF, FCE.Gumbrecht, H. U. (2005), Producción de presencia. Lo que el significado no puede transmitir, México DF, Universidad Iberoaméricana.Habermas, J. (2011), El poder de la religión en la esfera pública, Madrid, Trotta.Hermant, D. (1978), “Destructions et vandalisme pendant la Révolution française”, Annales ESC, 33 (4), 703-719.Hill, Ch. (2015), El mundo trastornado. El ideario popular extremista en la Revolución inglesa del siglo XVII, Madrid, Siglo XXI.La Parra López, E. y Suárez Cortina, M. (eds.) (1998), El anticlericalismo español contemporáneo, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva.Lalouette, J. (1997), “El anticlericalismo en Francia, 1877-1914”, en Cruz, R. (ed.), El anticlericalismo, Madrid, Marcial Pons, (27), 15-38.Lannon, F. (1990), Privilegio, persecución y profecía. La iglesia católica en España, 1875-1975, Madrid, Alianza.Latour, B. (2002), “What is Iconoclash? or Is there a world beyond the image wars?”, en Weibel, P. y Latour, B., Iconoclash, Beyond the Image-Wars in Science, Religion and Art, Cambridge, ZKM and MIT Press, 14-37.Ledesma, J. L. (2005), “La ‘santa ira popular’ del 36: la violencia en guerra civil y revolución, entre cultura y política”, en Muñoz, J., Ledesma, J. L. y Rodrigo, J. (coords.), Madrid, Sierte Mares, 147-192.Leiris, M. (2007 [1931]), El África fantasmal. De Dakar a Yibuti, 1931-1933, Valencia, Pre-textos.Llobera, J. (1996), El dios de la modernidad. El desarrollo del nacionalismo en Europa occidental, Barcelona, Anagrama.Luther, M. (2012 [1529]), Grand Catéchisme, Florencia, Nabu Press.Mannelli, S. (2002), Anticlericalismo e democrazia: Storia del Partito radicale in Italia e a Roma, 1901–1914, Soveria Marelli, Rubbettimo.Martínez Assad, C. (1991), El laboratorio de la revolución. El Tabasco garridista, México DF, Siglo XXI.Mellor, A. (1967), Historia del anticlericalismo francés, Bilbao, Mensajero.Milhazes, J. (2012), “Comunismo como fase suprema do anticlericalismo”, Cultura, Espaço & Memória, 3, 63-78.Mitchell, T. J. (1988), Violence and Piety in Spanish Folklore, Minesotta, University of Pennsylvania Press.Mochizuki, M. M. (2006), The Netherlandish Image after Iconoclasm, 1566–1672. Material Religion in the Dutch Golden Age, Londres, Routledge.Otaola, J. (1999), Laicidad. Una estrategia para la libertad, Barcelona, Bellaterra.Otto, R. (1980 [1917]), Lo santo. Lo racional y lo irracional en la idea de Dios, Madrid, Alianza.Philipps, J. (1973), The Reformation of lmages: Destruction of Art in England, 1535-1600, Berkeley, University of Berkeley Press.Prades, J. A. (1998) Lo sagrado. Del mundo arcaico a la actualidad, Barcelona, Península.Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1996 [1939]), “Tabú”, en Estructura y función en la sociedad primitiva, Barcelona, Península, 153-173.Rambelli, F. y Reinders, E. (2012), Buddhism and Iconoclasm in East Asia: A History, Londres/Nueva York, Blombsbury.Ranzato, G. (1997), “Dies irae. La persecuzione religiosa nella zona republicana durante la guerra civile spagnola (1936-1939)”, en La difficile modernità e altri saggi sulla storia della Spagna contemporanea, Turín, Edizioni dell’Orso, 195-220.Reinders, E. (2004), “Monkey kings make havoc: iconoclasm and murder in the Chinese cultural revolution”, Religion, 34, 191-209.Ríos Figueroa, J. (2002), Siglo XX. Muerte y resurrección de la Iglesia Católica en Chiapas, San Cristóbal de las Casas, UNAM.Romero, P. G. (2002), El ojo de la batalla. Estudios sobre iconoclastia e iconodulia, historia del arte y vanguardia moderna, Valencia, Col·legi Major Rector Peset.Sansi, R. (2009), « Intenció i atzar en la historia del fetitxe », Quaderns de l’Institut Català d’Antropologia, 23 (8), 139-158.Sarró, R. (2009), The Politics of religious change on the Upper Guinea Coast: Iconoclasm done and undone, Edimburgo, Edinburgh University Press.Simmel, G. (1986 [1908]), “El secreto y la sociedad secreta”, en Sociología, Madrid, Alianza, vol. I, 357-424.Thomas, M. (2014), La Fe y la furia: violencia anticlerical popular e iconoclasta en España, 1931-1936, Granada, Comares.Tylor, R. P. (1985), The Death and the Resurrection Show. From Shamanism to Superstars, Londres, Blond.Ullman, J. C. (2009 [1968]), La Semana Trágica, Barcelona, Ediciones B.

Over the past two days we have been taking stock of the overall position as regards the development of fast reactors in Europe, the U. S. S. R., the U. S. A, and Japan. I am sure we can agree that collectively we have made good technical progress with the development of this major source of electrical power for the next century. In Europe, we have two large prototypes operating, Phénix and PER. We also have a 1200 MW e demonstration reactor (Superphenix), which is now continuing with its commissioning programme after the interruption caused by the leak from the fuel storage vessel. The Soviet Union is pressing ahead with its program m e; in the U. S. A. FFTF has given outstanding reliability and in Jap an the construction of Monju is going well and is on schedule for criticality in 1992. O f course there are a number of possible realizations of the sodium-cooled fast reactor concept. We have had in this conference some muted debates about the merits of pool versus loop, oxide versus metal fuel, large versus small modular and the possibilities of eliminating the secondary sodium circuit. But we can all probably agree that the pool mixed-oxide fuelled design is one realization which has now reached an advanced state of development, certainly the pre-commercial stage.

Leeuwen, Richard van, Narratives of Kingship in Eurasian Empires, 1300 – 1800 (Rulers and Elites, 11), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, VI u. 278 S. / Abb., € 109,00; als E-Book: Open Access. (Tobias Winnerling, Düsseldorf) Kruijtzer, Gijs / Thomas Ertl (Hrsg.), Law Addressing Diversity. Pre-Modern Europe and India in Comparison (13th–18th Centuries), Berlin / Boston 2017, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, VIII u. 220 S., € 59,95. (Anna Dönecke, Bielefeld) Blockmans, Wim / Mikhail Krom / Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz (Hrsg.), The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300 – 1600 (Routledge History Handbooks), London / New York 2017, Routledge, XIX u. 502 S. / Abb., £ 185,00. (Patrick Schmidt, Rostock) Pohl-Zucker, Susanne, Making Manslaughter. Process, Punishment and Restitution in Württemberg and Zurich, 1376 – 1700 (Medieval Law and Its Practice, 22), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, X u. 335 S., € 105,00; als Brill MyBook € 25,00. (Gerd Schwerhoff, Dresden) „… da ist Im gnedigklich geholffen worden“. Spätmittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Mirakelberichte aus Geisenfeld, hrsg. v. Marianne Heimbucher / Richard Kürzinger (Abensberger Beiträge zur bayerischen Kulturgeschichte, 3), Regensburg 2018, Pustet, 167 S. / Abb., € 19,95. (Doris Gruber, Wien) Schneidmüller, Bernd / Stefan Weinfurter / Michael Matheus / Alfried Wieczorek (Hrsg.), Die Päpste. Amt und Herrschaft in Antike, Mittelalter und Renaissance (Die Päpste, 1), Regensburg 2016, Schnell &amp; Steiner, 504 S. / Abb., € 39,95. (Klaus Herbers, Erlangen) Zimmermann, Norbert / Tanja Michalsky / Alfried Wieczorek / Stefan Weinfurter (Hrsg.), Die Päpste und Rom zwischen Spätantike und Mittelalter. Formen päpstlicher Machtentfaltung (Die Päpste, 3), Regensburg 2017, Schnell &amp; Steiner, 320 S. / Abb., € 29,95. (Klaus Herbers, Erlangen) Freund, Stephan / Klaus Krüger, Kaisertum, Papsttum und Volkssouveränität im hohen und späten Mittelalter. Studien zu Ehren von Helmut G. Walther (Jenaer Beiträge zur Geschichte, 12), Frankfurt a. M. [u. a.] 2017, Lang, 166 S. / Abb., € 39,95. (Manuel Kamenzin, Bochum) Kopp, Vanina, Der König und die Bücher. Sammlung, Nutzung und Funktion der königlichen Bibliothek am spätmittelalterlichen Hof in Frankreich (Beihefte der Francia, 80), Ostfildern 2016, Thorbecke, 396 S. / Abb., € 59,00. (Georg Jostkleigrewe, Münster) Jullien, Eva, Die Handwerker und Zünfte der Stadt Luxemburg im Spätmittelalter (Städteforschung. Reihe A: Darstellungen, 96), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2017, Böhlau, 320 S. / graph. Darst., € 40,00. (Markus Gneiß, Wien) Wallnöfer, Adelina, Die politische Repräsentation des gemeinen Mannes in Tirol. Die Gerichte und ihre Vertreter auf den Landtagen vor 1500 (Veröffentlichungen des Südtiroler Landesarchivs, 41), Innsbruck 2017, Universitätsverlag Wagner, 550 S. / Abb., € 49.00. (Christoph Haidacher, Innsbruck) Selart, Anti / Matthias Thumser (Hrsg.), Livland – eine Region am Ende der Welt? Forschungen zum Verhältnis zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie im späten Mittelalter / Livonia – a Region at the End of the World? Studies on the Relations between Centre and Periphery in the Later Middle Ages (Quellen und Studien zur baltischen Geschichte, 27), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2017, Böhlau, 519 S. / Abb., € 65,00. (Dennis Hormuth, Marburg) Förster, Ulrike, Selbstverständnis im Spannungsfeld zwischen Diesseits und Jenseits. Die Lübecker Ratsherrenwitwen Telse Yborg (gest. vor 1442), Wobbeke Dartzow (gest. 1441/42) und Mette Bonhorst (gest. 1445/46) (Kieler Werkstücke. Reihe E: Beiträge zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 13), Frankfurt a. M. [u. a.] 2017, Lang, 262 S., € 55,95. (Rolf Hammel-Kiesow, Lübeck) Elvert, Jürgen, Europa, das Meer und die Welt. Eine maritime Geschichte der Neuzeit, München 2018, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 591 S. / Abb., € 45,00. (Wolfgang Reinhard, Freiburg i. Br.) Trakulhun, Sven, Asiatische Revolutionen. Europa und der Aufstieg und Fall asiatischer Imperien (1600 – 1830) (Globalgeschichte, 29), Frankfurt a. M. / New York 2017, Campus, 396 S. / Abb., € 45,00. (Nadine Amsler, Frankfurt a. M.) Meier, Johannes, Bis an die Ränder der Welt. Wege des Katholizismus im Zeitalter der Reformation und des Barock, Münster 2018, Aschendorff, 368 S. / Abb., € 29,80. (Wolfgang Reinhard, Freiburg i. Br.) Meier, Johannes, Die Stimme erheben. Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Lateinamerikas und der Karibik, hrsg. v. Annegret Langenhorst / Christoph Nebgen / Veit Straßner (Studies in the History of Christianity in the Non-Western World, 30), Wiesbaden 2018, Harrassowitz, 324 S., € 49,00. (Wolfgang Reinhard, Freiburg i. Br.) Hacke, Daniela / Paul Musselwhite (Hrsg.), Empire of the Senses. Sensory Practices of Colonialism in Early America (Early American History Series, 8), Leiden / Boston 2018, Brill, IX u. 334 S. / Abb., € 135,00; als Brill MyBook € 25,00. (Philip Hahn, Tübingen) Freist, Dagmar, Glaube – Liebe – Zwietracht. Religiös-konfessionell gemischte Ehen in der Frühen Neuzeit (Bibliothek Altes Reich, 14), Berlin / Boston 2017, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, XII u. 504 S., € 79,95. (Anke Hufschmidt, Hagen) Bues, Almut (Hrsg.), Frictions and Failures. Cultural Encounters in Crisis (Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau. Quellen und Studien, 34), Wiesbaden 2017, Harrassowitz , VI u. 229 S., € 54,00. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Cremer, Annette C. / Anette Baumann / Eva Bender (Hrsg.), Prinzessinnen unterwegs. Reisen fürstlicher Frauen in der Frühen Neuzeit (Bibliothek Altes Reich, 22), Berlin / Boston 2018, de Gruyter, VII u. 301 S. / Abb., € 59,95. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Renzi, Silvia di / Marco Bresadola / Maria Conforti (Hrsg.), Pathology in Practice. Diseases in Dissections in Early Modern Europe (The History of Medicine in Context), London / New York 2018, Routledge, IX u. 236 S. / Abb., £ 115,00. (Robert Jütte, Stuttgart) Bičevskis, Raivis / Jost Eickmeyer / Andris Levans / Anu Schaper / Björn Spiekermann / Inga Walter (Hrsg.), Baltisch-deutsche Kulturbeziehungen vom 16. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Medien – Institutionen – Akteure, Bd. 1: Zwischen Reformation und Aufklärung (Akademiekonferenzen, 28), Heidelberg 2017, Universitätsverlag Winter, 508 S. / Abb., € 52,00. (Heiko Droste, Stockholm) Hacke, Daniela, Konfession und Kommunikation. Religiöse Koexistenz und Politik in der Alten Eidgenossenschaft – Die Grafschaft Baden 1531 – 1712, Köln / Weimar / Wien 2017, Böhlau, 579 S., € 70,00. (Thomas Kirchner, Aachen) Imbruglia, Girolamo, The Jesuit Missions of Paraguay and a Cultural History of Utopia (1568 – 1789) (Studies in Christian Mission, 51), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, VII u. 323 S. / Abb., € 133,00. (Wolfgang Reinhard, Freiburg i. Br.) Jerše, Sašo, Im Schutz und Schirm des Reiches. Spielräume der Reichspolitik der innerösterreichischen Landstände im 16. Jahrhundert (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs, 110), Wien / Köln / Weimar 2016, Böhlau, 290 S., € 48,00. (William D. Godsey, Wien) Eine Währung für das Reich. Die Akten der Münztage zu Speyer 1549 und 1557, hrsg. v. Oliver Volckart (Deutsche Handelsakten des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, 23), Stuttgart 2017, Steiner, CII u. 445 S., € 78,00. (Sebastian Steinbach, Heidelberg) Walter, Peter / Günther Wassilowsky (Hrsg.), Das Konzil von Trient und die katholische Konfessionskultur (1563 – 2013). Wissenschaftliches Symposium zum Anlass des 450. Jahrestages des Abschlusses des Konzils von Trient, Freiburg i. Br. 18.–21. September 2013 (Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte, 163), Münster 2016, Aschendorff, X u. 569 S. / Abb., € 69,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Iwanov, Iwan A., Die Hanse im Zeichen der Krise. Handlungsspielräume der politischen Kommunikation im Wandel (1550 – 1620) (Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte. Neue Folge, 61), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2016, Böhlau, 419 S. / Faltkarte, € 55,00. (Ole Meiners, Lübeck) Spierling, Karen E. / Erik A. de Boer / R. Ward Holder (Hrsg.), Emancipating Calvin. Culture and Confessional Identity in Francophone Reformed Communities. Essays in Honor of Raymond A. Mentzer, Jr. (Brill’s Series in Church History and Religious Culture, 76), Leiden / Boston 2018, Brill, XXX u. 306 S. / Abb., € 89,00. (Volker Reinhardt, Fribourg) Tammen, Annika, Frühmoderne Staatlichkeit und lokale Herrschaftsvermittlung. Normgebung und Herrschaftspraxis im Herzogtum Holstein des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts (IZRG-Schriftenreihe, 18), Bielefeld 2017, Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 408 S. / Abb., € 34,00. (Stefan Brakensiek, Essen) Goudriaan, Elisa, Florentine Patricians and Their Networks. Structures behind the Cultural Success and the Political Representation of the Medici Court (1600 – 1660) (Rulers and Elites, 14), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, XVIII u. 479 S. / Abb., € 179,00; € 25,00 als Brill MyBook. (Volker Reinhardt, Fribourg) Harrison, Thomas, The Ark of Studies, hrsg. v. Alberto Cevolini (De diversis artibus, 102), Turnhout 2017, Brepols, XIII u. 142 S. / Abb., € 60,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Die „litterae annuae“ der Gesellschaft Jesu von Glückstadt (1645 bis 1772), der „Catalogus mortuorum“ (1645 – 1799) und der „Liber benefactorum“ (1676 – 1727) der Glückstädter katholischen Gemeinde, 2 Halbbde., hrsg. v. Christoph Flucke / Martin J. Schröter (Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Schlesweg-Holsteins, 125), Münster 2017, Aschendorff, 922 S. / Abb., € 49,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Bevilacqua, Alexander, The Republic of Arabic Letters. Islam and the European Enlightenment, Cambridge / London 2018, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, XV u. 340 S. / Abb., $ 35,00. (Lars Behrisch, Utrecht) Rus, Dorin-Ioan, Wald- und Ressourcenpolitik im Siebenbürgen des 18. Jahrhunderts (Neue Forschungen zur ostmittel- und südeuropäischen Geschichte, 9), Frankfurt a. M. [u. a.] 2017, Lang, 460 S. / Abb., € 82,95. (Elisabeth Johann, Wien) Affolter, Andreas, Verhandeln mit Republiken. Die französisch-eidgenössischen Beziehungen im frühen 18. Jahrhundert (Externa, 11), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2017, Böhlau, 455 S., € 70,00. (Lothar Schilling, Augsburg) Lacher, Reimar F., „Friedrich, unser Held“. Gleim und sein König (Schriften des Gleimhauses Halberstadt, 9), Göttingen 2017, Wallstein, 167 S. / Abb., € 19,90. (Wolfgang Burgdorf, München) Schönfuß, Florian, Mars im hohen Haus. Zum Verhältnis von Familienpolitik und Militärkarriere beim rheinischen Adel 1770 – 1830 (Herrschaft und soziale Systeme in der Frühen Neuzeit, 22), Göttingen 2017, V&amp;R unipress, 478 S. / Abb., € 65,00. (Horst Carl, Gießen)

Virtual fabrication technology (VFT) weld modeling software has been mainly used in thick-structure welding simulation. Recently both U. S. and European shipyards have shown strong interests in using the software to predict and control welding distortion of thin-plate ship panels. It is more complicated to simulate the welding of thin structures than thick structures because buckling distortion often occurs during the welding of thin structures. To evaluate the effectiveness of VFT for predicting distortion in thin structures, a bead-on-plate specimen, a butt joint of two large plates, and a long T stiffener were analyzed with VFT welding modeling software. By comparing the predicted distortions with those obtained by measurement, it was found that VFT can accurately predict welding-induced distortions of thin structures. Sensitivity studies show that pre-deformation induced by upstream fabrication processes and heat input are important factors influencing predicted distortions. Both distortion trends and magnitudes for thin structures are influenced by pre-deformation and heat input.