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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Power law mutation rates »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 2 novembre 2024

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1

KIM, DOKYOON, et WONPYONG GILL. « CALCULATION OF THE CROSSING TIME THROUGH THE FITNESS BARRIER IN A SYMMETRIC MULTIPLICATIVE LANDSCAPE ». International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, no 01 (janvier 2005) : 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105006942.

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The crossing time through fitness barrier in a symmetric multiplicative landscape is systematically calculated for various mutation rates, fitness parameters, and sequence lengths by using a computer simulation. It is found that the crossing time scales as a power law in the mutation rate and the fitness parameter. It is also found that the crossing time increases exponentially as the sequence length increases. We have obtained the approximate formula, which decribes the asymptotic behavior of the crossing time in the long-crossing-time region, and the improved approximate formula with the correction factor, which nicely fit computer simulation results even below the long-crossing-time region. From the comparison between the approximate formula in the multiplicative landscape and the approximate formula in the sharply-peaked landscape, it is found that both landscapes have the same scaling effect of fitness parameter and mutation rate on the crossing time in the long-crossing-time region.
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2

El-Far, Gomaa Zaki. « Design of Robust Approach for Failure Detection in Dynamic Control Systems ». International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 2, no 1 (janvier 2011) : 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsir.2011010102.

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This paper presents a robust instrument fault detection (IFD) scheme based on modified immune mechanism based evolutionary algorithm (MIMEA) that determines on line the optimal control actions, detects faults quickly in the control process, and reconfigures the controller structure. To ensure the capability of the proposed MIMEA, repeating cycles of crossover, mutation, and clonally selection are included through the sampling time. This increases the ability of the proposed algorithm to reach the global optimum performance and optimize the controller parameters through a few generations. A fault diagnosis logic system is created based on the proposed algorithm, nonlinear decision functions, and its derivatives with respect to time. Threshold limits are implied to improve the system dynamics and sensitivity of the IFD scheme to the faults. The proposed algorithm is able to reconfigure the control law safely in all the situations. The presented false alarm rates are also clearly indicated. To illustrate the performance of the proposed MIMEA, it is applied successfully to tune and optimize the controller parameters of the nonlinear nuclear power reactor such that a robust behavior is obtained. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed IFD scheme based MIMEA in detecting and isolating the dynamic system faults.
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Xie, Tong, Hui Xu, Congying Zhao, Yating Fang, Yongsong Zhou, Qiong Lan, Chunmei Shen et Bofeng Zhu. « Forensic Validation Studies of a Novel 35-InDel Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction System ». Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 9, no 4 (2023) : 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_114_23.

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Abstract Background: A difficulty associated with forensic applications is the detection of degraded biological materials. Due to the large amplicon sizes of short tandem repeat alleles, valid genotyping results cannot be obtained from degraded biological materials. Recently, insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphisms have been used in forensic applications for their widespread distributions in the human genome, short amplicon sizes, and low mutation rates. Purpose: Human identification InDel panels have mostly been designed for European populations. Therefore, our laboratory independently developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system with 35 polymorphic InDel loci to be used for human identification in China. Forensic validation studies were conducted on this novel 35-InDel multiplex PCR system. Methods: The 35 InDel loci were screened in the database, and then used with the traditional PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis platform combined with five-color fluorescence parallel detection technology. Validation studies were performed on this novel panel, including accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility, species specificity, sensitivity, stability, forensic case sample detection, and mixture studies. In addition, forensic efficiency assessments were conducted in populations from different continents. Results: The data of validated studies indicated that the novel 35-InDel panel was accurate, stable, and efficient for forensic purposes. For human identification, the cumulative power of discrimination values for the these 35 InDel loci in East Asian, South Asian, European, American, and African populations were 0.999999999999995, 0.999999999999995, 0.999999999999971, 0.9999999999999960, and 0.999999999998166, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, a set of 35 InDel loci were conducted in a multiplex amplification system for human identification of degraded DNA sample, and this new assay was efficient and stable. The present results suggested that the 35-InDel panel was a reliable tool for forensic use and could be efficiently used for human identification in the East Asian populations.
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Arya, Rhea, Henkel Valentine, Uttam Satyal, Raju Chelluri, Mengmeng Li et Philip Abbosh. « Abstract 3701 : Urine-based liquid biopsy test for the detection of residual bladder cancer in radical cystectomy patients ». Cancer Research 84, no 6_Supplement (22 mars 2024) : 3701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-3701.

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Abstract The gold standard therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversion. Some patients may have their disease completely eradicated by chemotherapy as ~35% of patients achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR) when evaluated from RC specimens. RC with urinary diversion is a life-altering operation with high complication rates and therefore determining who are complete responders would improve quality of life and could decrease costs and still achieve a high cure rate via RC avoidance. Unfortunately, current methods cannot accurately identify complete responders. Our lab has developed a urine-based liquid biopsy test in which DNA isolated from urine and germline is isolated and subjected to panel exome sequencing for enumeration of somatic variants. This occurs under the premise that tumor DNA identified (as mutant alleles) is a marker of residual disease while the absence of tumor DNA (meaning the absence of mutant alleles) can indicate a pCR. A 55 gene panel was designed to be used for exonic sequencing of urinary DNA (uDNA) to identify mutations indicative of bladder cancer or therapeutic targets. We have shown that most mutations in tumor tissue are detectable as mutations in urine (Mu). We also showed that the presence or absence of residual Mu after completion of chemotherapy strongly associates with residual disease or pCR at the time of RC, respectively. Therefore, this test could be used after neoadjuvant therapy to better identify patients for RC avoidance. To optimize this test, we are currently evaluating pre-analytical factors affecting the yield, purity, and integrity of uDNA and the quality of sequencing data using prospectively collected samples from patients with MIBC. We are also testing commercial and novel preservatives to identify one that maintains cell-free DNA integrity, yield, and mutation detection accuracy to enable temporary ambient temperature storage without compromising mutation detection, permitting shipping/centralized testing. Lastly, we are comparing two library preparation approaches: classical hybrid capture-based (Agilent SureSelect XTHS) and amplicon+hybrid capture-based (Agilent HaloPlexHS) to determine which performs the best for identifying the variants in a sample. Our results showed that both sequencing depth and the quality bases mapped was higher when utilizing the SureSelect XTHS kit as compared to HaloPlexHS using approximately the same number of reads. This improvement may also increase the power to detect rare alleles. Studies described herein will enable liquid biopsy tests to accurately identify patients with pCR after neoadjuvant therapy and might safely avoid radical cystectomy. Citation Format: Rhea Arya, Henkel Valentine, Uttam Satyal, Raju Chelluri, Mengmeng Li, Philip Abbosh. Urine-based liquid biopsy test for the detection of residual bladder cancer in radical cystectomy patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3701.
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Saichev, A., et D. Sornette. « Power law distributions of seismic rates ». Tectonophysics 431, no 1-4 (février 2007) : 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.026.

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Banasiak, Jacek, Wilson Lamb et Matthias Langer. « Strong fragmentation and coagulation with power-law rates ». Journal of Engineering Mathematics 82, no 1 (8 janvier 2013) : 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10665-012-9596-3.

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Liu, Renfeng, Yinbo Song, Chen Yuan, Desheng Wang, Peihua Xu et Yaqin Li. « GAN-Based Abrupt Weather Data Augmentation for Wind Turbine Power Day-Ahead Predictions ». Energies 16, no 21 (25 octobre 2023) : 7250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16217250.

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This study introduces a data augmentation technique based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) to improve the accuracy of day-ahead wind power predictions. To address the peculiarities of abrupt weather data, we propose a novel method for detecting mutation rates (MR) and local mutation rates (LMR). By analyzing historical data, we curated datasets that met specific mutation rate criteria. These transformed wind speed datasets were used as training instances, and using GAN-based methodologies, we generated a series of augmented training sets. The enriched dataset was then used to train the wind power prediction model, and the resulting prediction results were meticulously evaluated. Our empirical findings clearly demonstrate a significant improvement in the accuracy of day-ahead wind power prediction due to the proposed data augmentation approach. A comparative analysis with traditional methods showed an approximate 5% increase in monthly average prediction accuracy. This highlights the potential of leveraging mutated wind speed data and GAN-based techniques for data augmentation, leading to improved accuracy and reliability in wind power predictions. In conclusion, this paper presents a robust data augmentation method for wind power prediction, contributing to the potential enhancement of day-ahead prediction accuracy. Future research could explore additional mutation rate detection methods and strategies to further enhance GAN models, thereby amplifying the effectiveness of wind power prediction.
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Serran, Jacqueline N., Irena F. Creed, Ali A. Ameli et David A. Aldred. « Estimating rates of wetland loss using power-law functions ». Wetlands 38, no 1 (23 octobre 2017) : 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-017-0960-y.

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Zhou, Yanjun. « Applications of Kramers Escape Rate Theory With Power-Law Distributions ». Revista Processos Químicos 9, no 18 (1 juillet 2015) : 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19142/rpq.v9i18.339.

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Kramers escape rate theory is the most important one of modern reaction rate theories. However, one key assumption of the theory that thermodynamic equilibrium must prevail throughout the entire system studied is farfetched for open complex systems. Thereby, Kramers escape rates are generalized to describe rates of reactions in nonequilibrium systems with power-law distributions. Kramers escape rates in the very low damping systems, in overdamped systems and in the low-to-intermediate damping (LID) systems are investigated and the corresponding escape rates are obtained respectively on the basis of nonextensive statistics. When apply to biological, physical and chemical systems in each damping systems, these generalized escape rates with power-law distribution show a better agreement with experimental rates as compared with the traditional Kramers escape rates. It is expected that the generalized result can lead to an insight into the research on reaction rate theory for nonequilibrium complex systems with power-law distributions.
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10

CHAN, K. Y., T. C. FOGARTY, M. EMIN AYDIN, S. H. LING et H. H. C. IU. « GENETIC ALGORITHMS WITH DYNAMIC MUTATION RATES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS ». International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 07, no 02 (juin 2008) : 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026808002211.

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This paper presents a method on how to estimate main effects of gene representation. This estimate can be used not only to understand the domination of genes in the representation but also to design the mutation rate in genetic algorithms (GAs). A new approach of dynamic mutation rate is proposed by integrating the information of the main effects into the genes. By introducing the proposed method in GAs, both solution quality and solution stability can be improved in solving a set of parametrical test functions. The algorithm was applied to two illustrative applications to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, where the first application is on solving uncapacitated facility location problems and the next is on optimal power flow problems, which are employed. Results indicate that the proposed method yields significantly better results than the existing methods.
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Sandler, George, Magdalena Bartkowska, Aneil F. Agrawal et Stephen I. Wright. « Estimation of the SNP Mutation Rate in Two Vegetatively Propagating Species of Duckweed ». G3&#58 ; Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no 11 (24 septembre 2020) : 4191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401704.

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Mutation rate estimates for vegetatively reproducing organisms are rare, despite their frequent occurrence across the tree of life. Here we report mutation rate estimates in two vegetatively reproducing duckweed species, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza. We use a modified approach to estimating mutation rates by taking into account the reduction in mutation detection power that occurs when new individuals are produced from multiple cell lineages. We estimate an extremely low per generation mutation rate in both species of duckweed and note that allelic coverage at de novo mutation sites is very skewed. We also find no substantial difference in mutation rate between mutation accumulation lines propagated under benign conditions and those grown under salt stress. Finally, we discuss the implications of interpreting mutation rate estimates in vegetatively propagating organisms.
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12

Meade, Brendan J. « Power-law distribution of fault slip-rates in southern California ». Geophysical Research Letters 34, no 23 (8 décembre 2007) : n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031454.

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Saichev, A., et D. Sornette. « Power law distribution of seismic rates : theory and data analysis ». European Physical Journal B 49, no 3 (février 2006) : 377–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2006-00075-3.

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14

CASTELL-PEREZ, M. ELENA, et JAMES F. STEFFE. « EVALUATING SHEAR RATES FOR POWER LAW FLUIDS IN MIXER VISCOMETRY ». Journal of Texture Studies 21, no 4 (janvier 1990) : 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.1990.tb00493.x.

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Narteau, C., P. Shebalin et M. Holschneider. « Onset of power law aftershock decay rates in southern California ». Geophysical Research Letters 32, no 22 (novembre 2005) : n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023951.

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Vickers, Mark A. « JAK2 617V>F–positive polycythemia rubra vera maintained by approximately 18 stochastic stem-cell divisions per year, explaining age of onset by a single rate-limiting mutation ». Blood 110, no 5 (1 septembre 2007) : 1675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-12-061911.

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Abstract As the rates of most cancers are proportional to the fourth to fifth power of age (“log-log” behavior), it is widely believed that 5 to 6 independent mutations are necessary for malignant transformation. Conversely, the peak incidences of most cancers are similar to stem-cell mutation rates at single loci, implying only one rate-limiting mutation. Here, flow cytometrically measured red blood cells mutated at a selectively neutral locus, glycophorin A, allow observation of individual stem-cell differentiation events in a log-log malignancy, polycythemia rubra vera. Contrary to predictions from multistep models, the clone is driven by infrequent (< annual) and rare (∼ 18 per year) differentiation events. These parameters imply that malignant stem cells have a modest selective advantage. Correspondingly minor, typically less than 20%, increases in stochastic self-renewal ratios are modeled to show that single mutations can result in the observed fourth power relationship with age. The conundrum between log-log behavior and mutation rate is thereby reconcilable, with the age of onset arising not from the requirement for multiple, independent mutations but from infrequent, stochastic stem-cell division rates and single mutations causing initially minor effects, but initiating a clone whose expected number increases successively with age—an “exponential phenotype.”
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Nyinoh, I. W. « Seventy Years on from the Luria and Delbrûck Fluctuation Analysis : A Comparison of three Methods for Estimating Mutation Rate ». NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 6 (28 décembre 2015) : 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.8.

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Seventy years ago, Luria and Delbrûck discovered fluctuation assay for estimating mutation rates. While this method is slightly dated, it is one of the few methods for estimating mutation rates in batch culture. Mutation rates when determined expose information on cellular processes and fundamental mutagenic mechanisms. Formerly, inferences drawn from fluctuation assay were sufficient to answer a specific question inbacterial genetics. However, contemporary interpretation of results goes far beyond the motive originally intended. As the fluctuation assay has gained popularity in various scientific disciplines, analyses of results obtained are not same. This study aims to compare the estimation of mutation rates using the Poison distribution (Po) method with, the Ma-Sarka Sandri maximum likelihood estimator and the Lea-Coulson median estimator. Mycobacterium smegmatismc 2 155was used as a model organism for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and spontaneous mutations that arose in stationary phase cells exposed to antibiotic stress were investigated. Ten to twenty-four parallel cultures were tested with various anti-tuberculosis drugs; isoniazid, kanamycin, rifampicin and streptomycin. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the drugs were also determinedto be; 8 ìg/mL, 0.24 ìg/mL, 16 ìg/mL and 0.5 ìg/mL for isoniazid, kanamycin, rifampicin and streptomycin respectively. The mutation rates obtained with the methods were very similar. To improve the power of deductions drawn from fluctuation assay, efforts should be made to experimentally determine the relative fitness of wild-type to mutant bacteria.This comparison is only a guide providing evidence regarding the authenticity of some of the methods currently available to researchers interested in estimating bacterial mutation rates.Keywords: antibiotic resistance, mutation rate, fluctuation assay, fluctuation analysis calculator.
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Alibe, B. « Peak Wind Power Statistics ». Journal of Energy Resources Technology 112, no 3 (1 septembre 1990) : 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905754.

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Probability distribution functions, mean upcrossing rates and other descriptors are developed for the power that can be potentially extracted from the wind. Wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity. The wind velocity is modeled as a stationary Gaussian process. The distribution of the extreme power is developed from mean upcrossing rates and the assumption that crossings of high thresholds follow a Poisson probability law. The results obtained are valid for any amount of the mean wind speed.
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19

Muse, S. V., et B. S. Weir. « Testing for equality of evolutionary rates. » Genetics 132, no 1 (1 septembre 1992) : 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/132.1.269.

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Abstract A likelihood ratio test is presented for comparing rates of evolutionary change in the paths of descent leading to two species. The test is compared to previous relative rate tests based on variances of estimated numbers of base substitutions. The likelihood approach allows for different transversion and transition rates, and when these rates are actually different, the likelihood ratio test can be much more powerful than the variance-based tests. For single-parameter mutation models, however, the two tests have similar power. The tests are applied to a set of chloroplast sequences from several species of grasses, and additional indications of significantly different rates leading to barley were found with the likelihood ratio test.
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Santos, M. E., et J. W. Drake. « Rates of spontaneous mutation in bacteriophage T4 are independent of host fidelity determinants. » Genetics 138, no 3 (1 novembre 1994) : 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.3.553.

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Abstract Bacteriophage T4 encodes most of the genes whose products are required for its DNA metabolism, and host (Escherichia coli) genes can only infrequently complement mutationally inactivated T4 genes. We screened the following host mutator mutations for effects on spontaneous mutation rates in T4: mutT (destruction of aberrant dGTPs), polA, polB and polC (DNA polymerases), dnaQ (exonucleolytic proofreading), mutH, mutS, mutL and uvrD (methyl-directed DNA mismatch repair), mutM and mutY (excision repair of oxygen-damaged DNA), mutA (function unknown), and topB and osmZ (affecting DNA topology). None increased T4 spontaneous mutation rates within a resolving power of about twofold (nor did optA, which is not a mutator but overexpresses a host dGTPase). Previous screens in T4 have revealed strong mutator mutations only in the gene encoding the viral DNA polymerase and proofreading 3'-exonuclease, plus weak mutators in several polymerase accessory proteins or determinants of dNTP pool sizes. T4 maintains a spontaneous mutation rate per base pair about 30-fold greater than that of its host. Thus, the joint high fidelity of insertion by T4 DNA polymerase and proofreading by its associated 3'-exonuclease appear to determine the T4 spontaneous mutation rate, whereas the host requires numerous additional systems to achieve high replication fidelity.
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SCHULZE, CHRISTIAN, et DIETRICH STAUFFER. « MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF THE RISE AND THE FALL OF LANGUAGES ». International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, no 05 (mai 2005) : 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105007479.

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Similar to biological evolution and speciation, we define a language through a string of 8 or 16 bits. The parent gives its language to its children, apart from a random mutation from zero to one or from one to zero; initially all bits are zero. The Verhulst deaths are taken as proportional to the total number of people, while in addition languages spoken by many people are preferred over small languages. For a fixed population size, a sharp phase transition is observed: For low mutation rates, one language contains nearly all people; for high mutation rates, no language dominates and the size distribution of languages is roughly log-normal as for present human languages. A simple scaling law is valid.
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Jacome Burbano, Maria Sol, et Eric Gilson. « The Power of Stress : The Telo-Hormesis Hypothesis ». Cells 10, no 5 (11 mai 2021) : 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051156.

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Adaptative response to stress is a strategy conserved across evolution to promote survival. In this context, the groundbreaking findings of Miroslav Radman on the adaptative value of changing mutation rates opened new avenues in our understanding of stress response. Inspired by this work, we explore here the putative beneficial effects of changing the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, the telomeres, in response to stress. We first summarize basic principles in telomere biology and then describe how various types of stress can alter telomere structure and functions. Finally, we discuss the hypothesis of stress-induced telomere signaling with hormetic effects.
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23

Madras, Giridhar, et Benjamin J. McCoy. « Ostwald ripening with size-dependent rates : Similarity and power-law solutions ». Journal of Chemical Physics 117, no 17 (novembre 2002) : 8042–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1510769.

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Nagashima, Haruki, Yuki Hayashi, Yuki Sakamoto, Kenshi Komatsu et Hiroshi Tauchi. « Induction of somatic mutations by low concentrations of tritiated water (HTO) : evidence for the possible existence of a dose-rate threshold ». Journal of Radiation Research 62, no 4 (24 avril 2021) : 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab022.

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Abstract Tritium is a low energy beta emitter and is discharged into the aquatic environment primarily in the form of tritiated water (HTO) from nuclear power plants or from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Although the biological effects of HTO exposures at significant doses or dose rates have been extensively studied, there are few reports concerning the biological effects of HTO exposures at very low dose rates. In the present study using a hyper-sensitive assay system, we investigated the dose rate effect of HTO on the induction of mutations. Confluent cell populations were exposed to HTO for a total dose of 0.2 Gy at dose rates between 4.9 mGy/day and 192 mGy/day by incubating cells in medium containing HTO. HTO-induced mutant frequencies and mutation spectra were then investigated. A significant inflection point for both the mutant frequency and mutation spectra was found between 11 mGy/day and 21.6 mGy/day. Mutation spectra analysis revealed that a mechanistic change in the nature of the mutation events occurred around 11 mGy/day. The present observations and published experimental results from oral administrations of HTO to mice suggest that a threshold dose-rate for HTO exposures might exist between 11 mGy/day and 21.6 mGy/day where the nature of the mutation events induced by HTO becomes similar to those seen in spontaneous events.
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te Meerman, Gerard J., Edgar R. Karel et Leo P. ten Kate. « Ascertainment bias and power of procedures to estimate differences between male and female mutation rates ». Human Genetics 75, no 3 (mars 1987) : 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00281079.

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Johnson, Eric J., Steven Bellman et Gerald L. Lohse. « Cognitive Lock-In and the Power Law of Practice ». Journal of Marketing 67, no 2 (avril 2003) : 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.2.62.18615.

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The authors suggest that learning is an important factor in electronic environments and that efficiency resulting from learning can be modeled with the power law of practice. They show that most Web sites can be characterized by decreasing visit times and that generally those sites with the fastest learning curves show the highest rates of purchasing.
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Akopov, Andranik S., Levon A. Beklaryan et Armen L. Beklaryan. « Simulation-Based Optimisation for Autonomous Transportation Systems Using a Parallel Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm with Scalable Nonuniform Mutation ». Cybernetics and Information Technologies 21, no 3 (1 septembre 2021) : 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2021-0034.

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Abstract This work presents a novel approach to the simulation-based optimisation for Autonomous Transportation Systems (ATS) with the use of the proposed parallel genetic algorithm. The system being developed uses GPUs for the implementation of a massive agent-based model of Autonomous Vehicle (AV) behaviour in an Artificial Multi-Connected Road Network (AMСRN) consisting of the “Manhattan Grid” and the “Circular Motion Area” that are crossed. A new parallel Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm with a Scalable Nonuniform Mutation (RCGA-SNUM) is developed. The proposed algorithm (RCGA-SNUM) has been examined with the use of known test instances and compared with parallel RCGAs used with other mutation operators (e.g., standard mutation, Power Mutation (PM), mutation with Dynamic Rates (DMR), Scalable Uniform Mutation (SUM), etc.). As a result, RCGA-SNUM demonstrates superiority in solving large-scale optimisation problems when decision variables have wide feasible ranges and multiple local extrema are observed. Following this, RCGA-SNUM is applied to minimising the number of potential traffic accidents in the AMСRN.
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Lapeyre, G. John, et Marco Dentz. « Reaction–diffusion with stochastic decay rates ». Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no 29 (2017) : 18863–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02971c.

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Microscopic physical and chemical fluctuations in a reaction–diffusion system lead to anomalous chemical kinetics and transport on the mesoscopic scale. Emergent non-Markovian effects lead to power-law reaction times and localization of reacting species.
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BIRMAN, V. K., E. MEIBURG et B. KNELLER. « The shape of submarine levees : exponential or power law ? » Journal of Fluid Mechanics 619 (25 janvier 2009) : 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008004862.

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Field observations indicate that the height of submarine levees decays with distance from the channel either exponentially or according to a power law. This investigation clarifies the flow conditions that lead to these respective shapes, via a shallow water model for the overflow currents that govern the levee formation. The model is based on a steady state balance of sediment supply by the turbidity current, and sediment deposition onto the levee, with the settling velocity and the entrainment rate appearing as parameters. It demonstrates that entrainment of ambient fluid is the determining factor for the levee shape. For negligible entrainment rates, levee shapes tend to exhibit exponential profiles, while constant rates of entrainment or detrainment result in power law shapes. Interestingly, whether a levee has an exponential or a power law shape is determined by kinematic considerations only, viz. the balance laws for sediment mass and fluid volume. We find that the respective coefficients governing the exponential or power law decay depend on the settling speeds of the sediment grains, which in turn is a function of the grain size. Two-dimensional, unsteady Navier–Stokes simulations confirm the emergence of a quasi-steady state. The depositional behaviour of this quasi-steady state is consistent with the predictions of the shallow water model, thus validating the assumptions underlying the model, and demonstrating its predictive abilities.
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Achara, R. A. C. E. « Can Nigerian Local Government Councils Autonomously Impose Rates ? » Journal of African Law 47, no 2 (octobre 2003) : 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855303002109.

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Having been elected from the same pool from which state and federal officials have emerged, it might, on the face of it, seem rather unjustifiable to deny local government council (LGC) officials the autonomous tax imposition authority, which is ordinarily inherent in any government. But this is what the 1999 Constitution seems to have done in denying the autonomous power of rating to the LGCs, however, this constitution has used words made ambiguous by their historically varying content such that even the highest Nigerian court has been misled. The drafting has led to the impression that LGCs may “impose”, rather than merely “collect”, rates or any other such taxes by their own authority.This article attempts to discover the character and consequences of this hermeneutic problem, the apparent misconceptions that have led to it, and the doctrinal and historical approaches the courts may adopt for its solution. In trying to appreciate or rationalize the court's misapprehension of this part of the constitution, the article suggests that the major reason is the drafter's attempt to create a three-tier federation while at the same time retaining the traditional two-tier constitutional structure for allocation of federalist power.To return the courts to the right path, this article proffers historical approaches for clarification of the conceptual haze. It then concludes that, although the Nigerian constitution allows a delegation of rating power to LGCs, contrary to the current position of the Supreme Court, this rating authority is not autonomous.
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Sharma, S. K., et Karmeshu. « Power Law Behavior in IF Model With Random Excitatory and Inhibitory Rates ». IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience 10, no 3 (septembre 2011) : 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2011.2164808.

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Chnafa, C., P. Bouillot, O. Brina, M. Najafi, B. M. A. Delattre, M. I. Vargas, V. M. Pereira et D. A. Steinman. « Errors in power-law estimations of inflow rates for intracranial aneurysm CFD ». Journal of Biomechanics 80 (octobre 2018) : 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.09.006.

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Song, Qiwu, Guangli Huang et Yu Huang. « Frequency dependence of solar flare occurrence rates—inferred from power-law distribution ». Astrophysics and Space Science 347, no 1 (30 mai 2013) : 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-013-1478-2.

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van Reijen, L. L., et G. C. A. Schuit. « The Power Rate Law in Heterogeneous Catalysis and Absolute Rates of Reactions ». Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 67, no 7-8 (1 septembre 2010) : 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19580670713.

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Boattini, Alessio, Stefania Sarno, Carla Bini, Valeria Pesci, Chiara Barbieri, Sara De Fanti, Andrea Quagliariello et al. « Mutation Rates and Discriminating Power for 13 Rapidly-Mutating Y-STRs between Related and Unrelated Individuals ». PLOS ONE 11, no 11 (1 novembre 2016) : e0165678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165678.

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Logvinov, Oleg A. « Viscous fingering in poorly miscible power-law fluids ». Physics of Fluids 34, no 6 (juin 2022) : 063105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088487.

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A renowned problem of a viscous fluid displacement by a less viscous one from a Hele–Shaw cell is considered. Both fluids exhibit non-Newtonian properties: a power-law viscosity dependence on strain rates (Ostwald–de Waele rheology). A unified approach independent of particular rheology is applied to derive averaged two-dimensional equations of motion (so-called Hele–Shaw models). The equations are based on Reynolds class averaging procedure. Under these governing equations, linear stability analysis of the radial interface is conducted with a new key idea—possibility of characteristic size selection even in the absence of stabilizing factors such as surface tension and molecular diffusion. For proving this, proper boundary conditions are set on the interface, namely, the equality of full normal stresses including viscous ones, instead of the simple equality of pressures.
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Binmore, Ken, et David Harbord. « BARGAINING OVER FIXED-TO-MOBILE TERMINATION RATES : COUNTERVAILING BUYER POWER AS A CONSTRAINT ON MONOPOLY POWER ». Journal of Competition Law & ; Economics 1, no 3 (1 septembre 2005) : 449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhi013.

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Liao, Y. B., M. Yang, C. Bi, K. Zhang, Y. Q. Song et B. Zhang. « Constant Temperature Control of Solar Thermal Power Plant at Transient Variation of Sunlight ». Advanced Materials Research 664 (février 2013) : 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.1007.

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The constant temperature control is required for the steady output of photo thermal generator of a solar thermal power plant in the case of transient mutation of sun light . The potential risk incurred by the conventional photo thermal control system based on the temperature dependent flux control is thoroughly explored, with a proposition of a system control technique based on the law of energy conservation for the project. We present in the research that the critical factor for keeping constant temperature during photo thermal conversion is to ensure the equilibrium between input and output energy all the time between different parts of photo thermal conversion. The idea is implemented by the sun light dependent flux control. This research provides solution for overcoming the damage to susceptible system because of the transient mutation of sun light.
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Pradas, M., D. Tseluiko, C. Ruyer-Quil et S. Kalliadasis. « Pulse dynamics in a power-law falling film ». Journal of Fluid Mechanics 747 (17 avril 2014) : 460–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.176.

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AbstractWe examine the stability, dynamics and interactions of solitary waves in a two-dimensional vertically falling thin liquid film that exhibits shear-thinning effects. We use a low-dimensional two-field model that describes the evolution of both the local flow rate and the film thickness and is consistent up to second-order terms in the long-wave expansion. The shear-thinning behaviour is modelled via a power-law formulation with a Newtonian plateau in the limit of small strain rates. Our results show the emergence of a hysteresis behaviour as the control parameter (the Reynolds number) is increased which is directly related to the shear-thinning character of the liquid and can be quantified with both linear analysis arguments and a physical interpretation. We also study pulse interactions, observing that two pulses may attract or repel each other either monotonically or in an oscillatory manner. In large domains we find that for a given Reynolds number the final state depends on the initial condition, a consequence of the presence of multiple solutions.
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Endo, S. « A farmhouse son-in-law and radiation ». Annals of the ICRP 45, no 2_suppl (décembre 2016) : 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645316680581.

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The residents of Suetsugi in Fukushima Prefecture measured ambient dose rates and radiocaesium concentrations in the soil after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in an attempt to maintain living conditions in the region. The measurements were colour plotted into maps to visualise the contamination. Through the receipt of external support, a number of radioactivity-related initiatives were implemented for the residents. Studies were also undertaken regarding the impact of radiocaesium contamination on rice farming in Suetsugi following the Great East Japan Earthquake and the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.
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Narteau, C., P. Shebalin et M. Holschneider. « Loading rates in California inferred from aftershocks ». Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 15, no 2 (13 mars 2008) : 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-245-2008.

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Abstract. We estimate the loading rate in southern California and the change in stress induced by a transient slip event across the San Andreas fault (SAF) system in central California, using a model of static fatigue. We analyze temporal properties of aftershocks in order to determine the time delay before the onset of the power law aftershock decay rate. In creep-slip and stick-slip zones, we show that the rate of change of this delay is related to seismic and aseismic deformation across the SAF system. Furthermore, we show that this rate of change is proportional to the deficit of slip rate along the SAF. This new relationship between geodetic and seismological data is in good agreement with predictions from a Limited Power Law model in which the evolution of the duration of a linear aftershock decay rate over short time results from variations in the load of the brittle upper crust.
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Baccelli, François, Sriram Vishwanath et Jae Oh Woo. « On the steady state of continuous-time stochastic opinion dynamics with power-law confidence ». Journal of Applied Probability 58, no 3 (septembre 2021) : 746–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2020.113.

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AbstractThis paper introduces a non-linear and continuous-time opinion dynamics model with additive noise and state-dependent interaction rates between agents. The model features interaction rates which are proportional to a negative power of the opinion distances. We establish a non-local partial differential equation for the distribution of opinion distances and use Mellin transforms to provide an explicit formula for the stationary solution of the latter, when it exists. Our approach leads to new qualitative and quantitative results on this type of dynamics. To the best of our knowledge these Mellin transform results are the first quantitative results on the equilibria of opinion dynamics with distance-dependent interaction rates. The closed-form expressions for this class of dynamics are obtained for the two-agent case. However, the results can be used in mean-field models featuring several agents whose interaction rates depend on the empirical average of their opinions. The technique also applies to linear dynamics, namely with a constant interaction rate, on an interaction graph.
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Örlén, Hanna, et Diarmaid Hughes. « Weak Mutators Can Drive the Evolution of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli ». Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no 10 (octobre 2006) : 3454–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00783-06.

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ABSTRACT Weak mutators are common among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. We show that the relative mutation rate and the “evolvability of fluoroquinolone resistance” are related by a power law slope of 1.2 over 3 orders of magnitude. Thus, even weak mutators can drive the evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance under selection pressure.
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Kassner, M. E., et R. Ermagan. « Power Law Breakdown in the Creep in Single-Phase Metals ». Metals 9, no 12 (14 décembre 2019) : 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121345.

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New analysis provides insight into the basis of power-law breakdown (PLB) in the steady-state creep of metals and alloys. A variety of theories has been presented in the past but this new examination suggests that there is evidence that a dramatic supersaturation of vacancies leading to very high diffusion rates and enhanced dislocation climb is associated with the rate-controlling process for creep in PLB. The effect of vacancy supersaturation may be enhanced by dislocation short circuit diffusion paths at lower temperatures due to the dramatic increase in dislocation density.
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Zhang, Jia, Li Xiao, Yufang Yin, Pierre Sirois, Hanlin Gao et Kai Li. « A Law of Mutation : Power Decay of Small Insertions and Small Deletions Associated with Human Diseases ». Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 162, no 2 (10 octobre 2009) : 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8793-7.

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Kumar, Dilip, et S. Maheswaran. « Long memory in Indian exchange rates : an application of power-law scaling analysis ». Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies 8, no 1-2 (30 juillet 2014) : 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17520843.2014.940987.

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Stanger, Jonathan, Nick Tucker, Simon Fullick, Mathieu Sellier et Mark P. Staiger. « Insights into the power law relationships that describe mass deposition rates during electrospinning ». Journal of Materials Science 47, no 3 (27 septembre 2011) : 1113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5959-9.

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Knight, Bryn, et Liliana Caballero. « Computing Neutron Capture Rates in Neutron-Degenerate Matter ». Universe 5, no 1 (18 janvier 2019) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5010036.

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Neutron captures are likely to occur in the crust of accreting neutron stars (NSs). Their rate depends on the thermodynamic state of neutrons in the crust. At high densities, neutrons are degenerate. We find degeneracy corrections to neutron capture rates off nuclei, using cross sections evaluated with the reaction code TALYS. We numerically integrate the relevant cross sections over the statistical distribution functions of neutrons at thermodynamic conditions present in the NS crust. We compare our results to analytical calculations of these corrections based on a power-law behavior of the cross section. We find that although an analytical integration can simplify the calculation and incorporation of the results for nucleosynthesis networks, there are uncertainties caused by departures of the cross section from the power-law approach at energies close to the neutron chemical potential. These deviations produce non-negligible corrections that can be important in the NS crust.
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BRUSH, L. N., et S. M. ROPER. « The thinning of lamellae in surfactant-free foams with non-Newtonian liquid phase ». Journal of Fluid Mechanics 616 (10 décembre 2008) : 235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008003790.

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Thinning rates of liquid lamellae in surfactant-free non-Newtonian gas–liquid foams, appropriate for ceramic or polymer melts and also in metals near the melting point, are derived in two dimensions by matched asymptotic analysis valid at small capillary number. The liquid viscosity is modelled (i) as a power-law function of the shear rate and (ii) by the Ellis law. Equations governing gas–liquid interface dynamics and variations in liquid viscosity are derived within the lamellar, transition and plateau border regions of a corner of the liquid surrounding a gas bubble. The results show that the viscosity varies primarily in the very short transition region lying between the lamellar and the Plateau border regions where the shear rates can become very large. In contrast to a foam with Newtonian liquid, the matching condition which determines the rate of lamellar thinning is non-local. In all cases considered, calculated lamellar thinning rates exhibit an initial transient thinning regime, followed by a t−2 power-law thinning regime, similar to the behaviour seen in foams with Newtonian liquid phase. In semi-arid foam, in which the liquid fraction is O(1) in the small capillary number, results explicitly show that for both the power-law and Ellis-law model of viscosity, the thinning of lamella in non-Newtonian and Newtonian foams is governed by the same equation, from which scaling laws can be deduced. This result is consistent with recently published experimental results on forced foam drainage. However, in an arid foam, which has much smaller volume fraction of liquid resulting in an increase in the Plateau border radius of curvature as lamellar thinning progresses, the scaling law depends on the material and the thinning rate is not independent of the liquid viscosity model parameters. Calculations of thinning rates, viscosities, pressures, interface shapes and shear rates in the transition region are presented using data for real liquids from the literature. Although for shear-thinning fluids the power-law viscosity becomes infinite at the boundaries of the internal transition region where the shear rate is zero, the interface shape, the pressure and the internal shear rates calculated by both rheological models are indistinguishable.
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Koufopanou, Vassiliki, Susan Lomas, Olga Pronina, Pedro Almeida, Jose Paulo Sampaio, Timothy Mousseau, Gianni Liti et Austin Burt. « Population Size, Sex and Purifying Selection : Comparative Genomics of Two Sister Taxa of the Wild Yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus ». Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no 9 (16 juillet 2020) : 1636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa141.

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Abstract This study uses population genomic data to estimate demographic and selection parameters in two sister lineages of the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus and compare their evolution. We first estimate nucleotide and recombinational diversities in each of the two lineages to infer their population size and frequency of sex and then analyze the rate of mutation accumulation since divergence from their inferred common ancestor to estimate the generation time and efficacy of selection. We find that one of the lineages has significantly higher silent nucleotide diversity and lower linkage disequilibrium, indicating a larger population with more frequent sexual generations. The same lineage also shows shorter generation time and higher efficacy of purifying selection, the latter consistent with the finding of larger population size and more frequent sex. Similar analyses are also performed on the ancestries of individual strains within lineages and we find significant differences between strains implying variation in rates of mitotic cell divisions. Our sample includes some strains originating in the Chernobyl nuclear-accident exclusion zone, which has been subjected to high levels of radiation for nearly 30 years now. We find no evidence, however, for increased rates of mutation. Finally, there is a positive correlation between rates of mutation accumulation and length of growing period, as measured by latitude of the place of origin of strains. Our study illustrates the power of genomic analyses in estimating population and life history parameters and testing predictions based on population genetic theory.
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