Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Poverty – Europe »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Poverty – Europe"
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Callens, Marc, et Christophe Croux. « Poverty Dynamics in Europe ». International Sociology 24, no 3 (28 avril 2009) : 368–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580909102913.
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This article uses multilevel recurrent discrete-time hazard analysis to simultaneously model the impact of life cycle events and structural processes on poverty entry and exit across European Regions. Research questions are, (1) what is the importance of life cycle events on the road to entry into and exit from poverty, (2) are there any differences in poverty dynamics between European Regions and if so, how can we explain these differences? The analysis is based on individual and household panel data of the European Community Household Panel linked with a regional time series database. Main findings are that men's poverty dynamics is dominated by employment-related events, while for women demographic events also play a role. Regional structural factors only have a slight or no influence on poverty transitions, but the welfare regime turns out to be highly significant for poverty entry.
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Corsi, Marcella, et Kristian Orsini. « Measuring Poverty in Europe ». Development 45, no 3 (septembre 2002) : 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1110387.
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Hancock, Ian F. « Beyond Poverty, Beyond Europe ». SAIS Review of International Affairs 25, no 2 (2005) : 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.2005.0035.
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Bradshaw, Jonathan, et Yekaterina Chzhen. « Child poverty policies across Europe ». Journal of Family Research 21, no 2 (1 septembre 2009) : 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-223.
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This article is in two parts. In the first part, we present the results of a comparative analysis of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) to explore child poverty. Countries’ child poverty rates are compared using the conventional income definition and deprivation and economic strain. The extent of overlap in these different measures is explored. Variations in child poverty rates by employment, child age, number of children, education level of the parents and family type are explored. Then logistic regression is used to explore how countries’ child poverty varies having taken account of these characteristics. In the second part we explore how policy affects child poverty, presenting child poverty rates before and after transfers; analysis of spending and its relationship to child poverty; and the analysis of child benefit packages using model family methods. Child poverty is increasing in most EU countries. The article argues that the data available on what policies work is not really good enough. The OECD Benefits and Wages series is too limited and the EU should invest in a framework that collects data on how tax and benefit policies are working to combat child poverty across the EU.
Zusammenfassung
Im ersten der zwei Teile dieses Aufsatzes stellen wir die Ergebnisse einer vergleichenden Analyse der European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) vor, um die Kinderarmut unter die Lupe zu nehmen. Die Kinderarmutsraten in den einzelnen Ländern werden mithilfe von einer konventionellen Einkommensdefinition, Mangelerscheinungen und wirtschaftlichen Zwängen miteinander verglichen. Dabei wird das Ausmaß der Überschneidungen der einzelnen Messungen und Variationen in der Kinderarmut aufgrund der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, des Alters der Kinder, der Kinderzahl, des Bildungsniveaus der Eltern und des Familientyps untersucht. Danach kommt die logistische Regression zum Einsatz, um zu untersuchen, inwieweit die Kinderarmut in den jeweiligen Ländern variiert, wenn man all diese Ausprägungen berücksichtigt. Im zweiten Teil untersuchen wir, welchen Einfluss familienpolitische Maßnahmen auf die Kinderarmut haben, indem wir Kinderarmutsraten vor und nach der Einbeziehung von Transferleistungen vorstellen, die Staatsausgaben und ihr Verhältnis zur Kinderarmut und – mithilfe von Methoden der Modellierung von Familien – Kinderunterstützungspakete analysieren. Die Kinderarmut nimmt in den meisten EU-Ländern zu. Im Beitrag wird dann argumentiert, dass die Daten darüber, welchen familienpolitischen Maßnahmen funktionieren, nicht wirklich gut genug sind. Die Benefits and Wages-Zeitreihen der OECD sind Beschränkungen unterworfen – die EU sollte in ein Rahmenprogramm investieren, in signifikante negative Effekte vorausgegangener ökonomischer Deprivation auf das Wohlbefinden gibt, zusätzlich zu den Effekten des Bildungsniveaus der Eltern und der Familienformen. Diese Effekte waren bei Mädchen stärker ausgeprägt als bei Jungen. Ein eingeschränktes Wohlbefinden im Jahre 1996 trug nicht vollständig zur Erklärung von Langzeiteffekten ökonomischer Deprivation bei. Mütterliche Negativität erwies sich als stärkerer Mediator für die Reaktion von Mädchen auf ökonomischen Stress. Insgesamt legen die Daten nahe, dass ökonomische Deprivation ein signifikanter Risikofaktor mit negativen Langzeitfolgen, insbesondere für Mädchen, ist.
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Constantin, Sanda. « SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - POVERTY IN EUROPE ». SERIES V - ECONOMIC SCIENCES 14(63), no 2 (15 décembre 2021) : 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.es.2021.14.63.2.16.
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The paper presents some aspects about poverty in Europe taking also into consideration the new pandemic context. Some indicators linked with the topic were chosen. The indicators refer to people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, severally materially deprived people, unemployment and employment, government debt. The information was analysed by means of statistical indicators. At the end of the paper, a few aspects regarding the impact of the COVID-19 crisis are presented.
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Zarkov, Dubrakva. « Poverty and inequality in Europe ». European Journal of Women's Studies 25, no 2 (29 avril 2018) : 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506818762640.
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Reinhardt, Steven G., et Robert Jutte. « Poverty and Deviance in Modern Europe ». Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27, no 1 (1996) : 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/206488.
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van der Gaag, Jacques, Robert Walker, Roger Lawsen et Peter Townsend. « Responses to Poverty : Lessons from Europe. » Industrial and Labor Relations Review 41, no 1 (octobre 1987) : 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2523895.
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Mussida, Chiara, et Maria Laura Parisi. « Risk of poverty in Southern Europe ». Metroeconomica 71, no 2 (mai 2020) : 294–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/meca.12272.
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Handler, Joel F., Robert Walker et Peter Townsend. « Responses to Poverty : Lessons from Europe. » Political Science Quarterly 100, no 2 (1985) : 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2150682.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Poverty – Europe"
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Duffy, Katherine. « Combating poverty and social exclusion in Europe ». Thesis, De Montfort University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/5135.
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Sánchez, Alba Lanau. « Being and becoming : youth poverty and labour market transitions in Europe ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687686.
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The socio-economic transformations that accompanied the development of post-industrial societies in the West have generated debates regarding the impact of social change on the nature and patterning of youth disadvantage (e .g. Giddens, 1991; Paugam, 2007; Woodman, 2012). Individualisation theory argues a loosening of the influence of structural factors on young people's transitions (Leisering and Leibfried, 1999). In contrast, social disqualification theory suggests that the experiences of young Europeans are becoming increasingly polarized (Paugam, 2007). Finally, supporters of structural theory highlight that biographies remain strongly shaped by the traditional stratification markers and that the impact of socio-economic transformations on youth transitions has been overstated (Furlong, 2009). To date empirical evidence is scarce (Vandecasteele, 2011). Drawing on two longitudinal European comparative surveys, this thesis examines change and continuity in youth disadvantage during the 1990s and early 2000s. The project assesses changes in the extent to which gender, class and migrant background shape young people's exposure to poverty, as well as the influence of disadvantage on young people's labour market transitions. Results for a range of economic and institutional contexts are contrasted by comparing six European countries: Denmark, Belgium, France, the UK, Italy and Spain. The study finds no sign of an individualisation of youth transitions. During the period of examination the association between individual background, poverty and transitional pathways is remarkably robust. There is no indication of a process of polarisation either. There are however significant cross-national differences indicating that national structures filter the impact of social change in the nature and patterning of youth disadvantage. Changes in the patterning of disadvantage also vary across predictors, suggesting the need for theories of social change to consider factors such as gender, migrant background and their interaction with class in order to build a more nuanced understanding of social inequality.
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Venturini, Gian Lorenzo. « Poor children in Europe : an analytical approach to the study of poverty in the European Union, 1994-2000 / ». [S.l. : s.n], 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412430622.
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Pugh, Michael C. « Limited Sovereignty and Economic Security : Survival in Southeast Europe ». University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4190.
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yesThis paper focuses on why shared sovereignty in general has been problematic and why the political economy of liberal peace has had limited impacts on poverty and the role of crime in Southeast Europe. The analysis begins with shared sovereignty and its relevance to economic development. The paper then outlines the discouraging economic situation evidenced by documentation and fieldwork. I then ask the question `how do people cope?¿, and try to answer this with reference to the labour market and the non-observable economy. The argument is that economy of survival has been both a negotiation with, and resistance to, economic policies introduced from outside. Finally, the paper contemplates political economy approaches that emphasise production and employment creation.
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Heinrich, Georges Aloyse. « Static and dynamic analysis of poverty and welfare in Europe, North America and Central Asia ». Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2107.
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Köksel, Pınar. « Living arrangements of the unemployed across europe : how households protect us from vulnerability ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461302.
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Esta tesis explora la importancia de los patrones de corresidencia de las personas desempleadas como mecanismos de protección contra el desempleo, la pobreza y la exclusión social de los hogares. Explota dos fuentes principales de datos: la Encuesta de Población Activa de la Unión Europea (UE-EPA), que es la principal fuente de datos de la UE para las estadísticas del mercado laboral, y las Estadísticas de la Unión Europea sobre Ingresos y Condiciones de Vida (EU-SILC), que proporciona datos multidimensionales sobre la pobreza y la exclusión social en Europa. Los primeros dos capítulos se centran en el rol de los arreglos de vivienda de los desempleados para protegerlos de vivir en hogares donde ninguno de sus miembros trabaja. El tercer capítulo explora la experiencia de pobreza de los desempleados utilizando el principal indicador de la UE para monitorear el objetivo de inclusión social de la Europa 2020: En riesgo de pobreza y exclusión social (AROPE) que reúne las tres dimensiones de la pobreza: la pobreza monetaria medida por umbrales nacionales relativos, la privación material medida como la falta de ciertos recursos en el hogar y la baja intensidad de trabajo que refleja la exclusión del mercado laboral. Presentamos una imagen de gran escala de Europa, una perspectiva comparativa transversal desde donde abordamos dos preguntas principales: ¿a qué edades las personas desempleadas tienen más probabilidades de estar en hogares sin empleo y pobres? ¿Cuál es el papel de los diversos arreglos de vivienda en toda Europa para proteger a los desempleados de residir en hogares donde ninguno de sus miembros tiene empleo, de la pobreza y la exclusión social? Nuestros hallazgos revelan que si los países europeos tuvieran los mismos patrones de residencia, el riesgo de estar en un hogar sin trabajo no sería muy diferente en todos los países, mientras que las diferencias en el riesgo de estar en un hogar pobre serían aún más pronunciadas. Por ejemplo, si los jóvenes que permanecen en el hogar parental durante más tiempo en el sur de Europa se fueran más temprano como en los países nórdicos de Europa, enfrentarían mayores riesgos de pobreza ya que el apoyo brindado por el estado de bienestar es más limitado en estos países. Este hallazgo revela la importancia de la residencia conjunta para suavizar el riesgo de pobreza para varios grupos en países con fuertes lazos familiares. Las responsabilidades atribuidas al estado del bienestar y la familia como proveedores de protección y apoyo varían sustancialmente en toda Europa. Mientras que en los regímenes de bienestar universal de los países escandinavos, es responsabilidad del estado de bienestar proteger a cada individuo independientemente de su situación familiar, en el sur de Europa con estados de bienestar más débiles la familia juega un papel crucial, moderando las consecuencias adversas que enfrentan las personas desempleadas. El papel decreciente del estado de bienestar como el principal proveedor de seguridad financiera, con beneficios básicos que no logran mantenerse al ritmo de los crecientes costos de vida, impone más responsabilidad a las familias para proporcionar apoyo para el bienestar económico de sus hijos. Esta nueva tendencia pone el potencial de la familia y los mecanismos de apoyo intergeneracionales en el centro de los debates sobre el retroceso de los estados de bienestar y las fuentes alternativas de bienestar para las poblaciones desempleadas en toda Europa. En este contexto, la principal contribución de esta tesis es su enfoque en las familias como mecanismos de apoyo importantes, particularmente en los países con instituciones públicas más débiles. Proporciona información útil sobre las estrategias de co-residencia desarrolladas por las distintas generaciones contra la exposición a dos situaciones principales de vulnerabilidad: vivir en hogares en los que ningún miembro está empleado y vivir en la pobreza y la exclusión social.This thesis explores the importance of co-residence patterns of unemployed individuals as support mechanisms against household joblessness and poverty and social exclusion. It exploits two main data sources: the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) which is the main data source of the EU for the labour market statistics and the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) which provides comparable multidimensional data on poverty and social exclusion across Europe. The first two chapters focus on the living arrangements of the unemployed to protect them from being in jobless households, households in which there is no one in work. The third chapter explores the poverty experience of the unemployed using the main indicator of the EU to monitor the social inclusion target of the Europe 2020: At Risk of Poverty and Social Exclusion (AROPE) which brings together the three dimensions of poverty: monetary poverty measured by relative national thresholds, material deprivation measured as the lack of certain resources in the household and low work intensity which reflects the exclusion from the labour market. We present a large scale picture of Europe in a cross-sectional comparative perspective, addressing two main questions: At which ages unemployed individuals are more likely to be in jobless and poor households? What is the role of varying living arrangements across Europe to protect the unemployed from joblessness at the household level and from poverty and social exclusion? Our findings reveal that if countries had the same co-residence patterns across Europe, the risk of being in a jobless household would not be very different across countries, while the differences in the risk of being in a poor household would be even more pronounced. For instance, if young individuals who stay in the parental home longer in Southern Europe were to leave earlier like it is the case in Nordic European countries, they would be facing higher risks of poverty since support provided by the welfare state is more limited in these countries. This finding reveals the importance of co-residence to soften the risk of poverty for various groups in countries with strong family ties. Responsibilities attributed to the welfare state and family as providers of protection and support vary substantially across Europe. While in the universalistic welfare regimes of Scandinavian countries, it is the responsibility of the welfare state to protect each individual irrespective of his/her family situation, in Southern Europe with weaker welfare states family plays a crucial role, moderating the adverse consequences unemployed individuals face. The diminishing role of welfare state as the main provider of financial security, with basic benefits failing to keep up with the increasing living costs, puts more responsibility on families to provide support for the economic well-being of their children. This new trend puts the potential of the family and the intergenerational support mechanisms more in the center of the debates regarding the retreating welfare states and alternative sources of welfare for the unemployed populations across Europe. Within this context, the main contribution of this thesis is its focus on families as important support mechanisms, particularly in countries with weaker welfare state institutions. It provides useful insights regarding the co-residence strategies developed by generations against exposure to two main situations of vulnerability: living in households in which there is no one in work and living in poverty and social exclusion.
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Denuit, François. « Fighting Poverty in the European Union. An Assessment of the Prospects for a European Universal Basic Income (EUBI) ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284009.
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It is widely agreed that a society must guarantee a social minimum to all its members. Yet, the organisation of social protection within the European Union (EU) is insufficient to protect all Europeans effectively against the risk of poverty and social exclusion. Against this backdrop, this thesis investigates whether a European universal basic income (EUBI) is, if at all, a worthwhile policy to address the problem of poverty in the EU.The central claim of the study posits that there are strong reasons to consider a partial EUBI as a desirable instrument for EU-wide poverty alleviation. Under this scenario, the EU works as a complementary welfare layer offering systemic support to its Member States’ welfare models whilst respecting the diversity of national social protection arrangements. At the same time, as an instrument of pan-European solidarity, the EUBI provides substance to EU social citizenship.The method used is problem-oriented and interdisciplinary, combining insights from political theory, political economy and EU studies writ large. After having layed out the various dimensions underpinning the problem of poverty in the EU and clarified the contours of the solution under scrutiny, the thesis confronts the EUBI with a series of challenges, ranging from normative issues associated with the unconditionality of the basic income and the pursuit of social justice in the EU, to the institutional hurdles pertaining to the legal feasibility of the proposal, via the macroeconomic difficulties related to the diversity of interdependent economies.Overall, this contribution examines an idea which remains unexplored in EU studies and proposes a new approach to European anti-poverty strategy. It also bridges the gap between EU social policy and basic income literatures, beyond established boundaries of research compartmentalisation. As such, it prepares the ground for further fine-tuned research in the areas covered by this comprehensive multi-dimensional analysis.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Deganis, Isabelle. « A dialogue across paradigms : the European Commission's autonomous power within the open method of coordination ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a7f66cca-a998-4981-8c9c-cb295c27dcd7.
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This research project seeks to gauge the autonomous power of the European Commission within the Open Method of Coordination (OMC), a new mode of governance coined at the Lisbon European Council in March 2000 and based on the principle of the voluntary cooperation of Member States. Two cases form the basis of this inquiry, namely, quality in work, a policy issue addressed under the banner of the European Employment Strategy, and child poverty and social exclusion, a key item on the agenda of the OMC for Social Inclusion. A primary impetus at the heart of this project is one of ontological pluralism. Rejecting a zero-sum interpretation of the rationalist/constructivist debate, this study constitutes a plea for a conversation across paradigms. The domain-of-application model employed here works by preserving the integrity of individual theories while specifying a particular scope condition under which constructivist and rationalist insights are likely to prevail. Selecting two cases on the basis of the critical scope condition of issue sensitivity, a central postulate informing this integrative research design is that high issue sensitivity (quality in work) invites strategic interaction among pre-constituted social actors driven by a behavioural logic of utility-maximization, while low issue sensitivity (child poverty and social exclusion) allows for a fundamentally norm-guided behaviour. Concretely, in effecting this theoretical dialogue, two sets of causal hypotheses are examined. On the one hand, rational choice institutionalism (principal-agent theory) offers a number of suppositions about the Commission’s institutional power, that is, its ability to transform the conditions of action of self-seeking national governments. On the other hand, sociological institutionalism conceptualizes the Commission’s productive power (i.e. its power to constitute the interests and identities of individual agents) through the lens of discourse analysis. Testing theoretical predictions against collected data makes plain the superior explanatory value of independent variables and causal mechanisms of rationalist lineage in capturing the essence of the Commission’s autonomous power in the case of quality in work and the congruity of sociological institutionalism’s original conjectures in the area of child poverty and social exclusion. Crucially, this strict correspondence corroborates the pertinence of the critical scope condition of issue sensitivity in delineating the explanatory ambit of both theories and attests to the co-existence of different forms of autonomous power wielded by the Commission within the framework of the OMC.
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Oliveras, Puig Laura 1987. « Pobresa energètica i salut : Una aproximació des de les desigualtats socials ». Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673673.
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Aquesta tesi té per objectiu ampliar el coneixement sobre la pobresa energètica i la seva relació amb la salut a la Unió Europea i a Barcelona, tenint en compte les desigualtats socials. Per tal d’assolir aquest objectiu s’han dut a terme quatre estudis.
El primer estudi analitza l’evolució temporal de la pobresa energètica, la seva associació amb la salut i l’impacte en salut que comporta, als països de la Unió Europea abans i durant la crisi econòmica del 2008. Es mostra un increment generalitzat de la pobresa energètica i del seu impacte en salut arran de la crisi econòmica. Aquesta evolució va ser pitjor en els països amb major vulnerabilitat estructural a la pobresa energètica (sud i est de la Unió Europea) i en les dones, ampliant-se així les desigualtats territorials i de gènere.
Els altres estudis analitzen la distribució de la pobresa energètica a la ciutat de Barcelona, així com la seva relació amb la salut. Els resultats revelen fortes desigualtats socials en l’exposició a la pobresa energètica. Els col·lectius més afectats són les persones de classes socials més desafavorides, les persones nascudes en països de renda baixa i mitjana i les dones grans. S’identifiquen també tres agrupacions de barris amb nivells de pobresa energètica significativament superiors a la mitjana de la ciutat. Els resultats també confirmen l’associació entre la pobresa energètica i diversos problemes de salut física i mental així com amb un major ús de serveis de salut i consum de fàrmacs. En la població infantil, la pobresa energètica també s’associa amb un pitjor estat de salut general, una pitjor salut mental i una major prevalença d’asma i sobrepès. La pobresa energètica actua, per tant, com un amplificador de les desigualtats socials en salut.The aim of this doctoral thesis is to broaden knowledge about energy poverty and its relationship with health in the European Union and in Barcelona, taking into account social inequalities. In order to achieve this objective, four studies have been carried out. The first study analyses time trends in energy poverty, its association with health and its impacts on health, in the European Union countries before and during the economic crisis of 2008. The results show a generalised increase in energy poverty and its impact on health following the economic crisis. The figures are worse in countries with higher structural vulnerability to energy poverty (south and east of the European Union) and for women, thus widening territorial and gender inequalities. The other studies analyse the distribution of energy poverty in the city of Barcelona, as well as its relationship with health. The results reveal strong social inequalities in exposure to energy poverty. The most affected groups are people from the most disadvantaged social classes, people born in low- and middle-income countries and older women. Three clusters of neighbourhoods with significantly higher levels of energy poverty than the city average are also identified. The findings also confirm the association between energy poverty and various physical and mental health conditions, as well as with a higher use of health services and medication. In children, energy poverty is also associated with poorer general health, poorer mental health and a higher prevalence of asthma and overweight. Energy poverty therefore acts as an amplifier of social inequalities in health.
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Ustek, Funda. « Invisibility, struggle and visibility : women workers' strategies of survival in the informal sector ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:643e1d6f-6c32-4ae6-ac75-221d9dcb1b89.
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Across the world, women constitute the bottom segments of the informal labour market hierarchy, and the story is no different for Turkish women, except they are further constrained by a patriarchal family culture and corporatist welfare state structure which favours high-skilled workers in full-time employment. A reading of the literature on the reasons for participating in the informal sector suggested that workers either end up in the informal sector as a result of structural factors, such as high unemployment, horizontal and vertical labour market discrimination and limited job opportunities for the low-skilled and low-educated, or they actively chose to participate in the labour market to seize the opportunities it provides, such as evading tax and/or bureaucratic costs, or testing out business ideas. However, this dichotomous understanding provided little scope, if any, to understand why women also entered the informal sector, in ever growing numbers and what the gender-specific constraints and opportunities in the informal sector are. Against this background, this thesis aims to show that this dichotomous theorisation of the informal sector is an exaggeration of reality, and that women workers position presents a middle ground, in which they recognise the constraints on their ability to improve their lives but they are also not powerless. Hence, by focusing on the variety of survival strategies used by women workers in the informal sector, the thesis attempts to show the choice among these strategies, including the conditions in which these strategies can be adopted and the barriers to do so.
Livres sur le sujet "Poverty – Europe"
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Poverty in Europe. Oxford, UK : Blackwell, 1998.
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Fraser, Neil, Rodolfo Gutiérrez et Ramón Peña-Casas, dir. Working Poverty in Europe. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307599.
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Rodolfo, Gutiérrez, et Peña-Casas Ramón, dir. Working poverty in Europe. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Network, European Anti-Poverty, dir. Racism & poverty in Europe. Brussels : EAPN, 1997.
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Berthoud, Richard. Patterns of poverty across Europe. Bristol, UK : Policy Press, 2004.
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T, Whelan Christopher, dir. Poverty and deprivation in Europe. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2011.
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Farmer, Sharon Ann, dir. Approaches to Poverty in Medieval Europe. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.imr-eb.5.110749.
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Bhalla, A. S., et Peter McCormick. Poverty Among Immigrant Children in Europe. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230233973.
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Bhalla, A. S. Poverty among immigrant children in Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Atkinson, A. B. Poverty statistics and progress in Europe. London : Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1991.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Poverty – Europe"
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Wilson, Peter H. « Poverty ». Dans A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Europe, 109–22. Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444303032.ch7.
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Alcock, Pete. « Poverty in Europe and Beyond ». Dans Understanding Poverty, 48–64. London : Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25666-2_4.
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Strünck, Christoph. « Energy Poverty ». Dans Handbook of Energy Governance in Europe, 1–11. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73526-9_39-1.
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Strünck, Christoph. « Energy Poverty ». Dans Handbook of Energy Governance in Europe, 67–76. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43250-8_39.
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Dewilde, Caroline. « Determinants of Poverty in Europe ». Dans Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1588–94. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3782.
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Bhalla, A. S., et Peter McCormick. « Immigrant Child Poverty in Europe ». Dans Poverty Among Immigrant Children in Europe, 24–48. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230233973_2.
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Fraser, Neil, Rodolfo Gutiérrez et Ramón Peña-Casas. « Introduction ». Dans Working Poverty in Europe, 1–12. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307599_1.
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Peña-Casas, Ramón, et Dalila Ghailani. « Towards Individualizing Gender In-Work Poverty Risks ». Dans Working Poverty in Europe, 202–31. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307599_10.
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Allègre, Guillaume. « From Wage Inequalities to Living Standard Inequalities at Household Level ». Dans Working Poverty in Europe, 232–49. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307599_11.
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Álvarez-Miranda, Berta. « In-Work Poverty among Immigrants ». Dans Working Poverty in Europe, 250–77. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307599_12.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Poverty – Europe"
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Kolokotsa, Denia, et Mattheos Santamouris. « Energy poverty in Europe : Challenges for energy efficiency ». Dans 2014 5th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iisa.2014.6878736.
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Ildırar, Mustafa, et Erhan İşcan. « Corruption, Poverty and Economic Performance : Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Countries ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01261.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Corruption, defined as “the misuse of public power for private benefit.” The World Bank describes corruption as one of the greatest obstacles to economic and social development. It undermines development by distorting the rule of law and weakening the institutional foundation on which economic performance depends. In past decades, many theoretical and empirical studies have presented corruption hinders investment, reduces economic growth, restricts trade, distorts government expenditures and strengthens the underground economy. In addition, they have shown a strong connection between corruption and poverty and income inequality. On the other hand, the literature on corruption points to the conclusion that corruption by itself does not lead to poverty. Rather, corruption has direct consequences on economic and governance factors, intermediaries that in turn produce poverty. Although corruption is seen in many countries in the world, it is higher and widespread in developing countries. This study investigates relation between corruption, poverty, and economic performance by using a panel consisting of countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries. It was shown that corruption affected directly economic performance and low economic performance leads to poverty. Additionally, results imply that rules against corruption could affect economic growth indirectly through their impact on the level of corruption.
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Glaser-Opitzová, Helena, et Mária Vojtková. « THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FACTORS ON THE AT-RISK-OF-POVERTY RATE OF SLOVAK HOUSEHOLDS ». Dans Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2020.107.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since the goal of any advanced society is to reduce poverty and improve the social status of the population, it is important to know the causes of its emergence. In connection with Slovakia's membership in the European Union, we have taken over European legislation in this area. The Europe 2020 strategy is currently in force in the countries of the European Union, while one of its five main objectives is "Fight against poverty and social exclusion". Poverty research is undoubtedly a topical, multidimensional problem. One of the issues it focuses on is the so-called income poverty. The poverty line is considered to be 60% of the median national equivalent disposable household income. In order for assistance to those at risk to be truly targeted at those who need it most, it is necessary to map the situation in detail and identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the incidence of poverty. In our paper, the subject of analysis will be the quantification of the influence of selected factors from The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database on the at-risk-of-poverty rate in Slovak households. The at-risk-of-poverty rate represents the proportion of people (in percent) in the whole population, whose equivalent disposable income is below the at-risk-of-poverty line. We will verify the impact of selected factors on the at-risk-of-poverty rate using a logistic regression model in the SAS Enterprise Guide statistical tool.
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GEMMA, Sergejs, et Zane VĪTOLIŅA. « EUROPE 2020 TARGETS : THE PROGRESS OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF RIS3 ». Dans RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.056.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Europe 2020 strategy was proposed by the European Commission with an aim to improve European Union (EU) competitiveness and promote economic growth. For the successful achievement of economic growth using the Smart Specialization Strategy (RIS3) in the EU, the European Commission has set out five interrelated headline targets to be achieved by 2020 in the areas of employment, research and development, climate change and energy, education and poverty and social exclusion. The targets are translated into national targets for each EU Member State; at the same time, they are common goals for all the EU Member States to be achieved through a mix of national and EU actions. The authors of the research used statistical data on the Europe 2020 targets to detect progress or regress in achieving these targets, the accuracy of target value detection and the implementation of RIS3 in the EU. The aim of the research is to evaluate RIS3 progress based on the Europe 2020 targets. The following tasks were set: 1) To calculate progress on each Europe 2020 target for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania using Eurostat statistical data; 2) To evaluate the calculated data and compare the data with those for the other Baltic States and the EU average; 3) To forecast RIS3 development for the year 2020 in the Baltic States. The research employed the monographic and descriptive methods as well as analysis, synthesis, the graphic method, the data grouping method and forecasting. All the three Baltic States have exceeded their target values on employment and education. Low indicators – just half of the target value – the Baltic States have on the share of the EU’s GDP invested in Research and Development. Other positions such as green energy, poverty and social exclusion mostly show a need for more active and effective action for achieving the Europe 2020 targets.
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Gökçek Karaca, Nuray, et Berrin Gökçek. « Multi-dimensional Poverty and Human Development in Turkey and Transition Economies ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00866.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main objective of this research is to determine and evaluate the multidimensional poverty and human development in Turkey in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries which is called Transition Economies. For this purpose, in this study, human development and multidimensional poverty in Turkey were examined in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. In this study, carried out through comparative relation scanning model and literature model, the sample group was established the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with Turkey. The research data was collected through Human Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by UNDP. The findings from this study revealed that CEE countries which are the member of EU have higher human development rate than EU candidate countries and CIS countries. In addition, Turkey has the highest rate of GNI per capita and poverty as well as the lowest education index in comparison with the other EU candidate countries. In this study, these results is tried to be analyzed in the lights of index data and potential effects of the existing differences between countries.
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Kazazi̇, Sema, et Osman Küçükahmetoğlu. « Relationship between Income Inequality, Poverty and Economic Growth, Comparative Analysis in Eastern and Western Europe with Panel Data ». Dans Hradec Economic Days 2022, sous la direction de Jan Maci, Petra Maresova, Krzysztof Firlej et Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2022-01-031.
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Schröder, Ilse, Ed De Jonge, Erik Mooij et Frank Evers. « Global challenges, local impact ». Dans CARPE Conference 2019 : Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10564.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 2015, the UN set 17 global goals, the so-called Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the year 2030, “a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity”. Although these challenges are global, their impact manifests itself on a local level. An inspiring challenge for HU UAS Utrecht is to educate self-confident (upcoming) professionals who contribute to the realization of these global goals by creating local impact. In our opinion such professionals are socially involved, cope with complexity, think systemic and work trans-disciplinary. Furthermore, they ‘mix and match’ personal, societal and professional development, which will not be confined to formal education but lasts a lifetime. This complex challenge forges us to transform our thinking about education and how to organize learning, and about how, where and with whom we educate. UAS’s will have to cooperate with private, public and research partners and create communities in which all participants work, learn and develop themselves while facing new challenges.
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Newcombe, Gunther A. « ORION : Shaping Shetland as the UK's First Green Energy Island ». Dans SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205401-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The ORION (Opportunity Renewables Integration Offshore Networks) project was launched in April 2020 when Shetland Island Council (SIC) and the OGTC formed a strategic partnership to work on an energy hub concept with Highland & Islands Enterprise (HIE), government and industry. Strathclyde University joined in May 2021 as a strategic partner. Shetland has all the critical ingredients of clean energy provision There is significant onshore and offshore wind and tidal resource; strategically important hydrocarbon resource; established oil and gas infrastructure; and a knowledgeable and skilled local workforce. The aim of ORION is threefold:- To enable offshore oil and gas sector transition to net zero by electrification, utilising initially onshore and then offshore wind, sustaining thousands of jobs and security of supply.To transform Shetland's current dependency on fossil fuels to affordable renewable energy to address fuel poverty and improve community wealth.To create a green hydrogen export business on Shetland at industrial scale by harnessing offshore wind power and creating new jobs. ORION has set several ambitious targets by 2050. These include abating 8mT/year of CO2 from offshore oil and gas production; supplying 32TWh of low carbon hydrogen annually - 12% of UK expected requirement; and generating more than 3GW of wind. The annual revenue generated by the project by 2050 would be around £5Bn per annum and provide sustainable employment, both locally and regionally, for 1750 people. Techno-economic screening is currently underway, and several individual opportunities are undergoing concept and feasibility analysis. The ORION project is transformational, on both a local and regional scale, positioning Shetland as one of the first green energy islands in the UK.
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Ivcheva, Radostina. « SHADOW ECONOMY AND CORRUPTION IN THE BALKANS – IS THERE A CONNECTION AND WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ». Dans Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2021.0005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Economies in the Balkans are lagging behind more advanced countries in Europe in their economic development. In some sense that could be a result of the high share of the shadow economy in those countries. Research points out several causes of shadow activities such as low tax morale, high levels of unemployment, weak business environment and very high poverty levels, lack of trust in the state and the public institutions, high perceptions of corruption and also the high taxation levels. This issue affects directly the economy as well as indirectly the whole society. This paper aims to find a positive link between the volumes of the shadow economy and corruption in eight Balkan economies: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo and North Macedonia and Bulgaria.
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Dolghi, Adrian. « Children in educational institutions of the Moldovan SSR in the academic year 1944–1945 ». Dans Simpozionul Național de Studii Culturale, Ediția a 2-a. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975352147.21.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article elucidates the situation of children in educational institutions in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in the context of the reoccupation of Bessarabia and the restoration of the Soviet-type educational system. Following the analysis of the archive documents, we found that the general schooling of the children was carried out in precarious socio-economic conditions, in the absence of appropriate buildings, furniture and adequate teaching inventory. It also happened in situations of poverty, when a large part of the population did not have enough resources to dress and feed children properly. The unsatisfactory conditions in schools have led to poor results in studies, the spread of diseases and epidemics among children. The situation in the educational institutions of the Moldavian SSR in the academic year 1944–1945 clearly illustrates that schooling had a compulsory character being motivated by the interest of the Soviet authorities to install administrative, political and ideological control over the young generation. After the occupation of Bessarabia, given the continuation of military operations to the countries of Western Europe and the need of restoration following them, resources were insufficient and political and ideological objectives were achieved in circumstances of poverty. The 1944–1945 academic year was a turning point for the young generation in the Moldovan SSR. It began to be subjected to ideological training through ideological study programs and involvement in communist organizations for children and youth. Also, the “convert” of children to the communist ideology, to the detriment of national traditions and values, began.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Poverty – Europe"
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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand et Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune ? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Sous la direction de Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, mars 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.
Texte intégralRésumé :
It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."
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Dalabajan, Dante, Ruth Mayne, Blandina Bobson, Hadeel Qazzaz, Henry Ushie, Jacobo Ocharan, Jason Farr et al. Towards a Just Energy Transition : Implications for communities in lower- and middle-income countries. Oxfam, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9936.
Texte intégralRésumé :
More frequent or intense floods, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and typhoons devastate people’s homes, livelihoods and the natural world. A clean energy transition is urgently needed to reduce carbon emissions and prevent the impacts worsening. Wealthy countries have the prime historic responsibility for the climate crisis and therefore for its mitigation. But as the clean energy transition gathers speed, it inevitably also impacts lower-income, lower-emitting countries and communities. This research report, written by 20 co-authors from Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, the US and Europe, investigates the implications of the energy transition for them, and asks how the world can achieve a truly just, as well as fast, transition. The findings highlight the stark choice facing humanity. If the transition is undertaken with justice and respect for communities’ rights at its heart, it offers an unprecedented opportunity to simultaneously mitigate the climate crisis and reduce poverty and inequality. Conversely, an unjust transition, which entrenches or exacerbates inequalities, risks generating public resistance and slowing the transition with devastating human consequences.
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Belaid, Fateh. The Implications of Soaring Gas and Coal Prices on Europe’s Energy Poverty Trap. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-ii08.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the recovery of the world economy following the easing of restrictions designed to contain COVID-19, energy demand has surged even as natural gas stocks were dangerously low. This triggered one of the first significant energy shocks of the green era and exposed the fragilities of the ongoing process to green the energy system.
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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC : Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.
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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC : Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.
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Martin, Matthew, Jo Walker, Kwesi W. Obeng et Christian Hallum. The West Africa Inequality Crisis : Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Development Finance International, Oxfam, octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8045.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed and worsened the depth of inequality in West Africa. It has pushed millions into poverty. There is no end in sight due to the obscene global vaccine inequality, which means that less than 4% of West Africans had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 as at September 2021, compared with 52% in the United States and 57% in the European Union. In 2021, when COVID-19 infections are rising in West Africa, the critical support health and socioeconomic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 are being rolled back and replaced with austerity. Many governments are following advice from the IMF and World Bank, reminiscent of the severe cuts in spending imposed under the structural adjustment policies of the 1980s and 1990s. However, as this paper argues, the pandemic offers West African governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to invest heavily in inequality-busting policies by boosting public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), making tax systems more progressive, and tackling joblessness and precarious work. This report uses the Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index (CRII) framework devised by Oxfam and Development Finance International to assess the policies of West African governments. Visit the CRI Index website to learn more: www.inequalityindex.org.
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Davies, Will. Improving the engagement of UK armed forces overseas. Royal Institute of International Affairs, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The UK government’s Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy, published in March 2021 alongside a supporting defence command paper, set a new course for UK national security and highlighted opportunities for an innovative approach to international engagement activity. The Integrated Review focused principally on the state threats posed by China’s increasing power and by competitors – including Russia – armed with nuclear, conventional and hybrid capabilities. It also stressed the continuing risks to global security and resilience due to conflict and instability in weakened and failed states. These threats have the potential to increase poverty and inequality, violent extremism, climate degradation and the forced displacement of people, while presenting authoritarian competitors with opportunities to enhance their geopolitical influence. There are moral, security and economic motives to foster durable peace in conflict-prone and weakened regions through a peacebuilding approach that promotes good governance, addresses the root causes of conflict and prevents violence, while denying opportunities to state competitors. The recent withdrawal from Afghanistan serves to emphasize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with intervention operations in complex, unstable regions. Success in the future will require the full, sustained and coordinated integration of national, allied and regional levers of power underpinned by a sophisticated understanding of the operating environment. The UK armed forces, with their considerable resources and global network, will contribute to this effort through ‘persistent engagement’. This is a new approach to overseas operations below the threshold of conflict, designed as a pre-emptive complement to warfighting. To achieve this, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) must develop a capability that can operate effectively in weak, unstable and complex regions prone to violent conflict and crises, not least in the regions on the eastern and southern flanks of the Euro-Atlantic area. The first step must be the development of a cohort of military personnel with enhanced, tailored levels of knowledge, skills and experience. Engagement roles must be filled by operators with specialist knowledge, skills and experience forged beyond the mainstream discipline of combat and warfighting. Only then will individuals develop a genuinely sophisticated understanding of complex, politically driven and sensitive operating environments and be able to infuse the design and delivery of international activities with practical wisdom and insight. Engagement personnel need to be equipped with: An inherent understanding of the human and political dimensions of conflict, the underlying drivers such as inequality and scarcity, and the exacerbating factors such as climate change and migration; - A grounding in social sciences and conflict modelling in order to understand complex human terrain; - Regional expertise enabled by language skills, cultural intelligence and human networks; - Familiarity with a diverse range of partners, allies and local actors and their approaches; - Expertise in building partner capacity and applying defence capabilities to deliver stability and peace; - A grasp of emerging artificial intelligence technology as a tool to understand human terrain; - Reach and insight developed through ‘knowledge networks’ of external experts in academia, think-tanks and NGOs. Successful change will be dependent on strong and overt advocacy by the MOD’s senior leadership and a revised set of personnel policies and procedures for this cohort’s selection, education, training, career management, incentivization, sustainability and support.