Livres : « Povertà relativa »

1

Ravallion, Martin. Weakly relative poverty. [Washington, D.C : World Bank, 2009.

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Federighi, Paolo, dir. Educazione in età adulta. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-752-8.

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Il volume presenta l’esito di una serie di incontri e seminari che, a più livelli, hanno contribuito alla costruzione del Convegno Internazionale La ricerca sull’Educazione in età Adulta nelle università italiane tenutosi all’Università di Firenze il 23 e 24 novembre 2017. I vari contributi hanno provato a dare risposta alla domanda sull’origine e lo sviluppo dell’educazione degli adulti in Italia all’interno dei contesti accademici. Cosa significa occuparsi di tale ambito di ricerca? Le direttrici indagate hanno riflettuto su una molteplicità di approcci di ricerca e hanno ricostruito la varietà delle teorie, dei modelli, degli autori che hanno tratteggiato lo sviluppo della disciplina in Italia negli ultimi cinquant’anni. Tra i temi trattati: accrescimento della qualità educativa dei luoghi di lavoro, comprensione dell’educazione incorporata nei luoghi di lavoro, studio delle finalità dell’educazione nei luoghi formali e informali. Si è giunti così a un tema originalmente rilevato, ma non toccato dalla letteratura nazionale, ovvero la questione delle diseguaglianze e la povertà relativa, fenomeni importanti per comprendere lo sviluppo delle società del futuro.

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Robson, B. T. Relative deprivation in Northern Ireland. Belfast : Policy, Planning and Research Unit, Department of Finance and Personnel, 1994.

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Ravallion, Martin. Who cares about relative deprivation ? [Washington, D.C : World Bank, 2005.

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Nolan, Brian. Cross-national poverty comparisons using relative poverty lines : An application and some lessons. Dublin : Economic and Social Research Institute, 1989.

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Tim, Callan, et Economic and Social Research Institute., dir. Why is relative income poverty so high in Ireland ? Dublin : Economic and Social Research Institute, 2004.

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Tobin, James. Poverty in relation to macroeconomic trends, cycles and policies. New Haven, CN : Yale University, Cowles Foundation, 1992.

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Chowdhury, Tamgid Ahmed. Relative effectiveness of alternative microfinance-driven poverty alleviation programs in Bangladesh. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.

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Nolan, Brian. Relative poverty lines : An application to Irish data for 1973 and 1980. Dublin : Economic and Social Research Institute, 1988.

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Nolan, Brian. The distribution of income and relative income poverty in the European Community household panel. Colchester : Institute for Social and Economic Research, 1999.

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11

Muller, Christophe. Relative poverty from the perspective of social class : Evidence from the Netherlands. Nottingham : Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, 2001.

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Programme, World Food, et American Red Cross, dir. Relative vulnerability of GN divisions to food insecurity : [a study. [Colombo] : United Nations World Food Programme, 2006.

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13

Scheuring, Lyn Marie Falzon. The poverty of Francis of Assisi according to Bonaventure and its relation to poverty in John of the Cross. Ann Arbor, MI : University Microfilms International, 1990.

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14

Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Poverty Monitoring System. A relative profile of poverty in Malawi, 1998 : A quintile-based poverty analysis of the Malawi Integrated Household Survey, 1997-98. Lilongwe] : Poverty Monitoring System, Govt. of Malawi, 2001.

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15

Vivian, Kazi, et Research on Poverty Alleviation (Tanzania), dir. Assessing the relative poverty of clients and non-clients of non-bank micro-finance institutions in Tanzania : The case of the Dar es Salaam and Coast Regions. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania : Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2004.

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Wealth and poverty in the Instruction of Amenemope and the Hebrew Proverbs. Atlanta, Ga : Scholars Press, 1994.

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Zaidi, M. Asghar. Relative poverty in Pakistan : An estimation from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (1984-85). The Hague : Institute of Social Studies, 1992.

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Gunewardena, Dileni. Absolute and relative consumption poverty in Sri Lanka : Evidence from the Consumer Finance Survey, 2003-4. Colombo : Centre for Poverty Analysis, 2007.

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19

Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. Education and its relation to economic growth, poverty, and income distribution : Past evidence and further analysis. Washington, D.C : World Bank, 1989.

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20

Rudolf, Dolzer, Herdegen Matthias, Vogel Bernhard et Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, dir. Foreign investment : Its significance in relation to the fight against poverty, economic growth, and legal culture. Singapore : Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2006.

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21

United States. General Accounting Office, dir. Welfare, income and relative poverty status of AFDC families : Report to the Honorable William V. Roth, Jr., U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1987.

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22

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Social Security Committee. Pensioner poverty : Together with the proceedings of the Committee relating to the report, minutes of evidence and appendices to the minutes of evidence. London : Stationery Office, 2000.

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23

H. Con. Res. 16, relating to the population of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River Basin, H. Res. 68 ... H.R. 750 ... H.J. Res. 58 ... : Markup before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, March 6, 1997. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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24

Ravallion, Martin, et Shaohua Chen. Weakly Relative Poverty. The World Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4844.

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Nielsen, Lynge. Global Relative Poverty. International Monetary Fund, 2009.

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Nielsen, Lynge. Global Relative Poverty. International Monetary Fund, 2009.

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Nielsen, Lynge. Global Relative Poverty. International Monetary Fund, 2009.

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28

Jolliffe, Dean, et Espen Beer Prydz. Societal Poverty : A Relative and Relevant Measure. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8073.

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Smeeding, Timothy M. Poverty Measurement. Sous la direction de David Brady et Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.3.

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This article focuses on the complexities and idiosyncrasies of poverty measurement, from its origins to current practice. It first considers various concepts of poverty and their measurement and how economists, social statisticians, public policy scholars, sociologists, and other social scientists have contributed to this literature. It then discusses a few empirical estimates of poverty across and within nations, drawing primarily on data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to highlight levels and trends in overall poverty, while also referring to the World Bank’s measures of global absolute poverty. In the empirical examinations, the article takes a look at rich and middle-income countries and some developing nations. It compares trends in relative poverty over different time periods and in relative and anchored poverty across the Great Recession.

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Gao, Qin. Anti-Poverty Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 investigates Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness. The chapter shows that, based on various poverty lines and across urban and rural areas, Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness is limited and at best modest, largely due to its targeting errors and gaps in benefit delivery. Dibao is more effective in reducing the depth and severity of poverty than it is the rate of poverty, and its anti-poverty effectiveness is greater among recipients than in the general population. Dibao’s influence on reducing poverty is larger when a lower poverty line is used and smaller when a higher poverty line is used. Because relative poverty lines are often set relative to the median income in society and tend to be much higher than the more widely used absolute poverty lines, Dibao’s effects on reducing relative poverty are particularly limited. Dibao has had minimal effect on narrowing the income inequality gap in society.

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Ravallion, Martin. On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines. The World Bank, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4486.

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Jonsson, Jan O., et Carina Mood. Sweden : Child Poverty during Two Recessions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0011.

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This chapter looks at child poverty trends in Sweden across two recessions, the first (severe) 1991–6, and the second (hardly noticeable) 2008–10, using a number of measures. Absolute (bread-line) household income poverty and economic deprivation surged, with some lag, during the first recession, but shrunk steadily as the macro-economy improved up until around 2006, after which there is no trend but temporary fluctuations. Relative income poverty fell somewhat during the earlier recession but has grown since the mid-1990s, mainly because of a more precarious situation for one-parent families and non-employed parents (often immigrants). In a rare but theoretically important step, child poverty is also measured by young people’s own reports, showing few trends between 2000 and 2011. While material conditions improved somewhat, relative poverty did not change, in stark contrast to household relative poverty—perhaps because poor parents distribute more economic resources to their children during hard times.

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Kus, Basak, Brian Nolan et Christopher T. Whelan. Material Deprivation and Consumption. Sous la direction de David Brady et Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.26.

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This article examines material deprivation and consumption in relation to poverty. In a developing country context, manifest material deprivation and inadequate levels of consumption have always been central to the conceptualization of poverty and living standards. Direct measures of failure to meet “basic needs” are widely used alongside income-based measures such as the World Bank’s “dollar a day” standard. In contrast, both research and official poverty monitoring in rich countries tend to rely on household income. This article begins with a review of recent research on material deprivation, seen primarily as a means to go “beyond income” in capturing poverty and exclusion. It then considers the mismatch between low income and measured deprivation, along with the notion of multidimensionality and the measurement issues raised in the implementation of multidimensional approaches. Finally, it analyzes conceptual and empirical issues relating to the contrast between income and consumption.

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Duclos, Jean-Yves, et Luca Tiberti. Multidimensional Poverty Indices. Sous la direction de Matthew D. Adler et Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.19.

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This chapter reviews and assesses issues involved in the measurement of multidimensional poverty, in particular the soundness of the various “axioms” and properties often imposed on poverty indices. It argues that some of these properties (such as those relating poverty and inequality) may be sound in a unidimensional setting but not so in a multidimensional one. Second, it addresses critically some of the features of recently proposed multidimensional poverty indices, in particular the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) recently put forward by the United Nations Development Program. The MPI suffers from several unattractive features that need to be better understood (given the prominence of the index). The MPI fails in particular to meet all of three properties that one would expect multidimensional poverty indices to obey: continuity, monotonicity, and sensitivity to multiple deprivation. Robustness techniques to address some of the shortcomings of the use of such indices are briefly advocated.

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Wimer, Christopher, et Timothy M. Smeeding. USA Child Poverty : The Impact of the Great Recession. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0013.

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The Great Recession (GR) was the most dramatic economic downturn the USA has experienced in more than six decades. But against this backdrop, the USA actually made some limited progress against child poverty over the Great Recession when one considers the new US Supplemental Poverty Measure which lies at about 40 per cent of median income. The main reason was the growth of a well-targeted near cash safety net, combined with earnings enhancements in the form of refundable tax credits. These enhancements helped the working poor, but not many parents of children who could not find jobs. However these improvements had little if any effect on relative poverty counted at a European or cross-national relative poverty standard set at 60 per cent of median income. Greater progress against child poverty in the US requires a continued strong job market coupled with a child allowance.

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Huret, Romain D. The Experts' War on Poverty. Traduit par John Angell. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801450488.001.0001.

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This book traces the efforts of a dedicated community of experts to create a policy bureaucracy that reigned until Richard Nixon implemented the Family Assistance Plan in 1969. Although they toiled in relative obscurity, this cadre of experts waged their own war on the American political establishment, creating policies that challenged the unscientific prejudices that ruled DC politics. The Experts’ War on Poverty highlights the metrics, research, and economic and social data that these social scientists employed in their day-to-day work. Huret argues that this internal “war” at a time of great disruption due to the Cold War undermined and fractured the institutional system officially intended ending poverty. What developed instead, he writes, was a group that was determined to fight poverty in ways that the federal government was unable to pursue by promoting radical policies and a more progressive government role and sweeping reforms. The Expert’s War on Poverty closely examines the intellectual, social, and political dimensions of this community of experts and social scientists and how they shaped American policy in the Cold War era.

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Brady, David, et Linda M. Burton, dir. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.001.0001.

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This book is concerned with the social science of poverty and covers topics ranging from the intricacies of measuring poverty using objective quantitative, income-based measures, to the interrelationships between structural violence, poverty, and social suffering; capability deprivation as the basis for analyzing poverty; ideologies and beliefs about poverty; how politics and institutions shape poverty and inequality; and the effects of poverty on child development. The book also explores the link between gender and poverty; the historical origins of poverty in developing countries; poor neighborhoods in the metropolis; how segregation perpetuates disadvantage; the association between nonmarital family structures, poverty, and inequality; whether social ties matter for poor people who are seeking employment; the link between poverty and education; intergenerational mobility; hunger and food insecurity; and the relation between crime and poverty.

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38

Confronting Racism, Poverty, and Power : Classroom Strategies to Change the World. Heinemann, 2004.

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39

Ray, Ranjan. The Link between Preferences, Prices, Inequality, and Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0007.

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This paper documents the shift in the literature on prices from being exclusively a macro-topic featuring in the study of inflation, national income accounting, and cross-country income comparisons to one that is firmly rooted in micro-involving economic analysis of household behaviour, welfare, and the distributional implications of changes in relative prices. This paper brings together results from some of the recent studies on Indian National Sample Survey data that examine the effect of price changes on inequality and poverty. It also contains evidence on spatial prices in the context of a large heterogeneous country such as India.

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Taylor, Claire. Poverty, Wealth, and Well-Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786931.001.0001.

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In the fifth and fourth centuries BC Athenian ideas about poverty were ideologically charged. The poor were contrasted with the rich and found, for the most part, to be both materially and morally deficient. Reflecting ideas about labour, leisure, and good citizenship, the ‘poor’ were considered to be not only those who were destitute, or those who were living at the borders of subsistence, but also those who were moderately well off but had to work for a living. Defined this way, this group covered around 99% of the population of Athens. This book sets out to rethink what it meant to be poor in a world where poverty was understood as the need to work for a living. It explores the discourses that constructed poverty as something to fear and links these with experiences of penia (poverty) among different social groups in Athens. Drawing on poverty research within the social sciences, it argues that poverty in democratic Athens should not necessarily be seen in terms of these elitist ideological categories, nor indeed only as an economic condition (the state of having no wealth), but in terms of social relations, capabilities, and well-being. The volume, therefore, provides a critical reassessment of poverty in democratic Athens which is in line with debates in contemporary poverty research. It develops a framework to analyse the complexities of poverty as a social relation as well as exploring the discourses that shaped it. Poverty is reframed throughout as being dynamic and multidimensional. In doing so, it provides an assessment of what the poor in Athens—men and women, citizen and non-citizen, slave and free—were able to do or to be.

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Kenworthy, Lane. Enabling Social Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0007.

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The SIA to social policy emphasizes skill development and facilitation of employment alongside the traditional focus on provision of income to people not in employment. Policy tools include early education, improved K-12 schooling, affordable and good-quality universities, active labour-market programmes, accessible lifelong learning, mentoring and other individualized assistance to those who need it, paid parental leave, encouragement of flexible work scheduling, and public employment. All affluent nations have been moving in the direction of social investment. Does it work? The evidence over the past generation is supportive of hopes that social investment can boost employment and facilitate its coupling with low relative poverty. It offers less reason for optimism about boosting economic growth or reducing relative poverty.

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Lee, Jinkook, et Drystan Phillips. Income and Poverty among Older Koreans : Relative Contributions of and Relationship between Public and Family Transfers. RAND Corporation, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/wr852.

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Gautié, Jérôme, et Sophie Ponthieux. Employment and the Working Poor. Sous la direction de David Brady et Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.22.

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This article examines the phenomenon of working poverty and issues relating to employment and the working poor. It first provides an overview of the problems of definition and measurement regarding the working poor, along with the consequences of the diversity of definitions. In particular, it considers different current definitions of the statistical category “working poor” and how definitions affect the assessment of the in-work poverty phenomenon. It also provides a “statistical” portrait of the working poor and explores how the risk of working poverty has evolved in the 2000s. Finally, it discusses the causes of working poverty, including low income at the individual level and the role of welfare states, and outlines potential remedies in terms of public policies.

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Gardam, Judith. A Gender Aware Approach to Legal and Policy Strategies for Achieving Access to Modern Energy Services in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0010.

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This book chapter first outlines the facts in relation to energy and poverty globally, with a particular emphasis on the sub-Saharan Africa region. Secondly, the impact of gender on how energy poverty is experienced is explained. Then it considers the growing recognition in international, regional, and national initiatives of the link between access to modern energy services, women, and poverty and what legal and policy strategies have been adopted in response. Finally, the chapter provides some thoughts on possible future responses to improving the prevailing situation and the obstacles that must be surmounted in the achievement of a gender aware approach to energy access.

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Nelson, Paul. The Millennium Development Goals and the Politics of Global Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.340.

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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), endorsed by 189 governments at the Millennium Summit, propose a concerted global effort to reduce the incidence of severe poverty and many of its most serious manifestations over a twenty-five-year period. The MDGs offer crucial insights into the politics of poverty and poverty reduction in international affairs. Their political dimensions can be analyzed in terms of agency, the nature and limits of accountability, the use and manipulation of quantitative goals for political ends, the dangerous illusion that MDG objectives can be accomplished in large part by mobilizing more development assistance, and the MDGs’ distinctly apolitical approach to the structural causes of poverty. The MDG initiative should be situated in three ongoing streams of debate and discussion: the debate over the relative priority of growth and of human development for poverty reduction; the tension between the assertion of rights and the enunciation of donor-driven goals as the political engine of poverty reduction; and the debate over the roles of markets and of state direction and regulation. While the MDGs concentrate on increasing aid flows to reduce the incidence of poverty and its manifestations, international trade and finance arrangements too often impede rapid progress. This is evident in water privatization, trade rules, and anti-retroviral medicines for HIV/AIDS patients. A way forward is to integrate the MDGs more deeply with human rights guarantees. Donors, for example, must take seriously the 2002 Draft Guidelines for the application of human rights to poverty reduction strategies.

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Mader, Philip. Microfinance and Financial Inclusion. Sous la direction de David Brady et Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.38.

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This article examines the impact of microfinance—the provision of financial services to poor and low-income populations, usually in the global South—on poverty. Microfinance is regarded as a financial market solution to the social problem of poverty, promising poverty alleviation in a market-friendly and cost-efficient way. Proponents hope that the financial inclusion of poor and low-income population segments will help them cope better with multifaceted problems of poverty, in particular their uncertain and low incomes. This article first provides an overview of microfinance, focusing on its economic and gender impacts, before tracing the microfinance sector’s historical origins and rise. It also considers the practices of the microfinance sector as well as the critical debates over microfinance. Finally, it describes three sets of recent developments relating to microfinance: a spate of crises including overindebtedness and collapse, new methods and mission, and the sector’s expanding scope of activities.

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Implications of population age structure on resource utilization and social security in relation to poverty alleviation in ECA member states. [Addis Ababa] : The Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 1994.

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48

Einarsdottir, Jonina. Tired of Weeping : Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea-Bissau. University of Wisconsin Press, 2005.

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Barrett, Christopher, et Erin C. Lentz. Hunger and Food Insecurity. Sous la direction de David Brady et Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.27.

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This article examines hunger and food insecurity in relation to poverty. Evidence shows that food insecurity is overwhelmingly concentrated in developing countries, even as it also exists in wealthy countries. Today, food insecurity remains widespread in large measure because extreme poverty remains widespread, and vice versa. However, the relationship between poverty and food insecurity is complex and bidirectional. This article first reviews concepts and definitions related to food security before discussing the major approaches used to measure food insecurity. It then explains why measurement matters and why it remains so challenging and proceeds by providing a historical overview of hunger and food insecurity. It also analyzes the causes of hunger and food insecurity and interventions intended to reduce hunger and food insecurity. Finally, it suggests directions for future research.

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Porter, Catherine, et Emily White. Potential for Application of a Probabilistic Catastrophe Risk Modelling Framework to Poverty Outcomes : General Form Vulnerability Functions Relating Household Poverty Outcomes to Hazard Intensity in Ethiopia. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7717.

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