Articles de revues : « Postwar reconstruction – Case studies »

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Kingsberg, Miriam. « Methamphetamine Solution : Drugs and the Reconstruction of Nation in Postwar Japan ». Journal of Asian Studies 72, n^o 1 (février 2013) : 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911812001787.

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This article introduces the 1952–56hiroponcrisis, Japan's sole major domestic experience with illegal drugs, and the world's first methamphetamine “epidemic.” In the early postwar years,hiroponaddiction came to symbolize the dependent, traumatized state of a defeated Japan. This ideological significance made the eradication ofhiropona leading public issue, mobilizing the Japanese government, medical establishment, and social actors such as educators, parents, neighborhood associations, the media, and others. The process of eliminating methamphetamine restored public confidence and agency, and created a new identity for Japan as a cosmopolitan, independent nation. Unlike drugs in other contexts,hiroponwas not embedded in the postwar political economy or culture, making possible its swift suppression. However, resolution of the methamphetamine crisis also sowed the seeds of its recrudescence in the 1970s. The ongoing “second stimulants epidemic,” reflecting consumption patterns typical of developed nations, has proven resistant to solution.

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Shaev, Brian, et Sarah Hackett. « Cities, Migration and the Historiography of Post-war Europe ». Journal of Migration History 7, n^o 3 (12 novembre 2021) : 191–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00703001.

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Abstract The role of municipalities in migrant integration in post-war European history has largely slipped below the radar in previous migration research. Our special issue presents case studies on how Bristol, Dortmund, Malmö, Mannheim, Stuttgart and Utrecht managed migrant influxes from the mid-1940s to 1960s. Following interdisciplinary advances in local migration studies, our urban histories take a diversity of approaches, present diverse temporalities, and uncover municipal responses that range from generosity to indifference and to outright hostility. In all six cities, despite such diversity in local attitudes and municipal policies, municipal authorities had significant impacts on migrants’ lives. The introductory article explores how our urban perspectives contribute to scholarship on reconstruction and the post-war boom; welfare; democracy and citizenship; and European integration. Using local migration as a lens into postwar European history, we argue, provides important new insights for the historiography of postwar Europe.

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Mellink, Bram. « Neoliberalism Incorporated : Early Neoliberal Involvement in the Postwar Reconstruction : The Case Study of the Netherlands (1945–1958) ». European History Quarterly 51, n^o 1 (janvier 2021) : 98–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420981832.

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Although recent studies have extensively traced the development of neoliberal ideas in international think-tanks since the late 1930s, scholars of early neoliberalism have paid far less attention to the translation of these ideas into policy. Current scholarship predominantly identifies the introduction of neoliberal policies with a paradigm shift among policymakers in the late 1970s and depicts the early neoliberal movement as an idea-centred and isolated phenomenon that was unable to put its ideas into practice. This article argues instead that early neoliberals employed an idea-centred approach to politics to establish a coalition of like-minded academics, journalists, politicians and policy officials. Focusing on the Netherlands, it demonstrates how this strategy brought neoliberals press coverage, influence within the Christian democratic parliamentary parties and acknowledgement among professional economists. On the one hand, their struggle to exert influence over policy matters contributed to the implementation of pro-market industrialization policies, which, ironically, were pursued by a coalition of social democrats and Christian democrats. On the other hand, it also compelled them to include Christian-democratic views in their political agenda, leading to a corporatist-neoliberal policy synthesis whose features exhibit remarkable similarities to German ‘ordoliberal’ ideas.

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MARKELL, PATCHEN. « POLITICS AND THE CASE OF POETRY : ARENDT ON BRECHT ». Modern Intellectual History 15, n^o 2 (22 novembre 2016) : 503–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244316000366.

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Hannah Arendt's essay on Bertolt Brecht has often been understood as an indictment of Brecht's postwar accommodation with the Stalinist regime in East Germany, in line with Arendt's supposed commitment to a firm separation between poetry and politics. Offering the first full reconstruction of the transnational history of Arendt's writing on Brecht, this article shows instead that Arendt's essay was a defense of Brecht against the polemics it is often taken to exemplify. Joining poetry to politics by holding both at a distance from philosophy, Arendt assigned poetry the vocation of disruptive faithfulness to factual reality, which allowed her to praise Brecht on political grounds and to leverage forbearance for his political “sins.” Indeed, by narrating Brecht's “sins” and “punishment” against the grain of Cold War discourse about the poet, Arendt's essay emulated aspects of the poetic practice she admired in Brecht's writing.

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Schofield, Camilla, et Ben Jones. « “Whatever Community Is, This Is Not It” : Notting Hill and the Reconstruction of “Race” in Britain after 1958 ». Journal of British Studies 58, n^o 1 (janvier 2019) : 142–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2018.174.

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AbstractThe impact of the 1958 Notting Hill riots tends to figure in histories of the political right, as a galvanizing force for anti-immigrant sentiment—or as radical catalyst in the transnational history of the Black Atlantic. Meanwhile, the generation of black and white social workers and activists who flocked to Notting Hill after the riots have largely been left out of the history of the British left. This article treats Notting Hill after 1958 as an important locale of new progressive thinking and action. It seeks to consider the political work that the idea of “community” did in Notting Hill, allowing us consider how the politics of antiracism relates in complex ways to the reformulation of progressive politics in postwar Britain. It reveals how black activists came to reappropriate the language of “community” to critique the ameliorative, welfarist approach to antiracism. It also unearths the forgotten eclectic beginnings of Britain's New Left. By excavating the history of community work and New Left activism “from below,” this article traces the ways in which a motley group of Methodist ministers, Christian Workers, students, social workers, and community leaders tested the limits of the liberal paternalism and “universalism” of the postwar social democratic state.

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Ali Abdulrazaq, Hala, et Manuel Correia Guedes. « Post-war sustainable housing design strategies : the case of reconstruction in Iraq ». Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021021.

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The damage of architecture in Iraq has been caused by a series of wars during the last four decades. The last conflict against the Islamic State from 2014 to 2017 caused severe destruction to the buildings in seven governorates, namely: Nineveh, Baghdad, Anbar, Babel, Kirkuk, Diyala, Salah Aldeen. three years after the Iraqi government has announced liberation, the cities are still covered by tons of rubble and thousands of people are still staying in camps. Several international humanitarian organizations are providing urgent assistance to help some local people to rebuild their homes. This paper presents initial results of an ongoing PhD research, which focuses on the role of architectural design in the postwar reconstruction in Iraq. It addresses an architectural damage assessment of the Post-War in the Old City of Mosul, after liberation from ISIS in 2017. The damage assessment focuses the residential buildings as it is the most affected sector and the most needed to start re-building. As rubble is the main obstacle for the residents besides that it's the first step for the recovery, this paper studies the scale of destruction to determine the quantity and quality of rubble in this historic city. Thus, it presents the current actions taken by locals and examines the government movements towards rubble management. Results show that, the unguided strategy of rebuilding is inefficient causing more damage to the environment and there is no comprehensive plan to protect historic buildings with a high heritage. The aim of this paper is to provide basic guidelines and recommendations for preventing further destruction to the heritage of the Old City.

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Kelly, Brian. « Black Laborers, the Republican Party, and the Crisis of Reconstruction in Lowcountry South Carolina ». International Review of Social History 51, n^o 3 (1 novembre 2006) : 375–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859006002537.

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The wave of strikes that swept across the South Carolina rice fields in late 1876 offer rich material for revisiting the most compelling issues in the postwar Reconstruction of the US's former slave states. They expose sharp tensions between the Republican Party's black, working-class constituency and its mostly white, bourgeois leadership. Recent studies, based almost entirely on Northern published opinion, have made the case that Northern Republican elites were driven to “abandon the mid-century vision of an egalitarian free labor society” by assertive ex-slaves oblivious to the “mutual interests” that ostensibly bound them and their employers. This article, based on extensive archival research, asserts that similar fissures opened up between freedpeople and southern Republican officials. In a series of highly effective mobilizations against local planters and determined attempts to block party officials from betraying their interests, rice fieldhands demonstrated a clear understanding of the critical issues at stake during the months leading up to the collapse of Reconstruction. Their intervention contrasted not only with the feeble holding operation pursued by moderates in the upper levels of the Republican party, but also with the timidity of many locally rooted black officials nearer to the grassroots.

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Mukhambetgalieva, Аlima K., et Ravilya R. Khisamutdinova. « State of Medical Institutions and Public Health Problems during Late Stalinism (on the Materials of the Aktobe Region of the Kazakh SSR ». Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series : History and Law 11, n^o 6 (2021) : 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2021-11-6-213-224.

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The relevance of the topic of the research is conditioned by the necessity to reflect in the historical science the peculiarities of development of the Soviet public health care in the conditions of the postwar reconstruction. The func-tioning of medical institutions in the postwar period took place in difficult conditions not only in the liberated territory, but also in the rear regions, as the consequences of the Great Patriotic War for the country and all the peoples of the former Soviet Union were enormous. Currently, Russian and Kazakh historiography lacks comprehensive studies on this issue, and the available works are mostly fragmentary in nature. The purpose of the research is to study the problems of medical and sanitary-preventive institutions, the state of health of the population of the Aktobe region of the Kazakh SSR in the post-war years. Objectives: on the basis of the documents of the State Archive of Aktobe region to analyze problems such as the shortage of medical personnel in the region, poor material - technical support and poor sanitary condition of medical institutions, to assess the extent of the spread of various infectious diseases, especially among the rural population. Methodology. The source base of the research includes published materials and archive documents. In the work were used scientific methods, typical for historical research: historical-genetic, comparative-historical. Results. The study showed that in general the state of medical institutions during the late Stalinism period in the territory of Aktobe region was unsatisfactory. The study of published sources and archival documents allowed us to reveal the real picture of the need and scarcity in the hospital institutions in the postwar years, as well as to assess the government attempts to reform the system of outpatient and polyclinic institutions. Conclusion. Deterioration of public health, which resulted in a decrease in the birth rate and increased mortality, arose as a result of the Great Patriotic War. Low provision of equipment, medical instruments contributed to the decline in the quality of medical care. The results of the study can serve as a basis for further study of the problem of development and organization of health care in the Kazakh SSR in the postwar period.

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Coelho, Joseph. « Seizing the State under International Administration ». Southeastern Europe 42, n^o 1 (9 avril 2018) : 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-04201006.

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State capture is a form of institutionalized particularism whereby elite actors manipulate policy formation to their own material and political interests at the expense of the public good. In Kosovo, a competitive form of state capture emerged during the postwar period as the country’s main political parties fiercely compete for control over state spoils. What makes the case of state capture in Kosovo stand apart from most countries in the region is the extensive international dimension of Kosovo’s state-building process. This raises an important question: given the extraordinary levels of international involvement in post-conflict reconstruction and the strengthening of state institutions, how has corruption become increasingly pervasive in Kosovo under international administration and supervision? The central argument of this article is that the stability paradigm has driven certain international policies and practices that have created conditions favorable to state capture, which indirectly contributes to widespread corruption in Kosovo. The West’s choice of stability and security over democracy and rule of law will have long-term and adverse consequences for Kosovo’s state formation.

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Beilharz, Peter. « Last Bauman/lost Bauman : Fifty years on - Sketches in the Theory of Culture (1968) – The suppressed and now final book of Zygmunt Bauman (2018) ». Thesis Eleven 159, n^o 1 (août 2020) : 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513620946955.

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Zygmunt Bauman said of 1968 that he could not empathize with the enthusiasm of the Western Left, that this was some kind of party. In Eastern Europe 1968 stood for an end, not a hope. Soon Bauman would be forced into exile, opening a new and brilliant phase of his intellectual trajectory. Sketches in the Theory of Culture was his last Polish book. It was suppressed in 1968, the contract cancelled in retaliation against his support for reforming politics. Now it has been rediscovered, originally in galley proofs, and translated by Dariusz Brzezinski for Polity Press. Like much of Bauman’s work, it is sprawling and inclusive, taking in anthropology, sociology of culture, ethnology and semiotics. It anticipates his life-long enthusiasm for Lévi-Strauss; and it also foreshadows some of the themes much later to be identified as liquid modern, though it may be the case that the theme of continuity is rather social turbulence from postwar reconstruction to the travails of socialist Poland. In this paper I review some of its themes and its status in the body of his work, and offer some introductory remarks on its importance to the study of culture.

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Pavlova, Valentyna A. « WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC RETAIL IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD ». Academic Review 1, n^o 56 (juin 2022) : 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-5.

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The article presents the principles of finding ways to develop domestic retail in the postwar period. The state of domestic retail during the period of military threat is studied. The main trends of its development are highlighted: changes in the relief of Ukrainian retail and internal characteristics of trade enterprises. The profile of operating facilities of different market segments is established on the basis of changes in their number and percentage from the total number to military action. Sparklines of each of the market segments were built, which allowed to visually show the dynamics of changes in MarchMay 2022 and determine the variability of the retail profile over three months. The nature of growth dynamics in the system of enterprises of different segments and the pace of network recovery are established. The change of product profile in the studied period is analyzed and the TOP-3 enterprises that occupy the largest share in providing services to consumers are identified. It is proved that the relief of retail changes under the influence of factors related to martial law, territorial changes, the speed of recovery of the network in case of operational safety. The internal characteristics of Ukrainian retail during the war are highlighted, including: changed work schedule, survival issues, priority of ethics, planning processes for a short period. Various examples of economic success in rebuilding countries are considered. The plans for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine proposed by international organizations and the announced program for the development of the national economy in the postwar period are analyzed. Such a program provides for the transition from the raw-agricultural-raw type of economy to the technological type and the creation of a new structure of the economy. Trade is singled out as a sphere of the national economy that ensures the livelihood of the population. The ways of development of Ukrainian retail in the postwar period are offered, among which: digitalization of the main trade and technological processes; construction and improvement of logistics; optimal combination of offline and online formats; development of own brand; formation of the customer base on the basis of research of consumer behavior. The content of each of the proposed areas is given. Emphasis is placed on the formation of customer relationship management (CRM) and digitalization of business. The importance of the organization of effective promotion of goods and their storage to increase sales and improve transport and warehousing logistics is considered. It is proved that the successful format of retail operation is the omnichannel model. Own brands are considered an integral part of retailers’ activities and attracting loyal customers to ensure sufficient sales and profitability

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McCartin, Joseph A. « Abortive Reconstruction : Federal War Labor Policies, Union Organization, and the Politics of Race, 1917–1920 ». Journal of Policy History 9, n^o 2 (avril 1997) : 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600005911.

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During the early months of 1919, the term “Reconstruction,” of concern to few but historians and the friends and foes of D.W. Griffith in the years immediately preceding the Great War, was again on the lips of Americans. Alabama State Federation of Labor President, William L. Harrison, noted that “Since the signing of the Armistice, and the cessation of hostilities, the questions of reconstruction and re-adjustment are being diligently studied by the people generally.” Out of the war, he argued, came “new and progressive ideas on reconstruction.” He was right. As the war ended, dozens of books and articles bearing titles like Reconstructing America, Democracy and Reconstruction, and Social Reconstruction joined a new journal called Reconstruction: A Herald of the New Time. This literature celebrated the role that a strong federal government had played in helping workers secure the right to join unions during the war, and it laid out hopeful plans for what the government might do to solve the “labor question” after the war. Such ideas helped convince Harrison's counterpart, Florida State Federation of Labor President John H. Mackey, that the postwar era would bring “a silver ray which carries with it wondrous tidings for the uplift of the masses.”

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박이진. « The Postwar Experience of Repatriates : The Crack in Postwar Japan's Reconstruction ». Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 14, n^o 1 (avril 2014) : 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21866/esjeas.2014.14.1.003.

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Morcillo, Aurora G. « Walls of Flesh. Spanish Postwar Reconstruction and Public Morality ». Bulletin of Spanish Studies 84, n^o 6 (septembre 2007) : 737–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753820701539349.

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Bozzoli, Carlos, et Tilman Brück. « Agriculture, Poverty, and Postwar Reconstruction : Micro-Level Evidence from Northern Mozambique ». Journal of Peace Research 46, n^o 3 (mai 2009) : 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343309102658.

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This article analyzes the effects of household-level activity choices on farm household welfare in a developing country affected by mass violent armed conflict. The study uses household survey data from postwar Nampula and Cabo Delgado provinces in Northern Mozambique capturing many activity choices, including market participation, risk and activity diversification, cotton adoption, and social exchange, as well as income-and consumption-based measures of welfare. The study advances the literature on postwar coping and rural poverty at the micro level by estimating potentially endogenous activity choices and welfare outcomes using instrumental variables. The study finds that increasing the cultivated area and on-farm activities enhances postwar welfare of smallholders exploiting wartime survival techniques. Subsistence farming reduces income but does not affect consumption, while market participation has positive welfare effects. This suggests that postwar reconstruction policies should encourage the wartime crop mix but offer enhanced marketing opportunities for such crops. Cotton adoption, which was promoted by aid agencies in the postwar period, reduces household welfare per capita by between 16% and 31%, controlling for market access. This contradicts previous studies of postwar rural development that did not control for the war-related endogeneity. Hence, addressing the potential endogeneity of activity choices is important because the standard regression approach may lead to biased estimates of the impact of activity choice on welfare, which in turn may lead to biased policy advice. The article discusses and contextualizes these findings, concluding with a discussion of suitable pro-poor reconstruction policies for national governments and donors.

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Naor, Moshe. « The 1948 war veterans and postwar reconstruction in Israel ». Journal of Israeli History 29, n^o 1 (mars 2010) : 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531041003594889.

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Stone, Jacqueline I. « “We Alone Can Save Japan” : Soka Gakkai’s Wartime Antecedents and Its Postwar Conversion Campaign ». Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 48, n^o 2 (24 septembre 2022) : 267–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.48.2.2021.267-298.

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Between 1945 and 1951, the Nichiren Buddhist lay organization Soka Gakkai, which had disbanded during the Pacific War, regrouped and burgeoned in a massive proselytizing campaign led by its second president, Toda Jōsei. This effort intertwined three aims: to spread faith in the Lotus Sūtra as the basis for Japan’s postwar reconstruction; to establish an ideal government based on Buddhist principles; and to build a national ordination platform as Japan’s sacred center. Driving it was Toda’s conviction, inherited from his teacher, Makiguchi Tsunesaburō, that Japan was suffering a profound malaise and could only be saved by embracing Nichiren’s teaching. That message formed a powerful link between wartime and postwar Soka Gakkai organizations. It drew Makiguchi into conflict with wartime ideology, leading to his arrest; amid postwar hardships, it found eager reception and shaped what would become Japan’s largest religious movement.

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Ussishkin, Daniel. « Morale and the Postwar Politics of Consensus ». Journal of British Studies 52, n^o 3 (juillet 2013) : 722–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.119.

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AbstractThe aftermath of the Second World War saw massive efforts to promote morale management across British industry. While these new discourses and industrial practices have often been explained in terms of the development of expert knowledge, this article places them at the center of the politics of social reconstruction. While the proper management of morale was linked to greater productivity, this article argues that it was often their assumed benefits regarding social cohesion and harmony that mattered most. It shows the ways in which government officials, management experts, and social scientists mobilized the perceived links that the war had forged among morale, collective sacrifice, and democratic citizenship and thus turned the workplace into a privileged site for the manufacture of consensus.

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Theis, Shannon M., Nadine P. Connor et J. Scott McMurray. « Pediatric Laryngotracheal Reconstruction : Case Studies ». Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders 16, n^o 3 (novembre 2006) : 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/vvd16.3.20.

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Bergeron, Suzanne, Carol Cohn et Claire Duncanson. « Rebuilding Bridges : Toward a Feminist Research Agenda for Postwar Reconstruction ». Politics & ; Gender 13, n^o 04 (24 novembre 2017) : 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x17000368.

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As feminists who think about war and peacebuilding, we cannot help but encounter the complex, entwined political economic processes that underlie wars’ causes, their courses, and the challenges of postwar reconstruction. For us, then, the increasing academic division between feminist security studies (FSS) and feminist (international) political economy (FPE/FIPE) has been a cause for concern, and we welcomed Politics & Gender’s earlier Critical Perspectives section on efforts to bridge the two (June 2015). We noticed, however, that although violence was addressed in several of the special section's articles, war made only brief and somewhat peripheral appearances, and peacebuilding was all but absent. While three contributions (Hudson 2015; Sjoberg 2015; True 2015) mentioned the importance of political economy in the analysis of armed conflict, the aspects of war on which the articles focused were militarized sexualities (Sjoberg 2015) or conflict-related and postwar sexual and gender-based violence (Hudson 2015; True 2015).

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Judith Baumel-Schwartz. « Case Closed : Holocaust Survivors in Postwar America (review) ». American Jewish History 93, n^o 3 (2008) : 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajh.0.0003.

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Sarty, Roger. « War Junk : Munitions Disposal and Postwar Reconstruction in Canada. Alex Souchen ». Canadian Historical Review 103, n^o 1 (1 mars 2022) : 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.103.1.br14.

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Engel, Amir. « Hope, Despair, and Justice in Postwar European Culture : Bicycle Thieves, The Plague, and The Man Outside as Case Studies ». Comparative Literature 72, n^o 1 (1 mars 2020) : 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-7909983.

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Abstract While there is growing interest in the postwar era, the cultural characteristics of the period after World War II and the period’s historical scope are still largely underdetermined. The purpose of this article is to offer a more nuanced use of the term postwar and insights into the cultural landscape of this enormously significant moment in the history of the West. To do so, it examines three major works of what is termed here the immediate postwar. These works are fundamentally dissimilar and yet, it is argued, share an emotional disposition. As shown, all three works exhibit a complex dialectical coupling of horror and anticipation. In other words, this article demonstrates that the cultural production of the postwar period (in the exact sense of the term) is characterized, on the one hand, by a sincere depiction of suffering and depravity but, on the other, by an intense engagement with questions about the moral and social future.

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MARTIN, JAMIE. « LIBERALISM AND HISTORY AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR : THE CASE OF JACOB TAUBES ». Modern Intellectual History 14, n^o 1 (23 avril 2015) : 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244315000116.

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Before his death in 1987, Jacob Taubes played an important role in postwar German academic philosophy and religious thought. Best known for his leftist political theology and scholarship on the history of Western eschatology, Taubes's thought was influential on mid-twentieth-century debates in Germany about secularization and modern political theology. Outside his relationship with Carl Schmitt, however, Taubes has received little attention in histories of postwar European thought, and few attempts have been made to understand his idiosyncratic work on its own terms. This essay presents new contexts for understanding Taubes and his political-theological critique of the ideological dominance of liberalism in postwar Germany. By analyzing Taubes's thought through the lens of his intellectual quarrel with Hans Blumenberg over secularization, it reassesses his contributions to postwar debates about the political temporality appropriate to a secular and non-utopian social theory, and the consequences of these debates for broader critiques of political liberalism.

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Habermas, Jürgen. « On How Postwar Germany Has Faced Its Recent Past ». Common Knowledge 25, n^o 1-3 (1 avril 2019) : 364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-7299486.

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In this essay Habermas contends that, until 1989, four phases are discernible in how postwar Germany attempted to come to terms with its “unmasterable past.” Between the end of the war in 1945 and the foundation of two German states in 1949, the first reconstruction generation mythologized the Nazi period as a criminal abyss. If this strategy allowed the government of the Federal Republic to assume legal responsibility for reparation claims, it also served to release individuals from working through their own painful pasts. This stage yielded to a second phase, one of “communicative silencing,” during the Adenauer years from 1949-63 in which the second reconstruction generation chose not to speak of the past but rather to concentrate on building the Wirtschaftswunder. The student movement of the 1960s challenged this presentism with demands for disclosure and accountability, and from the mid-1970s until 1989 this quest for unmasking existed in tension with an ongoing desire for evasion. This tension drove the “Historians’ Debate” of those years. Since reunification in 1989, Germany’s attitude toward its past has remained ambivalent. Today a New Right calls for the self-confident reassertion of a German nation unburdened by its past. But the past will lose its hold over Germany, Habermas argues, only through the work of a truly faithful memory.

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Amosova, A. A. « LABOR DAILY LIFE OF THE SOVIET ELITE IN LENINGRAD IN THE ERA OF LATE STALINISM ». Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, n^o 3 (2021) : 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-65-83.

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The article presents the research of the working norms and practices of the Soviet elite in the 1945-1950. The main attention is paid to the political biographies of the chairmen of Leningrad local government (Soviets). The research is based on methods of the oral history and the history of emotions; its source base includes documents from the archives of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Crimea. The studied generation of Leningrad leading cadres came to government positions in the late 1930s, after the repressions of the "Great Terror". The members of the Soviet elite passed the testing of their professional skills during World War II and the Blockade of Leningrad, and directed the forced postwar reconstruction of the national economy. In the late 1940s, they became victims of the so-called “Leningrad affair”.

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Dawley, Evan N. « Transformative Agendas : Postwar Gazetteers and the Reconstruction of Urban Taiwan, 1945–1960 ». Twentieth-Century China 47, n^o 2 (mai 2022) : 194–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0027.

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Valen, Dustin. « Politicking for Postwar Modernism : The Architectural Research Group of Ottawa and Montreal ». Articles 45, n^o 2 (18 septembre 2018) : 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051384ar.

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The diffusion of modernist principles in Canadian building and planning occurred through many channels, but among these the Architectural Research Group of Ottawa and Montreal played a crucial role. Formed in 1938 to conduct research into postwar reconstruction, the group produced articles, radio addresses, and exhibitions in an effort to nurture modernist sentiment across the country. For these young architects, the federal government’s commitment to replanning and rebuilding postwar Canadian cities presented them with an opportunity to intervene in the future of Canadian practice. They decried the “backwardness” of conservative practitioners while promoting the ideas of a European avant-garde and orchestrating numerous transatlantic exchanges. This article discusses the group’s role in politicking for architectural and urban modernism, as well as the contributions of some of its key members. It shows that Canadian professionals were not simply passive receptors of international modernism but played an active part in shaping these ideas during the immediate postwar period, and that Canada’s federal government played a unique role in accelerating this process by allowing modernist architects and planners to operate within and through a number of government-sponsored agencies.

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Chettiar, Teri. « “More than a Contract” : The Emergence of a State-Supported Marriage Welfare Service and the Politics of Emotional Life in Post-1945 Britain ». Journal of British Studies 55, n^o 3 (10 juin 2016) : 566–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2016.55.

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AbstractThis article examines the seminal contributions of Britain's marriage counseling and therapy services toward cultivating a new emotional purpose for marriage in the decades following World War II. It presents two related narrative threads. First, it argues that psychologically oriented relationship services attracted government support because they supported the postwar ideal of a classless democratic society. Pioneering practitioners promoted a universalized view of citizens’ emotional relationships—rather than their socio-economic circumstances—as the determining fact of their lives. Second, it argues that these services provided a compelling language and set of concepts for articulating transforming understandings and expectations of marriage in the decades after 1945. To this end, the article reveals how the language and concepts of marriage therapists were mobilized by divorce reformers in the 1960s, and helped replace the offense model for divorce petitions with a less punitive psychological model of relationship “breakdown” in 1969. Britain's postwar marriage welfare services endowed stable harmonious families with crucial social and political importance as the bedrock for postwar social reconstruction and the most fitting environment for children and adults alike to develop into fully mature and self-realized democratic citizens.

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Long, Michael A., Michael J. Hogan, Paul B. Stretesky et Michael J. Lynch. « THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSTWAR RECONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS AND POLITICAL DONATIONS : THE CASE IN AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ ». Sociological Spectrum 27, n^o 4 (22 mai 2007) : 453–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170701335061.

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Mertelesmann, Olaf. « The Cost of Transition from Market to Command Economy : The Case of Estonia ». Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 1, n^o 1 (15 novembre 2009) : 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v1i1_2.

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While the post-socialist transition of central and eastern European economies has produced a large amount of research, the transition to the command economy has been explored mainly in the cases of Russia and East Germany. This paper is an updated summary of the results of a larger research project which is dedicated to the Stalinist reconstruction of Estonia’s economy and the postwar years. It is based mainly on archival research in Estonian and Russian archives using documents of the state and the Communist Party.

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Capperucci, Vera. « Alcide De Gasperi and the problem of reconstruction ». Modern Italy 14, n^o 4 (novembre 2009) : 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532940903237540.

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Starting with a quick overview of the historiography of Italy from Fascism to the Republic, this article looks at Alcide De Gasperi's establishment as a leader within both the Italian political system and within his Party–the Christian Democrats–casting new light on three aspects of his political activity: (1) his relationship with the Church and the Catholics’ new modes of participation in political life; (2) the reasons inspiring the definition of the Republican State's institutional architecture; and (3) alliance strategy in government formation and in relationships with the other parties. The originality of De Gasperi's political activity can be defined in terms of these issues, together with the development of a distinctive political leadership, for too long overlooked, that would play a critical role in carrying Italy through its postwar reconstruction.

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Delhaye, Christine. « Book Review : How German is She ? Postwar West German Reconstruction and the Consuming Woman ». European Journal of Cultural Studies 2, n^o 2 (mai 1999) : 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136754949900200208.

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Shimazu, Naoko. « Popular Representations of the Past : The Case of Postwar Japan ». Journal of Contemporary History 38, n^o 1 (janvier 2003) : 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009403038001966.

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Fricke, Adrienne. « Forever Nearing the Finish Line : Heritage Policy and the Problem of Memory in Postwar Beirut ». International Journal of Cultural Property 12, n^o 2 (mai 2005) : 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739105050150.

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Between 1976 and 1991, central Beirut, repository of centuries of historic structures, was substantially destroyed by civil war. In 1994, a private company known by its French acronym Solidère was created by government decree and given the task of reconstructing the center of Beirut. Despite political problems, the Solidère project brought the hope of social recovery through economic renewal; yet progress should not come at the cost of memory.How can Beirut, destroyed, be a site of both recovery and erasure? Even though traditional legal and political discourses acknowledge that cultural heritage holds a powerful position in reconstruction, there are few tools for capturing its functions. Using heuristics originally employed in archeology and art history, this article addresses psychological aspects of reconstruction by discussing contemporary Lebanese art. If culture is defined not only as what people do buthow they make sense of what they have done, the enormity of the political problems of post–civil war reconstruction become clear. National governments hoping to consolidate authority would do well to consider how best to approach public places resonant with emotionally charged memories.Policymakers should consider the complex benefits of negative heritage in drafting laws that will enable its protection. Legal reform carried out with the goal of balanced heritage policies that accommodate negative heritage is key for postconflict urban spaces. By acknowledging the weight of the past, such policies would also bolster confidence in the emergent government and the political process.

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Osborne, Dora. « Too Soon and Too Late : The Problem of Archive Work in Christian Petzold’s Phoenix ». New German Critique 47, n^o 1 (1 février 2020) : 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0094033x-7908434.

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Abstract Christian Petzold’s Phoenix (2014) is set in the immediate aftermath of World War II but dedicated to Fritz Bauer, the man credited with initiating the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials almost two decades later. In light of other recent films about Bauer, this article argues that Petzold’s dedication indicates the director’s interest in “archive work” as a fundamental task of “working through” the Nazi past (performed emblematically by Bauer). It considers Petzold’s return to Bauer’s archive work in conjunction with the former’s attempt to reconstruct an archive image for the film’s opening, an attempt Petzold eventually abandoned. In the postwar world of Phoenix, it is too soon to perform the reconstructive work undertaken by Bauer—here reconstruction has to do, rather, with erasure and forgetting. For contemporary memory work, meanwhile, all that remains are the material traces of the archive—Petzold must turn to this material but sees that its (re)mediatization in mainstream Holocaust cinema has obscured its relationship to the traumatic events at stake. This article shows how Petzold uses his film to describe the difficulties of working with the archive from the positions of prematurity and belatedness, indicating as he does so how both the recuperative and the effacing work of postwar reconstruction inflect the material legacy available to subsequent generations.

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MOSES, JULIA. « SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP AND SOCIAL RIGHTS IN AN AGE OF EXTREMES : T. H. MARSHALL'S SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY IN THELONGUE DURÉE ». Modern Intellectual History 16, n^o 1 (6 juin 2017) : 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244317000178.

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This article demonstrates how T. H. Marshall's conceptualization of sociology—its subject, key questions and methodology—was embedded within broader moments in twentieth-century political history, including two world wars, the economic crisis of the interwar era, the onset of the Cold War and the rise of decolonization. In doing so, it brings intellectual history and the history of academic disciplines (particularly sociology) together with more recent trends in the historiography of twentieth-century Europe, including research on postwar democratization, reconstruction and the global spread of human rights discourses. Marshall was a sociological thinker in what Eric Hobsbawm has called the “age of extremes,” whose understanding of social citizenship not only played a role in theorizing the welfare state in postwar Britain, but also helped shape reconstruction within Europe and international development efforts following decolonization. In this respect, Marshall was part of a transnational and global movement to recast key concepts such as democracy, human rights and citizenship after the Second World War. This broader perspective illuminates how his work straddles traditions of pluralism and idealism, liberalism and social democracy, rather than being simply representative of any one of these schools of thought.

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Sharma, Arun B. « Case Studies in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Using Osseointegrated Implants ». Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 5, n^o 2 (mai 1993) : 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3699(20)30699-3.

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IWAMOTO, shunsuke, et Junne KIKATA. « A Study on Plaza Planning in Postwar Reconstruction Planning in Local Towns in Kagoshima Prefecture ». Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 44 (2009) : 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/cpij1.44.0.138.0.

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Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy. « A Goudstikker van Goyen in Gdańsk : A Case Study of Nazi-Looted Art in Poland ». International Journal of Cultural Property 27, n^o 1 (février 2020) : 53–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739120000016.

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Abstract:This article traces the provenance and migration of a painting by Jan van Goyen (1595–1656), River Landscape with a Swineherd, from the Jacques Goudstikker Collection and now in Gdańsk Muzeum Narodowe. After the “red-flag sale” of the Goudstikker Collection in July 1940 to German banker Alois Miedl, and then to Hermann Göring, this painting—after its sale on Berlin’s Lange Auction in December 1940 to Hitler’s agent Almas-Dietrich—was returned to Miedl-Goudstikker in Amsterdam. Miedl then sold it (with two other Dutch paintings) to the Nazi Gauleiter of Danzig, Albert Forster, among many wartime Dutch acquisitions for the Municipal Museum (Stadtmuseum). Evacuated to Thuringia and captured by a Soviet trophy brigade, it thus avoided postwar Dutch claims. Returned to Poland from the Hermitage in 1956, it was exhibited in the Netherlands and the United States (despite its Goudstikker label). Tracing its wartime and postwar odyssey highlights the transparent provenance research needed for Nazi-era acquisitions, especially in former National Socialist (NS) Germanized museums in countries such as Poland, where viable claims procedures for Holocaust victims and heirs are still lacking. This example of many “missing” Dutch paintings sold to NS-era German museums in cities that became part of postwar Poland, raises several important issues deserving attention in provenance research for still-displaced Nazi-looted art.

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Major, P. « From Punishment to Partnership : New Studies on the Americans and the Reconstruction of Postwar Germany, 1945-1955 ». German History 14, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1996) : 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/14.1.67.

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Terleckas, Antanas. « The Sovietisation of Rural Areas of Lithuania : A Case Study of the Lenin’s Way Kolkhoz in Deltuva (1948–1957) ». Lithuanian Historical Studies 25, n^o 1 (30 novembre 2021) : 135–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02501005.

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This article presents the story of the establishment of one kolkhoz, Lenin’s Way, located in the Deltuva district, as a typical attempt at the Sovietisation of rural Lithuania. The microhistorical approach is applied in the article, facilitating a more specific and detailed illustration of the processes that have been under way in postwar Lithuanian rural areas in historiography up till now. The author does not convey the Sovietisation of rural Lithuania through the prism of the partisan war or terror, but tries to understand the different expectations and ambitions of reform implementers and the ordinary people who suddenly found themselves as part of a kolkhoz. The study suggests looking at collectivisation not as consistent and finite postwar reform, but as a complex process that lasted considerably longer, quite unlike what was claimed by the Soviet regime, which declared that collectivisation had been achieved in Lithuania by 1951.

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Zysiak, Agata. « People will enter the downtown – the postwar ruralisation of the proletarian city of Łódź (1945–55) ». Rural History 30, n^o 1 (29 mars 2019) : 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793319000025.

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AbstractThis article deals with the postwar confrontation of the rural and the urban in Poland. It sheds light on a time of mass migration to the cities and the postwar reconstruction in Central Europe, heading towards state-socialism, and focuses on official discourses concerning peasants as new social and political subjects and the intelligentsia’s response to rural newcomers. A testing ground for these processes was the Polish city of Łódź, the biggest textile industrial centre.These processes became the subject of both journalistic and academic inquiries framed by political efforts to reshape the ‘social imaginary’ (Taylor) through the state’s ‘socialist modernization’. Along with the scale of migration, there was another unprecedented aspect: peasants were becoming citizens, recognised political subjects, later even as privileged representatives of the People’s Republic. The postwar press and political speeches encouraged them to become a part of the modernisation project. Almost immediately, counter-narratives followed and lamented the newcomers’ ‘improper’ uses of the city. The term ‘ruralisation of the city’ was coined to describe the misuses of urban spaces, a moral decline and even the negative influence of peasants on the urban working class.

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Beauregard, Robert A. « Federal policy and postwar urban decline : A case of government complicity ? » Housing Policy Debate 12, n^o 1 (janvier 2001) : 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2001.9521401.

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Iversen, Martin Jes, et Stig Tenold. « The two regimes of postwar shipping : Denmark and Norway as case studies, 1960–2010 ». International Journal of Maritime History 26, n^o 4 (novembre 2014) : 720–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871414552611.

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The aim of this article is to illustrate the most important changes in the regulatory framework of the shipping sector from the 1960s to 2010, and to analyse the basis for, and effects of, these changes. In order to explain how the transformation has occurred, we use two traditional maritime nations—Denmark and Norway—as case studies. First, we introduce the two regimes of Danish and Norwegian shipping: ‘the national regime’ from the early 1960s to the mid-1970s; and ‘the competitive regime’, which was fully established by the middle of the 1990s and still persists. Then, we briefly sketch the bargaining that accompanied the shift from the national regime to the competitive regime. Specifically, we show that the new regime primarily accommodated the interests of private actors such as shipping companies, rather than the interests of the authorities and the trade unions.

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Tuğal, Cihan. « Populism Studies : The Case for Theoretical and Comparative Reconstruction ». Annual Review of Sociology 47, n^o 1 (31 juillet 2021) : 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-092820-094345.

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Studies of populism have shifted from substantive to discursive/performative and institutional perspectives in recent decades. This shift resolved some long-standing problems but insulated the analysis of populism from theoretical and methodological debates in the social sciences. Theoretical restrictions have gone hand in hand with geographical neglect: The near-exclusive focus on the United States, Europe, and Latin America reinforces the blind spots of these existing approaches. An integration of overlooked regions holds the potential for theoretical reconstruction, even though such comparative broadening could as well simply reproduce the persistent impasses. Moreover, post-2016 developments have induced a return to substantive issues, throwing into sharp relief what populism studies have been missing during the past decades. The main challenge today is synthesizing socioeconomic analyses with institutionalist and discourse-theoretical advances without falling into eclecticism. Breaking away from the entrenched regional orientations to embrace a more global-historical methodology could help such an endeavor.

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Arnóth, Ádám. « THE ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURAL RECONSTRUCTION – HUNGARIAN CASE STUDIES ». Protection of Cultural Heritage, n^o 8 (20 décembre 2019) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/odk.1021.

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Modernist practice, the modernist way of conservation and restoration, is against historicism, against reconstruction. The main rule is: deceit, forgery, falsification is forbidden. Despite this, some reconstructions were undertaken in Hungary, and recently the pressure for reconstructions has become even greater. Unfortunately, the categories of listed buildings, open-air museums and Disneyland are sometimes mixed up by the public and even by decision makers.

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Abdulcadir, Jasmine, Maria I. Rodriguez, Patrick Petignat et Lale Say. « Clitoral Reconstruction after Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting : Case Studies ». Journal of Sexual Medicine 12, n^o 1 (janvier 2015) : 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12737.

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Breen, John. « “CONVENTIONAL WISDOM” AND THE POLITICS OF SHINTO IN POSTWAR JAPAN ». POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL 4, n^o 1 (1 juin 2010) : 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0401068b.

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In January 2010, the Supreme Court delivered a historic verdict of unconstitutionality in a case involving Sorachibuto, a Shinto shrine in Sunagawa city, Hokkaido. All of the national newspapers featured the case on their front pages. As the case makes abundantly clear, issues of politics and religion, politics and Shinto, are alive and well in 21st century Japan. In this essay, I seek to shed light on the fraught relationship between politics and Shinto from three perspectives. I first analyze the Sorachibuto case, and explain what is at stake, and why it has attracted the attention it has. I then contextualize it, addressing the key state-Shinto legal disputes in the post war period: from the 1970s through to the first decade of the 21st century. Here my main focus falls on the state, and its efforts to cultivate Shinto. In the final section, I shift that focus to the Shinto establishment, and explore its efforts to reestablish with a succession of post LDP administrations the sort of intimacy, which Shinto enjoyed with the state in the early 20th century.

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Fofanah, John Bundu, Mohamed Al-Hussein, Hassan Safouhi et Bouferguene Ahmed. « Postwar Reconstruction : Sustainability Approach using Hamming Distance and Analytic Hierarchy Process Concepts : A Case Study of Sierra Leone ». International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability : Annual Review 3, n^o 1 (2007) : 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v03i01/54306.

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