Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pompe des carbonates »

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is waste generated by the palm oil industry consisting of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. POME is decomposed in sewage ponds and allowed to decompose naturally. The residual waste generated by this industry is non-toxic but has high polluting power. To overcome this, it is necessary to treat waste by making ceramic membranes. The composition materials needed are clay, zeolite, sodium carbonate and boric acid. The manufacturing method is through the printing and combustion stages at a temperature of 900oC. The results showed that there was an effect of compositional variations on the quality of the final product, namely TSS rejection % 93.355 with a flux value of 0.2474 (L/m2min). From the parameter values obtained, it proves that the ceramic membrane is able to process POME with satisfactory effective results. The quality standard of palm oil liquid waste is in accordance with South Sumatera governor regulation number 8 of 2012 concerning quality standard of liquid waste for industrial, hotel, hospital, domestic and coal mining activities

A set of commonly used food additives was evaluated for their antifungal activity against the brown rot disease of fruits caused by the fungal pathogen Monilinia fructigena, which is one of the most economically important agents, causing important damage to pome fruits, such as pears and apples. The radial mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen was assessed in PDA amended with different concentrations (0.5, 2, 2.5, and 5%) of each additive. The results underlined that most of the additives displayed a significant inhibition of mycelial growth, with the extent of inhibition varying depending on the specific additive and concentration used. Five food additives showed high inhibition rates (above 88%), of which sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, copper sulphate, and sodium hydroxide were the most effective, whereas ammonium carbonate, magnesium chlorite, and citric acid were the least effective. Interestingly, the coatings containing sodium bicarbonate, copper sulphate, and ammonium bicarbonate significantly reduced the incidence of brown rot disease in apples, but other additives were not effective, such as ammonium carbonate and magnesium sulphate. The anhydrous sodium sulphate used at a concentration of 2%, was found to be one of the least effective additives, with a reduction rate of 20%. Subsequently, food additives showing good growth inhibition rates and reduction in disease severity were then tested in semi-commercial trials at temperatures of 4 °C and 22 °C. The results indicated that these additives demonstrate effectiveness in controlling M. fructigena at specific concentrations, and lower temperatures (4 °C) can improve the efficiency of the control measures. In addition, the selected food additives exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against M. fructigena, suggesting their application as a promising alternative for managing brown rot disease in apple fruits.

L’alcalinité de l’océan (Alk) est essentielle dans l’absorption de carbone atmosphérique et offre une capacité tampon contre l’acidification. Dans le cadre des prévisions de l’absorption de carbone par les océans et des impacts potentiels sur les écosystèmes, la représentation de l’Alk et du principal facteur de sa distribution dans l’océan profond, le cycle du carbonate de calcium (CaCO3), ont souvent été négligés. Cette thèse aborde le manque de considération accordé à l’Alk et au cycle du CaCO3 dans les modèles du système terrestre (ESM) et explore les implications pour le cycle du carbone dans un océan pré-industriel ainsi que dans des scénarios de changement climatique. À travers une intercomparaison des ESMs, une réduction des biais simulés de l’Alk dans la 6ème phase du Projet d’Intercomparaison de Modèles Couplés (CMIP6) est rapportée. Cette réduction peut s’expliquer partiellement par une calcification pélagique accrue, redistribuant l’Alk en surface et renforçant son gradient vertical dans la colonne d’eau. Une revue des modèles de biogéochimie marine utilisés dans les ESMs actuels révèle une représentation diverse du cycle du CaCO3 et des processus affectant l’Alk. Les schémas de paramétrisation de la production, de l’exportation, de la dissolution et de l’enfouissement du CaCO3 varient considérablement, avec une prise en compte généralement limitée à la seule calcite, et sans calcification benthique. Cette diversité entraîne des projections contrastées de l’export de carbone associé au CaCO3 depuis l’océan de surface vers l’océan profond dans les scénarios futurs. Cependant, des simulations de sensibilité effectuées avec le modèle de biogéochimie marine NEMO-PISCES indiquent que la rétroaction associée sur le flux de carbone anthropique et l’acidification des océans reste limitée. À travers un ensemble de simulations NEMO-PISCES, il est démontré qu’une attention particulière au bilan d’Alk est cruciale pour estimer le dégazage de carbone océanique pré-industriel dû aux apports fluviaux ainsi qu’à l’enfouissement de matière organique et de CaCO3. De telles estimations sont fondamentales pour évaluer le flux de carbone air-mer anthropique en utilisant des données d’observation, et mettent en évidence la nécessité de mieux contraindre le bilan d’Alk de l’océan. Enfin, fidèle au message qu’elle véhicule sur le changement climatique, cette thèse offre une perspective nouvelle et radicale sur les sciences du climat et le système de la recherche actuel
Ocean alkalinity (Alk) is critical for the uptake of atmospheric carbon and provides buffering capacity against acidification. Within the context of projections of ocean carbon uptake and potential ecosystem impacts, the representation of Alk and the main driver of its distribution in the ocean interior, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) cycle, have often been overlooked. This thesis addresses the lack of consideration given to Alk and the CaCO3 cycle in Earth system models (ESMs) and explores the implications for the carbon cycle in a pre-industrial ocean as well as under climate change scenarios. Through an ESM intercomparison, a reduction in simulated Alk biases in the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) is reported. This reduction can be partially explained by increased pelagic calcification, redistributing Alk at the surface and strengthening its vertical gradient in the water column. A review of the ocean biogeochemical models used in current ESMs reveals a diverse representation of the CaCO3 cycle and processes affecting Alk. Parameterization schemes for CaCO3 production, export, dissolution, and burial vary substantially, with no benthic calcification and generally only calcite considered. This diversity leads to contrasting projections of carbon export associated with CaCO3 from the surface ocean to the ocean interior in future scenarios. However, sensitivity simulations performed with the NEMO-PISCES ocean biogeochemical model indicate that the feedback of this on anthropogenic carbon fluxes and ocean acidification remains limited. Through an ensemble of NEMO-PISCES simulations, careful consideration of the Alk budget is shown to be critical to estimating pre-industrial ocean carbon outgassing due to riverine discharge and the burial of organic matter and CaCO3. Such estimates are fundamental to assessing anthropogenic air-sea carbon fluxes using observational data and highlight the need for greater constraints on the ocean Alk budget

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les différents facteurs contrôlant la pompe biologique de carbone en Atlantique Nord et dans l’Océan Austral, à proximité des îles Kerguelen, en utilisant notamment deux approches: le Thorium-234 (234Th) et le baryum biogénique (Baxs).En Atlantique Nord, les flux d’export de carbone organique particulaire (POC) augmentent lorsqu’ils sont associés à des minéraux biogéniques (silice biogénique et carbonate de calcium) et lithogènes, capable de lester les particules. L’efficacité d’export, généralement plus faible que précédemment supposé (< 10%), est inversement corrélée à la production, soulignant un décalage temporel entre production et export. La plus forte efficacité de transfert, i.e. la fraction de POC atteignant 400m, est reliée à des particules lestées par du carbonate de calcium ou des minéraux lithogènes.Les flux de reminéralisation mésopélagique sont similaires ou parfois supérieurs aux flux d’exports et dépendent de l’intensité du développement phytoplanctonique, de la structure en taille, des communautés phytoplanctoniques et des processus physiques (advection verticale).Comme observé pour le POC, l’export des éléments traces est influencé par les particules lithogènes provenant des marges océaniques, mais aussi des différentes espèces phytoplanctoniques.Dans l’Océan Austral, la zone à proximité de l’île de Kerguelen est naturellement fertilisée en fer, augmentant les flux d’export de fer, d’azote et de silice biogénique. Il a été démontré que la variabilité des flux dépendait des communautés phytoplanctoniques dans la zone fertilisée
The main objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the different controls that affect the oceanic biological carbon pump. Particulate export and remineralization fluxes were investigated using the thorium-234 (234Th) and biogenic barium (Baxs) proxies.In the North Atlantic, the highest particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes were associated to biogenic (biogenic silica or calcium carbonate) and lithogenic minerals, ballasting the particles.Export efficiency was generally low (< 10%) and inversely related to primary production, highlighting a phase lag between production and export. The highest transfer efficiencies, i.e. the fraction of POC that reached 400m, were driven by sinking particles ballasted by calcite or lithogenic minerals.The regional variation of mesopelagic remineralization was attributed to changes in bloom intensity, phytoplankton cell size, community structure and physical forcing (downwelling). Carbon remineralization balanced, or even exceeded, POC export, highlighting the impact of mesopelagic remineralization on the biological pump with a near-zero, deep carbon sequestration for spring 2014.Export of trace metals appeared strongly influenced by lithogenic material advected from the margins. However, at open ocean stations not influenced by lithogenic matter, trace metal export rather depended on phytoplankton activity and biomass.A last part of this work focused on export of biogenic silica, particulate nitrogen and iron near the Kerguelen Island. This area is characterized by a natural iron-fertilization that increases export fluxes. Inside the fertilized area, flux variability is related to phytoplankton community composition

Criminal poisonings with lead compounds are noteworthy because of their rarity. Indeed a person intent on poisoning someone would be unlikely to choose lead because of its uncertainty of action. Nevertheless there were murders in which it was used, such as the killing of Thomas Taylor in September 1858, when white lead was the poison, and the murder of Mary Ann Tregillis in 1882, when lead acetate was used. This salt was also the agent in the attempted murder of Honora Turner also in 1858. The lead compound that killed Pope Clement II in 1047 can only be speculated on. The inquest into the death of Thomas Taylor, which was held by the coroner for Gloucestershire on 27 September 1858, was reported in the November issue of the Pharmaceutical Journal because it was an unusual case of death by poisoning with lead carbonate. Thomas lived in Gloucestershire with his wife, Ann, and the child that he had fathered by another woman. He also had a brother, Charles, who had recently been released from prison and who had gone to live with the Taylors. It was not long before quarrels broke out between Thomas and his wife, whom he accused of being too affectionate towards Charles. In fact Ann was more than affectionate; she openly stated that she preferred brother Charles and wished her husband was dead. Her wish was to be granted. In August 1858 Thomas was seized with violent pains in his stomach which lasted for several days and for which he sought medical treatment. The doctor gave him some opium pills to kill the pain and senna water to act as a laxative. When these failed to cure him his doctor prescribed larger doses which he said could be obtained from his surgery. However, the doctor noticed that when his wife Ann went to collect more senna water she brought along a bottle that had contained the original medicine and that the dregs of the first dose were now a different colour and it tasted odd. Thomas died on 4 September, but the doctor was sufficiently suspicious of the cause of death that he refused to issue a death certificate until he and a surgeon friend of his had carried out a post-mortem.