Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pollutant waste »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Pollutant waste"
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Nguyen Minh, Hai, et Vinh Vu Duy. « Simulation of impact of organic and nutrient pollutants from Nghi Son economic zone on Thanh Hoa coastal waters, North Centre Vietnam ». Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 21, no 1 (31 mars 2021) : 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/15091.
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Nghi Son is an economic zone oriented to developing heavy industry and petrochemicals and has potential to become the most substantial economic zone in the North Central region. The zone is also one of the potential waste sources polluting Thanh Hoa coastal waters. Numeric modeling using Delft3D software package with different scenarios: Current status scenario, controlled discharge scenario, and incident scenario was developed to simulate states of some pollutants of organics and nutrients from the zone to Thanh Hoa coastal waters in different periods. The simulation results show that under controlled discharge (increasing pollutant concentration with the control of waste discharge), the concentration of pollutants was increasing and high around discharging points. In contrast, in incident case from the zone, pollutant concentrations increase markedly both in the magnitude and in the impact range to surrounding areas. When an accident happens, the influence scale will be expanded significantly, especially in the rainy season.
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Tafti, Mojtaba Dehqani, Faramarz Doulati Ardejani, Mohammad Fatehi Marji et Yousef Shiri. « Simulation of groundwater contamination by leakage from waste-filled mine ». Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no 5 (2021) : 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.5.5.
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Mining wastes are a great source of pollutants. Open-pit backfill materials can be found as waste rock and as tailings. The aim of the current study was the investigation of the contaminant transportation pathways by groundwater flow from these waste materials through heterogeneous porous media. Numerical Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was used for examining the effects of different factors on pollutant transportation through groundwater beneath the waste materials. Grain size, vertical and horizontal fracturing, and hydraulic pressure gradient were factors considered here. The results showed that contaminant transportation by the groundwater flow from the waste materials through porous media depends on primary and secondary matrix porosity of the open-pit material, heterogeneity in permeability of aquifer rock, and hydraulic head of groundwater.
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Sartika, Nurdwi, Monik Kasman et Anggrika Riyanti. « Analisis Penurunan Parameter Limbah Cair Laundry Menggunakan Rotating Biological Contactor (Rbc) ». Jurnal Daur Lingkungan 2, no 2 (10 août 2019) : 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/daurling.v2i2.30.
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Laundry waste water is a part of domestic liquid waste and its classified as grey water. Liquid waste from laundry business containing pollutants such as BOD, COD, TSS, Total Phosphate, and Methylene Blue Active Substance (MBAS) that can give negative impact to the environment if it is not treated first. The purpose in this study was to analyze the influence of detention time to eficiency of decreasing pollutant concentration by using Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) methods. The RBC used the palm fiber as the media. Variation of detention time in this study was 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days. Linear regression was used to analysed the effect of detention time to pollutant concentration decreased. The result showed that the elimination efficiency of BOD, COD, TSS, Total phosphate and MBAS was 88%, 87%, 87%, 88% and 96%. The regression analysis results showed that there was a significant relationship between detention time and efficiency of decreasing pollutant parameters concentration (BOD, COD, TSS, Total Phosphates) of laundry waste by using RBC, but has no significant relationship in MBAS parameter.
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Deng, Li Fang, Hao Ran Yuan, Hong Yu Huang et Yong Chen. « Municipal Solid Waste Leachate Treatment Using Microbial Fuel Cell ». Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (décembre 2012) : 2361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2361.
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Leachate is a high concentration organic wastewater, and microbial fuel cell (MFC) is capable of decomposing and treating organic pollutants directly. Single-chamber MFC using landfill leachate as anolyte was built to get rid of BOD and ammonia-nitrogen organic pollutant in leachate. The use of MFC led to the treatment of the biodegradable organic pollutant of municipal solid waste leachate and the production of electricity. The biofilm was detected on the MFC anode carbon felt, the voltage and power output were achieved 292.7± 5 mV and 2375.1mW.m-2. The suitable running time was about 10 days, when the BOD and ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiencies were achieved about 93.0% and 84.1 %, respectively.
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BONDAREV, Andreea, et Catalina-Gabriela GHEORGHE. « The Use of Lignin for Environmental Protection : An Overview of Recent Literature ». Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 45, no 1 (15 mars 2022) : 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2022.1.01.
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Reducing environmental pollution is a particularly important issue, intensively studied nationally and internationally, as evidenced by the large number of scientific papers published on this topic. Literature studies show that reducing environmental pollution means not only reducing the amount of air / water / soil pollutants but also finding ways to recover waste from industrial activities that will reduce the problems of environmental pollution due to their storage.The materials resulting from the gasification processes of cellulose waste, as well as the materials obtained with the help of cellulose extracted from cellulose waste, were tested in the adsorption processes of some polluting species and the results demonstrated the efficiency of these materials for reducing the environmental pollution. The use of lignin as an adsorbent for the removal of pollutants (organic dyes or metal ions) from industrial wastewater can be considered a viable alternative, which can be a solution to both the problem of lignin recovery and the reduction of pollutant content in industrial wastewater.
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Sołowski, Gaweł, Marwa Shalaby et Fethi Ahmet Özdemir. « Plastic and Waste Tire Pyrolysis Focused on Hydrogen Production—A Review ». Hydrogen 3, no 4 (6 décembre 2022) : 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3040034.
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In this review, we compare hydrogen production from waste by pyrolysis and bioprocesses. In contrast, the pyrolysis feed was limited to plastic and tire waste unlikely to be utilized by biological decomposition methods. Recent risks of pyrolysis, such as pollutant emissions during the heat decomposition of polymers, and high energy demands were described and compared to thresholds of bioprocesses such as dark fermentation. Many pyrolysis reactors have been adapted for plastic pyrolysis after successful investigation experiences involving waste tires. Pyrolysis can transform these wastes into other petroleum products for reuse or for energy carriers, such as hydrogen. Plastic and tire pyrolysis is part of an alternative synthesis method for smart polymers, including semi-conductive polymers. Pyrolysis is less expensive than gasification and requires a lower energy demand, with lower emissions of hazardous pollutants. Short-time utilization of these wastes, without the emission of metals into the environment, can be solved using pyrolysis. Plastic wastes after pyrolysis produce up to 20 times more hydrogen than dark fermentation from 1 kg of waste. The research summarizes recent achievements in plastic and tire waste pyrolysis development.
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Henze, M. « Waste design for households with respect to water, organics and nutrients ». Water Science and Technology 35, no 9 (1 mai 1997) : 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0335.
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Waste design couples handling and treatment of waste with the production and control of waste materials. This integrated approach will allow for a reduced use of non renewable resources in waste treatment. The paper discusses the use of waste design for households and its impact on the composition of household wastewater. This will allow for the design of a wastewater with characteristics quite different from those normally found. The separation of toilet wastes or just urine can reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wastewater to a level where no further nutrient removal is needed. The BOD and COD load to wastewater can be significantly reduced by separating toilet wastes and part of the kitchen wastes. The phosphate content of detergents influences the phosphorus load significantly. Kitchen wastes can be diverted to the solid waste system or the compostable fraction of solid wastes can be incorporated into the wastewater by use of garbage grinders. The change in pollutant load can be achieved separately or in combination with water savings. It is thus possible to reduce or increase the overall concentration of pollutants, and to design wastewater with a given COD/TN or COD/TP ratio, which is of significant influence on biological nutrient removal processes.
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Sutrisno, E., B. S. Ramadan, H. S. Huboyo, N. Ikhlas et A. Karmilia. « Estimating backyard waste burning emission : A case study of Tembalang Campus, Diponegoro University ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 894, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012038.
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Abstract This study analyzes the distribution and amount of CO, CO2, HC, and NOx gas emissions resulting from the open burning of backyard waste in Diponegoro University. The burned waste sample is taken from surrounding environment of Diponegoro University (Tembalang Campus) by taking 4 random samples (3 kg each). Emissions from CO, CO2, HC, and NOx gases were obtained from the 24 minutes combustion test. Furthermore, the gaseous pollutant emitted is measured using a gas analyzer. The burned waste comprised 73.77% of organic waste, 17.45% of plastic; 4.33% of paper; and 4.45% of other waste. The emission test results show that the highest CO, CO2, HC, and NOx emissions have occurred at 14, 20, 18, and 18 minutes, respectively. The combustion test reveals that an enormous amount of CO, CO2, HC, and NOx gas is emitted during uncontrolled waste burning. Because backyard wastes burning produce significant gaseous pollutants, several efforts are needed to reduce this practice.
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Marstijepovic, Nada, Sead Cvrk, Radmila Gagic, Ivan Filipovic et Danilo Nikolic. « Application of biodiesel derived from olive oil production wastes at marine diesel engine and evaluation of gasseous emission trends ». Thermal Science, no 00 (2022) : 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220707218m.
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As a carbon neutral fuel, biodiesel is one option in future IMO scenarios for reducing carbon intensity in shipping sector, and at same time reducing emission of pollutants. Some oily wastes, such as waste from olive oil production, might be used for production of second-generation biodiesel. The current study looks into the effect of biodiesel on the characteristics of gaseous pollutant emissions of NOx and CO from slow-speed two-stroke marine diesel engines that do not have any after-treatment devices or engine control technology installed to reduce gaseous pollutant emissions. While the ship was berthed in the harbor, tests were performed on two separate loads at 210 rpm. The engine was powered by diesel fuel and blends of 7%, 20%, and 25% v/v of biodiesel derived from oily wastes generated during olive oil processing. For biodiesel production in lab conditions, base-catalyzed transesterification was implemented. According to the findings, there are tendencies of reduced gaseous emissions when utilizing blended fuels.
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Yunusa, A., N. Abdulrahman et C. Anumiri. « Application of Receptor Models on Surface Water Quality and Source Apportionment ». BADEGGI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT 4, no 2 (5 août 2022) : 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35849/bjare202202005/59.
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Surface water plays an important role in carrying off different water wastes thereby affecting water quality used for different purposes. The Receptor Model (RM) development as a technique in the management of River water was used in this study, in identifying, separating and quantifying the major sources of water wastes flowing into River Musa, Bida, Nigeria. Twelve water variables were used in Principal Component Analysis. The generated variables of loaded components were used as independent variables and the Water Quality Index (WQI) as the dependent variable to estimate the quantity of identified pollutants sources using the Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLR). According to Canadian Council Ministers of Environments Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), the results determined for the five sample stations (Edokota location, Musa bridge location, Bida/Minna location, Ciriko location and Army Barrack location) were 74.4, 72.8, 64.6, 47.6, and 51.6 respectively. Among the five locations, three were investigated to be marginal and the remaining two were fair in rank. The principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to separate the identified three major waste sources flowing into the river to be agricultural, municipal and industrial wastes. Pollutant levels were determined to be 0.936, 0.457 and 0.104 using RM at a high value of R2 (0.911). Agricultural waste was predicted to be the strongest pollutant contributor in the model, followed by municipal and the least contributor is industrial waste. It is strongly recommended that periodic monitoring and evaluation of the river water quality is carried out within the study area using the receptor model
Thèses sur le sujet "Pollutant waste"
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Senthilkumar, B. « One dimensional pollutant transport model ». Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91152.
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This thesis presents the development of a numerical model for one-dimensional pollutant transport in a porous medium. A computer program POLUTE1D has been developed. The numerical model is based on the flow and mass transport equations and the finite element method has been used for its formulation. The problem involves unsaturated flow and convective dispersive transport of a contaminant species. A literature survey on the evaluation of the dispersion coefficient is included. A waste disposal dump site is analysed as a one-dimensional problem by using this model. The effect of the liner thickness, the liner permeability, the ponding head and the initial condition of the porous domain on the spread of the contaminant is studied. Conclusions are presented based on a parametric study.M. Eng.
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Lee, Aik Heng. « Prediction of pollutant leaching from landfill ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2182.
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Landfill is continued to be the most common approach to solid waste disposal. On contrary, landfill practice is still common with increase in water pollution due to leaching of pollutants.Leachate generation from landfill can be defined into two phases, firstly soluble salt produced due to aerobic decomposition or acetogenic phase and secondly methane and carbon dioxide due to anaerobic decomposition or methanogenic phase.Characterization of landfill leachate is used in design to achieve low hydraulic conductivity or decrease permeability as leachate percolating through the waste strata and most important is used to predict level of pollutant in leachate which depend on factors such as temperature, precipitation and waste age. It is therefore crucial for landfill design to take into consideration of factors affecting leachate quality.The purpose of this research is to develop a correlation relationship of factors affecting leachate quality to predict pollutants from landfill which are determined by temperature, precipitation and waste age. The objective of this research is to determine, based the relationship developed and calibration of data obtained from literature review, the optimization of design that reduce pollutants in leachate generated from landfill taking into consideration of basic factors of temperature, precipitation and waste age of landfill.Results of the study revealed that there is a good correlation of pollutants leaching from landfill to the factors of temperature, precipitation and waste age. Higher pollutant concentration is found in average age landfill than the mature age landfill site mainly due to transition from acetogenic phase to methanogenic phase of pollutant decomposition. It is also anticipated that as carbonaceous organic matter decrease in leachate, nitrogeneous organic matter removal is activated in the mature landfill.Using Multiple Regression Analysis Method, mathematic model known as Pollutant Prediction Model is developed to correlate relationship of pollutants to factor affecting leachate quality in the landfill site in terms of temperature, precipitation and waste age.
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Poole, David J. L. « Identification and control of metal pollutant spikes in municipal solid waste incinerators ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15099/.
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The emission of metals during municipal solid waste incineration has become a question of considerable public and scientific concern in the light of evidence of their extreme toxicity. Sophisticated and expensive gas cleaning systems are required to meet the increasingly stringent EC atmospheric emission limits. While the technology for the clean-up of particulate matter and acid gases in flue gas is comparatively straightforward, the emissions of micro-pollutants such as heavy metals and dioxins remain a concern. Previous research on metal emissions has concentrated on overall mass balances, working either with laboratory or plant based measurements, or with computational models (frequently with little correlation between the techniques), leading to incomplete information on the system concerned. The waste incineration process is highly inhomogeneous, due to the changing nature of the waste feed, but the effects of changing waste feed and combustion conditions on the concentration and distribution of metals in incinerator residues has not been investigated fully until now. Therefore the main objective of this PhD research project was to develop a comprehensive understanding of metal behaviour during municipal solid waste incineration, including an assessment of the importance and effect of temporal variation in waste composition and incineration conditions, through a co-ordinated programme of experimental measurements and mathematical modelling. A new on-line continuous monitoring technique was developed in order to obtain temporally resolved data on metal concentrations in incinerator flue gases. This system was used to obtain unique data on the distribution of nineteen different metals in a UK municipal solid waste incinerator. It was found that not only was metal distribution highly dependent on the volatility of the metal concerned, but also that temporal fluctuations could be extremely significant. These were caused by changing waste feed and changing incinerator conditions. In parallel with the experimental programme, state-of-the-art thermodynamic modelling techniques were used to predict the distribution of metallic pollutants during waste incineration, for a range of waste compositions and combustion conditions. The thermodynamic equilibrium around various heterogeneous items in municipal waste was studied in order to a) assess the importance of non-uniformity in the waste stream, and b) investigate whether this could lead to the observed periodic changes in metal concentrations. These calculations, in conjunction with the experimental data obtained, have helped to show how unusual partitioning behaviour can be the result of local or transient behaviour on the burning bed, as well as changing bulk incinerator combustion conditions or bulk waste feed properties. These two approaches to the problem of understanding metal behaviour during municipal solid waste incineration have complemented each other extremely well. The presence of spikes in metal emissions has clearly been demonstrated, and probable causes have been identified. Heterogeneous items containing high proportions of volatile metal are the most likely source of the large spikes observed for some heavy metals, whilst other changes are linked to more general incinerator conditions. These results indicate that more careful sorting of municipal waste prior to incineration could significantly reduce the toxic metal spikes in the flue gas, and therefore the overall environmental impact of incineration, although the atmospheric emissions are already near-zero and are therefore of minimal impact.
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Al, Hamrani Emad, et Nils Grönberg. « Sustainable flue-gas quench : For waste incineration plants within a water-energy-environment nexus perspective ». Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36707.
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The function of a flue-gas quench is to remove additional contaminants from flue-gas and to reduce the wastewater from a waste incineration plant. The aim of this degree project is to find how the system is affected by using a quench and what factors limits the performance. This is done by modelling and simulating a waste incineration plant in Aspen Plus. Data and plant schematics were obtained by a study visit to Mälarenergi Plant 6 situated in Västerås, Sweden, which were used as model input and for model validation. The results have shown that the amount of wastewater can be reduced by more than half compared to a plant without a quench. The heat produced in the condenser, when discharging water to the boiler, would be lowered by up to 20%. For systems with a quench present when more water was discharged to the boiler both the heat production and the pollutant capturing became better. However, the system has limits regarding the amount that could be recirculated, in the form of temperature limits in different parts of the system. In addition, if the heat load is low there is an insufficient amount of wastewater generated in the condenser to run the quench. In that situation, clean (fresh) water needs to be used instead. Using clean water is unwanted since the plant will then consume more resources while still producing less heat than a plant without a quench would.
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Zanon, Thiago Villas Bôas. « Avaliação da contaminação de um solo laterítico por lixiviado de aterro sanitário através de ensaios de laboratório e de retroanálise de campo ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-21102014-113317/.
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Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo principal avaliar o transporte de poluentes de um lixiviado real de aterro sanitário em um solo laterítico do estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa objetiva também comparar dois métodos de avaliação de transporte de poluentes: ensaios laboratoriais e análise de dados de contaminação de campo. No aterro sanitário de Botucatu houve, comprovadamente, percolação do lixiviado pelo subsolo durante aproximadamente 15 anos, sob uma lagoa de acumulação de lixiviado sem revestimento de fundo. Foram coletadas amostras de solo subjacente à lagoa, uma areia argilosa, em três perfis verticais na superfície e nas profundidades de 0,25 m, 0,50 m, 1,00 m, 2,00 m e 4,00 m. Os poluentes investigados foram: arsênio, cádmio, carbono orgânico total (COT), chumbo, cloreto, cobre, cromo, ferro, manganês, níquel, nitrogênio Kjeldahl total (NKT) e zinco. Amostras indeformadas do solo local não contaminado foram também coletadas para ensaios de permeabilidade à água e ao lixiviado, assim como para ensaios de coluna. A condutividade hidráulica do solo é da ordem de 10-6 m/s, porém significativamente influenciada pelo gradiente hidráulico aplicado e pela duração da percolação. A condutividade hidráulica diminuiu com a percolação de lixiviado para ordens de grandeza entre 10-8 e 10-6 m/s, dependendo do gradiente hidráulico. Os ensaios de coluna mostraram concentrações efluentes dos elementos pesquisados superiores às afluentes, impossibilitando a obtenção de parâmetros de transporte de poluentes. A análise das amostras contaminadas coletadas in situ mostrou que, embora o solo local seja poroso e apresente alta permeabilidade, as concentrações dos elementos estudados eram inferiores aos limites legais de contaminação do órgão de controle ambiental estadual. O cloreto e o nitrogênio, para os quais não há limites legais, apresentaram-se no subsolo em concentrações elevadas, superiores às concentrações no solo natural e, em algumas amostras, às do lodo depositado no fundo da lagoa.The aim of this research is to evaluate transport of pollutants from a sanitary landfill leachate through a Brazilian lateritic soil by two methods: laboratory tests and analysis of field contamination. In Botucatu Sanitary Landfill, leachate stored in an unlined pond infiltrated into the subsoil for 15 years. Samples of the subjacent soil, a porous clayey sand, were collected in three profiles located inside the area of the leachate pond at the following depths: surface, 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 1.00 m, 2.00 m and 4.00 m. The investigated pollutants were arsenic, cadmium, chloride, cooper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic carbon (TOC) and zinc. The hydraulic conductivity measured in undisturbed and uncontaminated samples of the local soil, around 10-6 m/s, is significantly influenced by the applied hydraulic gradient and the percolation duration. When leachate substituted water as percolation fluid, the hydraulic conductivity decreased to values between 10-8 and 10-6 m/s depending on the hydraulic gradient. Chemical analysis of contaminated samples showed that concentrations of the researched elements in the subsoil were lower than legal maximum contamination limits established by the environmental agency of São Paulo state, in spite of the fact that the local soil is porous and has high hydraulic conductivity. On the other hand, chloride and Kjeldahl nitrogen, pollutants for which there are no legal limits, were found in concentrations much higher than background values, and in some samples even higher than those measured in the leachate sludge deposited in the bottom of the storage pond.
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Smárason, Sigurður Vidir. « Advances in cone penetrometry and fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the sampling and analysis of subsurface pollutants / ». Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & ; Theses @ Tufts University, 2000.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2000.Submitted to the Dept. of Chemistry. Adviser: Albert Robbat, Jr. Includes bibliographical references. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Weidemann, Eva. « Waste incineration residues : Persistent organic pollutants in flue gas and fly ash from waste incineration ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-92765.
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Modern societies produce large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is commonly disposed of by incineration. This has several advantages: it reduces the waste’s volume and sterilizes it while also enabling energy recovery. However, MSW incineration has some notable disadvantages, the most widely debated of which is probably the production and release of persistent organic pollutants (POP) such as polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), biphenyls (PCB) and naphthalenes (PCN). Of the 210 PCDF and PCDD congeners, 17 are toxic, with hormone-disrupting and carcinogenic properties. Twelve of the 209 PCB congeners and at least 2 of the 75 PCN also exhibit such properties. These POP form in the post-combustion zones of MSW incineration plants and are removed from the flue gas using filtering devices that trap them in the fly ash This thesis concerns the formation and degradation of POP in processes related to MSW incineration. The first paper describes a case study in which PCDD were forming in filters designed to remove them from flue gases, causing emission-related issues in a full-scale MSW incineration plant. It was shown that the PCDD formation was probably due to chlorophenol condensation on the filters’ surfaces. The second paper describes the validation of a cooling probe designed to prevent POP formation during high temperature (>450 °C) flue gas sampling. The results obtained also confirmed that PCDF and PCDD formation takes place at temperatures below 600 °C. In the third paper, three different fly ashes were subjected to thermal treatment under an inert atmosphere in a rotary kiln and in sealed ampoules at 400 °C. The concentrations, degrees of chlorination and congener profiles of the POP in the treated ashes and emitted gases were compared to those for the untreated ashes. The trends observed for PCDF mirrored those for PCN, while the trends for PCDD closely resembled those for PCB. The PCDF congener profiles of the kiln ash were similar regardless of the initial ash composition, suggesting that the mechanisms of PCDF formation were similar in all cases. The fourth paper describes the surface characterization of the three fly ashes studied in paper three by SEM, EDX, XPS and XRD. In addition, the thermal desorption and subsequent degradation of POP from the ashes was studied at temperatures of 300-900 °C. The composition of the gases released as the temperature increased differed between the ashes and depended on their composition. Doping experiments using isotopically labelled PCDF and PCDD suggests that PCDD desorbed at lower temperatures than PCDF. This thesis examines several problems relating to POP formation during MSW incineration, from sampling to the ultimate fate of incineration residues. The results obtained illustrate the wide range of processes that contribute to thermal POP formation and degradation during and after MSW incineration.Förbränning av hushållssopor är en vanlig metod för att hantera ett växande avfallsproblem. Metoden har flera fördelar, såsom minskning av volym och vikt, sterilisering och energiåtervinning. Sopförbränning har dock vissa nackdelar och det mest debatterade är sannolikt utsläpp av persistenta organiska föroreningar (POPs) som polyklorerad dibensofuran (PCDF), dibenso-p-dioxin (PCDD), bifenyl (PCB) och naftalen (PCN). Det finns totalt 210 PCDF- och PCDD- kongener, med mellan ett till åtta klor på kolskelettet, varav 17 är giftiga med hormonstörande och cancerframkallande egenskaper. Även tolv av totalt 209 PCB-kongener samt minst två av totalt 75 PCN-kongener uppvisar liknande egenskaper. Dessa klorerade organiska föroreningar bildas då rökgaserna kyls ner i sopförbränningsanläggningarna och avlägsnas från rökgaserna med hjälp av filter och hamnar i flygaskan. Denna avhandling handlar om bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i sopförbränningsrelaterade processer. Den första artikeln är en fallstudie där PCDD bildas i filtren i en fullskalig sopförbränningsanläggning. Bildningen ledde till förhöjda halter organiska föroreningar i rökgaserna, vilket ledde till ökade utsläpp. Den funna bildningsvägen för PCDD i filtren befanns sannolikt bero på kondensation av klorfenoler på filterytorna. Den andra artikeln är en valideringsstudie av en kylprob avsedd att användas vid rökgasprovtagning vid hög temperatur (> 450 °C) för att undvika bildning av POPs under provtagningen. Studien bekräftade att majoriteten av PCDF- och PCDD- bildning i rökgaser från sopförbränning sker vid temperaturer under 600 °C. I den tredje artikeln berättas om behandling av tre olika flygaskor från olika sopförbränningsanläggningar. Askorna behandlades vid 400 °C i inert atmosfär i både en roterugn och i förseglade ampuller. De resulterande koncentrationerna, kloreringsgraderna och kongenprofilerna av de organiska föroreningarna jämfördes. Likheter hittades mellan PCDF och PCN, medan PCDD och PCB betedde sig på ett annat sätt. Studien fann också att PCDF kongenprofiler i aska som behandlats i roterugnen liknade varandra, oberoende av askornas sammansättning, vilket tyder på en liknande bildningsväg. För den fjärde artikeln, genomfördes ytkarakterisering (SEM, EDX, XPS och XRD) på de tre flygaskorna från artikel tre som sedan hettades upp från 30 °C till 900 °C i vacuum. Det som frigjordes på grund av uppvärmningen samt nedbrytningsprodukter från askorna studerades med hjälp av masspektrometri och infraröd spektroskopi. Studien fann att de gaser som frigjordes när temperaturen ökade skilde mellan askorna, beroende på deras sammansättning. Studien fann också att när aska dopad med isotopmärkt PCDF och PCDD utsattes för samma behandling, frigjordes PCDD vid lägre temperatur än PCDF. Denna avhandling berör flera aspekter av problematiken kring klorerade organiska föroreningar som bildas vid sopförbränning, från provtagning till hur man ska hantera flygaskan. Avhandlingen belyser även olika typer av bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i varma processer kopplade till sopförbränning.
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Booijink, Aileen. « Understanding the impact of pollutants : the effect of air, water and waste pollutants on international firm performance ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316498.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study investigates how different type of pollutants influence international firm performance. The dataset covers 1804 firms from 43 countries and 20 industries. Five different types of pollutants are used as well as five different financial performance measures. The paper uses industry-specific fixed effects as estimation method and finds that the type of pollutant influences the relationship between environmental performance and firm performance. In general, the relationship between pollutants and firm performance is negative, however water pollutants are an exception. Moreover, pollutants appear to be more negatively correlated with accounting performance measures than with market performance measures. Additionally, two country level factors show that the country of origin matters.
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Fonseka, K. C. M. (Kosmafonsekage Chintha Mirani) 1960. « Characterization of dissolved organic matter in industrial wastewaters ». Monash University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8932.
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RIBEIRO, MARCIA A. « Estudos sobre a remocao de metais toxicos em efluentes industriais apos a irradiacao com feixe de eletrons ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11002.
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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:00/00610-3
Livres sur le sujet "Pollutant waste"
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National Pollutant Release Inventory (Canada). National overview : National Pollutant Release Inventory : on-site releases of NPRI pollutants. Gatineau, Quebec : Environment Canada, 2002.
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Gardner, Gary T. Recycling organic waste : From urban pollutant to farm resource. Washington, DC : Worldwatch Institute, 1997.
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Welch, E. B. Ecological effects of waste water : Applied limnology and pollutant effects. 2e éd. London : Chapman & Hall, 1992.
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Commission for Environmental Cooperation (Montréal, Québec). Taking stock : North American pollutant releases and transfers 1994. Montreal : Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 1997.
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(Canada), National Pollutant Release Inventory. National overview 2002 : Final disposal and off-site transfers for treatment prior to final disposal. Ottawa, Ont : Environment Canada, 2004.
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(Canada), National Pollutant Release Inventory. National overview 2002 : Reporting requirements. Ottawa, Ont : Environment Canada, 2004.
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National Pollutant Release Inventory (Canada). National overview 2002 : Summary of data. Ottawa, Ont : Environment Canada, 2004.
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National Pollutant Release Inventory (Canada). 2001 National Overview : National Pollutant Release Inventory : releases. Gatineau, Quebec : National Pollutant Release Inventory, 2003.
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National Pollutant Release Inventory (Canada). 2001 national overview : Releases : National Pollutant Release Inventory. [Ottawa] : Environment Canada, 2003.
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Jackson, John. A citizens' guide to the National Pollutant Release Inventory : Community right to know : how to find out what toxics are being released into your neighbourhood. Toronto, Ont : Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy, 2000.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Pollutant waste"
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Kumarasamy Sivasamy, Raghuvandhanan, Kumaresan Kuppamuthu, Lokesh Krishnasamy Nagaraj, Sakkthy Pradhieksha Manikandan, Raghul Kulandaivel et Jenifer Gabriella Bastin. « Utilizing Organic Wastes for Probiotic and Bioproduct Development : A Sustainable Approach for Management of Organic Waste ». Dans Strategies and Tools for Pollutant Mitigation, 3–28. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98241-6_1.
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Rathore, Dheeraj, Anoop Singh, Shiv Prasad, Piyush Malaviya et Surajbhan Sevda. « Emerging Nano-Bio Material for Pollutant Removal from Wastewater ». Dans Nano-biotechnology for Waste Water Treatment, 77–87. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00812-2_3.
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Singh, Chhatarpal, Shashank Tiwari et Jay Shankar Singh. « Biochar : A Sustainable Tool in Soil Pollutant Bioremediation ». Dans Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety, 475–94. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3426-9_19.
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Venkatesa Prabhu, S., N. R. Srinivasan et H. Sintayehu Mekuria. « Heavy Metal Extraction from E-Waste Through Bioleaching : A Promising Ecofriendly Approach ». Dans Strategies and Tools for Pollutant Mitigation, 291–307. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63575-6_14.
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Sri Shalini, S., K. Palanivelu et A. Ramachandran. « Application of Biochar from Waste for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Sustainable Agriculture ». Dans Strategies and Tools for Pollutant Mitigation, 113–26. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98241-6_6.
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Tripathi, Kumud Malika, Nidhi Rani Gupta et Sumit Kumar Sonkar. « Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot : A Cleaner Approach toward Clean Environment ». Dans Smart Materials for Waste Water Applications, 127–53. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119041214.ch5.
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Lin, Wei, Brian E. Reed et Henyi Xue. « Separation of Surfactant Micelle-Organic Pollutant Complex Using a High-Shear Rotary Ultrafiltration System ». Dans Hazardous and Industrial Waste Proceedings, 282–90. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003075905-37.
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Arun Vasantha Geethan, K., S. Jose, Rinaldo John, I. Aadil Ahmed, Prashanth Rajan et Anand Prem Rajan. « The State-of-the-Art Reverse Logistics for e-Waste Management : A Scenario Specific to India ». Dans Strategies and Tools for Pollutant Mitigation, 181–98. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98241-6_9.
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Siddiqui, Mohd Arshad, Ajay Neeraj et R. Y. Hiranmai. « Vermitechnology : An Eco-Friendly Approach for Organic Solid Waste Management and Soil Fertility Improvement—A Review ». Dans Strategies and Tools for Pollutant Mitigation, 91–112. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98241-6_5.
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Yambert, Mark W., Greg D. Belcher et Curtis C. Travis. « Evaluation of Flat Versus Complex Terrain Models in Estimating Pollutant Transport and Deposition in Complex Terrain ». Dans Municipal Waste Incineration Risk Assessment, 1–19. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3294-1_1.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Pollutant waste"
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Castaldi, Marco J., et Eilhann Kwon. « An Investigation of the Thermal Degradation Mechanisms of a Waste Tire Through Chemical Analysis Including Hydrocarbons, Benzene Derivatives, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at High Temperature ». Dans 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1914.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Previous work has focused on a series of fundamental Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) studies using representative atmospheres found in Waste-to-Energy (WtE) boilers. Those studies were done for waste tires and their major constituents, such as Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer (SBR) and Poly-Isoprene (IR). The outcome has been the elucidation of the likely mechanism responsible for initial decomposition, final product and byproduct formation. To extend that understanding to a more practical level, a flow through apparatus has been used to test waste tire samples in the temperature range of 500°C–800°C. A chemical analysis in this temperature range has been performed to compare the thermal degradation mechanism and air pollutant generation in low temperature regimes. The release of chemicals from a tubular quartz reactor containing a tire sample has been determined experimentally using a GC/MS. Significant Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs) including benzene derivatives, PAHs, and Hetero-N containing PAHs were observed. This study identifies and quantifies the concentration levels of various hazardous air pollutants, and provides new data for the overall development and validation of detailed reaction mechanisms that can describe the thermal degradation of waste tires. This information will enable the development of mitigation strategies that can address those levels of pollutant species.
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Ginger, Bradley. « Emerging Technology for Multi-Pollutant Control on the Emissions of a Biomass Fired Boiler ». Dans 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3518.
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Proposed modifications to the laws governing the emissions from biomass fired boilers require more stringent control on emissions. During biomass combustion there are several pollutants produced which require advanced pollution control measures to maintain environmental compliance. These pollutants include Particulate Matter, Hydrogen Chloride, Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfuric Acid Mist, and Oxides of Nitrogen. To ensure operational compliance of the boiler’s stack emissions both now and in the future, proper pollution control technology is paramount. This presentation will address an emerging air pollution control technology that embodies all of these removal steps in a single device specifically designed to meet the needs of biomass fired boilers. Historically, the control strategy for stack emissions from such boilers has included the use of various standalone systems. For example, Dry Electrostatic Precipitators have been used for PM reduction, Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction systems for NOx control, Flue Gas Desulphurization for SO2 removal, and single pass Wet Electrostatic Precipitators for H2SO4 abatement. The consolidation of these multiple, standalone systems into a smaller, less costly alternative tailored specifically for biomass fired boilers can address the new requirements. EISENMANN’s recently patented multi-pollutant control system includes the use of a pre-scrubbing chamber for large PM, SO2, and water soluble NO2 removal. Following the quench and pre-scrubbing region, a specially tuned downflow wet ESP field is responsible for finer PM and Sulfuric Acid aerosol removal, as well as an important Ozone producing stage that oxidizes non-water soluble NO. As the gas continues to travel through the system, a secondary scrubbing chamber is used to further reduce NOx by scrubbing the newly formed NO2 that has been formed from the oxidation of NO through the use of Ozone produced by the electrostatic precipitator. The final polishing stage of the system includes an upflow wet electrostatic precipitator field for the removal of newly oxidized material such as mercury. Research and testing on the aforementioned system took place through the development of a pilot sized unit. Expected performance was validated proving high removal efficiencies for pollutants specifically addressed earlier. Implementation of the technology within the biomass fired area is underway and is currently viewed as an acceptable solution to the environmental regulations associated with a biomass fired boiler because of the smaller footprint, lower operating costs, and overall condensed solution when compared to previously used technologies.
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Poon, C. S. « Air pollutant-removing paving blocks produced with recycled waste materials ». Dans RILEM International Symposium on Environment-Conscious Materials and Systems for Sustainable Development. RILEM Publications SARL, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2912143640.022.
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Vilms, Monica, et Viktoria Voronova. « Waste Collection in Low-density Areas and Air Pollutants Formed in the Process ». Dans Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.058.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The particular problems waste collection in low-density areas include the long travel distances required together with the small amount of waste that can be collected during a long journey. The current research investigates the amount of air pollutants (CO2, CO, HC, NOx and PM) formed in low-density areas when the current waste collection system is applied, and it proposes options for the minimisation of pollutant emissions. The calculation of air pollutants was carried out according to the amount of burnt fuel. There are no requirements for waste truck emission levels in low-density areas. Emissions could be reduced if there were requirements to use at least EURO III trucks or trucks that comply with higher standards. The optimisation of discharge frequency needs to be dealt with. Emptying containers should be carried out at the same time and in the same collecting area. If different waste types are collected according to the door-to-door system, trucks that can collect different waste types simultaneously should be used. The quantity of emissions could be reduced by replacing the door-to-door system by a waste collection point in a village or a waste station in a municipality centre.
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Jenk, Ulf, et Jochen Schreyer. « Pollutant Release Level Prognosis : A Major Input Into the Flooding Concept for the Former ISL Uranium Mine at Königstein (Germany) ». Dans ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1259.
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Abstract At the Königstein mine uranium was extracted by an underground in situ leaching method. WISMUT developed a flooding concept which allows the reduction of pollutant concentrations and prevent pollutant migration into the aquifers above and downstream the mine. The development of the concept and the documentation for permit application were based on a multitude of scientific and engineering studies and prognoses on substance output using two different approaches (upscaling of a flooding experiment, Numeric box model). Both modelling tools provide similar prognoses of flooding. With the flooding in progress (start January 2001), the modelling tools will be validated and further improved.
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Frank, Alex, et Marco J. Castaldi. « CFD Analysis of NOx Formation in Waste-to-Energy Systems Using Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling ». Dans 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7054.
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This study was undertaken to better understand the governing processes and reaction conditions under which NOx is produced in Waste to Energy (WtE) boilers. A three dimensional CFD model was created and calculated using the GRI 3.0, 50 species, 309 step detailed chemical kinetic model (DCKM) for methane/ethane combustion. Model results for primary NOx emissions and other pollutants agree well with collected data, proving the fidelity of the model. NO was the primary pollutant accounting for approximately 99% of the total NOx emissions. Fuel bound nitrogen was found to be the main source of NO produced in the boiler with thermal and prompt mechanisms having lesser impacts. Three principal intermediates were identified in the formation of NO; NH, HNO, and NCO. The assumption of fuel nitrogen conversion to either NH3 or HCN is an unknown parameter that was shown to have a small impact on NO emissions, indicating that this is an area that should not be explored further in this continuing study. Furthermore, varying the boiler pressure had a small impact on final NO emissions, indicating that this is not a condition that should be considered for plant operation. The next phase of this research will include the development of a reduced DCKM in order to expedite the running of new scenarios for future studies as well as optimization of boiler geometry and combustion mixing to achieve the lowest possible NOx emissions.
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Zhang, Zhixiao, Jiade Ma et Weimin Cai. « Research on Feasibility of Different Incineration Systems for Paper Sludge ». Dans 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2340.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A large amount of paper is recycled in China, that generates a significant amount of sludge and residue during the paper production process. Energy recovery by means of combustion in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants can be a possible candidate for sludge elimination. Currently, two incineration methods, distinguished as either direct incineration of partially dewatered sludge (generally 80% water content) or dried sludge incineration (dried to about 40% water content), are available. Research on comparison of fixed cost, operating cost and pollutant emissions between the two systems is presented. Fixed cost and steam consumption increase for the dried sludge incineration system though this method possesses many advantages, these include the decrease in consumption of auxiliary coal, service power and flue gas purificants. Moreover, main pollutant emission, such as SO2 and NOx, is significantly reduced. Chinese WTE managing regulations recommend no less than a 4:1 weight ratio of waste to auxiliary fuel fed into the incinerator. For a partially dewatered sludge direct incineration system, this weight ratio is about 5:1. However it reduces to 3.6:1 in a dried sludge incineration system. This is offset by a decrease in consumption of auxiliary coal and the overall weight ratio based on the entire plant increases to 7.5:1. The result suggests not only the technical and economic feasibility of a dried sludge incineration method, but also the feasibility of adopting the weight ratio of waste to auxiliary fuel based on entire WTE plant in the future regulation in China.
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Burra, K. G., et A. K. Gupta. « Co-Processing of Municipal Solid Waste With Gypsum Waste for Enhanced Product Recovery ». Dans ASME 2022 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2022-85550.
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Abstract With growing generation of municipal solid wastes, development of sustainable disposal techniques is essential for effective utilization of these resources. While waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities provide energy recovery from these wastes, the low relative value of energy makes it unattractive. Simultaneously, high oxidation environment in these facilities also means losing significantly valuable resources such as metals/mineral in the form of their oxides and forming pollutant flue gases and fly-ash. Alternative pathways in waste-to-energy involve designing variable oxygen staging to effectively limit oxidation to only carbonaceous materials while minimizing high oxidation state products of metals. In such operating conditions, formation of char from the MSW components is thermodynamically favored and effective utilization of this resource in-situ can be valuable to improve the reactor operability. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of utilizing waste gypsum from construction/demolition sector to co-process in WtE process. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with FTIR analysis of evolved gas was utilized to understand the operation conditions for such a co-processing and the formation of evolved gas products such as CO2, CO and SO2. Char formed from pyrolysis of waste tires was investigated to examine its reactions with gypsum. Char was found to be reduced by reacting with the anhydrous gypsum at temperatures beyond 850 °C. These studies also include the effect of oxidation potential of the purge gas on this reaction which was carried out by introducing 4.8% O2 into the TGA purge gas to understand its effect on the reaction of gypsum with the char in comparison to char oxidation.
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Beaumont, E. Larry. « Next Generation Waste-to-Energy : Will There Be One ? » Dans 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2210.
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The market for new waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities in the United States has been extremely limited because the playing field has become uneven. The industry’s traditional playing field has been defined by economics on one end of the field and public perception on the other. However, a third, nearly impenetrable “red zone” has appeared, defined by government policy inconsistency. Examples include landfill gas being given tax credit status while WTE continues to be excluded; the removal of the moratorium on landfill capacity in Massachusetts while maintaining the moratorium on new WTE capacity; and DOE’s support of unproven gasification technologies without parallel support for optimizing long-proven WTE technologies. This record of inconsistency keeps WTE on the back porch of public perception and separated from political acceptance as an important renewable energy strategy. This paper challenges the WTE industry to collectively pursue a more aggressive stance with governments to prove that the playing field has become uneven and to shift public policy, including test program funding, as a means to level the playing field. Presented in the paper are overviews of EAC’s next-generation large-scale and small-scale resource recovery technologies, including patent-pending features for the achievement of zero disposal and zero pollutant emissions, all of which are based on practical answers to real-world problems and perceptions. The paper concludes that the WTE industry has accepted as conventional wisdom barriers that are not valid constraints to new project development. Examples of current conventional wisdom include the assumption that WTE facilities must always be sited away from commercial centers at the expense of thermal efficiencies offered by co-generation of electricity and district heating/cooling; WTE will always be landfill dependent at the expense of real consumer products from byproducts; and emissions will never be able to compete in the future because of certain pollutants. All of these barriers can be breached on an even playing field with creativity, cooperation, and credibility.
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Ayodele, Emmanuel, Victoria Ezeagwula et Precious Igbokwubiri. « Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Activated Carbon From Agro Waste-Waste Bamboo ». Dans SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207182-ms.
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Abstract Bamboo trees are one of the fastest growing trees in tropical rainforests around the world, they have various uses ranging from construction to fly ash generation used in oil and gas cementing, to development of activated carbon which is one of the latest uses of bamboo trees. This paper focuses on development of activated carbon from bamboo trees for carbon capture and sequestration. The need for improved air quality becomes imperative as the SDG Goal 12 and SDG Goal13 implies. One of the major greenhouse gases is CO2 which accounts for over 80% of greenhouse gases in the environment. Eliminating the greenhouse gases without adding another pollutant to the environment is highly sought after in the 21st century. Bamboo trees are mostly seen as agricultural waste with the advent of scaffolding and other support systems being in the construction industry. Instead of burning bamboo trees or using them for cooking in the local communities which in turn generates CO2 and fly ash, an alternative was considered in this research work, which is the usage of bamboo trees to generate activated, moderately porous and high surface area carbon for extracting CO2 from various CO2 discharge sources atmosphere and for water purification. This paper focuses on the quality testing of activated carbon that can effectively absorb CO2. The porosity, pore volume, bulk volume, and BET surface area were measured. The porosity of the activated carbon is 27%, BET surface area as 1260m²/g. Fixed carbon was 11.7%, Volatility 73%, ash content 1.7%.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Pollutant waste"
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Avis, William. Technical Aspects of e-Waste Management. Institute of Development Studies, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.051.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices, increased affordability and consumer appetite for new products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on the technical aspects e-waste value chains. The report should be read in conjunction with two earlier reports on e-waste management1. E-waste is any electrical or electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. The exact treatment of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) can vary enormously according to the category of WEEE and technology that is used. Electrical and electronic items contain a wide variety of materials. As a result of this complex mix of product types and materials, some of which are hazardous (including arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and certain flame retardants) multiple approaches to WEEE are required, each with specific technical guidelines. This report is structured as follows: Section two provides an introduction to the technical aspects of e-waste management, including a reflection on the challenges and complexities of managing a range of product types involving a range of components and pollutants. Section three provides an annotated bibliography of key readings that discuss elements of the technical aspects of managing e-waste. This bibliography includes readings on national guidelines, training manuals and technical notes produced by the Basel convention and courses. WEEE recycling can be a complex and multifaced process. In order to manage e-waste effectively, the following must be in place Legislative and regulatory frameworks Waste Prevention and minimisation guidelines Identification of waste mechanisms Sampling, analysis and monitoring expertise Handling, collection, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage guidelines Environmentally sound disposal guidelines Management is further complicated by the speed of technological advance with technologies becoming redundant much sooner than initially planned. Case studies show that the average actual lifetimes of certain electronic products are at least 2.3 years shorter than either their designed or desired lifetimes.
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Cole-Hunter, Tom, Christine T. Cowie, Fay Johnstone, Guy Marks, Lidia Morawska, Geoffrey Morgan, Margery Overs et Ana Porta-Cubas. Waste-to-Energy processes : what is the impact on air pollutants and health ? Queensland, Australia : Queensland University of Technology, avril 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.127966.
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Testoni, A. L. Energy Efficient Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants (o-HAPs) from Industrial Waste Streams by Direct Electron Oxidation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octobre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1028994.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova et Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber et David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.