Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Policy di neutralità »

- Sociologist's role inside social and health professions is strictly connected to his/her sociological commitment or intervention. The dilemma is, as many have highlighted, the integration and the distance between humanist empathy and axiological neutrality. The aim of this article is to compare the sociologist's involvement and the specificity of its object, verifying if that commitment affects the social configuration of its object.Key words: professional, involvement, social work, care work, sociology of work, neutrality.Parole chiave: professione, coinvolgimento, lavoro sociale, lavoro di cura, sociologia del lavoro, neutralitÀ.

Il contributo, dopo aver preso in considerazione alcuni modelli sociologici utilizzabili ed utilizzati nell'osservazione critica e nell'interpretazione dell'attuazione delle tecniche di procreazione assistita, giunge a definire, sulla base dell'approccio personalista e relazionale, l'atto di generare un figlio come atto etico, in quanto inscritto nella relazione di coppia. Di conseguenza, nella valutazione morale ed etica del ricorso alle procedure di riproduzione assistita, non sembra più possibile eludere fondamentali interrogativi circa gli effetti dell'utilizzo di tali pratiche sui diritti di tutti i soggetti coinvolti (ed, in primo luogo, del bambino) e sulle relazioni tra gli stessi. A questo proposito, il contributo, attraverso l'analisi di recenti indagini empiriche, prende in esame l'impatto delle tecniche di procreazione assistita sulla relazione di coppia, sulla configurazione della famiglia e sul significato della genitorialità elaborato dalle coppie sterili che a tali tecniche si rivolgono, giungendo ad affermare sostanzialmente la non neutralità delle procedure di riproduzione assistita. L'ultima parte del contributo è dedicata all'approfondimento di alcuni nodi problematici specificamente connessi all'uso di pratiche eterologhe.

The problem of net neutrality has become a debate in many countries where the regulation on the net neutrality policy confirms that internet providers or Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are not allowed to make distinctions or be discriminatory in the selection of internet applications or content to be used by consumers or users. The purpose of this research is to analyze the application of network neutrality from the perspective of Indonesian law which specifically examines critically the applicable Information and Electronic Transactions Law. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The results show that the implementation of Net Neutrality in terms of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law is still not optimal because there are still network restrictions that are applied to certain Internet Network Providers. The results also show that there is a need for amendments to the ITE Law related to the enforcement of legal protection with the principle of forming a prohibition against the actions of Internet Service Provider (ISP) business actors that can disrupt the business climate.

- In public decision-making processes there can be two evaluation perspectives, each different in nature and role. The first one, the evidence-based perspective has an evaluator, a social scientist, with the required know-how which assesses if a specific action works in achieving particular goals. The evaluator must recognize the effectiveness of actions in reaching a particular goal, the efficiency of the process, the validity of a subtended theory, and whether certain mechanisms work. Different techniques can be applied. They include: the theory-driven technique which highlights the project theory and the subtended mechanisms; experimental procedures that test the project hypothesis; and realistic approaches and so forth. The authority stems entirely from scientific rationality, all the rest is viewed as intuition, customs or beliefs. The second, the practice-oriented perspective, confers a more pedagogic, rather than scientific, role to evaluation. Here, the evaluator contributes to help understand the assessment content, and to help make suitable decisions. The use and impact of evaluation comes not merely from the evaluation findings yield, but from the way its actors are reciprocally committed to ‘thinking out' an evaluation. These include examining how: information is used; evidence is considered and not assumed to be right; contradictions and inconsistencies can arise from the reasoning process; values are expressed; theories and assumptions are assessed. This kind of evaluation attributes a sense to social practices making them not merely ‘scientific' acquisitions, but also ethical ones. To stop at performance alone (evidence based efficiency and effectiveness) is limiting for it weakens the sense of moral responsibility in problem solving, and it transfers liability onto methodologies, techniques and procedures, often leading to irresponsibility and cynicism According to some theories, a premise of a credible evaluation is the evaluator's neutrality. But according to other theories, every evaluation has asymmetries, hence such neutrality is not always desirable. There are actors, who for different reasons, play a fundamental role in favouring or hindering a project, posing justice and objectivity problems. Asymmetry can pertain to information, but also to communication (different codes), legitimation, power play, the project's relation to the programme or plan, specific territorial planning strategies and the chance to access funds. In the judgment criteria, reducing such asymmetries to a ‘vector of weights' seems unreasonable (and perhaps irresponsible). The evaluator must therefore highlight the way the information about the programme reflects the judgment value of various participants, especially the weaknesses. An evaluator can build tailored evaluations or become a sort of open advocate for social justice, for instance, defending, when needed, a programme's positive results, ones that benefit the weak, or justifying why such programme must be rejected. The advocate-adversary evaluation, (or adversary approach), is conducted by two evaluators, (or two teams), who strive to prove, by being either for or against, a thesis, a hypothesis, options or results. Their stance can be judged by a either a jury or a judge, or both. Yet some doubt persists on whether this approach is better at representing an action, or whether it is unrealistic. Generally, to confer the same status to two opposing views can seem a neutral presentation: but it is not always so. The advocate team approach on the other hand, as preliminary evaluation, elaborates, in detail, the driving options of decisionmakers. This could also be true for weaker actors too. Advocacy evaluation (AE) practices evolve from such contexts and take on specific implications. Questions on the commission (who are we evaluating for?), on why (the reasons for the evaluation), on the intent, and on the stage a project's life cycle is captured. Evaluation, in the '70s and '80s, had been posing itself these questions, wondereding if it could always guarantee objectivity. The goal of AE is to build an individual's, or an organization's capacity to support the public activities that can influence public or private policies, the ones which significantly affect the public sector. As subsequently shown, AE is a continuous, practice oriented, proactive procedural process. It affects a policy community or a goal oriented community constituted by the subjects that are involved in the evaluation. Some of the underlying questions could be: how and to what extent can community activity influence policies? Can evaluation influence community policy, its relations structure? How does it define it? What are the possible effects of a success or failure of the initiative on the community? In this paper a brief discussion of a case studies is presented.Key words: asymmetries, advocacy evaluation, cooptation, deliberative planning, evidence- based evaluation, militarization, neutrality, objectivity, policy community, practice oriented evaluation, subjectivity.

This article describes the problems of democratization that occurred in the reform era, namely the involvement of the National Police in practical politics and business. After the issuance of Presidential Instruction No. 2 of 1999 by B.J Habibie who stated that the National Police were separated from the Armed Forces, the National Police Chief was directly responsible to the President of the Republic of Indonesia through the National Police Law no. 2 of 2002. The law was issued as an effort to democratize post-reform, aimed at creating a professional security tool by prioritizing neutrality that does not involve oneself in practical politics and business. However, there are differences in the implementation of the Police Law. Along with the increase in its budget, the Police are actually involved in sectors that are not under their authority. During the Jokowi administration, this involvement was demonstrated by the distribution of 18 high-ranking officers in the ministry, 7 in non-ministerial institutions, 4 in BUMN, 2 in ambassadorial positions, and 2 in independent associations. This article was compiled through a literature study using secondary data to understand the causes of Polri's involvement in practical political and business activities. The argument of this article shows that the problem of democratization regarding the involvement of the National Police in practical politics and business by holding concurrent positions outside the corridor of security and order is caused by the interests of the authorities, which is a form of reward for President Jokowi's victory in the 2019 presidential election.

ABSTRACT The number of investors in crypto assets is increasing, exceeding the number of investors in the capital market, mutual funds, and state securities. The increase in the number of investors is also in line with the tremendous rise in the value of crypto asset transactions in recent years. That significance encourages the Indonesian government to tax crypto asset trading transactions. However, the taxation of crypto asset transactions raises concerns about the disruption of Indonesia's crypto asset innovation climate. This study describes crypto asset policy in Indonesia and analyzes them based on compliance with taxation principles. The method used is qualitative. While data collection using literature study. Tax with a special mechanism is imposed on the trading transaction of the crypto asset and mining, while tax with the general mechanism is imposed on the exchanger/e-wallet fee. The imposition of value-added tax is analyzed based on fulfilling the principles of income productivity, certainty, convenience, simplicity, and neutrality. The imposition of income tax is examined with these principles, plus the principle of equity. The imposition of value-added tax on the supply of crypto assets fulfills the principles of income productivity, certainty, convenience, simplicity, and neutrality, likewise with the imposition of income tax. However, the principle of equity is not fulfilled by the imposition of income tax because the goal of this policy is ease of administration, primarily simplicity. ABSTRAK Jumlah investor aset kripto semakin meningkat, melampaui jumlah investor pada pasar modal, reksa dana, dan surat berharga negara. Peningkatan jumlah investor juga sejalan dengan meningkatnya nilai transaksi aset kripto yang fantastis beberapa tahun belakangan. Hal tersebut mendorong pemerintah Indonesia untuk memajaki transaksi perdagangan aset kripto. Akan tetapi pemajakan transaksi aset kripto ini menimbulkan kekhawatiran akan terganggunya iklim inovasi aset kripto di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan gambaran kebijakan aset kripto di Indonesia dan menganalisisnya berdasarkan pemenuhan asas-asas pemajakan. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Sedangkan pengumpulan data menggunakan studi literatur. Transaksi pedagangan aset kripto dan mining dikenakan pajak dengan mekanisme khusus, sementara jasa exchanger/e-wallet dikenakan pajak dengan mekanisme umum. Pengenaan pajak pertambahan nilai dianalisis berdasarkan pemenuhan asas produktivitas pendapatan, kepastian, kenyamanan, kesederhanaan dan netralitas. Sedangkan pengenaan pajak penghasilan dianalisis dengan asas-asas tersebut ditambah dengan asas keadilan. Pengenaan pajak pertambahan nilai atas penyerahan atas aset kripto memenuhi asas produktivitas pendapatan, kepastian, kenyamanan, kesederhanaan, dan netralitas. Begitu pula dengan pengenaan pajak penghasilan. Akan tetapi, asas keadilan tidak terpenuhi dalam pengenaan pajak penghasilan karena tujuan utama dari kebijakan pemajakan ini adalah kemudahan administrasi terutama kesederhanaan

<p class="IIABSBARU">This research is an effort to find the relevance of the relationship between religion and the state are ideal. Because the formalization of Islamic shariah issue in political discourse is an interesting study in the relation between religion and state. By using the library approach, this article analyzes the involvement of the state in regulating citizens to implement Islamic shariah in Indonesia. Neutrality of the state to be the key in finding the relationship of both. Theoretically, this study provides an explanation that neutrality is not only understood as a state of devotion to give the rights of citizens to pray by faith, but also to limit citizens. For the implementation of shariah will be established and run well, when the state has a neutrality. So the state does not attract Islamic shariah becomes an official policy or state laws (shariah formalization). So also a Muslim can bring religion into the political circle, but only in the level of political ethics.</p><p class="IIABSBARU" align="center">***</p>Penelitian ini merupakan ikhtiar untuk menemukan relevansi hubungan agama dan negara yang ideal. Sebab Isu formalisasi syariat Islam dalam politik menjadi kajian menarik dalam wacana relasi agama dan negara. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan pustaka, artikel ini menganalisis keterlibatan negara dalam mengatur warga negara untuk mengimplementasikan syariat Islam di Indonesia. Adanya netralitas negara menjadi kunci dalam menemukan relasi keduanya. Secara teoritis, studi ini memberikan penjelasan bahwa netralitas tidak hanya dipahami sebagai pengabdian negara untuk memberikan hak-hak warga negara untuk berdoa berdasarkan iman, tetapi juga untuk membatasi warga negara. Sebab dalam pelaksanaan syariat akan dapat mapan dan berjalan dengan baik, manakala negara memiliki netralitas. Sehingga negara tidak menarik syariat Islam menjadi sebuah kebijakan resmi atau peraturan negara (formalisasi syariat). Dengan begitu seorang Muslim dapat membawa agama ke dalam lingkaran politik, tetapi hanya dalam tingkat etika politik.

This study focuses on the relationship between the Pilkada and the performance of the Aceh Barat Health Office. This study aims to analyze the relevance of power politics to the performance of the West Aceh Health Service bureaucracy that has not been optimal, and to find a solution so that the West Aceh Health Service bureaucracy is protected from the political impact of the Pilkada. The main theories used are Peter Merkl's theory of power politics (Budiardjo, 2007), Weber's bureaucratic neutrality (Miftah Thoha, 2014) and Sofian Effendi, 2018), and bureaucratic performance theory (Agus Dwiyanto. 2012). Bureaucracy must be impartial, which means it must be fair, objective, unbiased and not in favor of anyone. Mutations and promotions are indicated to be related to the Pilkada process in West Aceh which has affected the West Aceh Health Service so that performance in serving the public is disrupted. The politicization of power and the performance of the bureaucracy in Aceh Barat Regency was shown in the form of inappropriate promotions and mutations at the Aceh Barat Health Office. Some of them are: 1) promotion of functional dr in Puskesmas to become director of CND Hospital in 2018, 2) recruitment of Freelance Daily Workers (THL) for cleaning staff, administrative staff and health workers at CND Hospital, 3) transfer of Puskesmas midwives to the secretariat DPRK, 4) transfer of specialist doctors from CND Hospital to Puskesmas. The solution to prevent the politicization of power is by means of the DPRK exercising tighter control over the policies of the regent. For example, by creating a special committee and urging the regent to remove the incompetent director of the RSUD.

The purpose of this research is to examine the application of Value Trading Tax (VAT) on Trade Through Electronic Systems (PMSE) for digital transactions between customs regions in Indonesia. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with sources from the State Finance Polytechnic of STAN, the Directorate General of Taxes, and the Fiscal Policy Agency. The results show that the high number of digital ecommerce transactions in Indonesia creates potential opportunities for tax revenue. By adapting the PMSE VAT mechanism, the government can shift the VAT collection mechanism on digital transactions in Indonesia, which originally used the taxable entrepreneur mechanism (PKP) where the collector is the seller. While in PMSE, the collector is the marketplace platform as a intermediary collection. The PMSE mechanism does not require a PKP threshold to appoint the VAT collector. The implementation of this mechanism can strengthen the VAT taxation base. The PMSE VAT mechanism for Indonesia`s digital transactions will create efficiency, effectiveness and simplicity in the tax collection system. The government will also find it easier to reach the principle of neutrality and equal treatment between conventional actors and digital business actors. In addition, from the government side and platform providers, there will also be substantial benefits or incentives if this policy is successfully implemented. The government can implement a mechanism through Section 32A of Law No. 7 2021 on harmonizing tax regulations. The existence of the basis of the Law on Harmonization of Tax Regulations will create favorable conditions for the General Department of Taxation in drafting implementation documents. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengkaji penerapan Pajak Perdagangan Nilai (PPN) atas Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik (PMSE) atas transaksi digital antar daerah pabean di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan narasumber yang berasal dari Politeknik Keuangan Negara STAN, Direktorat Jenderal Pajak, dan Badan Kebijakan Fiskal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingginya transaksi digital e-commerce di Indonesia menciptakan peluang yang potensial dalam penerimaan perpajakan. Dengan mengadaptasi mekanisme PPN PMSE, maka pemerintah dapat menggeser mekanisme pemungutan PPN atas transaksi digital di Indonesia yang semula menggunakan mekanisme pengusaha kena pajak (PKP) di mana pemungutnya merupakan penjual. Sementara dalam PMSE, maka pemungutnya adalah platform marketplace selaku intermediary collection. Mekanisme PMSE tidak membutuhkan adanya batasan PKP untuk menunjuk pemungut PPN-nya. Penerapan mekanisme ini dapat memperkuat basis pemajakan PPN. Mekanisme PPN PMSE untuk transaksi digital Indonesia akan menciptakan efisiensi, efektivitas dan kesederhanaan sistem pemungutan pajak. Pemerintah juga akan lebih mudah menggapai prinsip netralitas dan equal treatment antara pelaku konvensional dengan pelaku usaha digital. Selain itu, dari sisi pemerintah dan penyedia platform juga akan mendapat manfaat atau insentif yang cukup besar apabila kebijakan ini berhasil diterapkan. Pemerintah dapat menerapkan mekanisme tersebut melalui Pasal 32A Undang – Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan. Adanya dasar Undang–Undang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan akan memudahkan Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dalam membuat peraturan pelaksanaanya.

Abstract Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the incumbent president of the Philippines who was inaugurated on June 30th 2016 and initiated the War on Drugs Operation to eradicate drug abuse in the Philippines one day after his inauguration. The operation gave authorization to the members of Philippines National Police to ‘neutralize’ or kill suspects of illegal drugs dealers and users. The operation also related to other crime such as rape, imprisonment, and torture. The crimes are committed as part of a widespread and systematic attack directed against the civilian population as therefore it can be qualified as crimes against humanity. Philippines’ status as a state party to Rome Statute gives ICC the chance to prosecute Philippines’ nationals if they committed crimes against humanity. However, after the ICC Prosecutor initiated preliminary examination on the related case, Philippines deposited its instrument of withdrawal from the Rome Statute. The purpose of this research is to find out the legal effect of Philippines withdrawal toward ICC’s process of preliminary examination, investigation, and trial, and whether ICC have any jurisdiction over crimes against humanity that is committed after Philippines’ withdrawal becomes effective. Keywords: Crimes Against Humanity, International Criminal Court, Rome Statute Abstrak Rodrigo Roa Duterte menjabat menjadi Presiden Filipina pada tanggal 30 Juni 2016 dan memulai operasi pemberantasan narkotika yang disebut War on Drugs Operation sehari setelahnya. Operasi tersebut memberikan izin bagi Polisi Nasional Filipina untuk melakukan penembakan di tempat atas tersangka pengguna dan pengedar narkotika. Selain itu, terdapat kejahatan lain terkait operasi tersebut di antaranya pemerkosaan, penyiksaan dan penahanan tanpa proses hukum. Kejahatan-kejahatan tersebut dilakukan secara meluas, sistematis dan ditujukan pada populasi sipil yang menjadikannya dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Status Filipina sebagai negara pihak dalam Statuta Roma menjadikan ICC memiliki kewenangan untuk mengadili warga negara Filipina yang melakukan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Namun, setelah Jaksa Penuntut ICC memulai pemeriksaan pendahuluan atas War on Drugs Operation, Filipina melakukan penarikan diri dari Statuta Roma. Tujuan dari penulisan tugas akhir ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh penarikan diri Filipina dari Statuta Roma terhadap pemeriksaan pendahuluan yang sedang dilakukan dan apakah ICC memiliki yurisdiksi atas kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang masih terjadi di Filipina pasca penarikan dirinya berlaku efektif. Kata kunci: Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan, Mahkamah Pidana Internasional, Statuta Roma

The research conducted in this doctoral thesis aims to investigate the protection offered by labour law to multicultural workers. The problem is analysed from the angle of the prohibitions of discrimination. It first reconstructs the regulatory framework, at an international, European and Italian level, with particular reference to the analysis of the risk factors directly connected with the phenomenon of multiculturalism (ethnic origin, language, race, religion). It then goes on to study the structure of the prohibitions of discrimination, dwelling on the possible configurability of a right to equal treatment. Having affirmed the existence of such a right, its characteristics are analysed, also in the light of the traditional debates of interpreters and scholars of anti-discrimination law. Subsequently, the study focuses on the search for the limits – internal and external – of the right to equal treatment. With reference to the external limits, in particular, the discussion is articulated by reasoning on the basis of two different declinations of the right to equal treatment, for which the point of balance is sought with respect to other rights worthy of protection: the constitutionally protected rights of third parties and the right to freedom of enterprise under Article 41 of the Italian Constitution. With this in mind, a number of hypotheses are analysed that have been the focus of attention of anti-discrimination law scholars as well as national and supranational courts. In this context, the nature of the obligation of “reasonable accommodation”, provided for by law for discrimination on the grounds of disability, is also reconstructed, and its possible extension to all other hypotheses of discrimination is investigated by way of interpretation.