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Soumonni, Ogundiran. « Electricity planning in West Africa : which way forward ? An adaptive management perspective on energy policy ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49049.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Africa’s quest for economic development will require the increased availability and use of its abundant energy resources. Nevertheless, most of its rural population remains without access to modern energy services and urban residents typically only enjoy an intermittent supply of electricity. The dominant approach to energy planning in West Africa is top-down and centralized, emphasizing electricity generation from large dams or fossil-fueled plants and subsequent grid extension to reach more customers. However, an alternative and complementary paradigm is that of decentralized or Distributed Generation (DG), which stresses small-scale, on-site generation of power and offers a bottom-up approach to energy development. The goal of this dissertation project is to assess the various options for regional electrification and integration through a holistic analysis of the set of existing technologies and policies for deploying them. The main organ of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for regional electricity planning is the West African Power Pool (WAPP) and its primary policy document, the “Master Plan”, addresses regional power supply shortage through centralized planning. Both the WAPP policy documents and the majority of the country-level planning documents are considered to be based on a traditional, empiricist, policy analysis that appears to provide value-neutral solutions and generalizations. In contrast, the analysis provided in this project situates itself within the post-positivistic, deliberative and more contextual approach to policy analysis in order to compare the centralized approach to generation with a distributed approach, which is currently marginal in the region. It uses the Adaptive Management (AM) framework for this analysis, particularly because of the way it deals with ecological resilience in the face of widespread uncertainty. The main policy issue that this project seeks to address is the need for an integrated energy-environment planning process, which is currently lacking in West Africa, so as to achieve long term sustainability. Adaptive management offers policy makers a holistic lens with which to view energy policy, but there are very few examples of institutions that have attempted to implement it in practice anywhere in the world. These instances, however, represent a valuable historical reference point for future policy research and management efforts that seek to explore this approach. In alignment with that objective, this dissertation first provides an overview of the concept of adaptive management in general, and its application to energy problems in particular. Secondly, the research project undertakes a policy analysis of the ECOWAS strategy for electrification, based on a stakeholder analysis, a review of life cycle assessments of existing energy technologies, the expected outcomes of the electricity sector, and a set of traditional criteria for evaluating public policies. In order to further examine the question of electricity access, it carries out a quantitative analysis of the electricity demand and supply in the region. It uses a modeling approach that is based on the logic of AM to determine whether or not the energy requirements for broad based electrification can be met through distributed renewable power, which is currently a negligible component of the generation resource portfolio in West Africa. The dissertation proceeds to carry out a retrospective analysis of three cases in the U.S. where elements of AM have already been applied to energy planning in order to investigate some of the critical determinants for its successful implementation to date. This assessment then informs a prospective analysis of three West African cases that have ideal characteristics for experimentation with AM to determine to what extent similar concepts have been used, or may be employed in the future. The AM framework also calls for the consideration of local values, which should be open to revision in the face of real situations. To this end, the prospective analysis includes three additional place-sensitive criteria, so as to ensure that the framework remains viable in a different socio-political context. The AM analyses are then extended to include a discussion of learning and innovation in clean energy technologies, drawing from the Chinese, Danish and South African experiences. The results suggest that a strong and consistent political will that is in alignment with an explicit social policy is needed to initiate and implement broad-based electrification plans, but that stakeholder participation is critical to their success. In addition, the adoption of multiple instruments and the selection of a diverse range of energy resources were found to be more effective than an overreliance on a single dominant scheme so as to allow room for policy learning. Furthermore, the results confirm that a holistic approach to managing ecosystems associated with electric power production is a fruitful way to integrate ecological considerations with social and economic factors throughout the development of a project. This type of systemic methodology should also include the building of technological capability and the development of innovation capacity in order to address the unique socio-economic context and the rapidly-changing climatic conditions in West Africa. Finally, the articulation of a planning philosophy that engages the values and sensibilities of the people in a particular place, and that is rooted in them, was found to be a critical factor for increasing the level of public participation in management activities in order to achieve more equitable and democratic outcomes.
2
Cade, Evelyn. « Risk, Oil Spills, and Governance : Can Organizational Theory Help Us Understand the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill ? » ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1614.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico awakened communities to the increased risk of large-scale damage along their coastlines presented by new technology in deep water drilling. Normal accident theory and high reliability theory offer a framework through which to view the 2010 spill that features predictive criteria linked to a qualitative assessment of risk presented by technology and organizations. The 2010 spill took place in a sociotechnical system that can be described as complex and tightly coupled, and therefore prone to normal accidents. However, the entities in charge of managing this technology lacked the organizational capacity to safely operate within this sociotechnical system.
3
Mohd, Amin Mohd Farid. « Energy planning and energy policy analysis for Malaysia ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360504.
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Ghalebani, Alireza. « Renewable Energy Investment Planning and Policy Design ». Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6243.
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In this dissertation, we leverage predictive and prescriptive analytics to develop decision support systems to promote the use of renewable energy in society. Since electricity from renewable energy sources is still relatively expensive, there are variety of financial incentive programs available in different regions. Our research focuses on financial incentive programs and tackles two main problem: 1) how to optimally design and control hybrid renewable energy systems for residential and commercial buildings given the capacity based and performance based incentives, and 2) how to develop a model-based system for policy makers for designing optimal financial incentive programs to promote investment in net zero energy (NZE) buildings.
In order to customize optimal investment and operational plans for buildings, we developed a mixed integer program (MIP). The optimization model considers the load profile and specifications of the buildings, local weather data, technology specifications and pricing, electricity tariff, and most importantly, the available financial incentives to assess the financial viability of investment in renewable energy. It is shown how the MIP model can be used in developing customized incentive policy designs and controls for renewable energy system.
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Sahin, V. « Turkey : Energy planning and policy options ; 'an energy planning approach in a developing country' ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355355.
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INSISIENMAY, Sthabandith. « A Macroeconometric Model for Policy Planning of the Lao Economy ». Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124086.
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Shrestha, Rita. « Energy planning and policies in nepal ». Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19131884.
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Cruz, LuiÌs Miguel Guilherme da. « A Portuguese energy economy environment input output model : policy applications ». Thesis, Keele University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250422.
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Hendrix, Leigh E. « Russian Energy Policy : Exploring the Efficacy of a Resource‐Dependent Economy and Foreign Policy ». Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1242245813.
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Olaniyi, Titus Kehinde. « Decision support systems for sustainable energy planning in a developing economy ». Thesis, London South Bank University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506712.
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This research proposes a "Dynamic Energy Systems" (DES) paradigm- a Decision Support Systems Framework using a System Thinking (ST) and System Dynamics (SD) approach for sustainable energy planning in a Developing Economy (DE) using developing Botswana economy as a case reference. Many of the DE is currently undergoing dramatic changes in socio-economic policies such liberalisation of the energy markets, financing of energy projects and the incorporation of previously grounded externalities such as the environmental implications of energy projects. The research begins by reviewing the literature on the underlying dynamics of sustainable energy development (SED) in the DE. It further examines the inherent limitations of traditional planning tools such as optimisation, econometric and general simulation models for energy planning and policy formulation in DE. It argued that the advocated strength of optimisation tools is significantly impaired in the DE where economic, social and environmental objectives are multidimensional, complex and hence seldom given a clearer definition. Traditional energy planning tools are inappropriate in DE as they focuses on the present decision without identifying how past policies created the present complexities. This research also argued that traditional modelling approach fail to demonstrate the policies that would guide future decisions. Further, lack of reliable data and the absolute determination of the objective function in many DE undermines the suitability of both econometric and optimisation models. Given the inherent systems structure, current trends and future forecasts in the DE, there are complex implications that need addressing in the applications of traditional planning tools to sustainable energy planning. The unsuitability of traditional tools to DE is rooted in the welldocumented socio-economic, political and technological differences, as compared to those of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations.The past energy development trends witnessed in the OECD nations contradict the notion of SED. It is therefore paramount that energy planners and their advisers in DE integrate these complexities in the applications of traditional planning models. Hence, DE requires a new paradigm for SED. DES modelling and methodological approach facilitates the design of policy rules that govern complex decision-making. It demonstrates how past policies created the current crises. The use of DES enables the modelling of complex energy issues, and enhances understanding of the dominant system characteristics that causes energy systems instability in the DE. This research maintains that the major impediments to SED in the DE are appropriate technology; social organisation; environmental (energy) resources and investment directions. The proposed methodology focuses on analyses of the dynamic forces that impinge on energy systems and seeks to improve the decision making process. This research fills an important gap in the literature by demonstrating the merits of DES as a framework that permits focusing on the holistic structure identifiable within an energy system in the DE. The research also identifies the underlying differences of sustainable energy planning in DE as compared to those of the OECD nations.
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Ostrove, Geoffrey Benjamin. « Towards a Political Economy of Urban Communication Technologies ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10142280.
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By the year 2050, about three quarters of the world’s population will live in cities. Most cities are developed by state or federal governments; however, some cities are developed for the purpose of private interests that plan the city. While the concept of private companies planning and sometimes even owning cities is not a new development, there seems to currently be a rise in this trend, with communication corporations such as IBM, Google, Intel, and Cisco now taking advantage of this growing market.
Known as “smart” or “wired” cities, this new privatized way of planning communities allows major communication corporations to play an important role in shaping the future of our communities. Google, IBM, and Intel are all playing a role in planning the future of Portland, Oregon. By analyzing documents such as planning ordinances, financial reports, and government transcripts, as well as conducting interviews with city planners and corporate employees, this study found that many of the “smart” city efforts being undertaken by these communication corporations are intimately tied to their efforts to bring the Internet of Things (IoT) to fruition. Ultimately, the main goal of these efforts is to utilize urban communication technologies (UCTs) to gather data about community members by tracking their activities. In this emerging personal data economy, identities are the main commodity being fetishized.
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Longston, Kristopher J. « Planning For Wind Energy : Evaluating Municipal Wind Energy Land Use Planning Frameworks in Southwestern Ontario with a Focus on Developing Wind Energy Planning Policies for the City of Stratford ». Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2905.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Wind energy provides an environmentally friendly and renewable source of electricity, that can help meet Canada's Kyoto commitments, help safeguard against future blackouts, reduce air pollution and create economic opportunities in the form of manufacturing jobs and land leases for farmers. From a land use planning perspective, however, wind turbines create challenges that municipalities and planners have to deal with more frequently. Ontario in particular lags behind countries such as Ireland and Australia in terms of providing a clear, equitable and comprehensive land use planning framework to deal with wind energy. What is lacking in particular is a clear understanding of how Ontario municipalities are dealing with the issue of wind energy developments, whether the policies that are being developed adhere to good planning principles, what are the land use planning issues that are impacting wind energy development in Ontario and what are some recommendations that could be made to improve wind energy policies. A secondary goal of this thesis was to identify common elements of good wind energy planning frameworks that could be used to develop wind energy planning policies in the City of Stratford, which currently does not have any policies or a wind energy land use planning framework and is also where the author is employed as the City Planner.
To address this lack of information, this report focuses on the current state of wind energy planning policy development in southwestern Ontario and in particular; the types of wind energy planning frameworks have been developed in the world, the elements of "good" planning principles and frameworks and whether or not they are found in these frameworks, whether there are components of these policies that would be appropriate for wider adoption in Ontario and finally, what types of framework should the City of Stratford develop for wind energy?
To address these questions, a literature review was conducted on wind energy land use planning issues and examples of international wind energy planning guidelines were reviewed. Additionally, five southwestern Ontario municipalities with wind energy policies were selected as case studies and Planners and other wind energy stakeholders were interviewed.
This study found that the main issues and barriers surrounding wind energy planning policy development in Ontario are visual impact, lack of education and a lack of a municipal planning framework. It was also determined that, the public reaction to wind energy proposals in Southwestern Ontario has been mostly positive and the conflicts that have arisen have been in instances where wind turbines are proposed in the vicinity of recreational properties. In terms of a wind energy planning framework, southwestern Ontario municipalities have for the most part opted for General Official Plan policies supporting wind energy development in principle and directing its development to certain land use designations subject to a zoning by-law amendment. The planning frameworks in the case studies for the most part conform to good planning principles identified, however, there was a large variation between the municipalities in terms of the level of detail within the planning framework. Finally, it was determined that the City of Stratford Official Plan and Zoning By-law are inadequate in terms of policy and regulations for wind energy.
This study recommends that the Ontario Provincial Government should follow up on the Wind Energy Information Sheet and the recent Provincial Policy Statement with a comprehensive land use-planning framework for wind energy developments that should borrow on existing international guidelines that have been developed. This study also recommends that the City of Stratford should update its Official Plan to include policies that address wind energy generation, should initiate a study to determine if there are any areas within the City that are considered to be natural heritage views or areas that should be protected from the visual impacts of wind energy production, should investigate permitting wind energy facilities in certain industrial areas of the City, subject to a zoning by-law amendment and should work with the County of Perth to develop a common set of zoning by-law regulations for wind energy developments.
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Schumacher, Katja. « Innovative energy technologies in energy-economy models ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15654.
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Die Einführung neuartiger Energietechnologien wird allgemein als der Schlüssel zur Senkung klimaschädlicher Treibhausgase angesehen. Allerdings ist die Abbildung derartiger Technologien in numerischen Modellen zur Simulation und ökonomischen Analyse von energie- und klimaschutzpolitischen Maßnahmen vielfach noch rudimentär. Die Dissertation entwickelt neue Ansätze zur Einbindung von technologischen Innovationen in energie-ökonomische allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle, mit dem Ziel den Energiesektor realitätsnäher abzubilden. Die Dissertation adressiert einige der Hauptkritikpunkte an allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen zur Analyse von Energie- und Klimapolitik: Die fehlende sektorale und technologische Disaggregation, die beschränkte Darstellung von technologischem Fortschritt, und das Fehlen von einem weiten Spektrum an Treibhausgasminderungsoptionen. Die Dissertation widmet sich zwei Hauptfragen: (1) Wie können technologische Innovationen in allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle eingebettet werden? (2) Welche zusätzlichen und politikrelevanten Informationen lassen sich durch diese methodischen Erweiterungen gewinnen? Die Verwendung eines sogenannten Hybrid-Ansatzes, in dem neuartige Technologien für Stromerzeugung und Eisen- und Stahlherstellung in ein dynamisch multi-sektorales CGE Modell eingebettet werden, zeigt, dass technologiespezifische Effekte von großer Bedeutung sind für die ökonomische Analyse von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen, insbesondere die Effekte hinsichtlich von Technologiewechsel und dadurch bedingten Änderungen der Input- und Emissionsstrukturen. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Dissertation, dass Lerneffekte auf verschiedenen Stufen der Produktionskette abgebildet werden müssen: Für regenerative Energien, zum Beispiel, nicht nur bei der Anwendung von Stromerzeugungsanlagen, sondern ebenso auf der vorgelagerten Produktionsstufe bei der Herstellung dieser Anlagen. Die differenzierte Abbildung von Lerneffekten in Exportsektoren, wie zum Beispiel Windanlagen, verändert die Wirtschaftlichkeit und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und hat wichtige Implikationen für die ökonomische Analyse von Klimapolitik.Energy technologies and innovation are considered to play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Yet, the representation of technologies in energy-economy models, which are used extensively to analyze the economic, energy and environmental impacts of alternative energy and climate policies, is rather limited. This dissertation presents advanced techniques of including technological innovations in energy-economy computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. New methods are explored and applied for improving the realism of energy production and consumption in such top-down models. The dissertation addresses some of the main criticism of general equilibrium models in the field of energy and climate policy analysis: The lack of detailed sectoral and technical disaggregation, the restricted view on innovation and technological change, and the lack of extended greenhouse gas mitigation options. The dissertation reflects on the questions of (1) how to introduce innovation and technological change in a computable general equilibrium model as well as (2) what additional and policy relevant information is gained from using these methodologies. Employing a new hybrid approach of incorporating technology-specific information for electricity generation and iron and steel production in a dynamic multi-sector computable equilibrium model it can be concluded that technology-specific effects are crucial for the economic assessment of climate policy, in particular the effects relating to process shifts and fuel input structure. Additionally, the dissertation shows that learning-by-doing in renewable energy takes place in the renewable electricity sector but is equally important in upstream sectors that produce technologies, i.e. machinery and equipment, for renewable electricity generation. The differentiation of learning effects in export sectors, such as renewable energy technologies, matters for the economic assessment of climate policies because of effects on international competitiveness and economic output.
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Krukanont, Pongsak. « System modeling for energy planning and policy making under uncertainty ». Kyoto University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144450.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第11893号
エネ博第119号
新制||エネ||30(附属図書館)
23673
UT51-2005-N727
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 手塚 哲央, 教授 吉川 榮和, 教授 中込 良廣
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Stokes, Leah C. « Power politics : renewable energy policy change in US states ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99079.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: Ph. D. in Public Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 405-425).
Addressing climate change requires societies to transition towards renewable energy resources. In the United States, most states have passed renewables portfolio standards (RPS), creating goals for electricity's share of renewables, and instituted net energy metering (NEM) policies, compensating individuals and organizations for supplying distributed energy to the grid. Why have some states, like California, successfully expanded their policies, while others, like Texas, have failed to enact higher RPS targets or a NEM policy? Why have some states, like Ohio and Arizona, weakened their policies, while others, like Kansas and Colorado, have staved off retrenchment attempts? Typical explanations for policy change include shifts in partisan control, shifts in public opinion, and bureaucratic learning. However, I argue that shifts in the balance of power between supportive and opponent interest groups best accounts for variation across states in repeal efforts' success. Through policy feedback, policy design structures interest groups' relative power. Retrenchment attempts are more likely to succeed when renewable energy opponents are greater in number, profitability or political influence. By contrast, policy expansion is more likely to occur when renewable energy advocates become disproportionately empowered compared to their opponents. Drawing on comparative case studies, this dissertation uses process-tracing to construct policy histories, examining how policymaking and implementation shaped later rounds of policy revision. The study compares six cases of renewable energy policy change in US states, developed through over 100 semi-structured interviews with politicians, political staff, utilities, bureaucrats, and interest groups. Primary and secondary archival documents on were also gathered and analyzed. Advocates and opponents use several strategies to try to change policy. Politicians often come to support or oppose policies as a function of their ties to interest groups. Still, public support for policy matters; accordingly, interest groups construct and present public opinion strategically to try to shape politicians' actions. Finally, how the policy is designed, including its timing and visibility, may condition its capacity to expand or contract over time. In this way, my argument draws from and contributes to policy feedback theory.
by Leah C. Stokes.
Ph. D. in Public Policy
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Kat, Bora. « Mathematical Modeling For Energy Policy Analysis ». Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613762/index.pdf.
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As is now generally accepted, climate change and environmental degradation has largely been triggered by carbon emissions and energy modeling for policy analysis has therefore attained renewed urgency. It is important for governments to satisfy emission targets and timetables set down by international agreements without disregarding macroeconomic concerns and restrictions. In this study, we present a large-scale nonlinear optimization model that allows the analysis of macroeconomic and multi-sectoral energy policies in respect of technological and environmental options and scenarios. The model consists of a detailed representation of energy activities and disaggregates the rest of the economy into five main sectors. Economy-wide solutions are obtained by computing a utility maximizing aggregate consumption bundle on the part of a representative household. Intersectoral and foreign transaction balances are maintained using a modified accounting matrix. The model also computes the impact on macroeconomic variables of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission strategies and abatement schemes. As such the model is capable of producing solutions that can be used to benchmark regulatory instruments and policies. Several scenarios are presented for the case of Turkey in which the impact of a nuclear power programme and power generation coupled with carbon-capture-and-storage schemes are investigated as well as setting quotas on total and sectoral GHG emissions.
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Allen, M. « Ion Acceleration from the Interaction of Ultra-Intense Lasers with Solid Foils ». Washington, D.C : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : United States. Dept. of Energy ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2004. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15011790-SSm9hY/native/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (US); 24 Nov 2004.Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-TH-208645" Allen, M. 11/24/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Hasz, Adam. « Equitable energy for Massachusetts : how can climate policy reduce inequality ? » Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118254.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Massachusetts is widely recognized as a climate leader and a state that prioritizes social equity. However, existing Massachusetts climate policy does not effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and has limited support for marginalized communities. The state's annual $730 million of investment in energy efficiency is governed by the Green Communities Act, which emphasizes cost-savings for consumers rather than environmental benefits or social equity. The state's Global Warming Solutions Act does impose a legal obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 25% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 based on 1990 levels. Yet these emission reductions will not be achieved without new policies that effectively regulate carbon emissions. Finally, the state's existing environmental justice policy of Executive Order 552 is not enforced and does not govern the distribution of the $730 million of annual investment in energy efficiency. This thesis explores these challenges and suggests a new climate policy framework of "equitable electrification." To achieve this framework, Massachusetts should impose new regulations on the use of petroleum products in building heating systems. The state should also reform the Mass Save energy efficiency investment criteria to prioritize electric heat pumps. To increase support for environmental justice households, municipalities should consider administering their energy efficiency investments directly instead of using existing utility programs. Finally, policymakers should consider new legislation that imposes a progressive carbon price and prioritizes investments for marginalized communities. By pursuing these recommendations, Massachusetts can develop more effective climate policy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions while increasing social equity.
by Adam Hasz.
M.C.P.
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Peker, Zeynep Süel Akın. « Integrating renewable energy technologies into cities through urban planning : In the case of geothermal and wind energy/ ». [s.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/doktora/sehirplanlama/T000428.pdf.
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Päivärinne, Sofia. « Utilisation of Excess Heat Towards a Circular Economy : Implications of interorganisational collaborations and strategic planning ». Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143193.
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In order to significantly lower the environmental impact from human activities, numerous efforts and approaches related to the transformation of human activities have developed during the last decades. Examples of such efforts are policies and strategies at different levels, some with a top-down approach focusing on extensive institutional changes, and some with a bottom-up approach focusing on industrial actors and industry-led activities. One essential aspect of these efforts concerns the energy used producing the products and services provided within our society. This includes, for example, improved efficiency of processes in order to minimise the amount of energy used, or optimisation of efficiency by using energy with the lowest possible exergy value. It can also be about re-use of energy, which is the focus of this thesis. Heat, which is the main by-product of all energy systems, can be utilised for heating purposes to lower the primary energy demand for heating. Increased utilisation of excess heat, however, requires collaboration between normally unrelated actors, those with a supply of and those demanding excess heat. In Sweden, which is a Northern European country with high demand for heat, the tradition of large energy-intensive manufacturing industries generating large amounts of excess heat, in combination with well-established district heating distribution systems, constitute good conditions for excess heat utilisation. Despite the fact that Sweden is among the world leaders in utilising excess heat, there is however, still a large unutilised potential. From this background, the objective of this thesis is to identify challenges behind excess heat utilisation for heating purposes, and to propose practical suggestions to facilitate expanded excess heat utilisation. The overall objective is analysed with a focus on drivers and barriers behind interorganisational collaborations on excess heat utilisation, important components of interorganisational business models and how the technical conditions regarding supply and demand could be facilitated by strategic municipal spatial planning processes. The research is largely based on interviews conducted with societal actors with different perspectives on excess heat utilisation; energy companies, industries generating high-grade excess heat, facilities generating low-grade excess heat, facilities demanding low-grade excess heat, experts of utilisation of low-grade excess heat, branch organisations, municipal spatial planners, energy- and climate advisors, and developers. Document studies have been conducted in order to collect case specific knowledge. The research questions are explored based on literature studies on the principles of industrial symbiosis, business model perspective and strategic planning. Further, they are examined in a Swedish context. It is concluded that the three perspectives complement each other by providing a system perspective on increased utilisation of excess heat as they seek to contribute both environmental and financial benefits at both a company and societal level. In order to facilitate further utilisation of excess heat it is important to focus on the organisational factors of humility, honesty, transparency, trust, fine-grained information transfer, joint problem solving, and shared visions of common goals, which are important conditions behind development of functional and long-term durable collaborations. Business models for collaboration could contribute to the creation of these organisationally important conditions. Such business models could also provide knowledge on how to create and capture joint values. For some collaborations involving actors lacking the technical knowledge related to the capturing and distribution of excess heat, a third-party providing services related to the technical knowledge required could be beneficial. Collaborations in which one of the actors consists of an energy company often entail the technical knowledge required. This implies that different collaborations involving different types of actors and under different prevailing financial, technical and organisational conditions require customised and flexible business solutions. Local authorities could, through their overall function, initiate interorganisational collaborations on excess heat within the framework of municipal spatial planning. The results do however show that the investigated planning processes could develop more extensive stakeholder participation to include further societal actors related to excess heat. More extensive stakeholder participation, have the potential to initiate new development of collaborations on excess heat between normally unrelated actors, both with and without involvements of third-party knowledge brokers. A broader participation is also expected to result in increased knowledge on how to plan to further facilitate the condition of excess heat utilisation.
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Fenel, Joel. « Transitioning to a sustainable energy system : a qualitative analysis of energy planning policy in Sweden ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-421813.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examines the transition to a sustainable energy system in Swedish society, by analysing research, policy and strategies related to the energy sector. The study applies an institutional approach informed by evolutionary governance theory as well as energy smart and communicative planning theory to analyse how the transition is portrayed on a Nordic, National and regional level. As the purpose is to understand the decision-making process behind the transition, the research design is qualitative and uses official and private documents as the main source of data. To analyse the material, the study applies a method developed by Healey (1993) and Khakee (2000) as a model to read texts as the product of a broad discourse. The results show that the transition towards a sustainable energy system is driven by institutional governance informed by increased European intervention. The Nordic countries, especially Sweden, have during the past decade established structures to become 100 per cent decarbonised and reliant on energy generated from renewable energy sources. Although the core ideology behind the transition is positive from a sustainable perspective, there are many technical challenges on a domestic and regional level that have not yet been solved.
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Howarth, Nicholas A. A. « The political economy of technological change, energy and climate change ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:96957dc1-2bc8-466f-8963-4a7edbc0569c.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis sets out to explore some of the key dimensions in the process of socio-technological change inherent in the shift to a low carbon economy. This is done in two parts, the first focusing on theory, the second, empirical case studies. Out of the diversity of interactions between actors, technologies, and policies surrounding this process, one key question emerges: can societies really shift the structure of their economies so fundamentally to achieve a low carbon future within a reasonable timeframe? Chapter One develops an integrated approach to economic and political change to interrogate this question. This synthesizes a review of literature (Part One) examining the role of technology within some of the main theories of economic change in the social sciences. Two broad paradigms are distinguished. First, a paradigm based around the notion of equilibrium, notably the standard welfare approach of neoclassical economics; and secondly, an evolutionary paradigm, which views the economy as a complex adaptive system – such as exemplified by theories of path dependency. This theoretical background provides a broad narrative to frame and inform Part Two of the thesis. First in Chapter Four, socio-technical change is investigated in the context of the diffusion of energy efficient lighting in Germany. This study investigates the relationships between human behaviour and attitudes, lamp technology and the evolving nature of institutions, to provide a framework with which to consider the contentious issue of individual freedom versus government control in the politics of change to lower-carbon emissions. In Chapter Five, the case for the creation of a market for CO2 pollution permits is developed. In making this case, the strengths and weaknesses of emissions trading are compared and contrasted with other policy instruments and the broader political economy of the various policy options discussed. Chapter 6 builds on this to examine the political economy of implementing an emissions trading scheme in Australia and the impact the Kyoto Protocol has had on domestic politics and GHG mitigation. Chapter Seven continues with the theme of building ‘a political ecology of the state’ by investigating the politics and economics of greenhouse gas mitigation in Russia. Finally, Chapter Eight recapitulates the aims, nature and conclusions of this research and draws out its implications for policy as well as mapping out some areas for further research. In particular, the need to bring a greater sense of politics back into the study of the economy is highlighted as a vital part of building a renewed, more sustainable economic paradigm in the wake of the financial crisis and, as a way of strengthening the connection between social values and market outcomes.
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Virna, Talia. « The role of space in the energy-environment nexus : a policy-making perspective ». Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1052822.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Energy and Environment are two very complex and interconnected systems.
Both are extremely important for economic development and for societies' quality of life. The natural environment favours and supports the production of energy resources. Non-renewable primary energy sources, such as oil, coal and natural gas are the results of long natural processes which take millions of years before the resources can be extracted and used. These resources have been and they are still fundamental drivers of economic process and progress, however their production and consumption pose highly costs to natural environment and ultimately on human beings. Oil and coal are the world's leading fuels: oil accounts for a third of global energy consumption and coal equals to 28.1 % (BP report, 2017) but they are also the main responsible for climate change (COP21). Renewable energies are clean resources which are naturally produced such as sunlight, wind, geothermal heat, etc., they represent an important opportunity for energy-shifting, fundamental for the mitigation of climate change. Renewable resources contribution to world energy production is growing, but it is still negligible with respect to the traditional resources.
This thesis aims at contributing to the debate on the link of energy and environment from a political economy point of view. From one perspective, energy production and consumption are dangerous for the environment and policy decision makers need to incentivise internalization of energy externalities.
On the other hand, the transition towards renewable resources need to be facilitated by appropriate policy instruments promoting sustainable energy paths. Conventional resources represent a threat for the environment, renewables energies are a concrete clean alternative. On the fossil fuel side, policy interventions are designed to address environmental damages; on the renewable energies side policy makers need to incentivize the development and diffusion of clean technologies. The thesis is structured in three different chapters representing three independent essays. On one hand the three chapters share the same topics of interest and they are linked to one another; on the other hand, they could be singularly read, as autonomous papers. The common topic shared by the three chapters is the analysis of the relationship between energy technologies and environmental aspects, for which this research would like to support the policy decision makers in designing the appropriate policy instruments. Further, the three chapters present empirical techniques adequate to answer the case-to-case research questions.
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Lusk, Shannon Perry. « Analysis of the holistic impact of the hydrogen economy on the coal industry ». Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Lusk_Dissertation_09007dcc805b8a35.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.Vita. The entire thesis text (excluding Appendix B) is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed December 1, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-150).
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Mlambo-Ngcuka, Phumzile. « Back to the future : integrating retrenched mineworkers in the agricultural economy of O.R. Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM) ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3648.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Bibliography: leaves 128-138.This study focused on the identification of agricultural skills required to enable retrenched miners in OR Tambo District Municipality to engage in agriculture productively. This is set against the background of the history of mine labour being drawn significantly from thie area, together with recent changes in the mining industry which have resulted in many of the workers returning to the district retrneched and impoversihed. The study reviews the changing nature of work in the context of globalization and its impact on mine workers. It reviews current notions of adult education and the emrgence of such notions as the recognition of prior learning and multi-skilling as a response to these changes. There is also a review of recent policies that are meant to benefit retrenched workers in the rural areas of South Africa.
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Acurio, Vasconez Verónica. « A macroeconometric model of energy for public policy ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Depuis la stagflation observée suite à la forte hausse du prix du pétrole en 1973 et 1979, les chocs pétroliers sont considérés comme l’une des sources de fluctuations les plus importantes aux États-Unis comme dans de nombreux pays industrialisés. De nombreux articles ont alors étudié le rôle des chocs pétroliers dans la fluctuation des principales variables macro-économiques à savoir, la croissance, le chômage, l’inflation et les salaires. Cependant, ces travaux n’ont pas encore permis d’aboutir à un consensus. Le débat s’est même intensifié au cours de cette dernière décennie, suite à l’absence de réaction de l’économie réelle pendant la période d’augmentation du prix du pétrole entre 2002 et 2007. En effet, la stagflation ne fut observée qu’au moment de la crise des “subprimes” en 2008. Plusieurs hypothèses furent avancées pour expliquer la différence entre les crises des années 70 et 2000. Blanchard & Gali (2009) et Blanchard & Riggi (2013) évoquent par exemple la réduction de la quantité de pétrole utilisée dans le processus de production, la plus grande flexibilité des salaires réels et la meilleure crédibilité de la politique monétaire. Hamiltion (2009) et Kilian (2008) suggèrent quant à eux la différence dans l’origine des deux chocs pétroliers : un choc de d’offre aux années 70 et un choc de demande aux années 2000. L’objectif de cette thèse est de réexaminer l’impact des chocs pétroliers sur l’économie réelle. Dans un premier temps, sur la base des travaux de Blanchard & Gali, nous proposons trois nouveaux modèles dynamiques d’équilibre général stochastique (DSGE), qui intègrent le pétrole à la fois comme facteur de production et comme bien de consommation. En relâchant plusieurs hypothèses adoptées dans Blanchard & Gali, nos modèles permettent une meilleure simulation de l’économie réelle et donc une étude plus détaillée des mécanismes de transmission des chocs. Dans un second temps, nous analysons plusieurs types d’interventions publiques susceptibles d’atténuer l’impact des chocs pétroliers sur l’économieNo English summary available
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Barba-Viniegra, Ricardo Manuel. « Policy analysis of energy-economy interactions in Mexico : a multiperiod optimizing general equilibrium model ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 1989. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/107461/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objective of this thesis is to analyze three key aspects of the long-term relationship between energy policy and overall economic policy in Mexico: (1) energy- industrialization; (2) energy-labour force; and (3) energy-foreign debt. The importance of the energy sectors in the general economy is evaluated from a historical perspective. Some of the most representative energy studies, both theoretical and empirical are reviewed. Also, the structure and specification of some general equilibrium (GE) models constructed for Mexico are compared within a SAM-type conceptual framework. The SAM approach is then used to formulate the one-period version of the model. An optimizing intertemporal GE model is constructed and implemented to analyze the interdependence between the decisions of the various economic agents, and to explore the sensitivity of optimal policies with respect to such key parameters as elasticities of substitution and world oil prices. The starting point of the model is the work by Blitzer and Eckaus (1986a). However, given the different nature of the present study, five types of improvements have been introduced: (i) the objective function and the terminal constraints are formulated in a way that leads to more attractive price structures; (ii) the model contains truly price-sensitive endogenous choices; (iii) there is a greater degree of disaggregation of the accounts; (iv) the data base is more updated; and (v) a much improved software is employed for solving the model. The following are some of the main conclusions derived from the various solutions of the model: - Both the real and dual sides of the model capture a structural adjustment process towards expansion of nonoil tradeable producing sectors. Manufacturing exports replace oil and gas revenues and external capital inflows as the main source of foreign currency. - Foreign exchange is the most serious constraint of the system, so that foreign debt reduction is considered as the most profitable way of allocating current income. - This calls for a portfolio switching effect among the assets that constitute Mexico's wealth: foreign debt reduction affects investment in real capital assets, which, in turn, means that the economy grows below the labour force growth. Moreover, in the majority of the experiments, oil and gas extraction levels are constrained by the ceilings imposed by the government. - Skilled labour force shortages also restrict the economy significantly. Yet, the economy is not constrained in its ability to absorb oil revenues.
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Зябіна, Євгенія Анатоліївна, Евгения Анатольевна Зябина, Yevheniia Anatoliivna Ziabina, Тетяна Володимирівна Пімоненко, Татьяна Владимировна Пимоненко, Tetiana Volodymyrivna Pimonenko, Олексій Валентинович Люльов, Алексей Валентинович Люлев et Oleksii Valentynovych Liulov. « Efficiency of Ukrainian energy policy in the framework of circular and carbon-free economy ». Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Висвітлюються питання ефективності української енергетичної політики в рамках безвуглецевої економікиОсвещаются вопросы эффективности украинской энергетической политики в рамках из углеродистой экономики
The issues of efficiency of the Ukrainian energy policy within the framework of the carbon economy are covered
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Andrew, John Chapman. « A Framework for Energy Policy Evaluation and Improvement Incorporating Quantified Social Equity ». Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217191.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第20016号
エネ博第339号
新制||エネ||68(附属図書館)
33112
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 手塚 哲央, 教授 宇根﨑 博信, 准教授 MCLELLAN Benjamin
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Martinho, Cátia Sirgado. « Denmark : roots of a balanced economy ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10921.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusA Dinamarca é uma pequena economia aberta que, durante os anos 1980 e 1990, conseguiu resolver desequilíbrios macroeconómicos e foi reorientada para a exportação. Mais recentemente, e apesar de ter sido seriamente afectada pela crise internacional, a Dinamarca conseguiu manter o seu deficit e taxas de desemprego abaixo da média da UE25. Que razões explicam o desempenho da economia dinamarquesa nos últimos anos? Para se encontrar uma resposta recorreu-se às seguintes questões de pesquisa: - Como é que a economia dinamarquesa se comportou de 1950 até 2010/11? O ponto de partida serão os anos 1950. A análise abrangerá a década de 1970, onde vários desequilíbrios económicos foram construídos, passando pelos anos 1980 e 1990, onde reformas económicas reorientaram o país em direcção à sustentabilidade fiscal, exportações e crescimento económico. A análise acabará na década de 2000 onde, após um período de crescimento consistente, a Dinamarca é atingida pelas mais recentes crises económicas internacionais, e quando, mais tarde, em 2011, estabelece as suas metas e estratégias para atingir a sustentabilidade fiscal nos próximos anos. Que outros factores específicos, além de políticas governamentais e acontecimentos históricos, explicam o desempenho económico da Dinamarca? Depois de delineada a evolução macroeconómica, procuraram-se os elementos estruturais que contribuem para a explicação desse desempenho. Cinco características específicas, e em que medida estas moldaram o desempenho económico da Dinamarca e a ajudaram a enfrentar a globalização e constantes mudanças económicas, serão consideradas. As cinco características mostraram influenciar positivamente o desempenho global da Dinamarca.
Denmark is a small and open economy which, during the 1980s and 1990s, succeeded in resolving macroeconomic imbalances and in reorienting the economy to exports. Nowadays, despite having been seriously affected by the most recent global crises, Denmark has managed to keep its deficit and unemployment rates below the EU25 average. What reasons explain the Danish economy's performance in the latest years? In order to understand it two research questions will be considered: - How did the Danish economy perform from the 1950s until 2010/11? The 1950s will be the starting point. The analysis will go through the 1970s, where several economic imbalances were built up, passing by the 1980/90s where economic reforms reoriented the country towards fiscal sustainability, exports and economic growth. The outline will end in the 2000s where, after a period of consistent growth, Denmark is hit by the international economic crises, and later, in 2011, establishes its targets and strategies for the fiscal sustainability to be ensured in the coming years. What other specific factors, apart from governmental policies and historical happenings, explain Denmark´s economic performance? Five selected features of the Danish economy, and the extent in which they have shaped Denmark´s economic performance and have helped Denmark facing globalization and changing environments, will be considered. All the five features have demonstrated to provide the Danish economy with positive inputs contributing to Denmark´s overall performance.
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Hole, Nicola. « The policy implications of everyday energy consumption : the meanings, temporal rhythms and social dynamics of energy use ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16551.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Traditional research into pro-environmental behaviour change has a tendency to be focussed on either the context in which practices are enacted or the cognitive processes that lead to particular behaviours. Research is often located within individual disciplines, with policy implications defined by (often) narrow interpretations of a problem. Despite increasing recognition of the ability of behaviour change to significantly contribute to the reduction in emissions required to meet UK targets, policy is so far failing to encourage ânormativeâ low carbon practices in many areas of life. Based on theories of social practice, this thesis attempts to redress the relationship between individuals and behaviour in order to discover how energy practices are developed, maintained and reconfigured. Specifically, it develops a phenomenological approach to energy consumption by exploring how energy practices are experienced by individuals on a daily basis, based on the premise that much human behaviour is driven by individualsâ perceptions of their actions. The study highlights the importance of the meanings and associations that individuals possess in relation to their energy practices and how these are implicated by their experiences, past and present. Furthermore, it contends that practices are influenced by social interactional dynamics and normative frameworks within the home, as well as by the form and frequency of social relations external to the home. With energy consumption so closely interlocked with the practices with which individuals engage in a daily basis, this thesis suggests that policy needs to be more in tune with the everyday experiences of energy consumers. It concludes by setting out a form of policy-making that has the potential to reduce everyday energy use by being sensitive to the experiences and well-being of individuals and society.
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MacNeil, Robert. « Neoliberal Climate Policy in the United States : From Market Fetishism to the Developmental State ». Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23587.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research question animating this project is ‘what is the nature of neoliberalism’s influence on recent and contemporary US climate change policy?’ Situating itself against several growing bodies of literature which have sought to underscore the fetishism of markets in recent environmental and climate policy agendas under neoliberalism – e.g., the work of Heynen et al (2007) on ‘neoliberal environments’; Paterson and Newell’s (2010) work on neoliberalism and carbon markets; and the work of Dryzek et al (2003) on state forms and ecological modernization – this project argues that any such analysis must be predicated on a considerably more nuanced conception of (a) ‘neoliberalism’, (b) the historic role of states in fostering accumulation, and (c) the nature of policy development within any specific neoliberal context. Applying these theoretical re-conceptualizations to the American context, the project argues that a central tension informing contemporary US climate policy under neoliberalism can be understood a stand-off between two prevailing logics in the federal policy process: on the one hand, Washington’s attempt to build on its tradition of using state power to foster high-tech market development by cultivating the alternative energy realm as a developmental state project, and on the other, the anti-regulationist bent of neoliberalism which seeks to delegitimize the ‘pull’ policies required to ‘creatively destroy’ conventional energy and animate domestic alternative energy markets. Against the general conception of the US as a ‘climate laggard’ whose policy options are restricted market mechanisms and generally anathema to progressive ecological modernization, this body of work shows how the US has managed to develop a robust set of interventionist ‘push’ and ‘pull’ climate policies along ‘alternative policy pathways’, despite the prevailing anti-state rhetoric of neoliberalism.
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Munyon, Vinola Vincent. « Vehicle Fuel Economy And Vehicle Miles Traveled : An Empirical Investigation Of Jevons’ Paradox ». Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1415710122.
Texte intégral
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Rickwood, Peter. « The impact of physical planning policy on household energy use and greenhouse emissions ». Electronic version, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/1085.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates the impact of physical planning policy on combined transport and dwelling-related energy use by households. Separate analyses and reviews are conducted into dwelling-related and transport-related energy use by households, before a model is developed to investigate the city-wide implications of different land-use scenarios in Sydney, Australia. The analysis of household energy use in Chapter 3 suggests that medium density housing (i.e. lose-rise apartments, townhouses, and terraces) is likely to result in the lowest per-capita energy use, while also allowing for sufficient densities to make frequent public transport service viable. The analysis of transport energy in Chapter 4 confirms that increasing urban density is associated with decreased car ownership and use, independent of other factors. However, land use changes alone are likely to result in modest changes to travel behaviour. The results of the scenario modelling in Chapters 7-9 support the view that changes to land use alone can reduce household energy consumption, but the changes, even over a long time period (25 years) are small (~0-10%) for all but the most extreme land-use policies. Instead, a coordinated (land-use/transport and other policy levers) approach is much more effective. The results confirm that it is transport energy that is most sensitive to planning policy, but that a combined consideration of dwelling-related and transport-related energy use is still useful. The micro-simulation model developed to assess the impact of different land-use planning scenarios allows the establishment of a lower-bound estimate of the effect that housing policy has on household energy use, assuming ‘business as usual’ transport policy, household behaviour, and technology.
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Bachels, Mark A. « Development of sustainable urban transport energy policy : transport and land use planning implications ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Environmental Science, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6062.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The intent of this research was to investigate sustainable transport energy policy at a regional level. Transport energy use in the Canterbury region and Urban Christchurch provides the focus but a global context enables more far reaching conclusions.
The research focuses on regional and district level policy influences affecting transport energy use, cutting across a number of academic disciplines. The analysis suggests that well meaning independent land use and transport planning processes may be producing synergistic and unintended systemic outcomes leading to increasing transport energy use. The holistic approach adopted in this thesis develops an important tenet: unless means and ways are developed which provide balancing feedback to increasing car use - these unintended outcomes will continue.
Energy survey results for Canterbury and Urban Christchurch show that transport energy consumption is by far the fastest growing and largest sector. Mode split affects transport energy consumption as does trip length. In Christchurch car use dominates mode split. Cycling, public transport and walking are all declining in use while car trips are significantly increasing. Land use and transport planning policy factors are evaluated which affect transport energy use.
A new series of data for New Zealand's main urban areas, Christchurch, Wellington and Auckland are collected. The data include a detailed review of urban land use activities and transport network efficiencies, as well as data on economic and environmental implications of New Zealand's transport choices. This land use, transport, economic and environmental city data are compared to similar data collected for over 46 international cities. Analysis of the data reveals key insights into urban and transport planning policy effects on transport energy use, including many unexpected linkages between key parameters.
Utilising insights from the local planning process, literature on transport policy, and urban land use and transport indicators from a global survey, a systems modelling approach is utilised to identify and qualitatively assess feedback mechanisms affecting transport energy consumption. A number of positive feedbacks are found (resulting from planning policies) which support current transport energy trends.
Policies are identified for further investigation to reduce these positive feedbacks, including the need to provide more support for sustainable transport modes and reduce both car use and trip length. Key policy areas to investigate include the size of the urban area, population density and urban planning, the process of infill development, accessibility guidelines, traffic demand management measures, transport project improvement criteria (including road building), safety for slow modes, and transport funding.
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Mbasuen, Timothy Sesugh. « The sustainability assessment of energy policy in Nigeria : scenario planning and integrated modelling ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2512a910-2294-4682-a7ef-5f7b791cc1fd.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis presents a novel policy assessment tool that serves as a decision support framework for analysis of energy policy problems involving multilevel, multidimensional and multi-stakeholder complexity. This new approach, The Energy Policy Assessment Technique (E-PAT), integrates System Dynamics Simulation and Multi-Criteria Evaluation models into a unified assessment framework. The E-PAT doubles as a systems-thinking model and a multi-criteria evaluation archetype. The E-PAT is designed for assessing policy issues, particularly those relating to energy planning in a national context. It is a suitable tool for evaluation and selection of optimal policies from competing and conflicting alternatives. To test its robustness and practical application, a case study on energy policy evaluation in Nigeria is carried out with this tool. A model of the Nigerian energy economy was constructed, and three proposed government policies for Sustainable Energy Development were evaluated relative to a Business-As-Usual case. The evaluation process identified âbestâ policy options according to stakeholder viewpoints. The original contribution of this research is the creation of an integrated, transparent and comprehensive assessment tool, and the development of measurable Energy Sustainability Indicators (ESI), to aid policymakers in diverse policy analysis. The new tool is intended to support assessment of energy policies in relation to impacts on the economy, society and environment.
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Syed, Aurangzeb. « The political economy of Pakistan's energy policy : deregulation and privatization in the context of dependent development ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39204.
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Naqvi, Farzana. « GE-PAK : a computable general equilibrium model of energy-economy interaction in Pakistan ». Phd thesis, Department of Economics, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3964.
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Fan, Yuling. « Optimal energy-efficiency retrofit and maintenance planning for existing buildings considering green building policy compliance ». Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66191.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Reducing global energy consumption is a common challenge faced by the human race due to the energy shortage and growing energy demands. The building sector bears a large responsibility for the total energy consumption throughout the world. In particular, it was concluded that existing buildings, which are usually old and energy-inefficient, are the main reason for the high energy consumption of the building sector, in view of the low replacement rate (about 1%-3% per year) of existing buildings by new energy-efficient buildings. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings is a feasible and effective way to reduce energy consumption and mitigate the environmental impact of the building sector. The high energy intensity and requirements of a green building policy are the main motivation of this study, which focuses on finding cost-effective solutions to green building retrofit and maintenance planning to reduce energy consumption and ensure policy compliance. As about 50% of the total energy usage of a general building is caused by its envelope system, this study first proposes a multi-objective optimization approach for building envelope retrofit planning in Chapter 2. The purpose is to maximize the energy savings and economic benefits of an investment by improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings with the optimal retrofit plans obtained from the proposed approach. In the model formulation, important indicators for decision makers to evaluate an investment, including energy savings, net present value and the payback period, are taken into consideration. In addition, a photovoltaic (PV) power supply system is considered to reduce the energy demand of buildings because of the adequate solar resource in South Africa. The performance degradation of the PV system and corresponding maintenance cost are built into the optimization process for an accurate estimation of the energy savings and payback period of the investment so that decision makers are able to make informed decisions. The proposed model also gives decision makers a convenient way to interact with the optimization process to obtain a desired optimal retrofit plan according to their preferences over different objectives. In addition to the envelope system, the indoor systems of a general building also account for a large proportion of the total energy demand of a building. In the literature, research related to building retrofit planning methods aiming at saving energy examines either the indoor appliances or the envelope components. No study on systematic retrofit plan for the whole building, including both the envelope system and the indoor systems, has been reported so far. In addition, a systematic whole-building retrofit plan taking into account the green building policy, which in South Africa is the energy performance certificate (EPC) rating system, is urgently needed to help decision makers to ensure that the retrofit is financially beneficial and the resulting building complies with the green building policy requirements. This has not been investigated in the literature. Therefore, Chapter 4 of this thesis fills the above-mentioned gaps and presents a model that can determine an optimal retrofit plan for the whole building, considering both the envelope system and indoor systems, aiming at maximizing energy savings in the most cost-effective way and achieving a good rating from the EPC rating system to comply with the green building policy in South Africa. As reaching the best energy level from the EPC rating system for a building usually requires a high amount of investment, resulting in a long payback period, which is not attractive for decision makers in view of the vulnerable economic situation of South Africa, the proposed model treats the retrofit plan as a multi-year project, improving efficiency targets in consecutive years. That is to say, the model breaks down the once-off long-term project into smaller projects over multiple financial years with shorter payback periods. In that way, the financial concerns of the investors are alleviated. In addition, a tax incentive program to encourage energy saving investments in South Africa is considered in the optimization problem to explore the economic benefits of the retrofit projects fully. Considering both the envelope system and indoor systems, many systems and items that can be retrofitted and massive retrofit options available for them result in a large number of discrete decision variables for the optimization problem. The inherent non-linearity and multi-objective nature of the optimization problem and other factors such as the requirements of the EPC system make it difficult to solve the building retrofit problem. The complexity of the problem is further increased when the target buildings have many floors. In addition, there is a large number of parameters that need to be obtained in the building retrofit optimization problem. This requires a detailed energy audit of the buildings to be retrofitted, which is an expensive bottom-up modeling exercise. To address these challenges, two simplified methods to reduce the complexity of finding the optimal whole-building retrofit plans are proposed in Chapter 4. Lastly, an optimal maintenance planning strategy is presented in Chapter 5 to ensure the sustainability of the retrofit. It is natural that the performance of all the retrofitted items will degrade over time and consequently the energy savings achieved by the retrofit will diminish. The maintenance plan is therefore studied to restore the energy performance of the buildings after retrofit in a cost-effective way. Maintenance planning for the indoor systems is not considered in this study because it has been thoroughly investigated in the literature. In addition, a maintenance plan for the PV system involved in the retrofit of this study is investigated in Chapter 2.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Anasis, John George. « A Combined Energy and Geoengineering Optimization Model (CEAGOM) for Climate Policy Analysis ». PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2620.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the greatest challenges that will face humanity in the 21st century is the issue of climate change brought about by emissions of greenhouse gases. Energy use is one of the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is also one of the most important contributors to improved human welfare over the past two centuries and will continue to be so for years to come. This quandary has led a number of researchers to suggest that geoengineering may be required in order to allow for continued use of fossil fuels while at the same time mitigating the effects of the associated greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate. The goal of this research was to develop a model that would allow decision-makers and policy analysts to assess the optimal mix of energy and geoengineering resources needed to meet global or regional energy demand at the lowest cost while accounting for appropriate emissions, greenhouse gas concentration, or temperature rise constraints. The resulting software model is called the Combined Energy and Geoengineering Optimization Model (CEAGOM). CEAGOM was then used to analyze the recently announced U.S.-China emissions agreement and to assess what the optimal global energy resource mix might be over the course of the 21st century, including the associated potential need for geoengineering. These analyses yielded optimal mixes of energy and geoengineering resources that could be used to inform regional and global energy and climate management strategies.
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Skinner, Nathaniel Winfield. « Transportation Electrification and Hospital Emergency Planning ». ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6124.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Because transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area is increasingly dependent on electricity, factors such as limited electricity storage capacity and nontransferability of batteries between vehicles need to be considered by emergency response planners (ERPs). The purpose of this study was to investigate planning for providing the power to provide emergency transportation for hospital staff/administration and those injured after earthquakes. The research questions of transportation need of emergency staff and patients after an earthquake and differences between Bay Area cities and counties in considering transportation needs were addressed in this qualitative study utilizing a collective case study to assess electric vehicle use as articulated in 48 public emergency management and health agency documents that discussed post-disaster transportation planning. Norris, Stevens, Pfefferbaum, Wyche, and Pfefferbaum's community resilience theory served as the theoretical lens for analyzing the impacts of electric transportation on hospitals. Some ERPs included transportation fuel in their documents, whereas ERPs specifically focused on transportation did not. The review, coding, and analysis yielded 2 primary themes: fuel for emergency planning is focused primarily on fuel for generators, with few documents discussing fuel for transportation; many documents lack currency with 28 updated before 2015 or not having an identifiable date. Community resilience from disruption is likely to lead to a state of vulnerability as well as a disconnection between community resilience theory and ERP planning. The implication for positive social change is to help Bay Area ERPs understand how to increase community resilience by including adaptation to changes in transportation fuel sources in their plans.
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Lane, Richard. « The nature of growth : the postwar history of the economy, energy and the environment ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/59597/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The environment and energy have been fundamental to the growth of the economy. This looks like a straightforward claim. But it is not. In order to understand how these are related, how growth came to be associated with the economy, and how this growth came to be seen as the unshakeable fundament of any environmental politics, this thesis focuses on a brief period of largely postwar history, and almost exclusively on a single country - America. At this time, and in this place, the technical removal of material constraints, the provision of energy, the construction of environmental limits and then their dismantling, forms the complex history of the growth of the environment and the environment of growth. This history created both the possibility of the contemporary political economy of the environment as well as its limits. This thesis traces the way that the economy, energy and the environment were co-constructed, transformed and interwoven in the US from the postwar years through to the mid 1970s, through the assembling, application and reassembling of the economic techniques and technologies that defined growth, scarcity and efficiency. To this end, it orients itself around the impacts of the 1952 President's Materials Policy Commission - known as the Paley Commission, and the think tank that was set up in its wake: Resources For the Future (RFF). The Paley Commission report and the RFF would, through their technical innovations play a key role in the construction of the economy as a separate, measurable and observable sphere of monetary flows, driven by an associated logic of exponential growth; energy as an interchangeable system of sources powering this economy; and the environment, initially as encompassing the economy and defined by finite limits, then reconstructed as external to the economy and where pollution is considered as an example of market failure to be rectified by the internalisation of externalities.
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Loomis, Jessa M. « Moveable Feasts : Locating Food Trucks in the Cultural Economy ». UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/12.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this thesis, I consider the emergence of a new generation of food trucks and question their popularity, narration and representation. I examine the economic and cultural discourses that have valorized these food trucks, and pay attention to the everyday material and embodied practices that constitute them. This research is situated in Chicago, where proposed changes to the existing mobile food vending ordinance spurred contentious debates about food safety, regulations, rights to the city and livelihoods. I follow the myriad actors involved in the food truck movement to understand the strategies employed to change the mobile food vending ordinance on behalf of these food trucks. As part of this, I raise questions about what interests are prioritized, and what interests are marginalized especially in light of Chicago’s long history of policing Latino street vendors. I conclude by considering what food trucks can elucidate about the city, the changing economy, and the molding of laboring and consuming subjects.
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Smith, Rachel May. « Evaluating the Cultural Plan of Austin, Texas ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407737/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This is a concurrent, mixed methods study of the impacts of Austin, Texas’s cultural plan, CreateAustin. In the study, trend analysis and a t-test were used to examine variables before and after the cultural plan was in place. At the same time, interviews with cultural planners were used to uncover other effects. My research addresses a gap in the literature between understanding the desired and actual outcomes of a cultural plan. Cultural plans are being developed by many communities in an effort to attract creative workers but they are rarely evaluated. Evaluation using a mixed methods approach is necessary to capture all the outcomes of a cultural plan, rather than the limited scope of impacts that are captured by qualitative or quantitative analyses alone. My analysis of the quantitative variables showed some significant differences between when the plan was in place and the years prior to its creation. Interviews with key stakeholders revealed the formation of new networks as a powerful outcome of the planning process. The results allowed me to gauge the overall impact of CreateAustin and make some observations about the cultural planning process in general, as well as uncover new directions for future research.
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Zenkteler, Matthew. « Planning and city policy responses to remote work in urban environments ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213156/8/Matthew%20Zenkteler%20Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the impact of emerging practices of remote work and working-from-home on cities. While the study adopts a global perspective, empirical data from a case study of the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, is analysed. Insights from the thesis inform several recommended strategies guiding urban planning and design practitioners to consider the evolution of residential neighbourhoods towards mixed live/work urban environments. While the majority of data analysed in the thesis was collected before the COVID-19 outbreak, some implications for post-pandemic cities were also able to be discussed.
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Pan, Yue M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. « Optimal subsidy policy to promote building energy efficiency under uncertainty : the case for architectural design subsidies ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105059.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-54).
The goal of this thesis is to examine the relative cost-effectiveness of subsidies in incentivizing energy efficiency investment using a real option framework. I generalize a model of a sequential investment project involving two stages, design and construction stage, and investment lags and incorporate explicit consideration of dynamic subsidies. I apply this model to green construction projects and study how design subsidies and rent subsidies incentivizes investment in green buildings. My research questions address the impact of subsidies on the trigger prices for the two stages as well as that on the instantaneous project value. Although both design and rent subsidies can reduce trigger prices and enhance project value, design subsidies cost less both in reducing the first-stage trigger to a certain threshold and in inducing firms to switch from inefficient projects to efficient ones. Lastly, I evaluate the comparative statics of investment, showing how the patterns of lags and demand uncertainty affect the effectiveness of both subsidies. A noteworthy result is that quality switching from an inefficient project to an green alternative is more likely to occur when the uncertainty is smaller or the length of the construction stage is shorter.
by Yue Pan.
M.C.P.
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Fufore, Mohammed Umar. « The relationship between the structure of an economy and its energy intensity ». Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95609.
Texte intégralRésumé :
University of Stellenbosch Business SchoolENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between economic structure and energy intensity in selected developed and developing countries of the world. A methodological and systematic approach was adopted to select the thirty-one countries explored in the study. Therefore, to answer the research questions posed in the study, the Granger Causality Technique and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) method were used. This study discovered that the variables examined in the study showed variations. The variations emerged because of differences in methodologies and analytical frameworks adopted. Errorcorrection models were estimated and used to test for the direction of Granger causality. In the model, a high R2 was observed among the six variables (i.e. energy efficiency, per capita income, manufacturing, average energy prices, energy imports, technological developments), which invariably account for 60.8 percent of the variance in the energy intensity. Based on this, the unidirectional Granger causality runs from efficiency, per capita income and manufacturing to energy intensity. Hence, the price effects are relatively less significant in the causal chain. The result is at variance with the hypothesis that the structure of the economy does not determine its energy intensity. Nevertheless, a unidirectional Granger causality running from economic structure to energy intensity indicates that improvement in the economic structure would encourage a decline in energy intensity.
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Schell, Kristen R. « Computational Models for Renewable Energy Target Achievement & ; Policy Analysis ». Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/735.
Texte intégralRésumé :
To date, over 84% of countries worldwide have renewable energy targets (RET), requiring that a certain amount of electricity be produced from renewable sources by a target date. Despite the worldwide prevalence of these policies, little research has been conducted on ex-ante RET policy analysis. In an effort to move toward evidence-based policymaking, this thesis develops computational models to assess the tradeoffs associated with alternatives for both RET achievement and RET policy formulation, including the option of creating renewable energy credit (REC) markets to facilitate meeting an RET goal. A mixed integer linear program (MILP), a probabilistic cost prediction model and a mixed complementarity problem (MCP) serve as the theoretical bases for the RET alternative and policy formulation analyses. From these models it was found, inter alia, that RET goals set too low run the risk of creating technological lock-in and could inhibit achievement of higher goals; probabilistic cost predictions give decision-makers essential risk information, when cost estimation is an integral part of alternatives assessment; and though REC markets may facilitate RET achievement, including REC markets in an RET policy formulation may not result in the lowest possible greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
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Aguirre, Ponce Rafael Armando. « Natural Gas Policy Change in Mexico. The Political Economy of State Ownership and Regulation (1995-2018) ». Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42121.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A reform of the constitutional bases of the oil and gas industry in Mexico took place in 2013 (with sweeping changes to secondary legislation through 2014). Private and foreign production of hydrocarbons became legal after almost six decades of national monopoly --and 75 years after the revolutionary regime nationalized the assets of foreign producers. A wholesale market for electricity was also put in place. These legal reforms started to crystallize in 2018, as private producers started to have access to the networks carrying electricity and gas across the nation.
This research presents a retrospective examination of 23 years of policy implementation in the natural gas industry of Mexico (1995-2018). The dissertation pays central attention to the patterns of state intervention that have characterized the national economy and that have contributed to shape the outcome of two policy packages pursuing liberalisation (one starting in 1995 and the other in 2013 and 2014).
The research is based on a classical political economy approach, drawing on the literature on Varieties of Capitalism and Varieties of State Capitalism. The study centers on the relations between the players in the sector: their constraints and resources, against a backdrop of other economic policies affecting energy. Importantly, this study considers regulation as a mechanism of economic coordination. As a process-tracing case study, this thesis sets out to elucidate the distinctive factors that contributed to produce the current organization of the natural gas sector in Mexico --one where, ironically, liberalisation has been possible thanks to the deployment of a new state-owned enterprise.
Three factors stand out as characteristic in the Mexican trajectory towards liberalisation: the strength of the national oil company as an obstacle of upstream liberalisation for almost two decades after 1995; the absence or weakness of constituencies supporting the restructuring of the sector (large industrial consumers, local distributors), and the sudden restructuring of supply and demand patterns, with the state-owned electricity enterprise emerging as a dominant trader. The new centrality of the electricity SOE and an Independent System Operator (also an SOE) underscores the limits of the new, more competitive, structure of the Mexican natural gas industry.
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Pitt, Damian Rogero. « The Diffusion of Climate Protection Planning among U.S. Municipalities ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38616.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Many U.S. municipalities are engaged in climate protection planning, or efforts to reduce their communitiesâ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through land use, transportation, and energy planning. However, they face a number of procedural and institutional obstacles that limit the adoption and implementation of those plans. The literature on climate protection planning identifies some of the factors that lead municipalities to join relevant policy networks, but provides little guidance for overcoming the aforementioned obstacles and adopting policies to reduce community-wide GHG emissions. This dissertation increases the understanding of climate protection planning by examining whether the adoption of these plans and policies is driven primarily by local demographic, economic, environmental, or political characteristics. It also contributes to the literature on local government policy diffusion by examining whether the spread of climate protection policies is dictated primarily by internal or external determinants.
The research for this report includes a survey with responses from 255 U.S. municipal leaders. These responses are combined with secondary data and analyzed using multiple regression techniques to estimate the impact of 15 demographic, political-institutional, economic, and environmental variables on the adoption of climate protection plans and policies. A series of follow-up telephone interviews provides a more detailed understanding of how these factors influence the extent of climate protection planning. The quantitative findings indicate that the influence of neighboring jurisdictions, the presence of staff members assigned to energy or climate planning, and the level of community environmental activism have the greatest impact on climate protection policy adoption. The interviews reveal that the most successful municipalities tend to coordinate with their neighbors on energy and climate issues and incorporate meaningful community participation in their climate protection planning processes. This supports the conclusion that the extent of climate protection planning is driven primarily by internal processes, and municipalities that are successful in this area do not fit any one profile according to their demographic, economic, or environmental characteristics. Therefore, most if not all municipalities have the potential to adopt climate protection policies if sufficient resources, support, and initiative are in place.Ph. D.