Articles de revues : « Policing, trust, survey »

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Murphy, Kristina, et Lorraine Mazerolle. « Policing immigrants : Using a randomized control trial of procedural justice policing to promote trust and cooperation ». Australian & ; New Zealand Journal of Criminology 51, n^o 1 (13 octobre 2016) : 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865816673691.

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Immigrants are often less trusting of police than non-immigrants because they can feel ill-served by police and the laws they enforce. Procedural justice policing has been regarded as central to improving public trust and confidence in police. Using survey data from citizens exposed to the world’s first randomized field trial of procedural justice policing (Queensland Community Engagement Trial), we found that trust in police, but not willingness to report crime to police, was higher among those exposed to the procedural justice condition compared to the control condition. Interestingly, the effect of procedural justice on trust and crime reporting was moderated by age and immigrant status; procedural justice had a more positive effect for immigrants, particularly those younger than 26 years of age.

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Vermeer, Sayer-Jane, Ben Stickle, Mark Frame et Michael Hein. « Reasons and barriers for choosing police careers ». Policing : An International Journal 43, n^o 5 (23 août 2020) : 817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-05-2020-0074.

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PurposeAs tensions between the police and community grow, one often called upon solution is a more diverse police force. However, building diversity presents many challenges, especially if there are barriers for choosing a career as a police officer. The present study explores motivations and barriers to becoming a police officer to help reduce the disparity between the community and police.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey of 344 persons in the US asked respondents to identify the motivations and barriers to choosing a career as a police officer. Survey questions centered on issues related to trust, police culture, practices of the police and lack of awareness of career opportunities.FindingsResults indicated that higher trust of the police, positive perceptions of police fairness and knowledge of potential police career opportunities increased an individual's interest in pursuing a career as a police officer. At the same time, negative views in these areas were barriers to interest in policing. These results give insight into where efforts can be focused to increase interest in becoming a police officer.Originality/valueThere is a lack of research on factors leading to an interest in a policing career. This study provides insight into the reasons for and barriers to entering a career in policing and provides a starting point for future research and practical implications for police departments seeking to increase interest in a policing career.

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Mourtgos, Scott M., Roger C. Mayer, Richard A. Wise et Holly O’Rourke. « The Overlooked Perspective of Police Trust in the Public : Measurement and Effects on Police Job Behaviors ». Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, n^o 5 (31 mai 2019) : 639–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419851850.

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Many studies have looked at the public’s trust in the police, but very few have examined police trust in the public. Based on Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman’s model of trust, we conducted two studies. The first study created scales measuring the antecedents of trust and assessed police trust in the public based on a survey of 990 police officers from across the United States. The second study used the trust measures developed in the first study, as well as supervisors’ evaluations and archival performance data, in a study of the job performance of 135 police officers. We found that officers who had greater trust in the public engaged in more proactive policing and made more arrests. We discuss the implications of these findings, including what they mean for police officers and the communities they serve.

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Posick, Chad, et Heather Hatfield. « Putting H.E.A.R.T. into policing : a 21st century model for effective and fair policing ». Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & ; Management 40, n^o 1 (20 mars 2017) : 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2016-0113.

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Purpose Police-community relations are currently at a cross-road. Incidents over the past several years have severely damaged trust and faith in the police – particularly in minority communities. Society is faced with the choice of accepting an “us-vs-them” mentality with police on one side and citizens on the other or banding together to advance police-community coproduction in reducing violence. The purpose of this paper is to advance the latter by introducing a model for police to follow in police-citizen interactions in an effort to increase perceptions of fairness and legitimacy of police officers and police departments. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the National Police Research Platform’s Police-Community Interaction Survey, correlates of perceptions of fairness in police-community encounters as well as variation in agency-level fairness across 53 jurisdictions are examined. Findings Results show that application of the H.E.A.R.T. medical model is the most significant and substantial correlate of perceived fairness of police-community interactions and accounts for agency-level differences in perceived fairness. Originality/value The results highlight important ways that police can improve their image in the community and with minority communities in particular.

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Barton, Harry, et Malcolm J. Beynon. « Do the citizens of Europe trust their police ? » International Journal of Emergency Services 4, n^o 1 (13 juillet 2015) : 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-09-2014-0013.

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Purpose – The maintenance of public order and the control of crime are clearly amongst the primary objectives of global law enforcement agencies. An important antecedent to this is the consideration of public trust in their police force. The purpose of this paper is to utilise data from the fifth round European Social Survey (ESS), to investigate how public social indicators may be highlight the level of trust in a country’s police force. Design/methodology/approach – The results from the ESS are analysed using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), multiply conjunctional causal configurations of the considered social indicators are then established and analysed. Findings – A consequence of using fsQCA, asymmetric causal configurations are identified for the relative high and low limiting levels of trust towards the police in the considered countries. The results offer novel insights into the relationship between social indicators and police trust, as well as expositing a nascent technique (fsQCA) that may offer future potential in this area. Originality/value – This paper introduces a nascent technique (fsQCA) to analyse a major European data set relating to citizens perceptions of the police. The findings might prove useful for policing organisations as they develop strategies to maintain/improve the level of trust and confidence of citizens in the policing services they provide.

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Swann, Rachel, Alison Green, Nick Johns et Luke Sloan. « Street pastors as substitutes for trust in the context of plural policing ». Safer Communities 14, n^o 4 (12 octobre 2015) : 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-03-2015-0011.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the work of the Street Pastors, a Christian organisation offering support to people in the night time economy (NTE), through the perceptions of students. The role played by this organisation is becoming more important as a shift from policing “by”, “through” and “beyond” to policing from “below” occurs (Jones and Lister, 2015). While the Street Pastors would not regard themselves as “police agents” there is undoubtedly a close connection albeit with geographical variation (Johns et al., 2009b). An evaluation of their activities and of public attitudes particularly around issues of trust is therefore important. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey using the university’s student “portal” invited students to participate. A small incentive was offered, in the form of a prize draw for £50 worth of shopping vouchers. The survey took place during the first part of the Spring term during 2012 (January and February). The study analyses the 361 responses in reference to their knowledge of the Street Pastors, whether they had any “interactions” with them and whether they were regular users of the NTE. Findings – Overwhelmingly respondents were either positive or completely ambivalent about the Street Pastors. The responses to the attitude statements indicated that the Street Pastors are seen as “independent” of police officers. The links between Street Pastors and crime reduction are not clear, however, respondents agreed that the Street Pastors did contribute to safety in the city. Research limitations/implications – There are more than 20,000 students in the city and the findings can therefore be seen as tentative and indicative rather than generalisable to the entire student population. With the increasing emphasis on community involvement in “policing”, the findings from the research does suggest that the street pastor’s voluntary patrols are beneficial in terms of enhancing perceptions of safety. Practical implications – Street Pastors do have an important role in the policing of the NTE, from handing out water and flip flops to comforting those who are in distress. Within the broader “police family” their role can then make a positive contribution to the practical challenges associated with a volatile environment. Social implications – The NTE is associated with considerable public health and safety issues and the contribution of a voluntary group to easing some of these problems is significant. Whilst their presence is not entirely unproblematic, particularly in raising questions of accountability, their activities could be argued to contribute to the well-being of revellers. Originality/value – Research on policing “below” the level of the state is street pastors is an under-explored area. Street pastors have attracted very little attention despite their being a large organisation that are a feature of NTEs throughout the UK.

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Abu, Ofir, Fany Yuval et Guy Ben-Porat. « Race, racism, and policing : Responses of Ethiopian Jews in Israel to stigmatization by the police ». Ethnicities 17, n^o 5 (23 août 2016) : 688–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796816664750.

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Immigrants who believe they suffer from stigmatization and discrimination may still demonstrate positive attitudes toward government authorities. We explore this trust–discrimination paradox by examining perceptions about police and policing among Ethiopian Jews in Israel, an immigrant racial minority. Drawing on data collected from focus groups and survey results, we find that levels of trust in the police among Israelis of Ethiopian descent are equal to or higher than among veteran Jewish Israelis. Nevertheless, Ethiopian Israelis also report negative perceptions of the police that are rooted in strong feelings of stigmatization by these government agents. While trust in the police may reflect Ethiopian Jews’ desire for integration, participation, and inclusion as legitimate and equal members of nation and state, we demonstrate that they use various de-stigmatization strategies whose aim is to downplay the importance and depth of their discrimination by the police. These strategies, we argue, allow Ethiopian Israelis to maintain positive attitudes toward the police.

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Kevin Wang, Shun-Yung, Ivan Y. Sun, Yuning Wu, Maarten Van Craen et Kevin Kuen-Lung Hsu. « Does trust in supervisors translate to compliance and cooperation ? A test of internal procedural justice among Taiwanese police officers ». Australian & ; New Zealand Journal of Criminology 53, n^o 3 (15 avril 2020) : 433–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865820917996.

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The procedural justice model of policing has gained much popularity in scholarship and empirical support in democracies, yet research on the procedural justice within police organizations, particularly the mediating mechanisms connecting internal procedural justice and officer behavioral tendencies, is rather limited. With an aid of survey data collected from Taiwanese police officers, this study tests the connections between internal procedural justice and officers’ compliance with agency rules and cooperation with supervisors via an essential element—trust in supervisors. Internal procedural justice was found to be directly related to trust in supervisors and officer cooperation with supervisor, whereas the association between internal procedural justice and compliance with agency rules is mainly indirect through trust in supervisors. This study concludes with discussing research and pragmatic implications of findings.

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Morrell, Kevin, Ben Bradford et Basit Javid. « What does it mean when we ask the public if they are ‘confident’ in policing ? The trust, fairness, presence model of ‘public confidence’ ». International Journal of Police Science & ; Management 22, n^o 2 (16 décembre 2019) : 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355719891197.

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‘Confidence’ is widely taken to be a crucial measure of the relationship between citizens and public services such as policing. It is acknowledged that confidence is multifaceted and hard to measure, but often discussions are based on one ‘headline’ rating of a single item, for instance: ‘What is your level of confidence in…’. The subsequent focus for research is explaining what might drive ‘confidence’, or what it might predict. We are interested in a more fundamental question: what does it mean when we ask the public if they are ‘confident’ in policing? To answer this, we analyse extensive and detailed survey data specifically designed to measure public confidence, within the jurisdiction of a UK police force – West Midlands Police. We develop then validate a three-part model of confidence as trust, fairness and presence, and find good evidence to support this model across different waves of the survey. This extends existing literature with implications for policy.

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Mummolo, Jonathan. « Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n^o 37 (20 août 2018) : 9181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805161115.

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The increasingly visible presence of heavily armed police units in American communities has stoked widespread concern over the militarization of local law enforcement. Advocates claim militarized policing protects officers and deters violent crime, while critics allege these tactics are targeted at racial minorities and erode trust in law enforcement. Using a rare geocoded census of SWAT team deployments from Maryland, I show that militarized police units are more often deployed in communities with large shares of African American residents, even after controlling for local crime rates. Further, using nationwide panel data on local police militarization, I demonstrate that militarized policing fails to enhance officer safety or reduce local crime. Finally, using survey experiments—one of which includes a large oversample of African American respondents—I show that seeing militarized police in news reports may diminish police reputation in the mass public. In the case of militarized policing, the results suggest that the often-cited trade-off between public safety and civil liberties is a false choice.

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Chen, Zheng. « An exploratory study of police cynicism in China ». Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & ; Management 39, n^o 1 (21 mars 2016) : 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2015-0103.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure police cynicism in China. Design/methodology/approach – Using survey data collected from 382 Chinese police officers training in a Chinese police university, this research empirically described police cynicism and examined the effects of some police subcultural themes (crime fighting role orientation, traditionalism, solidarity, and isolation) and some demographic and work-related variables (gender, education experience, type of police force, and tenure) on police cynicism. Findings – Results suggest that most participants are not cynical. However, they seem to have less confidence in the trust and respect that citizens have for the police. Slightly more officers stated that they do not think that citizens will trust police to cooperate. Crime-fighting role orientation and isolation had significant positive associations with police cynicism. Officers with five to ten years of service were more cynical than were new officers and more tenured officers. Originality/value – This study is one of the first empirical attempts in Chinese policing. It extends the understanding on police perceptions in China. The findings may provide useful implications for Chinese police administrators and instructors to promote the successful implementation of community policing in China.

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Ruddell, Rick. « The changing context of Canadian policing : An examination of the public’s perceptions after 2020 ». Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 7, n^o 2 (16 juin 2022) : 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.260.

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The positive perceptions of Canadians towards their local police had been relatively stable between 2000 and 2019, but survey results show those positive feelings dropped throughout the country after the start of the pandemic in March 2020 and the murder of George Floyd by an American police officer 2 months later. These changing perceptions have significant consequences for police services as lower levels of trust, confidence, and legitimacy reduce the public’s willingness to cooperate with them. While too soon to determine whether these decreased favourable perceptions will persist, they indicate the vulnerability of local police services to factors beyond their control. Implications for further research and policy are identified considering these findings.

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Kochel, Tammy Rinehart. « Explaining Racial Differences in Ferguson’s Impact on Local Residents’ Trust and Perceived Legitimacy : Policy Implications for Police ». Criminal Justice Policy Review 30, n^o 3 (9 janvier 2017) : 374–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403416684923.

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Public support and trust are critical to effective democratic policing, but scholars have suggested police in the United States may be experiencing a legitimacy crisis. High-profile police-involved shootings like those which have happened over the last 2 years can have negative consequences. This study assesses the consequences of the Ferguson, Missouri unrest and police response on local residents’ views. A panel survey of St Louis County, Missouri residents conducted before and after the police shooting of Michael Brown examines the effects on procedural justice and trust, police legitimacy, and willingness to cooperate with police. Results reveal a significantly different effect on African American versus non-Black residents. African Americans’ views significantly declined while non-Black residents’ perceptions were stable. Qualitative data are used to apply the conflict/group position and accumulated experience theories to explain racial disparities and are used as a basis to offer strategies to improve confidence and trust in police.

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Nanes, Matthew J. « Policing in divided societies : Officer inclusion, citizen cooperation, and crime prevention ». Conflict Management and Peace Science 37, n^o 5 (15 octobre 2018) : 580–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894218802580.

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How does demographic inclusion in domestic security institutions affect security provision in divided societies? Police officers rely on information from citizens to identify problems and allocate resources efficiently. Where conflict along identity lines erodes trust between citizens and the state, the police face difficulty obtaining information, hindering their ability to provide public safety. I argue that inclusiveness in the police rank-and-file addresses this problem by fostering cooperation from previously excluded segments of society. I test this argument in Israel and its conflict between the Jewish majority and non-Jewish minority. First, a survey of 804 Israeli citizens shows that non-Jews who perceive the police as more inclusive are more willing to provide the police with information. I then use original panel data on police officer demographics at every police station in Israel over a six year period to show that increases in police inclusiveness are associated with decreases in crime.

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Jeong, Jisu, et Seunghui Han. « Trust in police as an influencing factor on trust in government : 2SLS analysis using perception of safety ». Policing : An International Journal 43, n^o 4 (21 juin 2020) : 541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-11-2019-0172.

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PurposeCitizen trust in police is important in terms of citizen consent to government policies and of police achieving their organizational goals. In the previous study, improvements in police policy, organizational operation and policing activities were developed to clarify which factors influence trust in police and how trust can be improved. This research raises the question, would changes in trust in police have an impact on trust in government? In this paper, this research question is discussed theoretically and the causal relationship analyzed empirically by applying OLS, ordered logistic, 2SLS and logistic regressions.Design/methodology/approachThe basic analysis methods are to apply the OLS and the ordered logistic regression. OLS regression analysis is an analytical method that minimizes an error range of a regression line. The assumptions for OLS are: linearity, independence, equilibrium, extrapolation and multicollinearity issues. These problems were statistically verified and analyzed, in order to confirm the robustness of the analysis results by comparing the results of the ordered logistic regression because of the sequence characteristic of the dependent variable. The data to be used in this study is the Asia Barometer Survey in 2013.FindingsTrust in police and citizen perception of safety are analyzed as important factors to increase trust in the government. The effects of trust in police are more significant than the effects of control variables, and the direction and strength of the results are stable. The effect of trust in police on trust in government is strengthened by the perception of safety (IV). In addition, OLS, ordered logistic regression analysis, which analyzed trust in central government and local government, and logistic regression analysis categorized by trust and distrust show the stability.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper has implications in terms of theoretical and empirical analysis of the relationship between trust in police and trust in government. In addition, the impact of perception of safety on trust in police can be provided to police officers, policymakers and governors who are seeking to increase trust in government. This paper is also meaningful in that it is the microscopic research based on the citizens' survey. One of the limitations of macroscopic research is that it does not consider the individual perceptions of citizens.Practical implicationsThe results of this paper can confirm the relationship of the virtuous cycle, which is perception of safety – trust in police – trust in government. The police will need to provide security services to improve citizens' perception of safety and make great efforts to create safer communities and society. Trust in police formed through this process can be an important component of trust in government. By making citizens feel safer and achieving trust in police, ultimately, trust in government will be improved.Originality/valueThe police perform one of the essential roles of government and are one of the major components of trust in government, but the police sector has been neglected compared to the roles of the economic and political sectors. These influences of macro factors are too abstract to allow specific policy directions to be suggested. If we consider trust in police, and factors that can improve trust in government, we can suggest practical policy alternatives.

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Virtič, Franc, et Vinko Gorenak. « Local Community Safety – Case Study ». Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 6, n^o 1 (30 septembre 2009) : 41–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/31.

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In its introduction, the paper defines the meanings of the words 'safety' and 'police'. Then it deals with different police organisations, their organisational structure and different police models of operation with the emphasis on studying the latest approach to the police work called community policing that is being introduced also in the Slovene police lately. Since the central topic here is local community safety, the paper deals with the community at which police work must be targeted. Then follows a study and analysis overview regarding the population's readiness to co-operate with the police. The empirical part of the paper presents an opinion survey among the Podravje Region population to find out to what extent people trust the police, how they are satisfied with the police work, what is the discrepancy between estimation and the expectations the Podravje population has for police officers, and how safe they feel. The survey shows the following: the Podravje population feels safe, people trust the police and they are ready to co-operate in solving safety problems. It has been ascertained that police officers fulfil people's expectations, because in dealing with people, the police were better than expected. KEY WORDS: • safety • police • public • local community • joint creation of safety

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Yu, Helen H. « Policing reforms in the 21st century : an examination of racial diversity post-executive order 13684 ». Policing : An International Journal 45, n^o 2 (1 mars 2022) : 346–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2021-0147.

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PurposeThis study aims to examine minority representation amid the largest police departments in the USA that employ at least 500 sworn officers to determine whether the passage of Executive Order 13684 (2014)—a comprehensive criminal justice reform initiative to identify policing best practices and offer recommendations on how those practices can promote effective crime reduction while (re)building public trust—had any policy impact for increasing racial diversity in policing.Design/methodology/approachSurvey responses on race and ethnicity are collected from 83 police departments across three cross-sectional points in time (2007–2013 and 2013–2016) to examine changes in racial diversity.FindingsThe findings suggest that nearly 20% of the police departments in this study had increases in racial diversity that could be attributed to Executive Order 13684 (2014).Research limitations/implicationsInsufficient time may have lapsed between the passage of Executive Order 13684 (2014) and the last survey collection period to generate meaningful change.Practical implicationsThis study responds to the call by the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015) to highlight those successful police departments, as well as those less successful police departments, for improving diversity in the police force.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, the findings from this study provide one of the first attempts to examine how federal recommendations impact local policing practices.

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Thompson, Melissa, et Kimberly Barsamian Kahn. « Mental health, race, and police contact : intersections of risk and trust in the police ». Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & ; Management 39, n^o 4 (21 novembre 2016) : 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2016-0015.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand whether mental health status – either alone or in conjunction with race – affects perceptions of police legitimacy. Design/methodology/approach Using survey data collected from Portland, Oregon residents (n=259), this research examines predictors of trust in the police. Findings Results show that individuals with a history of mental illness are similar to African-American respondents: both are especially distrustful of the police. The combination of race and mental illness does not appear to create additional levels of distrust. Social implications This research suggests there are important racial and mental health disparities in perceived police legitimacy, and that these disparities will need to be addressed for the police to successfully combat crime and encourage compliance with the law. Originality/value Although research has consistently highlighted how race affects perceptions of police legitimacy, research has not yet examined whether mental health status affects perceptions of police legitimacy; in addition to race, this paper highlights the unique perspectives of individuals with mental health concerns regarding policing.

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Schermuly, Allegra Clare. « Encounters between the police and the public : seize the day or practice avoidance ? » Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 4, n^o 2 (11 juin 2018) : 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-12-2017-0039.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of encounters on police legitimacy and levels of trust in the police in the Monash Local Government Area in the state of Victoria, Australia. Monash was chosen as it had experienced declining results in the official National Survey of Community Satisfaction with Policing in relation to police legitimacy and trust.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study comprising 18 interviews and six focus groups with community representatives from Monash is employed in the paper.FindingsWhen procedural justice approaches are applied during encounters between the police and the public, encounters contribute to securing legitimacy for the police. Contact between the police and the public in everyday situations also enhances trust in the police, depending on the way the police conduct themselves during such interactions.Research limitations/implicationsFindings from a qualitative case study are not able to be widely generalised but the conclusions are still useful for informing insights into processes impacting police legitimacy and trust.Practical implicationsContributes to informing evidence-based police practice around the way police conduct themselves during community interactions; informs policy decisions around allocation of funding for law enforcement with more officers required to carry out community policing; emphasises the importance of prioritising partnerships with communities; demonstrates that positive police/community relations have wider social cohesion implications in a contemporary era of counter-terrorism priorities.Originality/valueThe majority of research in this field to date has been quantitative. A qualitative approach provides fresh insights into the mechanisms of police legitimacy, especially the role of encounters and procedural justice.

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Roché, Sebastian, et Guillaume Roux. « The “silver bullet” to good policing : a mirage ». Policing : An International Journal 40, n^o 3 (21 août 2017) : 514–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-05-2016-0073.

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Purpose Procedural justice (PJ) during police-citizen interactions has often been portrayed as a “silver bullet” to good policing, as it could function as a means to gain trust, voluntary obedience and public cooperation. PJ research is based on the assumption that there exists “true fairness.” However, it is still unclear what people actually mean when they evaluate the police as “fair” in surveys. By focusing the analysis to underexplored aspects of PJ, namely, the identity and political antecedents of the attribution of procedural fairness, the authors highlight the social and ideological reasons that influence people’s perceptions of police fairness. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In order to explain the attribution of fairness of police, the study comprises a range of independent variables organized into five overarching domains: prior experience with police, victimization, socioeconomic status and (disadvantaged) context of residence, ethnicity and political attitudes and punitive values. The analysis is based on a representative sample of France, as well as a booster sample of a deprived, urban province (Seine-Saint-Denis) in order to better incorporate ethnic effects into the model (March 2011; n=1.498, 18+). Findings The present study finds support for the notion that aggressive policing policies (police-initiated contacts, e.g. identification checks, road stops) negatively impacts attributions of fairness to police. In addition, the findings show that attributions of fairness are not only interactional (i.e. related to what police do in any given situation) or related to individual cognitive phenomena, but for the most part pertain to broader social and political explanations. Political and ethnic cleavages are the key to understanding how police are judged by the public. The findings therefore question the nature of what is actually measured when fairness is attributed to police, finding that more punitive and conservative respondents tend to assess the police as fair. The authors find that the attribution of fairness seems to correspond to upholding the existing social order. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations inherent to any cross-sectional survey and the findings pertain only to a single country (France). Furthermore, the authors did not analyze all possible confounding variables to perceived fairness. Social implications The findings pose a practical problem for police and government to implement, as the authors ultimately find that there is no single recipe, or “silver bullet,” for being deemed fair across all social, ethnic and political groups – and, of course, the expectations of one group might conflict with those of another. Originality/value The study demonstrates that existing theory needs to better incorporate those explanations of fairness which extend beyond interactional processes with police, and refer instead to the social and political cleavages in society.

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Rosenbaum, Dennis P., Jon Maskaly, Daniel S. Lawrence, Justin H. Escamilla, Georgina Enciso, Thomas E. Christoff et Chad Posick. « The Police-Community Interaction Survey : measuring police performance in new ways ». Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & ; Management 40, n^o 1 (20 mars 2017) : 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2016-0119.

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Purpose There is widespread interest in moving beyond crime statistics to measure police performance in new ways, especially the quality of police-community interactions that influence police legitimacy and public trust. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Police-Community Interaction Survey (PCIS) developed by the National Police Research Platform. Design/methodology/approach The PCIS collected data from 53 police agencies around the USA in 2013-2014. The psychometric properties of the constructs measured are presented. This study also offers a preliminary test of the effects of an alternatively specified and expanded procedural justice model on willingness to cooperate with the police, mediated through perceptions of officer trustworthiness. Findings Scales were developed with good reliability and validity that measure various aspects of the police-community interactions. The authors find evidence that empathy is an important addition to the procedural justice model, and that the effects of procedural justice on willingness to cooperate with the police are partially mediated through perceptions of officer trustworthiness. Originality/value This is the first attempt to validate the measurement of police-community interactions on a large scale in the USA with policy implications at the local and national levels. The findings can help local police agencies incorporate new performance metrics at the individual, group, and agency levels. Nationally, the science of policing can be advanced by specifying the antecedents and consequences of respectful and empathic actions, including behavior that strengthens police-community relations.

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Lee, Murray, Emmeline Taylor et Matthew Willis. « Being held to account : Detainees’ perceptions of police body-worn cameras ». Australian & ; New Zealand Journal of Criminology 52, n^o 2 (16 juillet 2018) : 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865818781913.

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Police organisations across the world are embracing body-worn video camera technology. The justification for this is to enhance public trust in police, provide transparency in policing activity, increase police accountability, reduce conflict between police and public, and to provide a police perspective of incidents and events. However, while the corpus of research into the efficacy and operational practicalities of police use of body-worn video cameras is developing, questions on some elements of their impact remain. The majority of scholarship has hitherto been evaluations focused on the impact of the cameras on police use of force and on the numbers of complaints against the police. Alternatively, this article explores body-worn video cameras from the perspective of police detainees, and specifically, detainees’ perceptions of the capacities of body-worn video cameras to deliver promised increased levels of accountability in policing. The article draws on a survey and research interviews with 907 police detainees across four Australian jurisdictions. While respondents largely support the use of body-worn video cameras they also identify a number of caveats. We conclude by suggesting that there are still impediments in body-worn video cameras to achieving the level of accountability promised by advocates and expected by the respondents.

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Pang, Natalie. « Civic Action and Media Perceptions within the Wall : The (Re) Negotiation of Power in China ». JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government 5, n^o 1 (16 septembre 2013) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v5i1.187.

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Little has been known about China’s policing of the Internet until recently, when researchers began publishing insights on the types of messages that gets deleted and permitted on various social media platforms, as well as whether or not such moderations are performed automatically. Many discussions have focused on how such efforts may undermine the democratic potential and civic actions that may be empowered and facilitated by the Internet. Two cases discussed in this paper show a different picture: the aftermath of a train collision in Wenzhou in 2011, and an elaborate plan by a company to take out its competition – both utilizing social media. Structuration theory is used to analyse the types of agency, structures, and power negotiations that can be observed in both cases. The paper then reports a survey carried out with 499 participants on their perceptions of both cases, focusing on how trust propensity and types of information may shape their perceptions of media credibility. Results show that trust propensity was only significant in shaping perceptions of credibility for social media, but the types of information is significant in shaping perceptions of credibility for both mainstream and social media. Implications are drawn for media literacy as well as how civic actions function within China.

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Halford, Eric. « An Exploration of the Impact of COVID-19 on Police Demand, Capacity and Capability ». Social Sciences 11, n^o 7 (13 juillet 2022) : 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070305.

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This project report outlines the findings of an initial exploratory study of the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the demand, capacity, and capability of the police within the United Kingdom. Freedom of information requests provide data regarding employees affected by COVID-19, including those working from home. A survey of police employees adds richness by exploring the departments and specialist capabilities affected. Preliminary results indicate a shift in demand away from property-related and violent crime, to online criminality, and disorders such as anti-social behavior and breaches of coronavirus legislation. Combined with high volumes of absent employees throughout 2020, the study postulates a reduction in police satisfaction, trust, and confidence may have occurred in the response to cyber investigation and policing anti-social behavior. Investment in agile technology to increase workforce flexibility and improved contingency planning are identified as requirements to prepare for future pandemics and avoid repetition.

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Juwita*, Agnes. « Optimalisasi Sim Online Sebagai Strategi untuk Mewujudkan Pelayanan Prima pada Kantor Satpas Jember ». Airlangga Development Journal 2, n^o 2 (29 janvier 2020) : 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/adj.v2i2.18072.

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Service reform in Indonesia has links with decentralization. The aim of implementing service reforms throughout Indonesia is to improve service quality so as to create public trust in the government. The problem of SIM services is one of the internal problems in terms of service to the community. Therefore, SIM services must be excellent in accordance with the standards of the technological era that is growing at this time. Seeing this development, the Chief of the Republic of Indonesia National Police (Kapolri) General Police M. Tito Karnavian launched a future program for the National Police which is called the Promoter program. Promoter main policy, focused on 3 (three) main substances, namely Improved Performance, Improved Culture and Media Management. SIM Services in the Administrative Unit of the SIM Administration (SATPAS) of the Jember Police Department itself, based on the pre-survey conducted by the service researchers in making and extending the SIM, were still inadequate or had not yet achieved excellent service, especially regarding Polri's human resources at Samsat Jember. hampered by a good understanding of e-policing policies. In connection with these problems, the Jember Police SIM Administration Unit (SATPAS) conducted an opinion poll (survey questionnaire) during January to April 2015. The online service system is a form of government policy based on Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 3 of 20043 about national policies and strategies for the development ofe-government. The basic reason for the emergence of online services is to eliminate the practice of brokering and to reduce criminal acts of corruption within the National Police. Then also to increase community satisfaction inthe realization to become administrative citizenship, which is related to the ownership of a Driving License (SIM). Seeing this reality, it becomes interesting to conduct research on the problem with the title “Optimalisasi SIM Online Sebagai Strategi untuk Mewujudkan Pelayanan Prima pada Kantor Satpas Jember ”.

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Powell, Lawrence Alfred. « Social Values, Trust and Fairness ». Psychology and Developing Societies 21, n^o 1 (janvier 2009) : 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097133360902100103.

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This article summarises recent trends in national research on Jamaican societal values, patterns of interpersonal trust and intergroup fairness perceptions, using data from 2006 and 2007 Leadership and Governance surveys and the 2002 Cross-cultural Variations in Distributive Justice Perception survey. Several examples are given of ways in which the “psychocultural factors gap” in understanding and implementing development policies can be bridged by empirically measuring, in ongoing nationally representative survey instruments, some of the salient national values, perceptions and behavioural “habits of the heart” that have implications for Jamaican development and long-term policy design. This is illustrated using recent national surveys that incorporated measures gauging levels of trust, fairness and social value priorities.

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Blackwell, Anna K. M., Daina Kosīte, Theresa M. Marteau et Marcus R. Munafò. « Policies for Tobacco and E-Cigarette Use : A Survey of All Higher Education Institutions and NHS Trusts in England ». Nicotine & ; Tobacco Research 22, n^o 7 (5 octobre 2019) : 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz192.

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Abstract Introduction There is an absence of evidence regarding the impact of treating tobacco smoking and vaping equivalently in workplace policies. We aimed to describe and compare smoking and vaping policies in acute nonspecialist NHS Trusts (n = 131) and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) (n = 131) in England. Methods We conducted a census of smoking and vaping policies through organizational websites searches and direct requests for information. We recorded whether and where smoking and vaping were permitted. Results Smoking was prohibited indoors in all organizations. No NHS Trust permitted smoking freely outdoors, in contrast with 60% of HEIs. In 27% of NHS Trusts and 33% of HEIs smoking was permitted in designated areas, while in 73% of NHS Trusts and 8% of HEIs smoking was prohibited anywhere on site. Vaping was prohibited indoors in all NHS Trusts and all but one HEI, but permitted freely outdoors in 18% of NHS Trusts and 75% of HEIs. Vaping was permitted in designated outdoor spaces in 23% of NHS Trusts: 21% had areas shared with smokers; 2% had separate vaping areas. Vaping was permitted in designated outdoor areas in 18% of HEIs, all of which were shared with smokers. Vaping was prohibited anywhere on site in 54% of NHS Trusts and 6% of HEIs. Conclusions Policies vary considerably in whether vaping and smoking are treated equivalently. Smoking policies in most HEIs should be reviewed to include more effective tobacco control approaches. Evidence is needed on the impact of imposing shared or separate spaces on vapers and smokers. Implications This report provides a comprehensive review of smoking and vaping policies in two types of organization across England. It highlights key discrepancies between current public health recommendations for vaping and existing workplace policies, which often lead to smokers and vapers sharing spaces. The report identifies the need for evidence on the impact of imposing shared spaces on smokers and vapers to inform workplace policies that maximize public health benefit.

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Lee, George Chak man. « Police corruption : a comparison between China and India ». Journal of Financial Crime 25, n^o 2 (8 mai 2018) : 248–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-10-2017-0096.

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Purpose There is no comparative research into the Chinese (PSB) police and the Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular. This paper aims to show what police corruption and malpractices look like in China and India and offer up some suggestions as to why wide spread malpractices persists. Design/methodology/approach Horses’ mouth qualitative research is supported by primary public and police survey data. Findings There are many similarities in corruption “tricks of the trade” in both the countries, as well as in the reasons for its persistence. However, petty police corruption is more pervasive and less subtle in India. But both the forces suffer from politicization of policing, criminalization of politics, culture of tolerance towards substantive justice over procedural justice and master/servant attitude towards the public. In China, the police have administrative powers beyond criminal legislation, and Indian corruption is underscored by the culture of “Jugaad”. Research limitations/implications This is largely a qualitative research, so the usual arguments regarding limitations on its generalization applies. However, the insights in this article may provide some understanding of this under-researched topic and may stimulate further research in this field. It may also offer pointers to potential solutions for practitioners and policymakers. Practical implications By providing data on what corruption looks like and why it persists, policymakers can use the findings of this study to develop measures to address them. In so doing they would create a police service in India and China that is less prone to corruption and misconduct, thereby increasing public trust in these institutions. Social implications Peace and security is a prerequisite condition for economic and social modernization through the rule of law. Reform of the police is a critical success factor in this process. Therefore, by reforming the police, India and China stand a better chance of eradicating poverty and reducing inequality. Originality/value There is little in the way of research into the Chinese Police and none into Chinese police corruption. There is also no comparative study of the Chinese and Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular.

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Phipot, M., H. Hales, B. Sheehan, S. Reeves et M. Lawlor. « The use of operationalised criteria for inclusion on a Care Programme Approach register ». Psychiatric Bulletin 25, n^o 5 (mai 2001) : 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.5.172.

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Aims and MethodTo determine the rates at which clinical teams within one NHS trust placed older people on a Care Programme Approach (CPA) register and to examine the degree to which clinicians' use of the register conformed to trust policy. Two retrospective case notes surveys were carried out 6 months apart within a completed audit cycle.ResultsConsultant teams varied considerably in their application of the CPA policy. Feedback to clinicians after the first survey had a variety of effects on subsequent use of the CPA register.Clinical ImplicationsHealth service policies exist to reduce variation in clinical practice and to ensure minimum standards. Clinical audit may be a useful tool in identifying irrational variation within the framework of clinical governance.

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Boto-Garcia, David. « Public support for lockdown policies ». Economics and Business Letters 10, n^o 3 (2 août 2021) : 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.10.3.2021.299-309.

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Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease, many countries have been forced to impose non-pharmaceutical policy interventions such as lockdowns to stop community transmission. We investigate public support for the lockdown policy in Spain, one of the countries most affected by the pandemic and with the strictest lockdown in Europe. Based on survey data collected during the first weeks of March and April 2020, we investigate how public support for the lockdown relates to the number of confirmed cases in the province of residence, personal institutional trust and concern about the severity of coronavirus. We find that public approval of the lockdown significantly relates to the evolution of COVID cases, institutional trust, political ideology and personal economic situation.

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Schläpfer, Felix. « Inadequate Standards in the Valuation of Public Goods and Ecosystem Services : Why Economists, Environmental Scientists and Policymakers Should Care ». Sustainability 13, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2021) : 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010393.

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Surveys of stated willingness to pay (WTP) are increasingly used to assess the value of public goods and ecosystem services. However, the currently dominant survey protocols and practices are inadequate. This is most evident from robust findings that the valuations are heavily influenced by the response options or response scales used in the valuation questions. The widely accepted survey guidelines do not require the validity tests and reporting standards that would be needed to make the uncertainty of the results transparent. The increasing use of inadequate survey results by policymakers threatens to undermine trust in environmental valuation, environmental policies, and political institutions. The objective of this paper is to explain the relevant issues and the available alternatives in survey-based valuation to a wider audience of non-specialized economists, environmental scientists, and policymakers.

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Janković, Bojan, et Vladimir Cvetković. « Attitudes of members of private security about the police ». Bezbednost, Beograd 64, n^o 2 (2022) : 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2202005j.

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Scientific literature includes numerous studies of citizens' perceptions of the police. However, the question arises as to how the police are seen by members of priv ate security, who perform similar security tasks as police officers. The results of the survey, which involved 178 members of private security services, indicate that they have a high opinion of the police and its members. It is noticeable that older members of private security have a slightly better opinion of members of the police than their younger colleagues. This indicates that more work should be done with younger members of the private security, not only as part of the courses f or private security, but also later, during the service. There is certainly a need to insist more on joint trainings, both in order to increase trust and to get to know the procedures that the services are undertaking.

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Ferrario, Beatrice, et Stefanie Stantcheva. « Eliciting People’s First-Order Concerns : Text Analysis of Open-Ended Survey Questions ». AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (1 mai 2022) : 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221071.

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We illustrate the design and use of open-ended survey questions to elicit people's first-order concerns on policies. Closed-ended questions are the backbone of surveys but may prime respondents to select some answers and may omit relevant options. Open-ended questions that do not constrain respondents with specific answer choices are a valuable tool for eliciting first-order thinking. We discuss three text analysis methods to analyze open-ended questions' answers and apply them to surveys on income and estate taxation. People's key concerns relate mostly to distribution issues, fairness, and trust in government rather than to efficiency, and they exhibit large partisan gaps.

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Kevins, Anthony. « Dualized trust : risk, social trust and the welfare state ». Socio-Economic Review 17, n^o 4 (17 janvier 2018) : 875–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx064.

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Abstract This article examines how labour market vulnerability and social policy interact to shape generalized trust. Drawing insights from the literature on dualization, I suggest that: (1) labour market outsiders will have lower levels of generalized trust due to their increased risk exposure; and (2) active labour market policies, by conditioning labour market vulnerability, can reduce the impact of outsiderness on trust. Leveraging within-country cleavages between insiders and outsiders therefore allows us to assess one possible mechanism behind the welfare state’s generation of trust, while at the same time holding cultural context and broader trust levels constant. Analysis of data from the 2008–2014 waves of the European Social Survey then provides evidence of the impact of outsiderness on trust and the ability of social policy to moderate that effect. The investigation thus sheds light on both an additional consequence of dualization and a mechanism linking the welfare state to generalized trust.

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Capell, Ben, Shay S. Tzafrir, Guy Enosh et Simon L. Dolan. « Explaining sexual minorities’ disclosure : The role of trust embedded in organizational practices ». Organization Studies 39, n^o 7 (30 juin 2017) : 947–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840617708000.

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This paper reports on an empirical study that demonstrated how organizational inclusion practices and employees’ trust in their organization and supervisors affect their willingness to share personal information that could potentially lead to workplace discrimination. The findings are based on data obtained from 431 sexual- and gender-minority employees using an anonymous online survey. The results reveal that trust in the organization and the supervisor fully mediates the relationship between organizational policies and practices and workplace disclosure. In other words, in organizations where policies and practices generate trust, employees are more willing to disclose their minority identity. Our analysis also reveals how trust in the organization and the supervisor interacts with psychological variables associated with the workplace disclosure decision.

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Dowe, Pearl K. Ford, et Sekou Franklin. « In Whom Do We Trust ? Racial Trust in the Early Years of Barack Obama’s Presidency ». Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, n^o 3 (31 octobre 2016) : 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216674026.

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For many African Americans, Barack Obama’s presidential victory in 2008 was a step toward a racially tolerant society. Yet for others, the attack on Obama’s religious faith and citizenship status reflected long-standing racial divisions within the electorate. Using ordered probit analyses, our study focuses on racial trust and social capital in the early years of Obama’s presidency. In assessing the relationship between Obama’s domestic policies and racial trust, our study closely aligns with the research on policy feedbacks. We investigate the possibility that Obama’s flagship economic and social policies—specifically the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and unemployment insurance—operated as a bridge between whites, blacks, and Latinos. We further consider whether higher support for these policies reproduced greater levels of interracial trust among the groups. To measure racial trust, we draw from a 2010 survey sponsored by the Diane D. Blair Center of Southern Politics and Society at the University of Arkansas. The Blair-Rockefeller Poll was administered shortly after the 2010 midterm elections and includes a sample size of 3,406 respondents with an oversample of blacks (825) and Latinos (932). Although we found noticeably high rates of racial distrust, blacks expressed the lowest levels of distrust compared to whites and Latinos. We also discovered varying effects of Obama’s policies on increasing racial trust.

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Samson, Frank L. « Support for immigration reduction and physician distrust in the United States ». SAGE Open Medicine 4 (1 janvier 2016) : 205031211665256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312116652567.

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Objectives: Health research indicates that physician trust in the United States has declined over the last 50 years. Paralleling this trend is a decline in social capital, with researchers finding a negative relationship between immigration-based diversity and social capital. This article examines whether physician distrust is also tied to immigration-based diversity and declining social capital. Methods: Data come from the 2012 General Social Survey, one of the gold standards of US public opinion surveys, using a national probability sample of 1080 adult US respondents. Key measures included support for reducing levels of immigration to the United States and multiple measures of physician trust. Results: The results of ordinary least squares regressions, using survey weights, indicate that support for reducing immigration is positively linked to physician distrust, bringing physician distrust into the orbit of research on diversity and declining social capital. Models controlled for age, education, income, gender, race, nativity, conservatism, unemployed status, lack of health insurance, and self-rated health. Furthermore, analyses of a subset of respondents reveal that measures of general trust and some forms of institutional trust do not explain away the association between support for immigration reduction and physician distrust, though confidence in science as an institution appears relevant. Conclusion: Consistent with diversity and social capital research, this article finds that an immigration attitude predicts physician distrust. Physician distrust may not be linked just to physician–patient interactions, the structure of the health care system, or health policies, but could also be tied to declining social trust in general.

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Rameez, A., et M. A. M. Fowsar. « An Empirical Survey on Factors Affecting Citizens’ Trust in Public Institutions in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka ». Journal of Politics and Law 11, n^o 2 (31 mai 2018) : 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n2p88.

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Although Sri Lanka made attempts to adopt policies of decentralization and democratic governance to enhance citizens’ trust, the efforts had yielded very little success. As such, this study attempts to assess the level of citizens’ trust in public institutions in the eastern province of Sri Lanka and explores the factors contributing to the decline of citizens’ trust in public institutions. Both qualitative and quantitative methods consisting of questionnaire survey, in-depth-interview and focus group discussion as data collection techniques were employed in this study. Overall, it was found that the people have little trust in the public institutions due to lack of awareness, discrimination in terms of ethnicity, undue delay, lack of modern facilities and political influence. Thus, it is paramount on the part of government to address these challenges to restore the trust among the citizens on these public institutions.

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Orito, Yohko, Kiyoshi Murata et Yasunori Fukuta. « Do online privacy policies and seals affect corporate trustworthiness and reputation ? » International Review of Information Ethics 19 (1 juillet 2013) : 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie339.

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In this study, we attempt to examine the effectiveness of online privacy policies and privacy seals/security icons on corporate trustworthiness and reputation management, and to clarify how young Japanese people evaluate the trustworthiness of B to C e-business sites in terms of personal information handling. The survey results indicate that posting online privacy policies and/or privacy seals/security icons by B to C e-businesses does not work for creating trust in business organisations by consumers actively. Instead, existing good name recognition and/or general reputation can engender trust and, increasingly, better their reputation in terms of personal information use and protection.

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Di Tullio, Ilaria, Serena Tagliacozzo et Marco Cellini. « How do Covid-19 Emergency Policies Relate to Political Trust ? A Cross-Country Analysis ». WELFARE E ERGONOMIA, n^o 1 (août 2022) : 105–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/we2022-001010.

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The paper investigates the influence of the measures implemented by national governments to curb the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic on the citizens' trust in government, within European countries. Data collected from the Eurofound's Living, Working and Covid-19 survey and data from the Oxford Covid-19 Government response tracker database has been analysed through the employment of a multivariate OLS regression model. Overall, the analysis shows a negative relation between the emergency policies implemented by governments and political trust when considered at aggregated level. However, when considered at a disaggregated level, different kinds of emergency policies yield diverse relations with trust in government. The analysis points out how the policies concerning school and workplace closure, restrictions on gatherings and the economic measures concerning income support and debt contract relief has a negative relation with trust in government, while cancelling public events and restrictions on internal movement displays a positive relation.

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Fridman, Ilona, Nicole Lucas, Debra Henke et Christina K. Zigler. « Association Between Public Knowledge About COVID-19, Trust in Information Sources, and Adherence to Social Distancing : Cross-Sectional Survey ». JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, n^o 3 (15 septembre 2020) : e22060. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22060.

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Background The success of behavioral interventions and policies designed to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic depends on how well individuals are informed about both the consequences of infection and the steps that should be taken to reduce the impact of the disease. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate associations between public knowledge about COVID-19, adherence to social distancing, and public trust in government information sources (eg, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), private sources (eg, FOX and CNN), and social networks (eg, Facebook and Twitter) to inform future policies related to critical information distribution. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey (N=1243) between April 10 and 14, 2020. Data collection was stratified by US region and other demographics to ensure representativeness of the sample. Results Government information sources were the most trusted among the public. However, we observed trends in the data that suggested variations in trust by age and gender. White and older populations generally expressed higher trust in government sources, while non-White and younger populations expressed higher trust in private sources (eg, CNN) and social networks (eg, Twitter). Trust in government sources was positively associated with accurate knowledge about COVID-19 and adherence to social distancing. However, trust in private sources (eg, FOX and CNN) was negatively associated with knowledge about COVID-19. Similarly, trust in social networks (eg, Facebook and Twitter) was negatively associated with both knowledge and adherence to social distancing. Conclusions During pandemics such as the COVID-19 outbreak, policy makers should carefully consider the quality of information disseminated through private sources and social networks. Furthermore, when disseminating urgent health information, a variety of information sources should be used to ensure that diverse populations have timely access to critical knowledge.

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Juarez, Ruben, Zheng Kang, May Okihiro, Blane K. Garcia, Krit Phankitnirundorn et Alika K. Maunakea. « Dynamics of Trust and Consumption of COVID-19 Information Implicate a Mechanism for COVID-19 Vaccine and Booster Uptake ». Vaccines 10, n^o 9 (31 août 2022) : 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091435.

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Vaccine hesitancy remains a significant barrier to achieving herd immunity and preventing the further spread of COVID-19. Understanding contributors to vaccine hesitancy and how they change over time may improve COVID-19 mitigation strategies and public health policies. To date, no mechanism explains how trust in and consumption of different sources of information affect vaccine uptake. A total of 1594 adults enrolled in our COVID-19 testing program completed standardized surveys on demographics, vaccination status, use, reliance, and trust in sources of COVID-19 information, from September to October 2021, during the COVID-19 Delta wave. Of those, 802 individuals (50.3%) completed a follow-up survey, from January to February 2022, during the Omicron-wave. Regression analyses were performed to understand contributors to vaccine and booster uptake over time. Individuals vaccinated within two months of eligibility (early vaccinees) tended to have more years of schooling, with greater trust in and consumption of official sources of COVID-19 information, compared to those who waited 3–6 months (late vaccinees), or those who remained unvaccinated at 6 months post-eligibility (non-vaccinees). Most (70.1%) early vaccinees took the booster shot, compared to only 30.5% of late vaccinees, with the latter group gaining trust and consumption of official information after four months. These data provide the foundation for a mechanism based on the level of trust in and consumption of official information sources, where those who increased their level of trust in and consumption of official information sources were more likely to receive a booster. This study shows that social factors, including education and individual-level degree of trust in (and consumption of) sources of COVID-19 information, interact and change over time to be associated with vaccine and booster uptakes. These results are critical for the development of effective public health policies and offer insights into hesitancy over the course of the COVID-19 vaccine and booster rollout.

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Kuziemko, Ilyana, Michael I. Norton, Emmanuel Saez et Stefanie Stantcheva. « How Elastic Are Preferences for Redistribution ? Evidence from Randomized Survey Experiments ». American Economic Review 105, n^o 4 (1 avril 2015) : 1478–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130360.

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We analyze randomized online survey experiments providing interactive, customized information on US income inequality, the link between top income tax rates and economic growth, and the estate tax. The treatment has large effects on views about inequality but only slightly moves tax and transfer policy preferences. An exception is the estate tax—informing respondents of the small share of decedents who pay it doubles support for it. The small effects for all other policies can be partially explained by respondents' low trust in government and a disconnect between concerns about social issues and the public policies meant to address them. (JEL D31, D72, H23, H24)

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Margulies, Max, et Jessica Blankshain. « Specific Sources of Trust in Generals : Individual-Level Trust in the U.S. Military ». Daedalus 151, n^o 4 (2022) : 254–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01954.

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Abstract This essay explores the individual-level determinants of trust in the U.S. military. Prior research has identified five possible drivers of societal trust in the military: performance, professionalism, persuasion, personal connection, and partisanship. Using data from the American National Election Studies and the General Social Survey, we emphasize the importance of understanding trust at an individual level, as perceptions of military performance and professionalism are not objective but mediated by individual-level factors. Our findings reinforce mixed support for trust being linked to assessments of military success on or off the battlefield, and undermine arguments that relate high trust to a widening gap between the military and civilian society. We also present new evidence for generational and ideational sources of military trust consistent with recent speculation that trust in the military is declining. Overall, we show that individual-level trust may be difficult to change, but that public trust in the military has consequences for a variety of defense-oriented policies.

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Dai, Xianhua, et Nian Gu. « The Impact of Social Capital on Mental Health : Evidence from the China Family Panel Survey ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 1 (24 décembre 2021) : 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010190.

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The influence of social capital on mental health is a controversial topic. As some studies have pointed out, cognitive social capital significantly affects mental health but structural social capital does not. Using data from the China Family Panel Survey, this study measured social capital from social help, social trust, social networks, and social participation, and took regional average level of social capital as the instrumental variables, and applied a two-stage least squares regression. We found that the mental health of residents who trust and help each other is significantly higher than that of residents without trust and mutual help. When residents’ efforts to maintain social networks increase, their mental health significantly improves. These results are robust. Furthermore, the impact of social capital on mental health was heterogeneous in terms of urbanicity, gender, age, and area. These results are helpful for making policies for promoting residents’ mental health.

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Jaškevičiūtė, Vaida. « Trust in organization effect on the relationship between HRM practices and employee well-being ». SHS Web of Conferences 120 (2021) : 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112002021.

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This study investigates the effects of trust in the organization on the relationship between human resource management practices and employee well-being. Method: An anonymous survey of 638 employees in Lithuania was conducted. The research was designed based on a 6-dimensional scale of perceived human resources management policies and practices, a 3-dimensional questionnaire of employee well-being, and a 2-dimensional questionnaire of trust in the organization. Questionnaire items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, multivariate linear regressions and mediation analysis. Findings: Specific relationships were found between various HRM practices with employee well-being in having a full effect or in having a partial effect. This empirical study showed that select HRM practices positively influence employee well-being through the mediating effect of trust in the organization. Managerial implications: Based on the results of the survey, employee well-being at work in Lithuania can best be improved by the strengthening of trust in the organization through following these HRM practices: “recruitment and selection” (RS), “involvement” (I), “work conditions” (WC) and “competence-based performance appraisal” (CBPA).

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Han, Ziqiang, Ivan Y. Sun et Rong Hu. « Social trust, neighborhood cohesion, and public trust in the police in China ». Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & ; Management 40, n^o 2 (15 mai 2017) : 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2016-0096.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the influences of social trust and neighborhood cohesion on public trust in the police in China. Design/methodology/approach This study used survey data collected from roughly 5,600 respondents by the 2012 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). Multivariate regression was employed to analyze the effects of two forms of social trust, generalized trust and particularized trust, and three types of neighborhood cohesion, neighbor solidary, support and interaction, on public trust in the Chinese police, controlling for personal background characteristics. Findings Both generalized trust and particularized trust exerted a significant positive effect on trust in the Chinese police. Greater neighborhood cohesion also enhanced public trust in the police. Elderly, women, less educated and people with rural hukou and higher perceived social class were more likely to trust the police. Research limitations/implications The CGSS data contained only a single item that could be used to measure public trust in the police. Future studies should consider using multiple survey items to reflect Chinese people’s trust from different conceptual dimensions, such as procedural- and outcome-based trust and police legitimacy. The CGSS data also did not contain information on some relevant predictors, such as victimization and fear of crime, personal and vicarious contact experiences with the police, and news and social media usage and exposure. Future studies, if possible, should incorporate these theoretically relevant and empirically proven variables into the analysis. Practical implications Improving neighborhood cohesion is a clear path to cultivate stronger public trust in the police. Policy-makers and officials must bring the neighborhood-centered approach back to local governance by working closely with police leaders and other private and parochial social institutions to launch programs that can effectively stabilize and strengthen local communities and actively promoting positive interactions and social bonds among residents. Policies and programs aimed at enhancing public trust in the police should target at younger, better educated and urban Chinese who are more likely to be critical of the police. Originality/value Despite their high relevance, social trust and neighborhood cohesion have received only limited attention in past research on Chinese attitudes toward the police. This study represents one of the first attempts to examine different forms of social trust and neighborhood cohesion on public trust in the police in China.

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Ratier-Cruz, A., J. G. Smith, M. Firn et M. Rinaldi. « Staff attitudes to completely smoke-free policies and smoking cessation practices in a mental health setting ». Journal of Public Health 42, n^o 2 (4 mars 2020) : 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa033.

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ABSTRACT Background Mental health trusts in England were expected to become completely smoke-free and embed smoking cessation practices by 2018. Such policies are fraught with concerns and have received mixed support from mental health staff. Understanding staff attitudes to these practices prior to enforcement of the policy could help design an effective implementation strategy. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with clinical and non-clinical staff in a Mental Health Trust to understand smoking cessation practices and attitudes to the implementation of a completely smoke-free policy. Results There were 631 responses. Most participants disagreed with the policy on wards (59.6%) and throughout all mental health settings (57.4%). Clinicians expressed significantly lower organizational policy support (P = 0.001) than non-clinicians (P = 0.001). Psychiatrists were more supportive of the organizational items than nurses and allied health professionals. Clinicians’ attitudes towards smoking cessation practices were less positive for those who were current smokers (P < 0.001), but more positive for clinicians who had received or were interested in attending smoking cessation training (P < 0.001). Conclusions Partial and completely smoke-free policies remain unsupported by staff in mental health settings. Smoking cessation training appears to reinforce rather than alter attitudes towards smoking cessation.

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Antwi, Charles, Adrian Flynn, Paul Chrichard, Amanda Haddock, Claire Johnson, Jo Hammond et Peter Aitken. « Transferring people with mental illness from emergency department to acute mental health wards : survey of contemporary practice ». Psychiatric Bulletin 30, n^o 12 (décembre 2006) : 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.30.12.447.

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Aims and MethodA substantial minority of patients attending emergency departments do so with a primary mental health problem. A number will require admission to an acute psychiatric unit. There is little guidance about the best practice in terms of risk assessment and escorting of these patients. We conducted a telephone questionnaire survey of acute trusts, to identify current policies for the transfer of patients with mental illness to acute psychiatric units.ResultsEighty-two trusts were contacted. We could not verify the presence of any current policies. There was considerable variation in the assessment and management of risk in these clinical circumstances.Clinical ImplicationsCurrent local service structure and transfer distance may influence the way in which risk is assessed. However, there is a need for trusts to ensure that basic standards of risk assessment are maintained for the transfer of these high-risk patients. We recommend that all emergency departments should have such policies and that liaison psychiatry is well placed to aid their development.

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Dimitrova-Grajzl, Valentina, et Eszter Simon. « Political Trust and Historical Legacy : The Effect of Varieties of Socialism ». East European Politics and Societies : and Cultures 24, n^o 2 (22 janvier 2010) : 206–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409353334.

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This article, unlike the vast existing literature on political trust, focuses on trust in post-socialist countries and, more specifically, on trust of young people rather than on trust of general populations. Studying young people is important in the context of establishing democracy and the survival of democracy. The authors examine the continuous effect of socialism and stipulate that the legacy of the type of socialist regime is a major determinant of political trust in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries. Utilizing individual-level data from an institutional survey, the authors find that distinguishing between different types of socialism is instrumental in explaining political trust. Results on the former Yugoslavia, however, suggest that the effects of socialism might be temporarily overshadowed in the short run by drastic post-socialist events such as warfare. The findings have implications for policies aimed at fostering political trust in post-socialist countries and for discerning future patterns of political and social developments.

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