Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Poisening »

A Rhodium on carbon catalyst is used to hydrogenate epoxy compounds in order to selectively obtain saturated cycloaliphatic products leaving the epoxy groups almost untouched. This reaction works well when the catalyst is fresh but it fails to go to completion when the catalyst is used for the second time. A reactivation method was then seeked to get rid of this catalyst poisening. In order to assess the quality of the “cleaned” catalyst, we developped a fast method using the SEM-EDX combination to avoid the long way through the chemical reaction itself and the required analysis.We built sample holders to support the catalyst for analysis. It is a carbon stub with a calibrated cavity in the middle. The catalyst required for analysis is poured in the cavity and the excess is removed so that the surface obtained is flat and flush with the carbon stub itself. It is then loaded in the SEM and an EDX spectrum is acquired with preseted conditions.

Introduction and aim:The main purpose of the current study was to identification proximal risk factores including stressful life events, abuse specially emotional abuse, planning, methods and availability of methods for committing suicide.Method:This study has been run in a emergency settings over a period of 1 year and data gathered from a total of 120 participants including 52 male, 68 femal who had recently attempted suicide. The mean age of the samples was 22 (SD=3.9; max=33; min=18) and the mean level of education was 11 (SD=2.3; max=16; min=7). All participants completed the short form of WHO supremiss questionnaire (42 item version).Data were analyzed using regression logestic and Chi square formula. The alpha coefficient reliability of this short form of WHO supremiss questionnaire was 0.67.Results:The results showed that the most common way to suicide (%58) was self-poisening (drug over doze with sedatives and anti depressants). The most common proximal risk factors were serious arguments with family or spouse, serious personal physical illness or hopelessness in a short period of time after an acute life event. Approximately %65 of this patients had a serious plan for suicide and Three fourth of patients had problems with their parents who neglect, over protect or abuse them.Cunclusion:The roles of different psychological stressors and vulnerability factores in attempted suicide will vary according to the time lapse from the stressor until the suicide attempt. understanding distal and proximal vulnerability factors involved in attempted suicide has important implications for both theory and practice.

Les rodenticides anticoagulants (AR) constituent un moyen incontournable pour lutter contre les rongeurs nuisibles. L'utilisation écoresponsable des AR tend à limiter l'exposition des espèces non-cibles. Aucune étude sur la prévalence des AR chez les animaux n'a été menée en Tunisie. De ce fait, une première enquête toxicologique a montré que les AR sont incriminés parmi les causes les plus fréquentes d'intoxications aigues aux AR chez le chien. De plus, dans une autre étude, nous avons rapporté que les anticoagulants naturels, comme le férulénol produit par Ferula communis peut causer de lourdes pertes chez les éleveurs locaux. Peu d'études se sont intéressées à la toxicocinétique des AR. Pour évaluer la prévalence d'exposition, le choix de la matrice biologique est primordial et constitue un garant de la robustesse de la méthode utilisée. Le foie est le tissu de stockage des AR et constitue le meilleur prélèvement pour mettre en évidence une exposition chez les animaux. Cependant, ce prélèvement n'est disponible que sur les animaux morts. Par ailleurs, le sang et les fèces peuvent être utilisés sur des animaux vivants. Nous avons étudié la comparaison des trois matrices (foie, sang et fèces), en tenant compte de trois facteurs d'influence : la dose, le sexe et le temps. Nos résultats démontrent que les prélèvements fécaux sont plus utiles que les prélèvements plasmatiques pour le suivi de l'exposition aux AR des animaux domestiques et sauvages. Le tableau clinique lors d'une intoxication aigue aux AR est spectaculaire, cependant, les expositions à faibles doses passent inaperçues mais présentent des effets délétères insidieux sur la santé. L'exposition asymptomatique des animaux domestiques aux AR est peu documentée. Notre étude a montré une prévalence limitée chez les chiens et les chats, contrairement à d'autres travaux où la prévalence chez les prédateurs de la faune sauvage est bien supérieure et dont les analyses ont été réalisés sur les foies d'animaux morts de manière opportuniste, sans tenir compte des animaux sains. Ce travail pourrait générer des idées pour de nouvelles stratégies analytiques et permettrait de mieux aborder les particularités toxicocinétiques et toxicodynamiques chez d'autres espèces non-cibles dans le cadre du développement de nouvelles molécules d'AR plus écoresponsables
Anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) are an essential tool for controlling rodent pests. The environmentally responsible use of AR tends to limit the exposure of non-target species. No study on the prevalence of AR in animals has been conducted in Tunisia. Therefore, a first toxicological survey showed that AR are incriminated as one of the most frequent causes of acute AR poisoning in dogs. Moreover, in another study, we reported that natural anticoagulants, such as ferulenol produced by Ferula communis can cause heavy losses to local farmers. Few studies have focused on the toxicokinetics of AR. To monitor these exposure rates, the validation of the appropriate biological matrix is essential and is a major guarantee of the robustness of the analytical method. The liver is the storage tissue for AR and is the best sample for assessing exposure in animals. However, it is only available from dead animals. Blood and feces can be used from live animals. We studied the comparison of the three matrices (liver, blood, and feces), considering three influencing factors: dose, sex, and time. Our results show that fecal samples are more valuable than plasma samples for monitoring AR exposure in domestic and wild animals. The clinical symptoms of acute AR poisoning are dramatic, but low-dose exposures go unnoticed and present insidious deleterious health effects. Asymptomatic exposure of domestic animals to AR is poorly documented. Our study showed limited prevalence in dogs and cats, in contrast to other work where prevalence in wildlife predators is much higher from analyses performed on the livers of opportunistically dead animals, without considering the healthy ones. This work could generate ideas for new analytical strategies. It would allow better addressing toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties in other non-target species as part of the development of new, more eco-friendly AR molecules