Articles de revues : « Point de relai »

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Umayya, Ines Sastre, Muhamad Milchan, Hendy Briantoro et Yoedy Moegiharto. « Performance Analysis Of The Energy Harvesting Techniques In Cooperative Communication Systems of NBIoT Devices With Amplify And Forward (AF) Relaying Protocol ». Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education) 7, n^o 2 (3 février 2023) : 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/elinvo.v7i2.50810.

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This study examines the system’s performance with implementation of the energy harvesting (EH) techniques at source node, S and relay node, R. The RF signals which are used to energy harvesting proccess are broadcasted by destination node, D. The information signals from S are sent to D via a R in a cooperative communication framework. The R uses the amplify and forward (AF) protocol to forward the received signal from S to D. We propose a network system which contain of three femto cells, and an access point of each femto cells work as a relay (R), in a macro cell with a base station or eNB as a destination (D). To find the best R for forwarding the information signal from S to D, we choose the partial relai selection strategy. From the simulation results can be shown that the throughput system and the outage probability system are affected by the location of S or the distance of between S-R and S-D. Also affected by the access point power of femto cell that is connected to electric source, and time swithing factor, ρ which is used to harvest energy at S and R nodes. The shorter distance of between S-R and S-D results a better value of throughput system and the outage probability system, since the gain channel value will be high and increases the SNR value at D. More bigger the power from battery of access point femto cell that is used together with the harvested power by R to forward the signal will result a better value of throughput system and the outage probability system. More smaller time swithing factor, ρ results more time period for transmitting signal by S and forwarding sinyal by R, therefore increases the transmit power at S and R. Increasing the transmit powers result the increasin SNR value at D, and result a better value of throughput system and the outage probability system.

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Chen, Zhaohui, Xiaobing Ding, Mingjun Xue et Hao Zhang. « Simulation Analysis of Relay Protection Action and Weak Point Adaptability Under Non Preset Operating Conditions of Complex Large Power Grid ». Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 17, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2022) : 1440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2022.3339.

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In order to improve the protection performance of relay protection devices in complex large-scale power grid, a simulation analysis method of relay protection action and weak point adaptability under non preset operating conditions of complex large-scale power grid is proposed. In this method, pscad/emtdc simulation software is used to establish the simulation models of zero sequence and negative sequence directional elements, distance elements and longitudinal current differential elements of relay protection devices. Under the non preset working conditions of complex large power grid, the DC voltage imbalance characteristics, AC and DC power distribution characteristics and fault harmonic characteristics are analyzed, and the adaptability and weak points of relay protection action are analyzed according to these characteristics. The experimental results show that this method is more accurate in obtaining the characteristic value of DC fault under non preset conditions of complex large power grid, and can effectively obtain the action of relay protection devices at different times when non preset conditions occur in complex large power grid and when the setting value of DC low voltage is different. It is concluded that its action adaptability is better when the setting value of DC low voltage is 1.5 kA, and when the setting value of DC low voltage is 5.5 kA and 15 kA, The fault time is short, and the relay protection action has weak points.

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Simon, Paul M., et Scott Graham. « Extending the Quality of Secure Service Model to Multi-Hop Networks ». Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy 1, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2021) : 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcp1040038.

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Rarely are communications networks point-to-point. In most cases, transceiver relay stations exist between transmitter and receiver end-points. These relay stations, while essential for controlling cost and adding flexibility to network architectures, reduce the overall security of the respective network. In an effort to quantify that reduction, we extend the Quality of Secure Service (QoSS) model to these complex networks, specifically multi-hop networks. In this approach, the quantification of security is based upon probabilities that adversarial listeners and disruptors gain access to or manipulate transmitted data on one or more of these multi-hop channels. Message fragmentation and duplication across available channels provides a security performance trade-space, with its consequent QoSS. This work explores that trade-space and the corresponding QoSS model to describe it.

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Gong, Wen Tao. « The Design of Multi-Protocol Network Based on Point-to-Point Protocol and Frame Relay ». Advanced Materials Research 936 (juin 2014) : 2293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.2293.

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Local area network and wide area network are different network protocols, small and medium enterprises due to the geographical distribution of discrete and interface diversity, leading to its needs to be compatible with different network protocols, it is difficult to use a single network protocol to realize network architecture, and due to the ipv4 address scarcity, making its application or maintenance cost greatly increased, based on this, this paper presents the design of multi-protocol network architecture based on point-to-point protocol and frame relay, and with the advantages of the router is compatible with a variety of interfaces and protocols to connect different network interfaces, the paper also gives the configuration of routing information protocol and static routing through local area network, the paper presents the core information of frame relay and point-to-point protocol among the routers, and the paper gives the realization of the network address translation in the end.

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Sautreau, Jean-Michel, André Quéhen et Pascale Portenart. « Sport scolaire et situation de handicap, point de vue de l'USEP ». Reliance 24, n^o 2 (2007) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reli.024.0058.

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Kamiyama, Yasuhiko. « On the Level Set of a Function with Degenerate Minimum Point ». International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2015 (2015) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/493217.

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Forn≥2, letMbe ann-dimensional smooth closed manifold andf:M→Ra smooth function. We setminf(M)=mand assume thatmis attained by unique pointp∈Msuch thatpis a nondegenerate critical point. Then the Morse lemma tells us that ifais slightly bigger thanm,f-1(a)is diffeomorphic toSn-1. In this paper, we relax the condition onpfrom being nondegenerate to being an isolated critical point and obtain the same consequence. Some application to the topology of polygon spaces is also included.

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Hofreiter, Milan. « Relay Identification Using Shifting Method for PID Controller Tuning ». Energies 14, n^o 18 (18 septembre 2021) : 5945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185945.

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The aim of this study was to present a relay shifting method for relay feedback identification of dynamical systems suitable for PID controller tuning. The proposed technique uses a biased relay to determine frequency response points from a single experiment without any assumptions about a model transfer function. The method is applicable for open-loop stable, unstable, and integration processes, even with a delay, and regardless of whether they are oscillating or non-oscillating. The core of this technique was formed by the so-called relay shifting filter. In this study, the method was applied to a parameter estimation of a second-order time-delayed (SOTD) model that can describe, with acceptable accuracy, the dynamics of most processes (even with a transport delay) near the operating point. Simultaneously, a parameter setting for the PID controller was derived based on the model parameters. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated on various simulated processes and tested on real laboratory apparatuses.

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Wei, Z., H. Ma, X. Chen et L. Liu. « AN IMPROVED PROGRESSIVE TRIANGULATION ALGORITHM FOR VEHICLE-BORNE LASER POINT CLOUD ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (13 septembre 2017) : 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-929-2017.

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The application of classical progressive triangulation filter algorithm for airborne point cloud is very successful, however, there is a big difference between airborne point cloud and vehicle-borne laser point cloud in spatial distribution, density and other aspects. In this paper, a lot of experiments are carried out to improve the filter algorithm for vehicle-borne laser point cloud, which includes as follows: (1) Establish grid index, such as 0.1 meters, only retain the lowest points, which can greatly reduce the number of suspected ground points, and the filtering efficiency is improved significantly; (2) According to the vehicle-borne height and track line, the road face points can be roughly determined. Then the convolution operation is used to ensure the real road points, which are also the ground points. This method cannot have to relax the filter parameters (which will lead to more non-ground points) and ensure the integrity of the road boundary; (3) A method named as "get more and remove some" is proposed for solving the filtering faults at the tail of every points segment caused by the incline scanning face. After the three steps, the filtering is improved obviously on qualification and processing speed.

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Sheikh-Hosseini, Mohsen, Ghosheh Abed Hodtani et Mohammad Molavi-Kakhki. « Capacity analysis of power line communication point-to-point and relay channels ». Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 27, n^o 2 (25 juillet 2014) : 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.2843.

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Sung, Tien-Wen, Yuntao Xu, Xiaohui Hu, Chao-Yang Lee et Qingjun Fang. « Optimizing data aggregation point location with grid-based model for smart grids ». Journal of Intelligent & ; Fuzzy Systems 42, n^o 4 (4 mars 2022) : 3189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-210881.

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With the construction of smart grids, smart meters are gradually being installed in every house. In order to transfer the user data collected by smart meters to the control center, it is necessary to transfer the data to the data aggregation point (DAP) before being transmitted to the control center. The numbers and locations of DAPs affect the communication quality and cost of the smart meter neighborhood network, and because smart meters rely on wireless technology to transmit data, their transmission range is limited. Thus, suburban and rural areas require a large number of DAP installation needs, and it is very important to reduce their numbers. For this problem, this study proposes a grid-based relay DAP placement scheme and presents the corresponding algorithms to reduce the number of DAPs and to avoid the large impact of relay DAP locations on communication quality for the two cases of whether or not the number of relay DAPs is limited. This paper used random smart meter coordinates for testing, and the test results verify that the proposed solution can in fact significantly reduce the number of DAPs and avoid the large impact of relay DAP locations on communication quality.

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Dwi Cahyadi Jaya, I. Made, I. Gede Dyana Arjana et A. A. Gede Maharta Pemayun. « STUDI KOORDINASI KERJA RELE DIFERENSIAL DAN RELE RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT SETELAH UPRATING PADA TRANSFORMATOR II DI GI KAPAL ». Jurnal SPEKTRUM 5, n^o 1 (25 juin 2018) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2018.v05.i01.p07.

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The differential relay on the power transformer II in the Kapal Substation has a sensitivity setting of 30% to the nominal current of winding. Fault current that occurs below setting is not detected because the fault current has not reached the set limit. To overcome the fault current it is equipped with REF relay that has sensitivity below 30%. The analysis was performed by calculation method according to the relay setting manual. The results of sensitivity setting of REF relay is 382.75 A or fault point at 22.09% of the transformer winding, while the differential relay is 519.6 A or fault point at 30% of the transformer winding. The calculation result shows that the first to work is the REF relay than the differential relay. So the fault on the transformer winding is overcome by the REF relay.

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Tan, K. K., T. H. Lee, S. Huang, K. Y. Chua et R. Ferdous. « Improved critical point estimation using a preload relay ». Journal of Process Control 16, n^o 5 (juin 2006) : 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2005.09.004.

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Lee, Sangku, Janghyuk Youn et Bang Chul Jung. « Hybrid AF/DF Cooperative Relaying Technique with Phase Steering for Industrial IoT Networks ». Energies 14, n^o 4 (10 février 2021) : 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040937.

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For the next generation of manufacturing, the industrial internet of things (IoT) has been considered as a key technology that enables smart factories, in which sensors transfer measured data, actuators are controlled, and systems are connected wirelessly. In particular, the wireless sensor network (WSN) needs to operate with low cost, low power (energy), and narrow spectrum, which are the most technical challenges for industrial IoT networks. In general, a relay-assisted communication network has been known to overcome scarce energy problems, and a spectrum-sharing technique has been considered as a promising technique for the radio spectrum shortage problem. In this paper, we propose a phase steering based hybrid cooperative relaying (PSHCR) technique for the generic relay-assisted spectrum-shared WSN, which consists of a secondary transmitter, multiple secondary relays (SRs), a secondary access point, and multiple primary access points. Basically, SRs in the proposed PSHCR technique operate with decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocol, but it does not abandon the SRs that failed in decoding at the first hop. Instead, the SRs operate with amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol when they failed in decoding at the first hop. Furthermore, the SRs (regardless of operating with AF or DF protocol) that satisfy interference constraints to the primary network are allowed to transmit a signal to the secondary access point at the second hop. Note that phase distortion is compensated through phase steering operation at each relay node before second-hop transmission, and thus all relay nodes can operate in a fully distributed manner. Finally, we validate that the proposed PSHCR technique significantly outperforms the existing best single relay selection (BSR) technique and cooperative phase steering (CPS) technique in terms of outage performance via extensive computer simulations.

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Choi, Dae H., Byoung H. Jung et Dan K. Sung. « Energy-aware path planning of an unmanned aerial vehicle acting as a communication relay for mobile ground nodes ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G : Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, n^o 3 (2 janvier 2018) : 1124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017748685.

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We focus on energy-aware path planning of a small unmanned aerial vehicle-based relay which forwards the data received from a stationary remote station to a mobile access point. In order to reduce the communication power required for reliable communication between the unmanned aerial vehicle-based relay and access point, the unmanned aerial vehicle-based relay keeps track of the access point within a maximum allowable horizontal distance at a constant altitude, and thus the communication power of the unmanned aerial vehicle-based relay decreases as the horizontal distance decreases. In order to determine the energy-efficient manoeuvring of the unmanned aerial vehicle-based relay within the horizontal distance, we formulate a new off-line trajectory optimization problem. The solution of the problem gives insight into how to realize the energy-efficient manoeuvring. For online implementation of energy-efficient path planning (manoeuvring control), we propose two control schemes: a model predictive control scheme and a standoff tracking control scheme. These schemes can significantly reduce manoeuvring energy compared with conventional schemes.

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Wei, Wei, et Xiao Ying Zhao. « Design of an Intelligent Point-to-Point Swing Arm Controller ». Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (juin 2013) : 712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.712.

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The point-to-point swing arm test is very important for large arms which have swing arm movement. Traditional point-to-point swing arm controller is relay control mode. The mode has many shortcomings, such as big volume, high power consumption, low stability, and so on. An intelligent point-to-point swing arm controller, using MCU as the control core, was designed for this reason. It was mainly composed of switch signal detecting module, solenoid valve drive module, USB storage interface module and MCU control module. According to the requirements of test, the controller was able to detect the valid signal of limit switch and control commutation operation of solenoid valve, meanwhile it could record the movement time between one point and another point, the time the arm swayed and the moment information, and these above information would be stored in USB memory. It has some advantages of small size, low power consumption, high stability and flexible functions.

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Pelège, Patrick. « Un point de vue anthropologique sur la question de la responsabilité dans le champ du handicap ». Reliance 18, n^o 4 (2005) : 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reli.018.0080.

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Zainal, Andi Soraya, et Ahmad Firman. « FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MINAT MASYARAKAT KOTA MAKASSAR MEMILIH BISNIS MULTILEVEL MARKETING PT. MAHKOTA SUKSES INDONESIA ». Nobel Management Review 3, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2022) : 674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37476/nmar.v3i4.3457.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor modal kecil; resiko kecil; dapat diwariskan; komunitas positif; tanpa tutup point; reward tinggi, pengembangan kepribadian; kebebasan waktu; menambah relasi; pencapaian impian yang cepat dan support system secara parsial, Untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor modal kecil; resiko kecil; dapat diwariskan; komunitas positif; tanpa tutup point; reward tinggi, pengembangan kepribadian; kebebasan waktu; menambah relasi; pencapaian impian yang cepat dan support system secara simultan terhadap minat masyarakat berbisnis MLM MSI di Kota Makassar terhadap minat masyarakat berbisnis MLM MSI di Kota Makassar dan Untuk mengetahui faktor mana dari modal kecil; resiko kecil; dapat diwariskan; komunitas positif; tanpa tutup point; reward tinggi, pengembangan kepribadian; kebebasan waktu; menambah relasi; pencapaian impian yang cepat dan support systemyang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap minat masyarakat berbisnis MLM MSI di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini jumlah sampel yang akan digunakan adalah 120 sampel. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis regresi linear berganda dan data dikumpulkan menggunakan koesioner dengan skala likert. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari variable modal kecil, risiko kecil, dapat diwariskan, komunitaspositif, tanpa tutup point, reward tinggi, pengembangan kepribadian, kebebasan waktu, menambah relasi, pencapaian yang cepat, dan support system berpengaruh positif dan signifikan secara parsial terhadap minat berwirausaha pada PT. MSI, Variabel modal kecil, risiko kecil, dapat diwariskan, komunitas positif, tanpa tutup point, reward tinggi, pengembangan kepribadian, kebebasan waktu, menambah relasi, pencapaian yang cepat, dan support system berpengaruh positif dan signifikan secara simultan terhadap minat berwirausaha pada PT. MSI. variabel Tanpa Tutup Point berpengaruh paling dominan terhadap minat berwirausaha pada PT. MSI. Hal tersebut karena didalam berbisnis MSI akan mendapatkan point-point tiap pembelanjaan, ketika poin tersebut sudah mencapai reward tertentu maka poin tidak akan hangus dan akan tetap terakumulasi untuk mencapai reward yg lebih besar berikutnya.

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Novriadi, Ari. « Perancangan Pengontrolan Overhead Crane Menggunakan Kabel dan Nirkabel Berbasis Arduino ». JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terpadu) 7, n^o 2 (30 octobre 2019) : 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32487/jtt.v7i2.679.

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Overhead Crane is a heavy equipment which is very much found in various industries, factories, and workshops that are used to transport material. In general, controlling the Overhead Crane is operated by using a Push Button that is hung together with a cable on the top frame of the Overhead Crane. in this case, humans must also be able to maintain a distance when controlling Overhead Cranes that are working to transport memterials to avoid the use of Overhead Cranes. To provide security and comfort in the use of Overhead Cranes, the authors designed an Overhead Crane controller using Arduino based cable and wireless. The design of Overhead Crane control using a cable consists of several series of Push Button arranged in a plastic box and then hung on the side of the Girder Crane. for the input foot the Push Button is given a voltage 12 VDC, while the output of the Push Button is connected with contact points of the Relay 12 VDC to execute electrically mechanical Overhead Crane. While the Overhead Crane control design using wireless consists of several components, including: Arduino Mega 2560 which is combined with USB Host Shield. Bluetooth csr 4.0 Dongle is connected to the USB Host Shield port for data communication media between Arduino Mega 2560 with Bluetooth Joystick PlayStation 3 (PS3). The signal pin of the Relay modules is connected with Arduino Mega 2560 pins according to the program designed. Contact NO points Relay modules are connected with 12 VDC Relay point contacts to execute electrical mechanical Overhead Crane.

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Triyulianti, Sari. « Pengaruh Neuromuscular Taping Dan Contract Relax Stretching Pada Kondisi Myofascial Pain Syndrome Otot Upper Trapezius Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Leher ». Jurnal Ilmiah Fisioterapi 5, n^o 02 (30 août 2022) : 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/jif.v5i02.2688.

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ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Myofacial trigger point syndrome otot upper trapezius adalah nyeri pada suatu titik/tempat hiperiritabel pada otot atau fascia yang disebabkan oleh adanya trauma ataupun pembebanan akibat dari kerja otot yang terjadi secara terus-menerus. Otot yang bekerja secara berlebihan akan menyebabkan kontraksi terus menerus yang akan menyebabkan otot menjadi tegang sehingga timbul spasme, kekakuan, adhesi serta penurunan sirkulasi darah yang merupakan pemicu timbulnya trigger point di otot yang menegang. Kondisi ini ditemukan pada posisi beraktivitas dengan posisi yang tidak ergonomis dalam jangka waktu lama terutama pada area leher khususnya otot upper trapezius yang sering ditemukan berkontraksi berlebihan mempertahankan postur kepala yang cenderung jatuh ke depan karena kekuatan gravitasi atau berat kepala itu sendiri. Kontraksi berlebih memicu timbulnya trigger points pada taut band yang menimbulkan myofascial pain syndrome sehingga akan berdampak pada nyeri leher. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pengaruh neuromuscular taping dan contract relax stretching pada kondisi myofascial pain syndrome otot upper trapezius terhadap penurunan nyeri leher. Metode: penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan dengan desain pre dan post test pada 14 orang yang diambil secara acak sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan kriteria eksklusi. Intervensi yang diberikan berupa neuromuscular taping dan contract relax stretching dan pengukuran nyeri diukur dengan visual analog scale (VAS). Data diolah dan dianalisa dengan aplikasi software SPSS 21. Hasil: Hasil uji hipotesis didapatkan dengan p = 0,000 berarti p<0,05 maka ada pengaruh pemberian neuromuscular taping dan contract relax stretching terhadap nyeri leher pada kondisi myofascial pain syndrome otot upper trapeziu . Kesimpulan: Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian neuromuscular taping dan contract relax stretching dapat mengurangi nyeri leher pada kondisi myofascial pain syndrome otot upper trapezius

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Xie, Wenzhe, Jing Xiao et Zhiguo Luo. « Existence of Solutions for Riemann-Liouville Fractional Boundary Value Problem ». Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/540351.

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By using the method of upper and lower solutions and fixed point theorems, the existence of solutions for a Riemann-Liouville fractional boundary value problem with the nonlinear term depending on fractional derivative of lower order is obtained under the classical Nagumo conditions. Also, some results concerning Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative at extreme points are established with weaker hypotheses, which improve some works in Al-Refai (2012). As applications, an example is presented to illustrate our main results.

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Gayet Bouzembil, Fatima. « Point relais éducatif et familial. Conseils et actions éducatives ». Empan 103, n^o 3 (2016) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/empa.103.0093.

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Hanin, Moulay Hicham, Mohamed Amnai et Youssef Fakhri. « Enhanced Multi-Point Relay Selection Based on Fuzzy Logic ». International Review on Computers and Software (IRECOS) 11, n^o 6 (30 juin 2016) : 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irecos.v11i6.9064.

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Yu Xiaonan, 于笑楠, 佟首峰 Tong Shoufeng, 姜会林 Jiang Huilin, 张立中 Zhang Lizhong, 董岩 Dong Yan et 白杨杨 Bai Yangyang. « Multi-Point Laser Communication Optical Relay Antenna Servo System ». Acta Optica Sinica 35, n^o 9 (2015) : 0914001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201535.0914001.

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Kamachkin, A. M., V. V. Evstaf'eva et D. K. Potapov. « Sushchestvovanie edinstvennoy nepodvizhnoy tochki otobrazheniy, porozhdennykh mnogomernoy sistemoy s releynym gisterezisom ». Дифференциальные уравнения 59, n^o 7 (15 décembre 2023) : 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0374064123070129.

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A multidimensional system of ordinary differential equations with relay hysteresis is considered. The system parameters are assumed to be such that there exists a family of continuous operators each of which maps some connected compact set into itself. In this case, the operator corresponds to a periodic orbit with an even number of switching points in the phase space of the system. For the operator family, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a single fixed point is obtained.

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Dong, Hua, Yaqi Song et Li Yang. « Wide Area Key Distribution Network Based on a Quantum Key Distribution System ». Applied Sciences 9, n^o 6 (14 mars 2019) : 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061073.

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The point-to-point quantum key distribution (QKD) system is limited by the transmission distance. So, the wide area QKD network with multiple endpoints is the research focus of this study. The relay-node scenario and key relay protocols provide the solutions to the QKD network. The early key relay protocols require the relay nodes to be reliable. Once the relay nodes become compromised, the whole network is insecure. In this paper, we extend the chain structure of the public-XOR(exclusive OR)-key scheme with two endpoints to the complex network with multiple endpoints. The relay nodes in our scheme do not need encryption actions, decryption actions, or storage XOR keys, which simplifies the system compared with other key distribution schemes based on trusted relay nodes. Our scheme not only improves the practical performance and simplifies the system’s complexity, but it also ensures that the security is not reduced. Specifically, we rigorously demonstrate that an eavesdropper can never access the key shared by the users of the network as long as the process of generating XOR keys and destroying the original keys is secure. In addition, we discuss the information leakage of the practical QKD network from the perspective of the unicity distance.

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Ge, L., G. J. Chen et J. A. Chambers. « Relay Selection in Distributed Transmission Based on the Golden Code Using ML and Sphere Decoding in Wireless Networks ». International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 6, n^o 4 (octobre 2011) : 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitwe.2011100105.

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The implementation of cooperative diversity with relays has advantages over point-to-point multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, in particular, overcoming correlated paths due to small inter-element spacing. A simple transmitter with one antenna may exploit cooperative diversity or space time coding gain through distributed relays. In this paper, similar distributed transmission is considered with the golden code, and the authors propose a new strategy for relay selection, called the maximum-mean selection policy, for distributed transmission with the full maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and sphere decoding (SD) based on a wireless relay network. This strategy performs a channel strength tradeoff at every relay node to select the best two relays for transmission. It improves on the established one-sided selection strategy of maximum-minimum policy. Simulation results comparing the bit error rate (BER) based on different detectors and a scheme without relay selection, with the maximum-minimum and maximum-mean selection schemes confirm the performance advantage of relay selection. The proposed strategy yields the best performance of the three methods.

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Wang, Yang, Zhen Wang, Dezhi Kong, Lingyun Kong et Yukun Qiao. « Multifarious Chaotic Attractors and Its Control in Rigid Body Attitude Dynamical System ». Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (20 novembre 2020) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5958768.

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The Euler dynamical equation which describes the attitude motion of a rigid body will exhibit very complex dynamic behaviors under the action of different external torques. Many special types of new chaotic attractors are presented, including hidden attractors, double-body-double-core chaotic attractors, and single-body-three-core-tree-wing chaotic attractors. The position of equilibrium points in several typical cases of the Euler dynamic equation is solved, and the stability of linearized equation at each equilibrium point and its influence on the formation of the chaotic attractor are analyzed. An improved nonlinear relay control law based on Euler angle feedback is developed to stabilize a new chaotic spacecraft attitude motion to an appointed equilibrium point or a periodic orbit.

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Zhou, Qiang, Yunpeng Ma, Lin Bai, Jinho Choi et Ying-Chang Liang. « Relay-Aided Multiple Access Scheme in Two-Point Joint Transmission ». IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, n^o 6 (juin 2019) : 5629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2907747.

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Sharma, Vivek, Bashir Alam et M. N. Doja. « A-OLSR : ANFIS based OLSR to select Multi point relay ». International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, n^o 1 (1 février 2019) : 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp646-651.

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<span lang="EN-IN">The characteristics like dynamic topology, power consumption, mobility etc. may leads to affect the routing process of packet as it progresses from one node to another node. The energy of each node is very limited in MANET’s due to which it becomes an important parameter to be considered while selecting the route. The ‘Optimized Link State Routing Protocol’ (OLSR) does not consider node energy during Multipoint relay (MPR) selection process. This paper proposes an improvement of OLSR routing protocol named as A-OLSR protocol using node energy during its MPR process. The improvement is based on adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The network simulator NS2.35 is used for the simulation, random way point model for mobility and constant bit rate (CBR) for traffic process. The performance of proposed A-OLSR protocol is evaluated using the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end to end delay metrices. The simulation results prove the superiority of the proposed protocol in terms of PDR.</span>

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Yuan, Lina, Huajun Chen et Jing Gong. « Interactive communication with clustering collaboration for wireless powered communication networks ». International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 18, n^o 2 (février 2022) : 155014772110699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211069910.

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In this article, we propose a novel wireless powered communication network, which is composed of two multiple antennas hybrid access points and a series of distributed wireless devices. The two hybrid access points transmit downlink wireless energy to the wireless devices and receive uplink wireless messages from the wireless devices; meanwhile, the information of wireless devices nearer to their corresponding hybrid access point should be transmitted to the faraway hybrid access point. To improve the throughput performance of some wireless devices away from their corresponding hybrid access point, we propose a clustering-collaboration interactive communication protocol with multiple antennas by Time Division Multiple Access, where two of the distributed wireless devices are selected as cluster heads to help relay information of other cluster members, which can efficiently improve some faraway wireless devices’ throughput performance. However, its performance is also constrained by cluster heads’ high-energy consumption. To solve this energy imbalance problem, multi-antenna energy beamforming technology is exploited for the hybrid access points, which distributes more transmission power to the cluster heads to balance all the wireless devices’ energy consumption. In particular, we obtain the proposed system’s throughput performance through the multi-antenna cluster-based collaboration, and verify through simulations that this scheme can effectively enhance user unfairness and improve the throughput performance.

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Shilin, Alexei, Pavel Dikarev et Serghei Dement’ev. « Intelligent System of Relay Protection of Electrical Network 6-10 kV with the Implementation of Automatic Correction of the Operation Set Point ». Problems of the Regional Energetics, n^o 3(59) (août 2023) : 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2023.3-59.02.

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The purpose of the study is to develop the architecture and working algorithm of intelligent relay protection of an electrical network with an isolated neutral. “Intellectualization” of relay protection is necessary to increase its sensitivity and reliability. This problem is relevant due to the accident rate of overhead power lines and incorrect operation of traditional relays. This is due to the fact that the set point is not adjusted according to the deviation of the line parameters with changing environmental and load conditions. The purpose of the study is achieved by solving the following problems: the concept of supplementing an electronic relay with a mechanism for correcting the operation set point is proposed. The use of the digital shadow of the electrical network is substantiated. The digital shadow interrogates the sensor system. The advantage of using a digital shadow as part of relay protection has been proven. This allows emulating faults and estimating currents to correct the setpoint. The most significant result of the study is an example of the implementation of intelligent relay protection using a digital shadow in the form of an artificial neural network. The application of a neural network for approximating the current function of a two-phase short circuit is demonstrated. The significance of the results lies in the improvement of the sensitivity and selectivity of current protection due to the digital shadow for working out emergency modes. The convenience of operating and reproducing a digital shadow in the form of a neural network is noted.

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Wang, Yong, et Xiyuan Wang. « Satellite Network Transmission of Cooperative Relay Superimposed Signal Reconstructed in Spatial Dimension ». Remote Sensing 15, n^o 4 (7 février 2023) : 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15040919.

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In order to save frequency resources, a new remote sensing satellite service can gradually adopt relay cooperation transmission to realize the same frequency and common channel transmission of multiple data. To solve the problem of mutual interference between messages, this study proposes a universal model of relay cooperative channel transmission, and the separation mechanism of heterogeneous signals for simultaneous unicast and multicast transmission is also studied. In this study, a signal space is used to reconstruct the degrees of freedom, and an orthogonalized spatial alignment direction is designed to obtain the equivalent parallel transmission channel. We also propose a constellation point remapping scheme under the optimal constraint of spatial separation of transmission signals. Furthermore, we merge constellation points to solve the problem of fuzzy mapping of physical layer network coding. The simulation results show that the co-channel transmission with interference suppression can be realized when the equivalent degrees of freedom of the signal intersection subspace is not less than dpK(K−1)+dcK. The Euclidean distance between constellation points is increased by constructing orthogonal signal spatial alignment directions, which brings an additional BER performance gain of 2dB. If the signal alignment direction and channel quality are jointly designed, the transmission quality can be further improved.

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Zhang, Lihua. « Development and Prospect of Chinese Lunar Relay Communication Satellite ». Space : Science & ; Technology 2021 (27 avril 2021) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/3471608.

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Relay communication satellites play a very important role on the lunar far side and pole areas exploration missions. Queqiao relay communication satellite was developed to provide relay communication support for the lander and the rover of Chang’e-4 mission landing on the far side of the Moon. From entering into the halo mission orbit around Earth-Moon libration point 2 on June 14, 2018, it has operated on the orbit more than thirty months. It worked very well and provided reliable, continuous relay communication support for the lander and the rover to accomplish the goals of Chang’e-4 lunar far side soft landing and patrol exploration mission. Exploration of the lunar south polar regions is of high scientific interest. A new relay communication satellite for Chinese south pole exploration mission is also under study. The system design and on-orbit operation status of Queqiao relay communication satellite were summarized in this paper. The system concept of the relay communication satellite for lunar south pole exploration missions is proposed. Finally, the future development and prospect of the lunar relay communication satellite system are given.

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Limaye, Sanjay S., et Irina D. Kovalenko. « Monitoring Venus and communications relay from Lagrange Points ». Planetary and Space Science 179 (décembre 2019) : 104710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104710.

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Tobar-Rosero, Oscar A., John E. Candelo-Becerra et Germán Zapata. « Performance Analysis of Overcurrent Protection in a Digital Substation with Process Bus ». Sustainability 14, n^o 13 (29 juin 2022) : 7958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137958.

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The digitization of electrical substations brings great challenges for the commissioning of electrical protections, and interoperability tests must be performed with different equipment. Therefore, this work evaluates the response time of an electrical protection relay operating with sampled values in a digital substation with a process bus. A test scheme is proposed to emulate the process bus based on analyzing the main components in a digital substation with multi-vendor device interoperability. In addition, the delay times of the protection relay with the process bus are measured, considering interoperable infrastructure as a fundamental factor in the system performance. The results are compared with the response times of a conventional relay that operates with analog signals to identify the impact of the digitalization of signals in electrical substations with a process bus. Each relay has an instantaneous overcurrent function adjusted to operate with the same pickup currents at different fault current levels. The results show that tripping times are admissible for the operation of the protection relays, considering three-time measuring points in the test scheme. The time delays found are related to high data traffic in the communication network and the traffic saturation according to the time measuring point. Other delays related to processing SVs in an MU do not represent a risk for the protection scheme. For the industry, the methods presented in the research are useful for configuring and testing electrical substations with different equipment and topologies. In addition, the results presented here seek to generate confidence in companies and engineering teams when migrating to systems with digital substations.

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Xu, Yan Wen. « Design and Implementation of the Relay Gateway Driver Software Based on AudioCode Chip ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (septembre 2013) : 2838–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.2838.

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In order to solve the problem of the PSTN network and IP network interconnection, in the study of digital relay server-driven software system architecture based on low-level driver software point of departure from the digital relay server, the proposed media and letter between the two networksso that the signaling conversion server communicate with each other, in order to achieve the signaling protocol conversion between the two networks; design of a digital relay server to complete media conversion between the two networks, the interconnection between two networks.

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Eryilmaz, Serkan. « Consecutive k-out-of-n lines with a change point ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O : Journal of Risk and Reliability 230, n^o 6 (20 août 2016) : 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x16661960.

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Reliability analysis of consecutive k-out-of- n systems and their generalizations has attracted a great deal of attention in the literature. Such systems have been used to model telecommunication networks, oil pipeline systems, vacuum systems in accelerators, spacecraft relay stations, etc. In this paper, nonrecursive closed form equations are presented for the reliability functions and mean time to failure values of consecutive k-out-of- n systems consisting of two types of nonidentical components. The results are illustrated for reliability evaluation of oil pipeline system.

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Khoa, Ngo Minh, Nguyen Huu Hieu et Dinh Thanh Viet. « A Study of SVC’s Impact Simulation and Analysis for Distance Protection Relay on Transmission Lines ». International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, n^o 4 (1 août 2017) : 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i4.pp1686-1695.

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<p>This paper focuses on analyzing and evaluating impact of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) on the measured impedance at distance protection relay location on power transmission lines. The measured impedance at the relay location when a fault occurs on the line is determined by using voltage and current signals from voltage and current transformers at the relay and the type of fault occurred on the line. The MHO characteristic is applied to analyze impact of SVC on the distance protection relay. Based on the theory, the authors in this paper develop a simulation program on Matlab/Simulink software to analyze impact of SVC on the distance protection relay. In the power system model, it is supposed that the SVC is located at mid-point of the transmission line to study impact of SVC on the distance relay. The simulation results show that SVC will impact on the measured impedance at the relay when the fault occurs after the location of the SVC on the power transmission line.</p>

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Rizky Kurniawan, Muhammad, et Hasna Satya Dini. « Optimasi Koordinasi Rele Arus Lebih Menggunakan Metode Algortima Kunang Kunang Pada Penyulang Pantry Gardu Induk Cipinang ». SUTET 13, n^o 1 (8 juillet 2023) : 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/sutet.v13i1.2030.

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Pantry Feeder reconfiguration at the Cipinang substation requires readjusting its relay parameters so it can work fast, selectively, and sensitively. The conventional relay parameter calculation method requires a manually iterative process, which may result in inaccuracy. To avoid this error, the parameters of the main relay (Relay CBO E146) and the backup relay (Relay Incoming Feeder) at the Pantry Feeder are set using the metaheuristic method, in this case the Firefly Algorithm. This algorithm's goal is to find the shortest relay coordination time given the relay working time limits and coordination time intervals. The optimization results obtained were validated using the ETAP application and compared with the results of conventional parameter calculation at four different fault points. The Firefly algorithm method can produce faster yet still selective relay coordination with a coordination time interval are 0.273; 0.349; 0.389; 0.456 seconds, while the conventional method is 1.072; 1.162; 1.302; 1.482 seconds.

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Kourogenis, Nikolaos C., et Nikolaos S. Papageorgiou. « Nonsmooth critical point theory and nonlinear elliptic equations at resonance ». Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A. Pure Mathematics and Statistics 69, n^o 2 (octobre 2000) : 245–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700002202.

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AbstractIn this paper we complete two tasks. First we extend the nonsmooth critical point theory of Chang to the case where the energy functional satisfies only the weaker nonsmooth Cerami condition and we also relax the boundary conditions. Then we study semilinear and quasilinear equations (involving the p-Laplacian). Using a variational approach we establish the existence of one and of multiple solutions. In simple existence theorems, we allow the right hand side to be discontinuous. In that case in order to have an existence theory, we pass to a multivalued approximation of the original problem by, roughly speaking, filling in the gaps at the discontinuity points.

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Jee, Hanguk, Jongkwan Lee, Jaesung Lim et Chan Yi Park. « Optimal Airborne Relay Point Selection Scheme for Battlefields Using Single UAV ». Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 43, n^o 6 (30 juin 2018) : 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2018.43.6.1028.

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Wahyudi, Sela Martasia, Budi Setiyono et Iwan Setiawan. « Design of Auto-tuning Relay Feedback controller for Shell Heavy Oil Fractionator ». MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018) : 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821802007.

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Auto-tuning relay feedback is one of the control techniques, which is used to solve the non-linear, long delay time, and disturbance's problems. This control technique is the development of Ziegler-Nichols that can be done automatically without doing system modeling. In this paper, auto-tuning relay feedback is used in the control system response to optimization of Shell Heavy Oil Fractionator (SHOF) system so the output of product composition as expected. SHOF is a distillation column type used to separate crude oil into desired products based on the difference in the boiling point of each product. PI regulators of relay feedback are used to control the valves on the SHOF with three inputs and three outputs that has been decoupled. Based on the tests, the average values of IAE at top end point composition (Y1) obtained with disturbance and no disturbance are 83.17 and 10.933, respectively. At the side end point composition (Y2), the average values of IAE with disturbance and no disturbance are obtained respectively, 336.38 and 42.3467. The average values of IAE at bottom reflux temperature (Y3) with disturbance and no disturbance are obtained 0.15 and 0.13, respectively.

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Sun, Ping, Junying Zhang, Anji Dong, Lei Zhang, Wenjun Wang, Nan Wu et Abo Dou. « Physical and Chemical Analysis of Contact Points of relay on EMU ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2364, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2022) : 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2364/1/012026.

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Abstract Electromagnetic relay is an essential part in electric control system on EMU. Because of frequent operation of on-off, external vibration, temperature rising and corrosive gas, etc when the EMU is in operation may cause wear and oxidation of the surface of contact points. Therefore, the electrical contact resistance increased, which cause contact electrical performance failure. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to observe and measure the surface and section of contact points. The experimental result shows that the surface layer wear and contained phosphate and the section contained O, F, S, P, Ag, Ni elements. Thereafter the mechanism of efficacy losing of electromagnetic relay was discussed.

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Zheng, Gui Lin, et Zhi Fu Zhang. « A Novel Intelligent Load Control Switch Based on Dynamic Compensation Method for Current Zero-Crossing Point ». Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (janvier 2012) : 4717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4717.

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A new-type of intelligent electric load control switch composed of three separate magnetic latching relays is presented. A method of AC current and voltage sampling and root mean square (RMS) calculation is employed to ensure reliable operation of the electric load. The method possesses such features as less hardware requirements, good real-time performance, high frequency interference eliminating. Current zero-crossing break is the most outstanding advantage of the switch. In order to guarantee the magnetic latching relay shut off at current zero-crossing point accurately in long term operation, a dynamic compensation for delay time is proposed based on all-around research of the properties of magnetic latching relay actuation time. Finally, an application of the switch in the electric load control system constructed via CAN bus and ZigBee network is well brought forth.

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Cui, Jian Tao, et Lu Juan Deng. « The Research of Frame-Relay Multipoint Interface Network Based on OSPF ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (novembre 2013) : 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1617.

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Frame-relay and OSPF is a common application combination in engineering practice, A lot of problems need to be paid attention to when using different OSPF network type in different Frame-relay topology environment. Misconfiguration is more likely to cause network to run abnormally. According to the engineering practice of Frame-relay and OSPF, this paper puts forward the key problems in Frame-relay multipoint interface network running OSPF, and makes an intensive study of the main points of solving problems.

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Emhemad Aker, Elhadi, Mohammad Lutfi Othman, Ishak Aris, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab, Hashim Hizam et Osaji Emmanuel. « Adverse Impact of STATCOM on the Performance of Distance Relay ». Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, n^o 3 (1 juin 2017) : 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i3.pp528-536.

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FACTS devices like the Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), are mostly used to enhance the maximum power transfer capability of the transmission Line (TL) system. A Matlab simulation model of Distance Relay protection of TL, with connected STATCOM at the mid-point for optimum power transfer is presented. The STATCOM’s impact on the operation of the relay is assessed with the effects on the relay misoperation in the third zone of protection coverage, during fault conditions, in four different locations.The wrong measured fault impedance by relay resulted to misoperation in zone 3 (under reach phenomena). The simulation result indicates a slight increase in the measured impedance of 1.33 Ω over the actually expected impedance setting (72.02 Ω) of the relay at 220 km protection coverage of zone 3 along the TL. This variation is about 4 km distance outside the expected distance protection coverage for fault in zone 3 as proven.

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Feng, Guiguo, Wangmei Guo et Binyue Liu. « Achievable Rate Region under Linear Beamforming for Dual-Hop Multiple-Access Relay Network ». Entropy 20, n^o 8 (24 juillet 2018) : 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20080547.

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Consider a network consisting of two independent single-antenna sources, a single-antenna destination and a helping multiple-antenna relay. This network is called a dual-hop multiple access relay network (MARN). In this network, sources transmit to the relay simultaneously in the first time slot. The relay retransmits the received sum-signal to the destination using a linear beamforming scheme in the second time slot. In this paper, we characterize the achievable rate region of MARN under linear beamforming. The achievable rate region characterization problem is first transformed to an equivalent “corner point” optimization problem with respect to linear beamforming matrix at the relay. Then, we present an efficient algorithm to solve it via only semi-definite programming (SDP). We further derive the mathematical close-forms of the maximum individual rates and the sum-rate. Finally, numerical results demonstrate the performance of the proposed schemes.

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Azizov, Asadulla, Elnara Ametova, Qurbonali Nuriddinov et Saidazim Ubaydullayev. « The operation model of the point setting relay for a microelectronic device ». E3S Web of Conferences 515 (2024) : 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451504001.

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The application of electromagnetic relays in train control systems in rail transport is a challenging task. The solution of this innovative problem is based on the use of microelectronic, contactless elements, graph theory, process modeling, and the use of microprocessors. A Petri net multigraph has been developed and investigated for various operating modes of route cutting relays. Multigraphs, the functional diagram, and the algorithm of operation of the microelectronic relay block are given.

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Vahid oğlu Nasiyev, Müslim. « Research and application of satellite communication networks as an alternative to modern communication systems ». SCIENTIFIC WORK 68, n^o 07 (22 juillet 2021) : 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/68/78-83.

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Research work has been devoted to show how satellite technology can meet a variety of human needs and the ultimate measure of its effectiveness. Communication satellites, whether in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) or non GEO, provide an effective platform to relay radio signals between points on the ground. The users who employ these signals enjoy a broad spectrum of telecommunication services on the ground, at sea, and in the air. In recent years, such systems have become practical to the point where a typical household can have its own satellite dish. That dish can receive a broad range of television programming and provide broadband access to the Internet. Key words: satellite, antenna, Earth orbit (GEO), transponder, VHF, frequency modulation (FM)10.36719/2663-4619/68/78-83 Müslim Vahid oğlu Nasiyev Azərbaycan Texniki Universiteti magistrant mnesiyev@gmail.com MÜASİR RABİTƏ SİSTEMLƏRİNƏ ALTERNATİV OLARAQ, PEYK RABİTƏ ŞƏBƏKƏLƏRİNİN ARAŞDIRILMASI VƏ TƏTBİQİ Açar sözlər: Peyk, antena, yer orbiti (GEO), transponder, VHF, tezlik modulyasiyası (FM) Research and application of satellite communication networks as an alternative to modern communication systems Summary Research work has been devoted to show how satellite technology can meet a variety of human needs and the ultimate measure of its effectiveness. Communication satellites, whether in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) or non GEO, provide an effective platform to relay radio signals between points on the ground. The users who employ these signals enjoy a broad spectrum of telecommunication services on the ground, at sea, and in the air. In recent years, such systems have become practical to the point where a typical household can have its own satellite dish. That dish can receive a broad range of television programming and provide broadband access to the Internet. Key words: satellite, antenna, Earth orbit (GEO), transponder, VHF, frequency modulation (FM)

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Ren, Hongyan, Changpeng Yang, Tengfei Sun et Xing Huang. « Thermal design and flight validation of the chang’e-4 relay satellite ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2691, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2024) : 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2691/1/012048.

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Abstract The Chang’e-4 relay satellite operates in the HALO orbit at the Earth-Moon Lagrange L2 point, which can provide relay communication to the lander and the rover operating on the lunar far side to maintain their contacts with the earth and is a key link of the Chang’e-4 exploration mission. Unlike most LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites, the outer space environment of the Chang’e-4 relay satellite is much harsher. The Chang’e-4 relay satellite must suffer from a torrid environment that faces direct sunlight or direct exposure to 4K deep cold space in a shadow zone which may last longer than 6 hours. The Chang’e-4 relay satellite must ensure the operation and temperature control of instruments and equipment during the shadow zone with a limited battery level. This proposes high demands on the TCD (Thermal Control Design). The entire satellite resources were reasonably used for integrated TCD with limited battery level and limited weight. According to the working mode of the Chang’e-4 relay satellite and its torrid environment, its TCD was completed successfully, and on-orbit test data conformed to the expected results and theoretical calculation. TCD of the Chang’e-4 relay satellite has worked normally since the day that the Chang’e-4 relay satellite was launched into space.

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