Articles de revues : « Plant protection product »

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de Pastors, Alice. « Plant protection product supplementary protection certificates ». World Patent Information 22, n^o 1-2 (mars 2000) : 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0172-2190(00)00030-2.

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Williams, Sidney B. « Utility product patent protection for plant varieties ». Trends in Biotechnology 4, n^o 2 (février 1986) : 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(86)90151-4.

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James, EE, DA Mulholland, MK Langat, I. Kleeberg, J. Treutwein, HMT Hokkanen, B. Thürig, HJ Schärer et L. Tamm. « Development of a botanical plant protection product from Larix by-products ». Planta Medica 81, S 01 (14 décembre 2016) : S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596140.

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Kutchan, Toni M. « Natural product munitions — new prospects for plant protection ». Trends in Plant Science 2, n^o 12 (décembre 1997) : 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(97)90034-0.

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Gorelova, O. M., L. V. Kurtukova et S. G. Rusakov. « Preparation of product for environmentally friendly plant protection ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 408 (14 janvier 2020) : 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/408/1/012020.

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Apazhev, A. K., Y. A. Shekikhachev, L. M. Hazhmetov, E. N. Didanova et Kh G. Kurzhiev. « Ensuring the environmental safety of food when using biological products in the protection of cabbage agrocenosis ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 981, n^o 2 (1 février 2022) : 022054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/2/022054.

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Abstract The use of chemical means of protecting plants from diseases and pests to increase yields and improve the presentation of the product leads to negative consequences. The main one is the accumulation of chemical residues in products and the release of resistant forms of pathogens. The use of microbial antagonists that suppress the development of phytopathogenic fungi is considered as an alternative method of plant protection. Biological preparations for suppressing plant diseases are based on antagonist microorganisms, hyperparasites, and biota metabolites. An increase in the share of biological protection and a decrease in the share of the use of agrochemicals in the plant protection system contributes to the improvement of the socio-ecological situation. The search for technological methods for reducing the frequency of treatments is especially important for the cabbage culture. In this regard, this article evaluates the effectiveness of biological products in protecting cabbage agrocenosis and increasing productivity.

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Marchand, Patrice A. « Basic substances under EC 1107/2009 phytochemical regulation : experience with non-biocide and food products as biorationals ». Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2016) : 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0041.

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Abstract Basic Substances are a newly effective category of Plant Protection Product under EC Regulation No 1107/2009. The first approved application of Equisetum arvense L. opened Part C of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, which lists the basic substance approved. Although E. arvense was described as a fungicide extract, subsequent applications like chitosan were related to non-biocide molecules. Consequently, plant protection product data were collected from research on alternative or traditional crop protection methods. They are notably issued or derived from foodstuffs (plants, plant by-products, plant derived products, substances and derived substances from animal origin). Applications are currently submitted by our Institute, under evaluation at different stages of the approval process or already approved. Remarkably, this Basic Substance category under pesticide EU Regulation was surprisingly designed for these non-biocidal plant protection products. In fact, components described as the “active substance” of most of the actual applications are food products like sugars and lecithin. Basic Substance applications for these foodstuffs are therefore a straightforward way of easily gaining approval for them. Here we describe the approval context and detail the agricultural uses of theses food products as Biological Control Agents (BCAs) or biorationals for crop protection. From all deposited or approved Basic Substance Application (BSA), a proof has been provided that non-biocide and food products via physical barrier or lure effects may be effective plant protection products with an acceptable low profile of concern for public and agricultural safety.

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Zalewski, Arkadiusz. « Sezonowość cen środków ochrony roślin w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), n^o 2 (2 juillet 2018) : 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.2.58.

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Plant protection products stand out from other means of production for agriculture with little price dynamics. The article presents the occurrence and the size of seasonal fluctuations in plant protection product prices in selected EU countries. Due to the availability of data, the prices of plant protection products in Poland, France, Ireland and Greece were analyzed. Seasonal variation analysis was performed using the seasonal decomposition method. The study does not point to a clear seasonality in the prices of plant protection products on the markets analyzed. The seasonality of plant protection products prices was observed only on the Polish and French markets, while the variations in seasonal fluctuations were small. Seasonal price increases were observed for the Polish market from March to June, during the period of increased demand for plant protection products. In the second half of the year, prices generally declined. Seasonal price changes on the French market were similar.

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BAŠA ČESNIK, Helena, Špela VELIKONJA BOLTA et Ana GREGORČIČ. « PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCT RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF SLOVENE ORIGIN FOUND IN 2008 ». Journal of Central European Agriculture 12, n^o 4 (2011) : 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/12.4.970.

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De Benedetti, Stefano, Valeria Girlando, Matias Pasquali et Alessio Scarafoni. « Valorization of Okara by Enzymatic Production of Anti-Fungal Compounds for Plant Protection ». Molecules 26, n^o 16 (11 août 2021) : 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164858.

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Okara is a soybean transformation agri-food by-product, the massive production of which currently poses severe disposal issues. However, its composition is rich in seed storage proteins, which, once extracted, can represent an interesting source of bioactive peptides. Antimicrobial and antifungal proteins and peptides have been described in plant seeds; thus, okara is a valuable source of compounds, exploitable for integrated pest management. The aim of this work is to describe a rapid and economic procedure to isolate proteins from okara, and to produce an enzymatic proteolyzed product, active against fungal plant pathogens. The procedure allowed the isolation and recovery of about 30% of okara total proteins. Several proteolytic enzymes were screened to identify the proper procedure to produce antifungal compounds. Antifungal activity of the protein digested for 24 h with pancreatin against Fusarium and R. solani mycelial growth and Pseudomonas spp was assessed. A dose-response inhibitory activity was established against fungi belonging to the Fusarium genus. The exploitation of okara to produce antifungal bioactive peptides has the potential to turn this by-product into a paradigmatic example of circular economy, since a field-derived food waste is transformed into a source of valuable compounds to be used in field crops protection.

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Baker, Sarah, et Jon Knight. « What Will Happen to Plant Protection Product Regulation After Brexit ? » Outlooks on Pest Management 28, n^o 2 (1 avril 2017) : 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v28_apr_13.

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Dobe, Christopher, Sébastien Bonifay, Joachim D. Krass, Claire McMillan, Adrian Terry et Matthias Wormuth. « REACH Specific Environmental Release Categories for Plant Protection Product Applications ». Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 16, n^o 4 (25 mars 2020) : 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4251.

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Stejskal, V., et R. Aulický. « Scientometrical analysis of journal Plant Protection Science in 1950–2002 ». Plant Protection Science 39, No. 3 (25 novembre 2011) : 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3866-pps.

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We analysed scientific papers published in the “Plant Protection Science” (PPS), former “Ochrana Rostlin” which is the only international scientific journal covering the problematic of the plant protection in the Czech Republic (CZ). The aim of this study was to explore general trends in the plant protection research in CZ during the five past decades (i.e. 1950–2002). During the period studied, 1633 articles and 2425 authors appeared in PPS. The peak of the annual publishing quantity was in 1970s and 1980s. The number of papers per year declined in 1990s reflecting (i) a decrease of scientific institutes and restriction of agricultural research in the CZ in early 1990s, and (ii) increasing demands on the quality of PPS in this period. The publication proportion of various disciplines in PPS were as follows: mycology (34.3%), entomology (20.9%), virology (20.9%), weed science (13.7%), bacteriology (4.9%), agroecology (3.2%), stored-product protection (1.7%), rodent control (0.2%), air-pollution derived injuries (0.1%). The relative contributions of the individual disciplines were fairly steady across the period studied except for the increased publishing share of the stored product protection. We found a decreasing trend in the publishing of pesticide papers, and an increasing trend to publish papers by more than one author. The global process of integration and internationalisation of applied sciences was reflected by PPS via (i) replacement of the national (OR) title with the English title (PPS) of the journal, (ii) increasing number of foreign authors, and (iii) increasing proportion of scientific papers in English, reaching 100% in 1999. Most of the changes leading to internationalisation of the journal PPS were traceable after 1989s with the termination of a “cold war” inEurope.    

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Doshi, Pratik, Anett Mészárosné Póss, Ferenc Tóth, Mark Szalai et György Turóczi. « Effect of neem-derived plant protection products on the isopod species Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) ». ZooKeys 801 (3 décembre 2018) : 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.25510.

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Neem-based products have gained major attention over the last few years due to their wide range of applications in pest management, and have been in the focus of biological plant protection research in the past decade. Yet, there is limited information available to understand the side effects of these neem-derived pesticides on non-target species in soil. Therefore, Porcellionidespruinosus, a terrestrial isopod, was chosen as a non-target species to investigate such possible effects. Two different experiments were conducted to study two different neem-derived plant protection products, i.e., NeemAzal T/S (1% azadirachtin) which is a commercial product registered in the EU, and neem leaf extract from dried neem leaves (1%).The latter simulates the plant protection product, is domestically produced, and widely used by farmers in India and other tropical and subtropical countries. Findings are consistent with previous results obtained with other non-target organisms, i.e., neither of the tested neem products have adverse effects on the mortality of P.pruinosus. However, further research on a wider range of soil organisms is needed to prove the safety of neem-based products as biological control agents and to be part of integrated pest management.

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Lake, Leslie K., Warren E. Shafer, Sheryl K. Reilly et Russell S. Jones. « Regulation of Biochemical Plant Growth Regulators at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ». HortTechnology 12, n^o 1 (janvier 2002) : 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.1.55.

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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often used in crop production for specific niche market needs. PGRs are frequently viewed as secondary business opportunities by the private sector, especially when compared to herbicide, insecticide, and/or fungicide markets. Nonetheless, PGRs are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the additional cost of regulatory compliance as part of commercial development is significant. Of the two broad classes of pesticides regulated by the USEPA, conventional chemicals and biological pesticides (or biopesticides), many PGRs belong to the biopesticide class, specifically the biochemical category. Because of USEPA's responsibility to assure that any pesticide used in commerce will not result in unreasonable adverse effects to humans or the environment, specific data requirements have been established for product registration. Registrants must address each requirement, either by submitting relevant data or a request to waive the requirement, prior to receiving a federal registration. For biochemical PGRs, the acceptability of data or waiver requests, as well as any proposed label uses, are reviewed by the Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division (BPPD). The BPPD was formed in 1994 to facilitate the development of biopesticide products. Given the time and expense associated with PGR product development and commercialization, registrants should work closely with the USEPA and other stakeholders to help ensure successful product development.

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Zioga, Elena, Ruth Kelly, Blánaid White et Jane C. Stout. « Plant protection product residues in plant pollen and nectar : A review of current knowledge ». Environmental Research 189 (octobre 2020) : 109873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109873.

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Ogunnupebi, Temitope A., Abimbola P. Oluyori, Adewumi O. Dada, Oluwole S. Oladeji, Adejumoke A. Inyinbor et Godshelp O. Egharevba. « Promising Natural Products in Crop Protection and Food Preservation : Basis, Advances, and Future Prospects ». International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (30 juillet 2020) : 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8840046.

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The increase in demand for agricultural produce necessitates the continuous search for affordable, ecofriendly, readily available crop protectors, and food preservatives. Historically, the use of various chemicals was employed in controlling plant diseases and to maintain food quality. In the past few decades, several natural product-based alternatives have been discovered and projected as better alternatives to synthetic pesticides and other synthetic agrochemicals. Recent studies focusing on the application of different botanicals in crop protection and food preservation were carefully selected and reviewed. The application of plant extract in the biogenic preparation of nanoparticles was also reviewed. This review confirms that several natural products can be used as a safe replacement for synthetic agrochemicals. Different plant extracts have also served as feed for the synthesis of nanoparticle, which is increasingly applicable in crop protection and food preservation.

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Reichmuth, Christoph. « Trends in stored-product protection — the German perspective ». Phytoparasitica 27, n^o 1 (mars 1999) : 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980721.

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Baša Česnik, Helena, Špela Velikonja Bolta et Klemen Lisjak. « Plant protection product residues in red grapes and Teran PTP wine ». Food Additives & ; Contaminants : Part B 8, n^o 2 (9 mars 2015) : 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2014.1002816.

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Chaplygin, V., N. Budynkov, A. Glinushkin, S. Mikhaleva, A. Proskurin, S. Kozyrev, V. Kalinitchenko et al. « Application of plant protection biological product via pulsed intra-soil discrete methodology ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1096, n^o 1 (1 octobre 2022) : 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1096/1/012024.

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Abstract Hardly decomposable aboveground and underground plant residues are a substrate for the Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme and other dangerous infections of subsequent crops in the crop rotation. For the period 2014-2020, an infection of grain with F. moniliforme increased in the Kursk region by 2.3 times; in Volgograd region by 3.7 times; in Rostov region by 8.7 times; and in the Stavropol Territory by 5.4 times. After treatment of plant residues of corn with biological preparation-sanator, a rhizoctonia disappeared from the winter wheat agrophytocenosis, and an occurrence of the F. moniliforme decreased by 2.5 times; a frequency of occurrence of pathogenic fungi F. moniliforme and F. avenaceum on the aerial parts of a plant was 20%, and on the plant residues 10% or less. A microbial colonization of the underground residues of sunflower and corn plants by F. moniliforme after harvesting was up to 30% for three years. Intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete robotic system for application of a biological plant protection product has been developed to increase an impact of biological plant protection product on phytopathogen into the plant residue and topsoil. The method provides priority plant protection from harmful biological objects, improving soil health, increasing plant productivity and product quality.

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Volchkevich, Khalaeva et Konopatsckaya. « POTATO PROTECTION AGAINST GLOBODEROSIS IN BELARUS ». THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, n^o 23 (18 avril 2022) : 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-9-9.2022.23.124-128.

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The golden nematode of potato is a quarantine species that is widespread in the Republic of Belarus and a causative agent of potato globoderosis causing yield depression of up to 90%. Chemical plant protection products are the most drastic and fastest method to control the phytohelminth. The efficacy of Verango nematicide, KS was studied on-site in the Quarantine Station of RUE "Institute of Plant Protection" on a natural infection background which had 12.3-18.3 cysts/100 mL of soil. The invasive load of the nematode in soil was determined before potato planting and during harvesting. It was found that the rate of cyst increasing in soil was 0.9–1.2, and 1.3–2.3 without the plant protection product, regardless of the Verango, KS frequency. The biological efficacy of the nematicide varied depending on the year the studies were performed. Thus, it was 29.8–32.7% under unfavorable weather conditions, and 45.1–47.9% under favorable weather conditions for the phytohelminth development. Verango, KS did not adversely affect the growth and development of potatoes and contributed to accumulation and preservation of 0.3–3.6% to 8.8–9.7% potato tuber yield.

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Boykova, I. V., O. V. Topkova et O. I. Korotkova. « NON-MEDICAL ANTIBIOTIC IMBRICIN –ECOLOGICALLY SAFE PESTICIDE FOR PLANT PROTECTION ». http://eng.biomos.ru/conference/articles.htm 1, n^o 19 (2021) : 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37747/2312-640x-2021-19-361-363.

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The biological activity of the non-medical antibiotic imbricin was studied in order to determine the possibility of its use as an ecologically safe and effective biological product for protecting plants from diseases and harmful arthropods.

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Rushikesh Thakre, Ketaki Harne, Pradip Tekade et Shweta Parve. « Role of Ajan Vruksha/Khandu Chakka Plant (Ehretia Laevis Roxb.) in Covid-19 Pandemic ». International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (3 août 2020) : 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2703.

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Ehretia Laevis Roxb. plant has many compounds useful in wound healing, fractures, UTI, aphrodisiac, headache, antihelminthics, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant, RTI, fever, fungal infections, hepato-protective , cytotoxic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-carcinogenic, weight gain, diabetes , muscles wasting, anti viral activity, preventing viral mutations, blood clotting, reduce the serum lipid level, immunity booster, promotes neural crest cell survival, sedation , anti-Alzheimer,antinociceptive , thyroid uptake promotion, anticoagulant, antiplatelet aggregatory, peptic ulcer, antiasthmatic, antiosteoporotic & antiosteopenic , anticataract & ophthalmic effect, decongestant, skin protective, nephroprotective, anti fatigue effect, protection of human sperm, protection of testicular tissue , larvicidal, antimalarial, antiretroviral, cosmetics product, atopic dermatitis, anti fatigue, neuroprotective, retinoprotective, lung tissue protection, heart protection , prevention of splenocyte apoptosis, relieve stress and improve sleep, hepatic encephalopathy , anti-secretory, neurotransmitter, myelin sheath maintenance, gastric acid secretion & regulation, metal ions chelator, anemia, psychiatric disorders, collagen formation, reduce the recurrence, severity, healing period of herpes simplex virus infections, calcium absorption , muscle protein, post surgery recovery, sports injuries, hormones , aging, used in psychotropic drugs.

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Danilova, T. A., M. V. Arkhipov, V. K. Moiseeva et Yu A. Tyukalov. « MANAGEMENT OF CROP PRODUCT QUALITY AND SAFETY DEPENDING ON PLANT PROTECTION METHODS ». THEORETICAL & ; APPLIED PROBLEMS OF AGRO-INDUSTRY 1 (mai 2020) : 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/2221-7312-2020-43-1-15-20.

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Miflin, B. J. « Plant biotechnology : aspects of its application in industry ». Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, n^o 3-4 (1992) : 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005571.

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SynopsisPlant biotechnology can serve industrial concerns in two ways; it can lead to new products and to new ways of producing an existing product (i.e. ‘processes’). The technology can be used in any business involved in using or selling plant products. In the agricultural input business molecular genetics is having most effect on the introduction of new variation into crop plants. The first products are likely to involve the introduction of insect and disease resistance and herbicide tolerance; some genes transferred will change product quality. Future applications will involve the control of more complex traits. Biotechnology will also enhance plant breeding via improved technologies (e.g. RFLPs and tissue culture); also the production of hybrids is likely to be enhanced and extended. Early products will also include the production of rDNA microbial products for control of pests and diseases.Of considerable concern to businesses is whether or not they can make sufficient financial return on plant biotechnology. The reasons behind this concern are the time it takes to introduce a product to the market; the expenditure on meeting regulatory requirements; the overall level of public acceptance of the products and the level of return from the farmer. To ensure a fair return on investment there also needs to be a secure structure of intellectual property protection (patents, plant breeders rights, etc.). Continued success in the application of plant science to agricultural improvement depends on a proper economic environment as well as the advancement of the science.

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Tiilikkala, Kari, Leena Fagernäs et Jasse Tiilikkala. « History and Use of Wood Pyrolysis Liquids as Biocide and Plant Protection Product ». Open Agriculture Journal 4, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2010) : 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010111.

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Archeological studies have found that pyrolysis liquids were already used in the time of the Neanderthal. Wood vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. However, future business ideas may be the other way round as pyrolysis liquids may replace synthetic chemicals in the form of pesticides and biocides. Directives and regulations related to the sustainable use of pesticides govern and direct plant protection strategies towards a lower use of synthetic chemicals. It is hoped that many mega trends of global policies will boost the use of plant based products given that a reduced reliance on fossil fuel is a general target in the global food and feed production economy. Pyrolysis technology has been actively studied and developed around the world and is linked to the development of the knowledge based bio-economy. The importance and social impact of pyrolysis technologies will also be enhanced because it is a practicable technique in the sustainable use of wastes and biomasses. However, very little scientific evidence is available to support efficacy claims of wood vinegar and toxicology assessments of the products used. Wood tar has been investigated a bit more thoroughly. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. In addition, some of the main challenges in developing novel bio control technologies are discussed and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed.

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B, Muthmainna, et Ardilla Amra. « Uji pH dan Nilai SPF ( Sun Protecting Factor) Terhadap Krim Sunblock Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) ». Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research 4, n^o 1 (9 février 2022) : 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v4i1.13512.

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pH is an important parameter in cosmetic products because it is very high or low pH can caused skin irritation. SPF (Sun Protecting Factor) is a universal indicator that describes the effectiveness of a product or substance that is UV protector. The Moringa plant which has a Latin name called Moringa oleifera or in English it is called a drumstick plant is a plant that is a vegetable that is full of nutrients and has various types of uses. This study aims to determine the pH levels and SPF (Sun Protecting Factor) values contained in the sunblock cream of Moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera L.). In this study, pH levels were tested by weighing sunblock cream with a concentration of 1%, 3%, 5% then dissolved into aquadest and then tested for pH levels using a pH meter which resulted in pH levels of 6.89 for a concentration of 1%, 6.73 for a concentration of 3% and 6.60 for 5% concentration. While the determination of the SPF (Sun Protecting Factor) value was carried out by weighing the sunblock cream with a concentration of 1%, 3%, 5% then dissolved in ethanol then precipitated using a centrifuge and the absorption was measured using a spectrophotometer which resulted in a SPF (Sun Protecting Factor) value of 7.012 with the category of extra protection, for 1% concentration that 7.275 with extra protection category for 3% concentration and 9.397 with maximum protection for 5% concentration.

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Talukder, Farid. « Pesticide Resistance in Stored-Product Insects and Alternative Biorational Management : A Brief Review ». Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 14 (1 janvier 2009) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol14iss0pp9-15.

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Conventional pesticides are being used as the major tools for stored grain and food protection. Many conventional pesticides have created problems including pesticide resistance, toxic residues in the treated products, handling hazards, health hazards to operatives and pest resurgence. Among these, the incidence of pesticide resistance is a growing problem in stored product protection. Problems associated with synthetic pesticides, especially pesticide resistance, have created a worldwide interest in the development of alternative biorational strategies. Plant-derived materials, biological control agents, insect growth regulators, solar disinfestation systems, use of inert dusts and diatomaceous earth, etc., are potential viable alternatives. Most of these alternatives have low toxicity or are not toxic to humans, making them environmentally acceptable and enabling them to be incorporated in stored product protection.

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Davis, David W., et James J. Luby. « Some Current Options in the Use of Plant Variety Protection in Horticulture ». HortScience 23, n^o 1 (février 1988) : 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.1.15.

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Abstract The large number of horticultural crops represents a great genetic diversity. This diversity is important in numerous ways such as in pollination control, product use, and environmental requirements for the production and handling of seeds, propagules, and the commercial product, to name only a few. The diversity is reflected further in the business structure of horticulture and, most relevant to our discussion, to relationships at the interface between the public and the private sectors in crop improvement.

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Bursić, Vojislava, Gorica Vuković, Magdalena Cara, Marija Kostić, Tijana Stojanović, Aleksandra Petrović, Nikola Puvača, Dušan Marinković et Bojan Konstantinović. « Plant Protection Products Residues Assessment in the Organic and Conventional Agricultural Production ». Sustainability 13, n^o 3 (21 janvier 2021) : 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031075.

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The organic food is progressively enticing purchasers’ attention, as it is recognized to be better than the food produced by the conventional agriculture and more sustainable for the natural environment. Pesticides and their metabolites can enter the human body via food and water. In the food production, over 60 thousand chemical agents are applied, while 90% of the harmful substances are consumed. The organic production is based on the qualitative and healthy food using the natural resources in an ecologically sustainable way. The European Regulations set the maximum pesticide levels (MRLs) in the organic products, which are also regulated by The United States Department of Agriculture in their National program supported by The United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is imperative to bear in mind that in the products from the organic production, the multiple detections cannot be tolerated, i.e., that one product cannot contain more than two detected pesticide residues. In this paper, a multi-residue pesticide method has been developed to determine the pesticides in the agricultural products from the organic and conventional production. In this work, 60 pesticides were analyzed using a simple QuEChERS sample preparation procedure, followed by LC-MS/MS. The tomato, potato, apple, and carrot samples from the organic and conventional products were collected from the market and the pesticide residues assessment comparing the organic to the conventional was done.

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Ögür, Ekrem, et Emrah Önemli. « COVID-19 Pandemisinin Bitkisel Üretime ve Bitki Korumaya Etkileri ». Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, n^o 7 (6 août 2022) : 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i7.1329-1333.5336.

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After the COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic, nothing has ever been the same for humankind. The lockdown, travel restrictions, closure of borders, and restriction of the movement of people and materials through quarantine measures applied all over the world to combat the COVID-19 pandemic affected agriculture alongside many sectors. The pandemic has made countries reconsider the issue of self-sufficiency in agriculture and it has been understood once again that agriculture is an indispensable element of human life. Agriculture is generally an input-intensive industry. Plant protection products, fertilizers, seeds, fuel, and labor are among the most important of these inputs. Failure to occur in one or more of these means a decrease in the quality and quantity of the product. Countries that do not want to face such a problem have taken some measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, some have been successful, and some have been insufficient. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to labor shortages in plant production, difficulties in accessing plant protection products, and disruptions in plant protection practices due to lack of labor force, financial problems and equipment shortages. The pandemic has also affected education and research activities. With this review, we tried to discuss the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on plant production and plant protection in Turkey and in the world.

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Ögür, Ekrem, et Emrah Önemli. « COVID-19 Pandemisinin Bitkisel Üretime ve Bitki Korumaya Etkileri ». Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, n^o 7 (6 août 2022) : 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i7.1329-1333.5336.

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After the COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic, nothing has ever been the same for humankind. The lockdown, travel restrictions, closure of borders, and restriction of the movement of people and materials through quarantine measures applied all over the world to combat the COVID-19 pandemic affected agriculture alongside many sectors. The pandemic has made countries reconsider the issue of self-sufficiency in agriculture and it has been understood once again that agriculture is an indispensable element of human life. Agriculture is generally an input-intensive industry. Plant protection products, fertilizers, seeds, fuel, and labor are among the most important of these inputs. Failure to occur in one or more of these means a decrease in the quality and quantity of the product. Countries that do not want to face such a problem have taken some measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, some have been successful, and some have been insufficient. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to labor shortages in plant production, difficulties in accessing plant protection products, and disruptions in plant protection practices due to lack of labor force, financial problems and equipment shortages. The pandemic has also affected education and research activities. With this review, we tried to discuss the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on plant production and plant protection in Turkey and in the world.

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Ganchev, Donyo, et Neno Nenov. « The Effectiveness of Tobacco Oil Fungicidal Preparation Towards Powdery Mildew of Wheat (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) ». Open Agriculture Journal 10, n^o 1 (30 avril 2016) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501610010001.

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The pesticide formulation prepared as "ready to be used plant protection product" on the basis of tobacco oil was created and tested in two years field trials against powdery mildew of wheat (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). The results showed strong fungicidal effect without any phytotoxic activities (chemotherapeutic coefficient = 10) onto treated plants. This indicates the future development of this pesticide formulation as effective, natural friendly and cheap product for plant protection, which can be used both in commercial and organic agriculture.

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Mijacevic, Zora, et Snezana Bulajic. « Concept of protection of food of animal origin ». Veterinarski glasnik 59, n^o 1-2 (2005) : 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0502167m.

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The currently valid regulations (Official Gazette 26/2002) define the requirements for the quality of milk and milk products. The same legislature defines also the concept of composite products, that is, products in which part of the fat or proteins have been substituted with fat or proteins of different origin. A composite product must include the term composite in its name, and the part of the declaration which lists the contents of total proteins and fat must specify the part of plant proteins and fat in total proteins and fat of milk products. With the growth of the population and the concern for health, new requirements have been set, and consumers expect a food article to meet not only the nutritive requirements, but also to have certain functional characteristics, or that it is not burdened with components which have a negative effect on health (the presence of cholesterol, sodium chloride, a high percentage of saturated fatty acids). The complete substitution of one milk component results in a completely new product. A change in the traditional composition of a certain food article must be clearly declared, so as not to confuse consumers and to provide them with the possibility of choice. In our market, there have lately appeared products that are marked as imitations, alternatives, diet cheese, vegetable cheese. Modified products which do not meet the traditional identity standards must be marked as imitations, in case they are nutritionally inferior with respect to the traditionally standardized food articles, or as substitutes or alternatives, in the event that they are a nutritive equivalent to the traditional food articles. The lack of legal regulations for this category of product leads to the irregular declaration of such products, and consequently provides false information about the characteristics of such articles to the consumer. It is necessary to regulate this area with the respective laws in order to protect the consumer.

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Ortiz, Jaime F. Pereña, Ángel Enrique Salvo Tierra et Daniel Sánchez-Mata. « Application of Phytosociological Information in the Evaluation of the Management of Protected Areas ». Plants 12, n^o 2 (15 janvier 2023) : 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020406.

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The classification system of plant communities using phytosociological methods can be applied to their conservation in protected areas, as well as in establishing adequate protections and granting legal status to such areas. A new integrative index is developed to classify plant communities for the evaluation of the conservation status of protected areas, obtained from the product of three statistical indices of diversity: Syntaxonomic Distinctness, Rarefaction and Areas Prioritisation, which has been named DRA (acronym of the three indices used). The DRA is used to assess whether the status granted to Protected Areas matches the values provided by the plant communities within them and which were the basis for the identification and description of the Habitats of Community Interest (Habitats Directive—92/43/CEE). The proposed method was applied to the network of protected natural areas on the Andalusian coast, including 14 areas with different protection status, where, once the plant communities they contain were identified, the DRA index was applied to each of them and compared with the Legal Protection Index, i.e., the current protection regime; it becomes clear, objectively, that not all the statuses assigned, whether the IUCN criteria or those of the Andalusian government, correspond to the real levels of protection they should have on the basis of their plant communities.

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G, UshaDevi, et Gokulnath BV. « A survey on plant disease prediction using machine learning and deep learning techniques ». Inteligencia Artificial 23, n^o 65 (31 juillet 2020) : 136–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol23iss65pp136-154.

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The major agricultural products in India are rice, wheat, pulses, and spices. As our population is increasing rapidly the demand for agriculture products also increasing alarmingly. A huge amount of data are incremented from various field of agriculture. Analysis of this data helps in predicting the crop yield, analyzing soil quality, predicting disease in a plant, and how meteorological factor affects crop productivity. Crop protection plays a vital role in maintaining agriculture product. Pathogen, pest, weed, and animals are responsible for the productivity loss in agriculture product. Machine learning techniques like Random Forest, Bayesian Network, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine etc. help in automatic detection of plant disease from visual symptoms in the plant. A survey of different existing machine learning techniques used for plant disease prediction was presented in this paper. Automatic detection of disease in plant helps in early diagnosis and prevention of disease which leads to an increase in agriculture productivity.

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Bavaresco, L., C. Squeri et A. Vercesi. « Field evaluation of new plant protection products against Plasmopara viticola ». BIO Web of Conferences 12 (2019) : 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191201007.

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One of the most dangerous fungal diseases in viticulture is downy mildew. Copper-based active ingredients have been used for a long time to protect vines against Plasmopara viticola and they have always maintained an important role in the defense of vines especially for organic production. On the other hand, copper accumulates in the soil causing toxicity with negative consequences on plants and soil fauna. For this reason, new formulations with lower copper content have been considered. In recent years, foliar fertilizers have been studied, in particular those based on phosphites that, along with the nutritional function, stimulate the production of phytoalexins. Those metabolites cause the induced systemic resistance and act directly in the break of cell membranes of pathogens. This study aims to investigate the efficacy against downy mildew of a commercial product based on phosphites and of a new copper- based foliar fertilizer, where copper is chelated with gluconic acid and aminoacids of plant origin. Based on present results, phosphites significantly reduced the infection, without anyway achieving the defense effectiveness of the copper-based treatment however they ensure a significant reduction of the doses of copper necessary to achieve adequate levels of vineyard protection.

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Labite, H., F. Butler et E. Cummins. « A Review and Evaluation of Plant Protection Product Ranking Tools Used in Agriculture ». Human and Ecological Risk Assessment : An International Journal 17, n^o 2 (25 mars 2011) : 300–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2011.552392.

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Quoc Dung, Nguyen, et Tran Duy Nam. « Brand Loyalty of Farmer to Plant Protection Products in Vietnam ». International Journal of Business and Management 14, n^o 5 (19 avril 2019) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n5p9.

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Agriculture had been a primary source of livelihood for majority of the people in Vietnam. The growth of agriculture products gives the greatest hope for improving the living standard of people. The development of agriculture plays a major role in Vietnam economy. The growth of this sector totally depends on the quality of inputs and the subsidy offered by the government. Since the land available is limited, the only way out to improve, is by quality inputs. Pesticide is the major input of the agriculture related outputs. The green revolution has boosted the increased use of pesticide many times more than what it was. This has brought a considerable increase in the growth of fertilizer industries and also competition in the market. Thus, marketing of fertilizer needed research studies for the promotion of their product. In this, the fertilizer and allied industries have several agencies in conducting research on the marketing of their brands. Since, marketing depends on the behaviour of the consumers; this study was initiated to know the causes which make the respondents to always prefer a particular brand for their use. The respondents of Red River Delta show loyalty through experience in the usage of a particular brand, it is the reverse in Mekong Delta and that they take the advertisement also as a cause for their loyalty towards a particular brand. This is due to the fact that people in the south in general, are more advertisement based even for small items. As in the case of both regions, the peer group has no impact on brand loyalty.

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Capellan, Elisa, et Sofia Massari. « Spain – Regulation in Plant Health, What Does the Future Hold ? » Outlooks on Pest Management 33, n^o 5 (1 octobre 2022) : 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v33_oct_04.

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In Spain, Agriculture is strategic for its economy, being leaders in exporting fresh fruit and vegetables to the rest of the world. In the coming years, the efficient production of its crops will have to increase in order to meet the needs of an ever-growing human population, without harming the environment and its diversity, and at the same time guaranteeing food safety and quality. This is the great challenge facing us and one that we cannot avoid. Within the Plant Health sector, farmers have a number of alternatives at their disposal to improve and preserve plant and soil health as well as to improve the yield and quality of their crops. The commercialisation and use of alternatives such as plant protection products, fertilisers and biostimulants are regulated at European level through guidelines that both the manufacturer of the product and the user of the product are subject to comply with.

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Cefali, Ataide, Fernandes, Sousa, Gonçalves, Eberlin, Dávila et al. « Flavonoid-Enriched Plant-Extract-Loaded Emulsion : A Novel Phytocosmetic Sunscreen Formulation with Antioxidant Properties ». Antioxidants 8, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2019) : 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100443.

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The aim of this study was to develop a phytocosmetic sunscreen emulsion with antioxidant effect, containing a blend of flavonoid-enriched plant extracts. In vitro sun protection factor, antioxidant activity, skin irritation, photostability, cutaneous permeation, and retention of flavonoids were evaluated. Thermodynamically stable emulsions were obtained and tested for sensorial analysis after loading the blend of extracts. The selected emulsion was stable when stored at low temperatures (5 C), for which after 120 days the concentration of quercetin and rutin were above their limit of quantification, i.e., 2.8 ± 0.39 µg/mL and 30.39 ± 0.39 µg/mL, respectively. Spreadability, low rupture strength and adhesiveness were shown to be similar to a conventional topical product. Higher brittleness, pseudo-plastic, and viscoelastic behaviors were also recorded for the developed phytocosmetic sunscreen. The product presented a critical wavelength of 387.0 nm and ultraviolet rays A and B (UVA/UVB) rate of 0.78, confirming that the developed formulation shows capacity for UVA/UVB protection, protecting skin against damages caused by Ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Rutin was shown to permeate the skin barrier and was also quantified in the stratum corneum (3.27 ± 1.92 µg/mL) by tape stripping and retention test (114.68 ± 8.70 µg/mL). The developed flavonoid-enriched phytocosmetic was shown to be non-irritant to skin by an in vitro assay. Our results confirm the antioxidant activity, sun protection, and physical properties of the developed phytocosmetic for topical application.

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Vuksa, Marina, Suzana Djedovic, Goran Jokic, Ibrahim Elezovic et Bojan Stojnic. « Protection of stored plant products using chlorophacinone against rodent pests ». Pesticidi i fitomedicina 25, n^o 4 (2010) : 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1004343v.

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Apart from some preventive measures advisably taken during construction of storage facilities or at the time of product storage, treatments with chemical rodenticides are the most widely practiced method of controlling commensal rodents. Their control in storage facilities is normally carried out after animal presence has been observed, and treatments from early autumn onwards throughout the season provide the best effect. The aim of this paper is to present the effects of rodent control using baits with less content am chlorofacinon than recommended, to the protection of stored plant products. The experiments were set up using the relevant OEPP/EPPO method. A ready for use (RB) paste bait formulation was used with different contents (0.005% and 0.0075%) of the active ingredient chlorophacinone. Baits were laid in boxes along rodent routes, underneath pallets with sacs and in places where major damage had been observed. Baits for house mouse were placed at a rate of 10-20 g per 1-3 m, while 30-50 g of bait for brown rats were laid at specific points. Daily bait intake was monitored over a period of ten days and the portions were replaced with new ones as needed. Placebo baits were laid in identical boxes for four days before the experiment began. The abundance of house mouse was estimated based on the highest and lowest daily intake of bait divided by the species? daily requirement. Mice presence was monitored over the next 20 days. Rodenticide efficacy was calculated using Abbott?s formula. The data in this experiment show that chorophacinone contents of 0.005% and 0.0075% in RB baits had no effect on the palatability and bait efficacy in controlling house mouse and brown rat indoors. The average efficacy of chorophacinone was 87-93% against house mouse and 90-100% against brown rat.

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Beşleagă, Ramona, E. Cârdei et M. Tălmaciu. « Results on the Efectiveness of Plant Protection Products Tested at the Fruit Growing Research and Development Station Iaşi, Romania ». Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 45, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2012) : 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0005-x.

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Results on the Efectiveness of Plant Protection Products Tested at the Fruit Growing Research and Development Station Iaşi, Romania During 2010-2011, at the Fruit Growing Research and Development Station (FGRDS) Iaşi, Romania, were carried aut research on testing the effectiveness of plant protection products. The experiment was conducted in experimental polygon, in an apple orchard, the variety Idared. Pests on witch observations were made were: Cydia pomonella L., Adoxophyes reticulana, Panonychus ulmi, Phyllonorycter spp., and the products tested were: Affirm SG 095 and Voliam Targo SC 063. The products Affirm SC 095 was tested against the apple skin moth (Adoxophyes reticulana) and apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), and the product Voliam Targo SC 063 was tested against red mites (Panonychus ulmi) and the leaves miners (Phyllonorycter spp.) apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). As standard products Coragen and Vertimec 1.8 EC were used at the rates of 0.15 l/ha and 0.75/ha respectively.

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Diniz, Milena F., Tatiel V. Gonçalves et Daniel Brito. « Last of the green : identifying priority sites to prevent plant extinctions in Brazil ». Oryx 51, n^o 1 (2 février 2016) : 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001064.

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AbstractThe identification and protection of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites at the national level is of great importance to safeguard biodiversity and achieve the targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity for 2020. Here we identify priority species and sites for the Brazilian flora. We evaluated the protection status of each site, taking into account whether or not it was located within a protected area, and the anthropogenic pressure on the site, using human density and gross domestic product as surrogates. We identified a total of 234 trigger species at 140 sites. Most of the sites are located in the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado; only 21 are within protected areas. There was no relationship of human density and annual gross domestic product per capita with the level of site protection. The low proportion of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites protected shows that Brazil is lagging behind in global conservation efforts to protect such sites.

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STAROSTIN, IVAN A., et ALEKSANDR V. ESCHIN. « CURRENTLY USED MECHANIZATION MEANS OF CHEMICAL PLANT PROTECTION IN RUSSIA ». Agricultural engineering, n^o 2 (2021) : 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-23-31.

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Mechanized processes of plant protection from pests, diseases and weeds are one of the main components of intensive technologies used for the cultivation of agricultural crops. The analysis shows that agricultural organizations are currently equipped with mechanization means of chemical plant protection by 8.7% of the scientifi cally grounded standard, recommended for our country. Therefore, the market for equipment for chemical plant protection in Russia is currently very attractive for product promotion and production development. At present, Russian enterprises manufacture sprayers, but the designing and manufacturing of new equipment for plant protection in most cases are carried out without taking into account the modern achievements of domestic and foreign science, international standards, technological and environmental requirements. Using the example of the European Union countries, the authors point out the need to improve Russian legislation in the fi eld of plant protection and control of the technical ondition of sprayers, as well as to develop regulatory documents and approve regulations that provide for constructive, technological and environmental requirements for plant protection equipment. As further development of the production of mechanization means of plant protection is observed, the priority should be the introduction and improvement of information systems and automation of technological processes and individual systems using modern domestic and foreign scientifi c solutions aimed at improving the quality of plant protection and reducing the impact of negative factors on the environment.

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López-Ballesteros, Ana, Aoife Delaney, James Quirke, Jane C. Stout, Matthew Saunders, James C. Carolan, Blánaid White et Dara A. Stanley. « Assessing availability of European plant protection product data : an example evaluating basic area treated ». PeerJ 10 (13 juillet 2022) : e13586. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13586.

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Besides the benefits of plant protection products (PPPs) for agricultural production, there is an increasing acknowledgement of the associated potential environmental risks. Here, we examine the feasibility of summarizing the extent of PPP usage at the country level, using Ireland as a case study, as well as at the European level. We used the area over which PPPs are applied (basic area) as an example variable that is relevant to initially assess the geographic extent of environmental risk. In Irish agricultural systems, which are primarily grass-based, herbicides fluroxypyr and glyphosate are the most widely applied active substances (ASs) in terms of basic area, followed by the fungicides chlorothalonil and prothioconazole that are closely associated with arable crops. Although all EU countries are subject to Regulation (EC) No 1185/2009, which sets the obligation of PPP usage data reporting at the national level, we only found usable data that met our criteria for Estonia, Germany, Finland, and Spain (4 of 30 countries reviewed). Overall, the most widely applied fungicide and herbicide in terms of basic area were prothioconazole (20%, 7% and 5% of national cultivated areas of Germany, Estonia and Ireland) and glyphosate (11%, 8% and 5% of national cultivated areas of Spain, Estonia and Ireland) respectively, although evaluations using application frequency may result in the observation of different trends. Several recommendations are proposed to tackle current data gaps and deficiencies in accessibility and usability of pesticide usage data across the EU in order to better inform environmental risk assessment and promote evidence-based policymaking.

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Berk, Peter, Denis Stajnko, Marko Hočevar, Aleš Malneršič, Viktor Jejčič et Aleš Belšak. « Plant protection product dose rate estimation in apple orchards using a fuzzy logic system ». PLOS ONE 14, n^o 4 (24 avril 2019) : e0214315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214315.

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Booth, Ewan D., Paul J. Rawlinson, Priscila Maria Fagundes et Kevin A. Leiner. « Regulatory requirements for genotoxicity assessment of plant protection product active ingredients, impurities, and metabolites ». Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 58, n^o 5 (22 mars 2017) : 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/em.22084.

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Friesem, Gavriel, Noam Reznik, Michal Sharon Cohen, Nir Carmi, Zohar Kerem et Iris Yedidia. « Root-Associated Microbiomes, Growth and Health of Ornamental Geophytes Treated with Commercial Plant Growth-Promoting Products ». Microorganisms 9, n^o 8 (23 août 2021) : 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081785.

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The microbial community inhabiting a plant’s root zone plays a crucial role in plant health and protection. To assess the ability of commercial plant growth-promoting products to enhance the positive effects of this environment, two products containing beneficial soil bacteria and a product containing plant extracts were tested on Zantedeschia aethiopica and Ornithogalum dubium. The products were tested in two different growing media: a soil and a soilless medium. The effects of these products on Pectobacterium brasiliense, the causal agent of soft rot disease, were also evaluated in vitro, and on naturally occurring infections in the greenhouse. The growing medium was found to have the strongest effect on the microbial diversity of the root-associated microbiome, with the next-strongest effect due to plant type. These results demonstrate that either a single bacterial strain or a product will scarcely reach the level that is required to influence soil microbial communities. In addition, the microbes cultured from these products, could not directly inhibit Pectobacterium growth in vitro. We suggest density-based and functional analyses in the future, to study the specific interactions between plants, soil type, soil microbiota and relevant pathogens. This should increase the effectiveness of bio-supplements and soil disinfestation with natural products, leading to more sustainable, environmentally friendly solutions for the control of bacterial plant diseases.

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BAŠA ČESNIK, Helena. « Validation of the multiresidual GC-MS method for determining plant protection product residues in strawberries ». Acta agriculturae Slovenica 111, n^o 2 (29 octobre 2018) : 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.2.13.

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Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the introduction and validation of the multiresidual method for determining of plant protection product residues in strawberries. During the validation procedure, limits of quantification were set and the method was checked for its recovery, linearity, repeatability, reproducibility and measurement uncertainty. An interlaboratory comparison was also performed to check the accuracy of the method. The method was proven to be fit for purpose. Afterwards 19 strawberry samples were analysed for the presence of plant protection product residues using the validated method. In the strawberries 5 active substances, all fungicides, were found: chlorothalonil, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, metalaxyl+metalaxyl-M and pyrimethanil. Residues of these active substances were in range 0.01 – 0.44 mg/kg. No cases exceeding the maximum residue levels were measured.

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