Articles de revues : « Pink bollworm resistance to Bt Cotton »

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Sun, Zhan-Bin, Ya-Feng Hu, Han-Jian Song, Sheng-Bo Cong et Ling Wang. « Cry1Ac Mixed with Gentamicin Influences the Intestinal Microbial Diversity and Community Composition of Pink Bollworms ». Life 14, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2023) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14010058.

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Pink bollworms severely affect the production of cotton. The method currently used for pink bollworm control is the planting of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) protein-expressing transgenic cotton. However, pink bollworms can develop strong resistance to Bt proteins in transgenic cotton because of the large planting area and long planting time of this crop, which severely affects the control of pink bollworms. Intestinal microorganisms play very important roles in insect growth, development and Bt resistance. However, the effect of intestinal microorganisms on pink bollworm Bt resistance is still unclear. The current study aimed to analyze the effect of intestinal microorganisms on the Bt resistance of pink bollworms. Intestinal microorganisms associated with Bt resistance were initially screened through Illumina MiSeq sequencing and analysis. The results showed that feeding with a mixture of gentamicin, Cry1Ac and an artificial diet could significantly increase the mortality of pink bollworm larvae compared with feeding with of a mixture of Cry1Ac and an artificial diet or an artificial diet alone. The microbial diversity, community structure and composition of the pink bollworm larval intestine were significantly influenced by feeding with a mixture of gentamicin, Cry1Ac and an artificial diet. Several intestinal bacteria with significantly altered abundances after treatment with gentamicin were preliminarily screened as potential resources for addressing Bt toxicity. This study provides useful strategies for addressing the Bt resistance of pink bollworms.

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Tabashnik, Bruce E., et Yves Carrière. « Global Patterns of Resistance to Bt Crops Highlighting Pink Bollworm in the United States, China, and India ». Journal of Economic Entomology 112, n^o 6 (29 juin 2019) : 2513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz173.

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Abstract Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have advanced pest control, but their benefits have been reduced by evolution of resistance in pests. The global monitoring data reviewed here reveal 19 cases of practical resistance to Bt crops, which is field-evolved resistance that reduces Bt crop efficacy and has practical consequences for pest control. Each case represents the responses of one pest species in one country to one Bt toxin. The results with pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and Bt cotton differ strikingly among the world’s three leading cotton-producing nations. In the southwestern United States, farmers delayed resistance by planting non-Bt cotton refuges from 1996 to 2005, then cooperated in a program that used Bt cotton, mass releases of sterile moths, and other tactics to eradicate this pest from the region. In China, farmers reversed low levels of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton by planting second-generation hybrid seeds from crosses between Bt and non-Bt cotton. This approach yields a refuge of 25% non-Bt cotton plants randomly interspersed within fields of Bt cotton. Farmers adopted this tactic voluntarily and unknowingly, not to manage resistance, but apparently because of its perceived short-term agronomic and economic benefits. In India, where non-Bt cotton refuges have been scarce and pink bollworm resistance to pyramided Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab toxins is widespread, integrated pest management emphasizing shortening of the cotton season, destruction of crop residues, and other tactics is now essential.

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Fabrick, Jeffrey A., Xianchun Li, Yves Carrière et Bruce E. Tabashnik. « Molecular Genetic Basis of Lab- and Field-Selected Bt Resistance in Pink Bollworm ». Insects 14, n^o 2 (17 février 2023) : 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020201.

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Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) control some important insect pests. However, evolution of resistance by pests reduces the efficacy of Bt crops. Here we review resistance to Bt cotton in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, one of the world’s most damaging pests of cotton. Field outcomes with Bt cotton and pink bollworm during the past quarter century differ markedly among the world’s top three cotton-producing countries: practical resistance in India, sustained susceptibility in China, and eradication of this invasive lepidopteran pest from the United States achieved with Bt cotton and other tactics. We compared the molecular genetic basis of pink bollworm resistance between lab-selected strains from the U.S. and China and field-selected populations from India for two Bt proteins (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) produced in widely adopted Bt cotton. Both lab- and field-selected resistance are associated with mutations affecting the cadherin protein PgCad1 for Cry1Ac and the ATP-binding cassette transporter protein PgABCA2 for Cry2Ab. The results imply lab selection is useful for identifying genes important in field-evolved resistance to Bt crops, but not necessarily the specific mutations in those genes. The results also suggest that differences in management practices, rather than genetic constraints, caused the strikingly different outcomes among countries.

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Prasada Rao, G. M. V. « Indian scenario on the occurrence of a dreaded insect pest Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella on Bt cotton-A review ». Journal of Environmental Biology 43, n^o 1 (7 janvier 2022) : 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/1/mrn-1850.

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The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, has become a significant production constraint on Bt cotton in India. This problem is unique to India because the pest has developed multi-fold resistance to Cry toxins in many Indian populations but not in other countries. Most Indian populations have developed multifold resistance to Cry 1 Ac and Cry 1Ac + Cry 2 Ab toxins. Year-round cultivation of long-duration Bt cotton hybrids on a large scale has a pronounced impact on the incidence. Also discussed other factors responsible for the occurrence of pink bollworm on Bt cotton in India. Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) strategies implemented by different cotton-growing countries globally; the USA, India, and China had a significant impact on the interaction of pink bollworm on Bt cotton. Huge selection pressure resulted in resistance to Cry toxins. Time-tested IPM, if implemented on a community basis focusing on pheromones technology and closed season, will help sustain the cotton cultivation in India in the future. Thus, this review aims to congregate exhaustive information on the history, biology, resistance to Bt cotton, and Integrated Management (IPM) options for the Indian scenario, which would help researchers in their future endeavors.

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Quan, Yudong, et Kongming Wu. « Managing Practical Resistance of Lepidopteran Pests to Bt Cotton in China ». Insects 14, n^o 2 (10 février 2023) : 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020179.

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China is one of the major cotton producers globally with small farmers. Lepidopteran pests have always been the main factor affecting cotton production. To reduce the occurrence of and damage caused by lepidopteran pests, China has employed a pest control method focused on planting Bt (Cry1Ac) cotton since 1997. Chinese resistance management tactics for the main target pests, the cotton bollworm and pink bollworm, were also implemented. For polyphagous (multiple hosts) and migratory pests such as the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), the “natural refuge” strategy, consisting of non-Bt crops such as corn, soybean, vegetables, peanuts, and other host crops, was adopted in the Yellow River Region (YRR) and Northwest Region (NR). For a single host and weak migration ability pest, such as the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), the seed mix refuge strategy yields a random mixture within fields of 25% non-Bt cotton by sowing second-generation (F2) seeds. According to field monitoring results for more than 20 years in China, practical resistance (Bt cotton failure) of target pests was avoided, and there were no cases of Bt (Cry1Ac) failure of pest control in cotton production. This indicated that this Chinese resistance management strategy was very successful. The Chinese government has decided to commercialize Bt corn, which will inevitably reduce the role of natural refuges; therefore, this paper also discusses adjustments and future directions of cotton pest resistance management strategies.

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Verma, D., M. H. Kalubarme, G. P. Saroha, K. S. Mohan, K. C. Ravi et A. N. Singh. « MONITORING CHANGES IN COTTON ACREAGE AND ALTERNATE HOST CROPS OF COTTON BOLLWORM USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN MAJOR COTTON GROWING REGIONS OF INDIA ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (26 juillet 2019) : 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-525-2019.

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Abstract. Cotton cultivation has made rapid strides in India since the introduction of Bt cotton, which provided effective protection against its major pest, Helicoverpa armigera and other bollworms. The presence of alternate host crops for cotton bollworms targeted by Bt cotton play a key role in resistance evolution to the in planta expressed Bt proteins. Several host crops for H. armigera such as pigeonpea, sorghum, tomato, chilli, sunflower and corn are cultivated alongside Bt cotton. Change detection in the extent of cotton and alternate host crops of cotton bollworm was conducted using IRS LISS-III data in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states. The changes in the extent of cotton and host crops were monitored using multi-temporal data of 2002, 2004 and 2008. The results indicated that Bt cotton (Hirsutum) has almost completely replaced the traditional Indian cotton (Gossypium arborium). Several alternate host crops of H. armigera were grown along with cotton. Pigeonpea was the major host crop in almost all the locations. Chilies dominated in Andhra Pradesh, sunflower in Karnataka and corn in Gujarat. These host crops serve as ‘natural’ refuge of H. armigera and possibly, for this reason this pest has not evolved resistance to the Bt expressed by Bollgard II even after 16 seasons of intensive cultivation; whereas the pink bollworm, a monophagous cotton bollworm, had developed resistance to Cry1Ac in 2009 and to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in 2015.

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Wang, Ling, Dong Xu, Yunxin Huang, Huazhong Zhou, Weiguo Liu, Shengbo Cong, Jintao Wang, Wenjing Li et Peng Wan. « Mutation in the Cadherin Gene Is a Key Factor for Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bt Cotton in China ». Toxins 14, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010023.

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Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are widely planted for insect control, but their efficacy may decrease as insects evolve resistance. Understanding the genetic basis of insect resistance is essential for developing an integrated strategy of resistance management. To understand the genetic basis of resistance in pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) to Bt cotton in the Yangtze River Valley of China, we conducted an F2 screening for alleles associated with resistance to the Bt (Cry1Ac) protein for the first time. A total of 145 valid single-paired lines were screened, among which seven lines were found to carry resistance alleles. All field parents in those seven lines carried recessive resistance alleles at the cadherin locus, including three known alleles, r1, r13 and r15, and two novel alleles, r19 and r20. The overall frequency of resistance alleles in 145 lines was 0.0241 (95% CI: 0.0106–0.0512). These results demonstrated that resistance was rare and that recessive mutation in the cadherin gene was the primary mechanism of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in the Yangtze River Valley of China, which will provide a scientific basis for implementing targeted resistance management statics of pink bollworm in this region.

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Vonzun, Messmer, Boller, Shrivas, Patil et Riar. « Extent of Bollworm and Sucking Pest Damage on Modern and Traditional Cotton Species and Potential for Breeding in Organic Cotton ». Sustainability 11, n^o 22 (12 novembre 2019) : 6353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226353.

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Resistance against cotton bollworm is one of the main arguments for the use of genetically modified (GM) Bt cotton around the globe. The use of GM is prohibited in organic systems and thus the remunerative value of organic cotton cultivation depends on effective bollworm control. In this study, we investigated the extent of bollworm and sucking pest damage in 68 different hybrid and varietal lines of Gossypium hirsutum and varietal lines of G. arboreum at two different locations with contrasting soil fertility and water dynamics. The damage potential of bollworms was assessed from open capsules at two time points. Sucking pests were assessed at three time points using a scoring method. G. arboreum varietal lines and G. hirsutum hybrids were on average significantly more tolerant than G. hirsutum varietal lines to bollworm under fertile and irrigated situations. For sucking pests, the G. arboreum varietal lines were clearly more tolerant than G. hirsutum hybrids and varietal lines. Since, recently, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) became resistant against Bt cotton and pressure of sucking pests severely increased, screening of genetic resources and systems-based cotton breeding for bollworm and sucking pest tolerance will improve sustainability of organic and conventional cotton production.

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Kong-Ming, Wu. « Environmental impact and risk management strategies of Bt cotton commercialization in China ». Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 4, n^o 2 (août 2007) : 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479236207001490.

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AbstractTransgenic cotton expressing the Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis has been planted widely in China since 1997, and reached 70% of the total cotton area in 2006. The results of monitoring the environmental impact of Bt cotton commercialization indicated that the target pests, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), were effectively controlled while the mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) evolved to be key pests in the cotton system. There were no significant changes in resistance gene frequency of field populations of cotton bollworm, but a shift toward increased tolerance was apparent in the area of intensive planting of Bt cotton, indicating that the potential risk of resistance of the target pest has become a major threat for sustainable planting of Bt cotton. Considering the factors associated with the evolution of resistance, risk management strategies are discussed in this paper.

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Krishna, M. Sivarama, Y. Srujana, D. Lakshmi Kalyani, K. Venkataramanamma, K. Arun Kumar et K. Mohan Vishnuvardhan. « Evaluation and comparison of different refugia-in-bag (RIB) patterns against boll worm complex with special reference to pink boll worm in Bt cotton ». Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, suppl (2023) : 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i06s.059.

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Field study on evaluation and comparison of different refugia-in-bag patterns (RIB) against bollworm complex with special reference to pink bollworm was conducted at RARS, Nandyal during 2021 and 2022. Among different RIB patterns evaluated pooled results of two years indicated no significant difference in green boll and locule damage due to pink bollworm among different refugia patterns. Highest yield of 1002 kg/ha was recorded in 20% structured refugia which is statistically at par with all other refugia patterns except in 100% non Bt which recorded lowest yield of 762 kg/ha. Based on foregoing results it clearly states that refugia is longer effective against pink bollworm population which had already developed resistance therefore further development of resistance can be managed in pink bollworm and can be effectively utilized for other bollworm in slowing down the building up of resistance in Bt cotton.

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Wan, Peng, Dong Xu, Shengbo Cong, Yuying Jiang, Yunxin Huang, Jintao Wang, Huaiheng Wu et al. « Hybridizing transgenic Bt cotton with non-Bt cotton counters resistance in pink bollworm ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n^o 21 (8 mai 2017) : 5413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700396114.

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Extensive cultivation of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) has suppressed some major pests, reduced insecticide sprays, enhanced pest control by natural enemies, and increased grower profits. However, these benefits are being eroded by evolution of resistance in pests. We report a strategy for combating resistance by crossing transgenic Bt plants with conventional non-Bt plants and then crossing the resulting first-generation (F1) hybrid progeny and sowing the second-generation (F2) seeds. This strategy yields a random mixture within fields of three-quarters of plants that produce Bt toxin and one-quarter that does not. We hypothesized that the non-Bt plants in this mixture promote survival of susceptible insects, thereby delaying evolution of resistance. To test this hypothesis, we compared predictions from computer modeling with data monitoring pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac produced by transgenic cotton in an 11-y study at 17 field sites in six provinces of China. The frequency of resistant individuals in the field increased before this strategy was widely deployed and then declined after its widespread adoption boosted the percentage of non-Bt cotton plants in the region. The correspondence between the predicted and observed outcomes implies that this strategy countered evolution of resistance. Despite the increased percentage of non-Bt cotton, suppression of pink bollworm was sustained. Unlike other resistance management tactics that require regulatory intervention, growers adopted this strategy voluntarily, apparently because of advantages that may include better performance as well as lower costs for seeds and insecticides.

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Chowdary, L. Rajesh, M. Bheemanna, A. C. Hosamani, A. Prabhuraj, M. K. Naik et J. M. Nidagundi. « Built in refuge for the management of Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Gelichidae : Lepidoptera) in Bt cotton ». Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, n^o 1 (1 juin 2014) : 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.401.

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Field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2012-13 to identify and evaluate the suitable refuge strategy systems for pink bollworm resistance management in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivation. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine refuge systems : 0 % N-Bt (BIR), 5 % N-Bt (BIR), 10 % N-Bt (BIR), 15 % N-Bt (BIR), 20% N-Bt perimeter refuge, 100% Non Bt, 50% Non Bt, 10% structured refuge and 20% structured refuge as treatments with three replications in replacement series. Significantly lowest incidence (3.55 larvae/plant) and number of bolls with exit holes (11.22) due to pink bollworm was recorded in 0% BIR (41.25 q/ha) followed by 5 % N-Bt (BIR) with yield of 38.74 q/ha and this was on par with 10 % N-Bt (BIR) with yield of 37.79 is next best refuge systems with Bt cotton for higher production and greater economic benefits.

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Karar, H., M. Shahid et S. Ahamad. « Evaluation of Innovative Cotton Genotypes Against Insect Pest Prevalence, Fiber Trait, Economic Yield and Virus Incidence in Pakistan ». Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, n^o 1 (1 mars 2016) : 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0003.

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Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is known as important commodity globally. The experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Station, Multan, Punjab-Pakistan, to evaluate resistance of nine innovative cotton cultivars against insect pest complex were used along with their fiber traits, economic yield and virus incidence. Population of jassid, whitefly and thrips was recorded by using leaf turn method, bollworms by counting whole fruiting parts (buds, flowers and bolls), virus by counting healthy and virus effected plants per plot, yield of seed cotton was determined by hand harvesting method, while qualitative fiber properties were measured through HVI spectrum-1 (high volume instrumentation) method. Cotton genotype NIAB-Bt-2 is resistant to jassid, whitefly and thrips with maximum GOT, staple length. In case of bollworms, all genotypes are resistant to spotted and american bollworm, except FH-142 and MNH-988. No genotype is resistant to pink bollworm in leftover bolls. Best yield performance was recorded on FH-142 (2041.54 kg/ha) with minimum CLCuV incidence. Further our research should recognize the share of one pest species on the yield and fiber quality of cotton by managing other pest species to define better management strategies. Our studies concluded that the genotype NIAB-Bt-2 has less insect attack i.e., sucking pest as well as bollworms, virus and other fiber characteristics like GOT, staple length as compared with other cotton genotypes should be recommended for general cultivation and being a resistant germplasm it should be included in breeding program for the development of new cotton strains.

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Wang, Ling, Yuemin Ma, Xueqin Guo, Peng Wan, Kaiyu Liu, Shengbo Cong, Jintao Wang et al. « Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bt Toxin Cry1Ac Associated with an Insertion in Cadherin Exon 20 ». Toxins 11, n^o 4 (28 mars 2019) : 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040186.

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Insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used to control insect pests, but their efficacy is reduced when pests evolve resistance. We report on a novel allele (r16) of the cadherin gene (PgCad1) in pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) associated with resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac, which is produced by transgenic cotton. The r16 allele isolated from a field population in China has 1545 base pairs of a degenerate transposon inserted in exon 20 of PgCad1, which generates a mis-spliced transcript containing a premature stop codon. A strain homozygous for r16 had 300-fold resistance to Cry1Ac, 2.6-fold cross-resistance to Cry2Ab, and completed its life cycle on transgenic Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac. Inheritance of Cry1Ac resistance was recessive and tightly linked with r16. Compared with transfected insect cells expressing wild-type PgCad1, cells expressing r16 were less susceptible to Cry1Ac. Recombinant cadherin protein was transported to the cell membrane in cells transfected with the wild-type PgCad1 allele, but not in cells transfected with r16. Cadherin occurred on brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) in the midgut of susceptible larvae, but not resistant larvae. These results imply that the r16 allele mediates Cry1Ac resistance in pink bollworm by interfering with the localization of cadherin.

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Prasad, N. V. V. S. D., Mallikarjuna Rao et N. Hariprasad Rao. « PERFORMANCE OF BT COTTON AND NON BT COTTON HYBRIDS AGAINST PEST COMPLEX UNDER UNPROTECTED CONDITIONS ». Journal of Biopesticides 02, n^o 01 (1 juin 2009) : 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.2.1.107-110.

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ABSTRACT A field trial was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur during 2002-03 to evaluate first generation Bt hybrids released in India for reaction to pest complex of cotton under unprotected conditions. The results revealed that transgenic Bt cotton does not afford any protection to sucking pests of cotton and their tolerance or resistance is mainly dependent on the morphological or genetic base. Helicoverpa armigera incidence was completely absent in RCH 144 Bt as no square damage was recorded followed by lower incidence in RCH 2 Bt(3.3%) and RCH 20 Bt(5.95%). Where as non Bt versions of RCH 2(7.53%), RCH 20(11.95%) and RCH 144(9.0%) recorded higher damage and significantly differed from their respective Bt counter parts. Pink bollworm per cent green boll damage was also lowest in Bt cotton hybrids compared to their non Bt versions.

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Najork, Katharina, et Markus Keck. « Mistranslating refuge crops : analyzing policy mobilities in the context of Indian Bt cotton production ». Geographica Helvetica 77, n^o 2 (18 mai 2022) : 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-77-213-2022.

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Abstract. In light of recent pink bollworm (PBW) pest infestations in several cotton-producing states in India, farmers of genetically engineered Bt cotton (Bt for Bacillus thuringiensis) have faced fierce criticism for their noncompliance with the national insect resistance management (IRM) strategy. We argue that this criticism is short-sighted and one-dimensional. Building upon the literature on policy assemblages we show that the implementation of the IRM strategy in India was seriously flawed due to government-induced mistranslations of foreign strategies in the form of policy-diluting alterations. We first show that India's IRM strategy differs substantially from successful strategies pursued in the USA or China. Second, we present results from a representative survey in the state of Telangana (n= 457) and show that India's IRM strategy neglects moral economic considerations and entrepreneurial agricultural logic that Indian cotton farmers strive for. We conclude that pink bollworm pest infestations in India are not the fault of farmers but rather the result of a mismanaged biotechnology project undertaken by the Indian government and its associated responsible ministries.

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Tabashnik, Bruce E., Kongming Wu et Yidong Wu. « Early detection of field-evolved resistance to Bt cotton in China : Cotton bollworm and pink bollworm ». Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 110, n^o 3 (juillet 2012) : 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.04.008.

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Chinna Babu Naik, V., T. D. Saonerkar, N. Chandrashekar, P. P. Pusadkar, S. Kranthi, P. Verma, S. H. Kumbhare, N. G. Narkhedkar et Y. G. Prasad. « Biochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase in midgut of Cry2Ab dosed, pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) ». Journal of Environmental Biology 43, n^o 5 (7 septembre 2022) : 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/5/mrn-2069.

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Aim: The holistic management of pink bollworm is possible only after uncovering the underlying mechanism/s of pink bollworm resistance. The present study was carried out for investigating the effect of Cry2Ab toxin on alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of its isoforms in midgut of Pectinophora gossypiella. Methodology: Resistant and susceptible pink bollworm larval populations were subjected to Cry2Ab bioassays using F1 larvae in a 21 days diet-incorporation method. The total midgut protein was estimated by Bradford method. Alkaline phosphatase activity was estimated in midgut homogenates, Non-denaturing SDS-PAGE and Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed by the following standard procedures. Results: The study showed increased alkaline phosphatase activity in pink bollworm midgut is correlated with insect resistance in response to Cry2Ab. The non-denaturing SDS-PAGE analysis of pink bollworm midgut alkaline phosphatase isozymes had differential banding patterns in resistant and susceptible populations. Yavatmal (R1), Hingoli (R4) and Parbhani (R5) showed similar banding patterns ranging from 65-95 kDa; Guntur (R2) and Hingoli (R3) showed near similar banding patterns ranging from 70-95 kDa; whereas susceptible population showed banding pattern in the range of 50-70 kDa. Interpretation: The expression profiles of alkaline phosphatase isomers in resistant and susceptible populations can be utilized as a biomarker to aid for the screening of PBW infected Bt -cotton fields and development of pink bollworm management strategies. Key words: Alkaline Phosphatase, Cry2Ab, Insect resistance, Pectinophora gossypiella, SDS-PAGE

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Najork, Katharina, Susheel Gadela, Padmarao Nadiminti, Sreeramulu Gosikonda, Raghava Reddy, Ejnavarzala Haribabu et Markus Keck. « The Return of Pink Bollworm in India’s Bt Cotton Fields : Livelihood Vulnerabilities of Farming Households in Karimnagar District ». Progress in Development Studies 21, n^o 1 (janvier 2021) : 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14649934211003457.

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Since its introduction in India, Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton technology has been the object of controversial scholarly and non-academic debate. The recent return of pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella) pests in several Indian states has provided cause for concern about widespread resistances in Lepidopteran pests towards the endotoxins produced in Indian Bt cotton plants as well as about severe setbacks in regard to cotton farmers’ livelihood security. This study is the first to provide empirical evidence on the socio-economic consequences of recent bollworm attacks in India based on an exploratory study conducted in Karimnagar district, Telangana, India. It analyses the changed vulnerabilities that smallholders currently face and identifies the reasons why some peasant farmers can only deal with the consequences of this technological failure to a limited extent.

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Tabashnik, Bruce E., et Yves Carrière. « Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Cotton : Bollworm in the U.S. and Pink Bollworm in India ». Southwestern Entomologist 35, n^o 3 (octobre 2010) : 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3958/059.035.0326.

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Carrière, Yves, Christa Ellers-Kirk, Robert W. Biggs, Maria A. Sims, Timothy J. Dennehy et Bruce E. Tabashnik. « Effects of Resistance to Bt Cotton on Diapause in the Pink Bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella ». Journal of Insect Science 7, n^o 49 (septembre 2007) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.007.4901.

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Mahesh, H. M., et K. Muralimohan. « Segregation of Cry Genes in the Seeds Produced by F1 Bollgard® II Cotton Differs between Hybrids : Could This Be Linked to the Observed Field Resistance in the Pink Bollworm ? » Genes 14, n^o 1 (25 décembre 2022) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14010065.

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Indian populations of the Pink Bollworm (PBW) are resistant to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton hybrids containing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes. Segregation of these Cry genes in F1 hybrids could subject PBW to sublethal concentrations. Moreover, planting hybrids with varying zygosities of Cry genes could produce diverse segregation patterns and expose PBW populations to highly variable toxin concentrations. This could potentially promote the rate of resistance development. Therefore, we studied the segregation patterns of Cry genes in different commercial Bt hybrids cultivated in India. Results showed that two hybrids segregated according to the Mendelian mono-hybrid ratio, three segregated according to the Mendelian di-hybrid ratio, and one showed a mixed segregation pattern. The assortment of seeds containing Cry genes varied between bolls of the same hybrid. In India, different Bt cotton hybrids are cultivated in small patches next to each other, exposing PBW populations to sublethal doses and wide variations in the occurrence of Cry genes. It is necessary to avoid segregation of Cry genes in the seeds produced by F1 hybrids. This study recommends using Bt parents homozygous for Cry genes in commercial Bt cotton hybrid development. This breeding strategy could be effective for similar transgenic crop hybrids as well.

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Carrière, Yves, Christa Ellers-Kirk, Robert Biggs, Dawn M. Higginson, Timothy J. Dennehy et Bruce E. Tabashnik. « Effects of Gossypol on Fitness Costs Associated with Resistance to Bt Cotton in Pink Bollworm ». Journal of Economic Entomology 97, n^o 5 (1 octobre 2004) : 1710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-97.5.1710.

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Carrière, Yves, Alex J. Yelich, Ben A. Degain, Virginia S. Harpold, Gopalan C. Unnithan, Jae H. Kim, Lolita G. Mathew et al. « Gossypol in cottonseed increases the fitness cost of resistance to Bt cotton in pink bollworm ». Crop Protection 126 (décembre 2019) : 104914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.104914.

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Edpuganti, Sree Latha. « Resistance Development in Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) to Bt Cotton and Resistance Management Strategies ». International Journal of Pure & ; Applied Bioscience 6, n^o 1 (28 février 2018) : 1296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6227.

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Williams, Jennifer L., Christa Ellers-Kirk, Robert G. Orth, Aaron J. Gassmann, Graham Head, Bruce E. Tabashnik et Yves Carrière. « Fitness Cost of Resistance to Bt Cotton Linked with Increased Gossypol Content in Pink Bollworm Larvae ». PLoS ONE 6, n^o 6 (30 juin 2011) : e21863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021863.

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Tabashnik, Bruce E., Jeffrey A. Fabrick, Scottie Henderson, Robert W. Biggs, Christine M. Yafuso, Megan E. Nyboer, Nancy M. Manhardt et al. « DNA Screening Reveals Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bt Cotton Remains Rare After a Decade of Exposure ». Journal of Economic Entomology 99, n^o 5 (1 octobre 2006) : 1525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.5.1525.

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Ayaz, Rao Ahsan, Muhammad Rafiq Shahid, Saghir Ahmad, Muhammad Javaid et Muhammad Shahid Iqbal. « AN OVERVIEW ON SUITABILITY OF ECO-FRIENDLY IPM APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF BT-RESISTANCE IN PINK BOLLWORM ON COTTON ». Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology 17, n^o 2 (27 juin 2020) : 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34016/pjbt.2020.17.2.107.

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Fabrick, Jeffrey A., Jeyakumar Ponnuraj, Amar Singh, Raj K. Tanwar, Gopalan C. Unnithan, Alex J. Yelich, Xianchun Li, Yves Carrière et Bruce E. Tabashnik. « Alternative Splicing and Highly Variable Cadherin Transcripts Associated with Field-Evolved Resistance of Pink Bollworm to Bt Cotton in India ». PLoS ONE 9, n^o 5 (19 mai 2014) : e97900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097900.

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Krishna, M. Sivarama, L. Vijaya Bhaskar et N. C. Venkateswrlu. « Validation of Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) Based Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for the Management of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Bt cotton ». Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, n^o 02 (2024) : 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02.080.

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Naik, Vakudavath CB, Sujit Kumbhare, Sandhya Kranthi, Usha Satija et Keshav R. Kranthi. « Field-evolved resistance of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae), to transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt ) cotton expressing crystal 1Ac (Cry1Ac) and Cry2Ab in India ». Pest Management Science 74, n^o 11 (9 juin 2018) : 2544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5038.

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Madhu, T. N., et K. Murali Mohan. « Effect of host plants on the oviposition preference of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) ». Animal Biology 72, n^o 1 (30 décembre 2021) : 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10064.

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Abstract Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders, 1843)) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important pest of cotton. We aimed to study the effect of different host plants on the oviposition preference of pink bollworm under laboratory conditions. Cotton (Bt and non-Bt), okra and hibiscus plants were used, which vary in morphological characteristics. Significant differences were observed in the density of trichomes and it is positively correlated with oviposition behaviour of pink bollworm. In a no-choice test, we recorded a higher number of eggs on Bt and non-Bt cotton plants. In two-, three- and four-choice experiments, pink bollworm preferred to deposit the maximum number of eggs on non-Bt cotton among other host plants. A substantially higher number of eggs were laid on Bt cotton in combinations with okra and hibiscus and a considerably lower number on non-Bt cotton. We recorded fewer numbers of eggs on hibiscus in all combinations. Overall, pink bollworm moths showed greater affinity towards non-Bt cotton plants and deposited the maximum number of eggs there. From the practical point of view, the development of cotton genotypes which are devoid or have a lesser density of trichomes may be a possible solution to reduce the pink bollworm egg load on cotton.

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S, RAKHESH, HANCHINAL S. G, BHEEMANNA M, ARUNKUMAR HOSAMANI et NIDAGUNDI J. M. « Incidence of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on various malvaceous plants in North Eastern region of Karnataka, India ». Journal of Farm Sciences 36, n^o 03 (10 janvier 2024) : 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.61475/jfs.2023.v36i3.06.

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Pink bollworm roving survey on Bt-cotton and some malvaceous plants, in and around the cotton field across themajor cotton growing districts of North Eastern region of Karnataka recorded the highest green boll damage in Raichurdistrict (70.79%) followed by Ballari (63.46%) and Yadgir (55.80%) district. Whereas, no incidence of pink bollworm wasrecorded on the malvaceous plants viz., Abutilon indicum (L.), Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) and Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.).

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Rajput, Imran Ali, Abdul Mubeen Lodhi, Tajwer Sultana Syed, Ghulam Hussain Abro et Imran Khatri. « Comparative Biology of Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saund. on Bt. and Non-Bt. Cotton ». Biological Sciences - PJSIR 62, n^o 2 (9 août 2019) : 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.62.2.2019.116.121.

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Effect of Bt. and non-Bt. cotton variety was investigated on biological parameters of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella. In biological parameters, maximum larval duration of 4.5±0.07 days were recorded in the first instar on non-Bt. cotton and minimum 2.00±0.06 days in fourth larval instar on Bt. cotton. The larval weight was higher (20.24±1.74 mg) on non-Bt. and minimum on Bt. cotton (13.84±1.34 mg); meanwhile the maximum pupal weight of 23.46±0.55 mg was weighed on non-Bt. cotton and minimum 17.41±0.44 mg on Bt. cotton. A total period of 18.44±0.55 days adult female lived on non-Bt. cotton and15.44±0.43 on Bt. cotton. The overall maximum mean numbers of 119±1.99 eggs were observed on non-Bt. cotton as compared to Bt. cotton. Similarly, ovipositional rate was also higher (8.04±0.19 eggs/ female/day) on non-Bt. cotton. The maximum larval duration (11.36±0.30 days) was higher on non-Bt. cotton and minimum on Bt. cotton (8.03±0.43 days); meanwhile the maximum pupal period of 9.73±0.29 days were calculated on Bt. cotton and almost similar days of pupal period on non-Bt. cotton crop, respectively. The highest mortality percentage of all stages was found on Bt. cotton with maximum mortality percentage of 24.59% at 1st larval instar.

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Godbold, R. E., W. D. Crow, A. L. Catchot, J. Gore, D. R. Cook, D. M. Dodds, F. M. Musser et N. S. Little. « Feeding Behavior and Fruiting Form Damage by Bollworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in Bt Cotton ». Journal of Economic Entomology 115, n^o 1 (17 novembre 2021) : 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab220.

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Abstract Bt technologies have played a major role in the control of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in cotton. Variation in expression levels among varieties and plant parts, along with selection pressure on bollworm populations, has led to the development of resistance to some Bt proteins. Trials were conducted to evaluate how cotton varieties expressing different Bt proteins affect bollworm larval behavior and their damage in flowering cotton. Differences in larval recovery were observed among cotton varieties at 3 d with 3-gene Bt cotton having the lowest recovery and non-Bt cotton having the greatest recovery. Loss of bloom tags and abscission of small bolls at the site of infestation affected bollworm larval recovery among varieties. Day after infestation was the main factor that affected bollworm movement across all varieties. Number of total damaged fruiting forms by an individual bollworm larva was different among all varieties. Overall, flower bud (square) and fruit (boll) damage by an individual larva was lower on 3-gene cotton than 2-gene cotton and non-Bt cotton. An individual larva damaged fewer squares on 2-gene cotton than non-Bt cotton, but boll damage from bollworm was similar among 2-gene cotton and non-Bt cotton. The level of square and boll damage in 2-gene cotton has increased compared to previous research further supporting the occurrence of bollworm resistance to Cry proteins. The 3-gene cotton containing the Vip3A gene experienced low levels of damage and survival. These results will be important for improving management recommendations of bollworm in Bt cotton technologies.

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Pierce, J. Breen, J. Joseph Ellington, C. Ellers Kirk et T. Carrillo. « Plant Population, Planting Date and Cotton Variety Impact on Early Squaring and Development of a Trap Crop for Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) ». Journal of Entomological Science 37, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2002) : 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.3.219.

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Bt cotton is used to control pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in much of the southwestern U.S. Where growers choose non-Bt varieties, early fruiting (squaring) Bt cotton might be used as a trap crop for pink bollworm control. Field tests were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to determine if early planting, varietal selection, and very low planting rates could increase early squaring. Cotton planted 4 April produced 6 mm squares approximately 11 days earlier than cotton planted 7 May. Low plant populations (4.3, 2.5 plants/m) did not result in more early squares, compared to recommended populations with 7.5 plants/m. Very dense populations with 18.4 vs. 9.4 plants/m produced more early squares/m despite fewer squares/plant. However, yield was reduced with planting rates above 7.5 plants/m. Some varieties produced more early-season squares than others, but differences were not always consistent. Paymaster 1215 produced significantly more early squares compared to two other short-season varieties (Deltapine 20B and Deltapine 50B) and the standard Acala 1517-95 in 1997, but not more than Acala 1517-95 in 1998. A mid-season variety (Paymaster 1560) produced the highest number of early squares in a comparison of ten Bt varieties in 1998. A non-Bt very short-season variety, Xpress, produced the earliest squares in 1997, more than 11 days earlier than Paymaster 1215 (a short-season variety), indicating that earlier squaring varieties of Bt cotton could be developed. These results indicate that early planting will provide the earliest squares but that variety and planting rate should be considered in developing a trap crop for pink bollworm control. Planting rate should be at least 7.5 plants/m but if yield is not a consideration could be as high as 18 plants/m.

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Gohil, P. J., S. G. Savaliya et A. M. Bharadiya. « FARMER FIRST PROGRAMME : AN EFFECTIVE EXTENSION APPROACH FOR DISSEMINATION OF SUSTAINABLE COTTON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ». Gujarat Journal of Extension Education 2022, n^o 1 (25 novembre 2022) : 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2022.si.0004.

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Field experiments were conducted during 2019-20 on 160 farmer's field of the villages Mav Jinjava, Hadala, Deri Pipaliya and Nava Vaghaniya of Bagasara Taluka of Amreli District of Gujarat on intensification and pink bollworm management in cotton under the Farmers First Project. The technological intervention of the study comprised of improved Bt. cotton hybrid GTHH-49, closer planting technology (90 cm x30 cm), de topping of cotton plant at 75 DAS, pink bollworm management with 16 pheromone traps/acre, spraying of Spinosad 45 EC @ 2ml/10 liter water and four spray of bio pesticide Beauveria bassiana. The technological intervention was compared with the farmer's practice. The results revealed that the technological intervention registered 18.82 % significantly higher seed cotton yield than farmer's practice, additional net return of `10417/ha with ICBR of 2.37 over the farmer's practice. The pink boll worm damage was significantly decreased under technological intervention and recorded 16.76% over the farmer's practice. The pink bollworm incidence under technological intervention was decreased up to 60.94 % over the farmer's practice.

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Tabashnik, Bruce E., Leighton R. Liesner, Peter C. Ellsworth, Gopalan C. Unnithan, Jeffrey A. Fabrick, Steven E. Naranjo, Xianchun Li et al. « Transgenic cotton and sterile insect releases synergize eradication of pink bollworm a century after it invaded the United States ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n^o 1 (21 décembre 2020) : e2019115118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019115118.

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Invasive organisms pose a global threat and are exceptionally difficult to eradicate after they become abundant in their new habitats. We report a successful multitactic strategy for combating the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), one of the world’s most invasive pests. A coordinated program in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico included releases of billions of sterile pink bollworm moths from airplanes and planting of cotton engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis(Bt). An analysis of computer simulations and 21 y of field data from Arizona demonstrate that the transgenic Bt cotton and sterile insect releases interacted synergistically to reduce the pest’s population size. In Arizona, the program started in 2006 and decreased the pest’s estimated statewide population size from over 2 billion in 2005 to zero in 2013. Complementary regional efforts eradicated this pest throughout the cotton-growing areas of the continental United States and northern Mexico a century after it had invaded both countries. The removal of this pest saved farmers in the United States $192 million from 2014 to 2019. It also eliminated the environmental and safety hazards associated with insecticide sprays that had previously targeted the pink bollworm and facilitated an 82% reduction in insecticides used against all cotton pests in Arizona. The economic and social benefits achieved demonstrate the advantages of using agricultural biotechnology in concert with classical pest control tactics.

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Atta, Waseem. « MANAGEMENT OF PINK BOLLWORM WITH MATING DISRUPTION TECHNIQUE IN SMALLAR PLOTS OF COTTON ». Agricultural Sciences Journal 2, n^o 1 (25 septembre 2021) : 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.002.01.039.

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Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella is the most damaging pest of cotton irrespective of Bt and non Bt. The damage of the Pink bollworm has increased in Pakistan since 2015 to till now. The main purpose to conduct this study was the evaluation of mating Disruptor’s efficiency against Pink bollworm in smaller plots of cotton. This experiment was conducted at farmer’s field at Bomb more Jalalpur pirwala district Multan on cotton season 2018. The PB-ropes were installed in 1st treatment at the rate of 150 ropes/ acre while the PB-ropes were applied in the 2nd treatment at the rate of 200 ropes/acre and the third treatment was kept as control. The gossyplure baited traps were installed in the cotton at flowering stage in 1st week of August The gossyplure baited traps were installed in the cotton field to monitor the activity of Pink bollworm moth catches in both treatments and control block. It was also observed that the mating disruption efficacy of PB-Ropes remained up to three months. The significant decrease of % damage in green bolls was observed in the plot treated with PB-Ropes @ 200 ropes/ acre (4.73±0.57b) following 150 ropes treated plot (4.73±0.57 b) as compared to control block (31.04±2.42a). The number of moth catches was reduced in the plot treated with PB-Ropes @ 200 ropes /acre(3.40±0.34b) following 150 ropes treated plot (4.64 ± 0.37b) as compared to control block(40.47 ± 1.67a) .The results were further confirmed by % infestation in leftover bolls of the plot treated with PB-Ropes @ 200 ropes / acre (14.00 ± 0.57 b) following plot treated with PBRopes @ 150 ropes / acre (20.33 ± 0.88 b) as compared to control plot (63.00 ± 2.08 a).

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Atta, Waseem. « MANAGEMENT OF PINK BOLLWORM WITH MATING DISRUPTION TECHNIQUE IN SMALLAR PLOTS OF COTTON ». Agricultural Sciences Journal 2, n^o 1 (25 septembre 2021) : 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.v2i1.39.

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Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella is the most damaging pest of cotton irrespective of Bt and non Bt. The damage of the Pink bollworm has increased in Pakistan since 2015 to till now. The main purpose to conduct this study was the evaluation of mating Disruptor’s efficiency against Pink bollworm in smaller plots of cotton. This experiment was conducted at farmer’s field at Bomb more Jalalpur pirwala district Multan on cotton season 2018. The PB-ropes were installed in 1st treatment at the rate of 150 ropes/ acre while the PB-ropes were applied in the 2nd treatment at the rate of 200 ropes/acre and the third treatment was kept as control. The gossyplure baited traps were installed in the cotton at flowering stage in 1st week of August The gossyplure baited traps were installed in the cotton field to monitor the activity of Pink bollworm moth catches in both treatments and control block. It was also observed that the mating disruption efficacy of PB-Ropes remained up to three months. The significant decrease of % damage in green bolls was observed in the plot treated with PB-Ropes @ 200 ropes/ acre (4.73±0.57b) following 150 ropes treated plot (4.73±0.57 b) as compared to control block (31.04±2.42a). The number of moth catches was reduced in the plot treated with PB-Ropes @ 200 ropes /acre(3.40±0.34b) following 150 ropes treated plot (4.64 ± 0.37b) as compared to control block(40.47 ± 1.67a) .The results were further confirmed by % infestation in leftover bolls of the plot treated with PB-Ropes @ 200 ropes / acre (14.00 ± 0.57 b) following plot treated with PBRopes @ 150 ropes / acre (20.33 ± 0.88 b) as compared to control plot (63.00 ± 2.08 a).

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Kranthi, Keshav R. « Bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in India ». Nature Biotechnology 23, n^o 12 (décembre 2005) : 1476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1205-1476.

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Todkar, A. M., S. R. Jakkawad et S. B. Khodake. « Knowledge of Bt Cotton Growers for Control of Pink Bollworm ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, n^o 12 (10 décembre 2020) : 2728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.324.

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Todkar, A. M., S. R. Jakkawad et S. B. Khodake. « Adoption of Bt Cotton Growers for Control of Pink Bollworm ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, n^o 12 (10 décembre 2020) : 2731–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.325.

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Rajasekhar, N., P. Venkata Subbaiah, P. N. Siva Prasad, M. Raja Narasimha et I. Venkata Reddy. « Study on the Incidence of Sucking Pests and Pink Bollworm in Cotton ». Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 45, n^o 7 (19 avril 2023) : 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i72128.

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Sucking pests and pink bollworm are serious pest of cotton one after the other in India by causing serious yield losess. The present investigation was carried out in three major cotton growing mandals of NTR district to understand the level of pest incidence in Bt cotton during Kharif, 2022-23 on regular interval. Among the sucking pests only thrips population recorded 32.26 no/3 leaves and crossed the ETL at 45 DAS. Remaining sucking pests such as Leafhopper, whitefly and aphid did not crossed ETL during crop growth period and highest incidence of 5.92, 4.04 and 27.14 no/3 leaves was recorded respectively at 45, 60 and 120 DAS. Whereas pink bollworm recorded 23.10% rosette flowers, 44.04% boll damage in Bheemavaram village of Vastavai mandal and 40.83% locule damage in Konakanchi village of Penuganchiprolu mandal.

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DAGET, Tekalgn Mamay, et Getnet Belay TESEMA. « EFFECT OF SAW GINNING ON THE FIBRE QUALITY OF Bt AND NON-Bt COTTON ». Tekstil ve Mühendis 29, n^o 128 (30 décembre 2022) : 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7216/teksmuh.1222470.

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Bt cotton refers to a plant which has Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in many of its cells. This naturally occurring soil bacterium will be used to reduce insect damage from bollworm, pink bollworm, and budworm. Therefore, farmers who are cultivating the Bt cotton variety will not be subjected to spray pesticides to control these worms. Whereas in this study, the non-Bt cotton (DP-90) refers to the commercially known variety which have no Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in its cells. During the cultivation of non-Bt cotton varieties, the control of bollworms is done through the application of pesticides, which is a costly exercise in terms of cost of pesticides, spray equipment and labour. Along with the cost of cultivation, the best index to cotton quality is the performance of the fibres during spinning at the textile mill. In the present study the effect of saw ginning to the quality of both varieties was studied. The result could help the spinners to predict the preperformance of both varieties when subjected to the mechanical action of modern high rotating spinning machines parts. Ginning results a significant effect (at 0.05 level of significance) in all other measured fibre quality properties (upper half mean length, length uniformity index, short fibre content by number and by weight, level of neps, single fibre tenacity and elongation) of both Bt and non-Bt (DP-90) cotton varieties. The impact of ginning on the studied fibre quality properties was relatively severer on Bt cotton varieties than non-Bt (DP-90) varieties.

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Wan, Peng, Yunxin Huang, Bruce E. Tabashnik, Minsong Huang et Kongming Wu. « The Halo Effect : Suppression of Pink Bollworm on Non-Bt Cotton by Bt Cotton in China ». PLoS ONE 7, n^o 7 (27 juillet 2012) : e42004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042004.

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Wilson, F. Douglas. « Relative Resistance of Cotton Lines to Pink Bollworm ». Crop Science 30, n^o 3 (mai 1990) : 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000030004x.

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Tabashnik, B. E., T. J. Dennehy et Y. Carriere. « Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, n^o 43 (14 octobre 2005) : 15389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507857102.

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S. R. Jakkawad, M. Todkar, et B. Y. Ghuge. « Constraint Faced by Bt Cotton Growers for Control of Pink Bollworm ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, n^o 10 (10 octobre 2021) : 454–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1010.054.

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The present study on knowledge of Bt cotton growers for control of pink bollworm was conducted in Parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra State. The data were collected through personal interview with the help of interview schedule by contacting 120 respondents. The data was processed by making primary and secondary tables. The distributional analysis pertaining to age of the farmers indicated that (50.00%) of the respondents belonged to middle age category. It was found that, majority (30.00%) of the respondents belonged to primary education category, majority (54.16%) of the respondents had medium level of area under Bt cotton of respondents, 47.50 per cent of the respondents had semi-medium land holding (2.01 to 4.00 ha), 67.50 per cent of the respondents had medium annual income (Rs.98,000 to Rs 2,98,000). While majority (50.00%) of the respondents had medium level of social participation, 50.00 per cent of the respondents had medium economic motivation, larger proportion (50.00%) of the respondents belonged to medium innovativeness, 41.66 per cent of the respondents had medium risk orientation, 55.00 per cent of the respondents had medium level of farming experience, majority (58.33%) of the respondents had medium level of source of information of source of information, 66.68 per cent of the respondents had medium level source of irrigation, 58.33 per cent of the respondents had medium extension contract.

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Yalawar, Muttappa, et S. B. Patil. « Seasonal Incidence of Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on Bt Cotton ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, n^o 12 (10 décembre 2019) : 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.047.

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