Thèses sur le sujet « Physique biologique »
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Robinson, Marjorie. « Consequences de l'irradiation due au technetium 99m : dosimetrie physique et biologique ». Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA11T030.
Texte intégralBathias, Potter Anne. « Adhésion de films de latex sur tissu biologique ». Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0533.
Texte intégralArdagna, Yann. « La conservation des archives biologiques et des documents associés en anthropologie biologique : applications à des collections anthropologiques françaises et hongroises ». Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20680.
Texte intégralA new approach of “biological archives” can be illustrated by the “thoughtful” conservation of anthropological collections. The aim of our investigation is to improve the field of curation and scientific exploitation of “human remains library”. In that way, we are developing specific tools which are dedicated to an amelioration of both definition and curation of anthropological series. The epistemological perspective of anthropological series is take into account and we are developing a new classification adapted to their scientific management. We are also proposing a curation system constituted by tree databases dedicated to the storage of data concerning collections, individuals and their associated paleopathological features based on Marseilles and Szeged Department of Anthropology of. A comparison with 40 different places of storage could have been realised. Furthermore, a bibliographical study allowed the identification of the main patterns of long term curation
Leonetti, Georges. « Apport de nouveaux paramètres anthropologiques à l'identification en médecine légale : Anthropologie biologique ». Aix-Marseille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX2653U.
Texte intégralTournier, Martin. « Caractérisation et modélisation de l’habitat physique et biologique vertical des mammifères marins grands plongeurs ». Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS018.
Texte intégralDeep-diving mammals evolve within a tri-dimensional environment where the physical and biological conditions vary. These variations can influence their utilization of the vertical dimension. This Ph.D. thesis focuses, first, on acoustic signal analysis, the signal being sampled by a miniaturized echo-sounder deployed on southern elephant seals, and aims at biologically describing the water column. Through that acoustic signal, mid-trophic level organisms have been observed, as well as important particle export. Second, to determine the influence of dynamic environmental variables, such as temperature or salinity, on the vertical position of elephant seals and Blainville’s beaked whales, we proposed a new methodology suitable for using environmental predictors described in the form of profiles by using functional analysis approaches. When using the variables obtained in situ by elephant seals, we show that the environmental profiles influence the depth of the dives. However, the model tends to underestimate the predicted depth of animals, mainly in areas where high oceanic dynamics are observed. When using the same approach on the restricted beaked whales’ dataset, and by using environmental variables obtained from oceanographic models, we did not observe any impact of the environmental conditions on the whales’ water column use. This methodological approach could allow the integration of the vertical dimension toward the development of tri-dimensional habitat modelling under the conditions that the spatial and temporal resolutions of the dataset are adequate
Hornez, Jean-Christophe. « Évaluation physico-chimique et biologique d'alliages dentaires à base de palladium ». Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-133.pdf.
Texte intégralGuthmuller, Julien. « Étude théorique de molécules conjuguées d’intérêt biologique pour l’optique non linéaire ». Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10183.
Texte intégralThis thesis presents a density functional theory (DFT and TDDFT) study, in which we describe the non linear optical response of molecular probes in biological environment. The considered systems are first push-pull molecules (nitrobenzene substituted by an electronic donor group) in connection with the para-nitrophenylphosphate molecule and secondly the aromatic amino acids, tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine. In this work, we determine the ground state and excited states electronic structure, as well as the components of the polarizability and hyperpolarizability tensors, describing the optical properties of the molecule. The description of the biological environment, particularly the aqueous solvent surrounding the molecules, is realized by means of a polarisable dielectric model and by solvent molecules forming hydrogen bounds with the solute
Bailly, Anne-Laure. « Caracterisation physique et biologique des catheters intravasculaires et risques lies a leur utilisation (doctorat : imagerie medicale) ». Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA11T032.
Texte intégralBabey, Tristan. « Compartimentation et transfert de contaminants dans les milieux souterrains : interaction entre transport physique, réactivité chimique et activité biologique ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S107/document.
Texte intégralModelling of contaminant transfer in the subsurface classically relies on a detailed representation of transport processes (groundwater flow controlled by geological structures) coupled to chemical and biological reactivity (immobilization, degradation). Calibration of such detailed models is however often limited by the small amount of available data on the subsurface structures and characteristics. In this thesis, we develop an alternative approach of parsimonious models based on simple graphs of interconnected compartments, taken as generalized multiple interacting continua (MINC) and multiple rate mass transfer (MRMT). We show that this approach is well suited to systems where diffusion-like processes are dominant over advection, like for instance in soils or highly heterogeneous aquifers like fractured aquifers. Homogenization induced by diffusion reduces concentration gradients, speeds up mixing between chemical species and makes residence time distributions excellent proxies for reactivity. Indeed, simplified structures calibrated solely from transit time information prove to provide consistent estimations of non-linear reactivity (e.g. sorption and precipitation/dissolution). Finally, we show how these models can be applied to tracer observations and to biodegradation reactions. Two important advantages of these parsimonious approaches are their facility of development and application. They help identifying the major controls of exchanges between advective and diffusive zones or between inert and reactive zones. They are also amenable to extrapolate reactive processes at larger scale. The use of isotopic fractionation data is proposed to help discriminating between structure-induced effects and reactivity
Guiot, Elvire. « Microscopie de fluorescence sous excitation à deux photons : application à des études de corrélations et de déclins de fluorescence en milieu biologique ». Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112307.
Texte intégralThis thesis presents the development of a fluorescence microscope based on the non linear process of two-photon absorption. This new type of fluorescence microscopy characterized by a intrinsic three-dimensional spatial resolution comparable to those of the confocal microscope, offers also many advantages for biological studies, in particular in terms of restriction of the photodamages. Combined with time resolved techniques, two-photon microscopy allows imaging with high space and time resolutions and opens up new opportunities for biological dynamics studies. In this context, two time resolved techniques for fluorescence analysis under two-photon excitation have been developed. The first time resolved technique, the fluorescence correlation microscopy, based on measurements in micro-volumes with weak molecular concentration, has been essentially applied to the study of translational diffusion processes. In particular, the technique has allowed the determination, at the single molecule level, of the diffusion coefficient of various fluorescent biological probes. .
Maclot, Sylvain. « Stabilité de systèmes complexes d'intérêt biologique sous rayonnements ionisants ». Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2061.
Texte intégralKäfer, Jos. « Des cellules aux tissus : modélisation physique du comportement collectif des cellules embryonnaires ». Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10281.
Texte intégralTo understand how cellular mechanical properties act on the level of a tissue, where they are implied in morphogenesis, it has been proposed that cells act as soap bubbles or molecules in a liquid. We test these analogies between tissues and physical systems with a computational model, in collaboration with experimentalists. In the retina of Drosophila, the packing of cells has been compared to soap bubble packing. We find that the resemblance is not due to the physical resemblance of cells and bubbles, but to a similar organisation on the collective level: cells in a tissue tile the space, like bubbles in a foam, thereby influencing each other's shapes. The spontaneous sorting of cells of different types has been compared to the demixing of liquids. While in liquids this behaviour is due to the attraction between molecules, we find that in aggregates of zebrafish germlayer cells differential contraction of the cytoskeleton plays a role as well. Compression of an aggregate of cells has been analysed as if the aggregate behaved as a liquid drop, where only the surface tension determines its properties. However, individual cells in the aggregate deform and rearrange, and solid-like stresses inside the aggregate co-determine its shape and forces. The widely used physical analogies prove thus to be incomplete, but interesting. We propose a distinctive description, in which an aggregate or tissue is a collection of closely packed living cells that change shape and rearrange. This approach allows to study how cell adhesion, cortical tension and the cellular fluctuations govern the behaviour on the collective level, and on morphogenesis
Camacho, Patricia. « Etude de procédés de réduction de la production de boues par couplage de traitements physique ou chimique et biologique ». Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0033.
Texte intégralDue to the increased number of wastewater treatment plants, their higher efficiency and more stringent regulations, a great interest in techniques allowing for the minimisation of the sludge production without decreased quality effluent in the past years. The work presented here aims at investigating three of these different techniques. The sludge production of conventional biological wastewater treatment was studied. A sensitivity study with an activated sludge model was realised identify the determining parameters of sludge production which are yield conversion, decay rate and inert organic fraction. The performances of the disintegration techniques were studied to evaluate the specific potentialities in term of: reduction in the size of sludge particles which would enhance the organic matter biodegradability, biological cell inactivation, which is likely to increase maintenance requirements and/or cells decay rate and/or cells lysis. The contribution of the physico-chemical and biological processing of organic and mineral matter was then studied during continuous experiments carried out at the pilot scale. In this view, physico-chemical treatments of sludge were associated with wastewater biological treatment. The combination of the results obtained under discontinuous and continuous experiments results allowed for a partial analysis of the physico-chemical treatment action mechanisms. To reach a significant minimisation of sludge production, physical- or chemical- treatment should : increase the maintenance requirements, increase biodegradability of organic matter accumulated during the wastewater treatment, probably, modify the chemical structure
Guiot, Elvire. « microscopie de fluorescence par excitation à deux photons : application à des études de corrélations et de déclins de fluorescence en milieu biologique ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010025.
Texte intégralKäfer, Jos. « Des cellules aux tissus : modélisation physique du comportement collectif des cellules embryonnaires ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346418.
Texte intégralDans la rétine de la Drosophile, les cellules ont été comparées aux bulles de savon. On trouve que la ressemblance entre les cellules et bulles de savon n'est pas due à leur propriétés physiques, mais à leur structure collective: les cellules dans un tissu pavent l'espace, comme les bulles dans une mousse, donc elles influencent leur formes entre elles.
Le tri spontané des cellules de types différents est souvent comparé à la démixion de liquides. Pour les liquides, ce comportement est produit par des différences d'attraction entre les molécules, alors qu'on trouve que pour les cellules embryonnaires du poisson zèbre la contraction différentielle du cortex des cellules est le facteur le plus important.
La compression d'un agrégat de cellules a été analysé comme si c'était une goutte liquide, où les propriétés sont déterminées uniquement par la tension de surface. Mais, les cellules dans un agrégat peuvent se déformer et se réarranger, et des contraintes plutôt solides co-déterminent la forme et les forces de l'agrégat.
Ces analogies physiques sont donc incomplètes, mais intéressantes. A partir d'elles, nous proposons ici une description propre aux cellules: un agrégat ou tissu est une collection de cellules vivantes qui peuvent changer leur forme et se réarranger. Cette approche nous permet d'étudier l'effet de l'adhésion cellulaire, la tension corticale, et les fluctuations des cellules sur le comportement collectif et la morphogénèse.
Marlin, Laurent. « Métabolisme énergétique et aptitude physique chez les porteurs du trait drépanocytaire aux Antilles : approche épidémiologique, biologique et cardiorespiratoire à l'exercice ». Antilles-Guyane, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGUY0183.
Texte intégralThe sudy of the physical ability of sickle cell trait carriers(SCTc) during different kind of exercise (more or less important duration and intensity) reports controversial results. In a first study, we have identified the presence of STCc in a sprint elite population (national French team). The percentages of titles and etablished records of male SCTc are able to performon as well as non-STCc, and eve to have best performances in explosive and brief exercises at the highest level in relation with HbS. The asset of a heightened anaerobic ability in SCTc could be the consequence of a reduced aerobic ability, related to an impaiment of oxygen tranport system consecutive to the decrease of HbS affinity to oxyge. The study of ventilatory and lactic responses during an incremental exercise test did not show any significant difference between groups and did not allow confirming this hypothesis (study n°2). Similary, during three repeated incremental exercise tests, the ventilatory and lactic responses were not significantly different between groups and witnessed to a similar aerobic ability between SCTc and control subjects (study n°3). Regarding the controversy, the data of our studies inclined towards "at least" a similar physical ability between SCTc and non-STCc whatever the contribution of the aerobic metabolism
Antoun, Edwina. « Rôle du niveau d’activité physique dans la régulation de la balance oxydative des lipides exogènes : inférences dans la physiopathologie de l’obésité ». Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ANTOUN_Edwina_2010.pdf.
Texte intégralPhysical activity, being the most adjustable component of total energy expenditure, may play a key role in the fate of lipids. However, a part from the effects of acute exercise little is known on the effect of modulating habitual physical activity level on lipid oxidation and trafficking. The objective of our theses was to investigate, in lean and overweight men, the mechanisms by which low or moderate physical activity energy expenditure, modulates exogenous lipid oxidation, with particularly evaluating physical activity current recommendations. We submitted two groups of sedentary men (lean vs. Overweight) to two months of training based on current recommendations, and a third group to one month of detraining, with body maintenance throughout the interventions. The fate of exogenous fatty acids (saturated: palmitate; monounsaturated: oleate) was evaluated using stable isotopes. After detraining, fasting, total and exogenous lipid oxidation decreased. Conversely, training based on current recommendations induced a modest increase of lipid oxidation which was only significant for monounsaturated fatty acids. Thus, physical inactivity has more marked effects than training. Nevertheless, habitual physical level, independently of measurable effects on energy balance, predicts the level of exogenous lipid oxidation. Our results bring key answers in the actual debate of the role of physical activity in the treatment of obesity and metabolic alterations associated with sedentarism, by demonstrating a positive relationship between the energy expended during activities and the becoming of lipids. However, training did not increase activity energy expenditure in overweight men. This is explained by the spontaneous reduction of everyday activities. These results can partly explain the deceiving results obtained all along in the treatment of obesity by physical activity. Consequently, our results suggest that further studies are warranted to determine physical activity level required and sufficient to increase lipid oxidation if we wish that this physical activity prevents weight gain. A particular effort should be put on the type of physical activity to be encouraged. It seems, based on our results, that structured physical activity is not sufficient. A socio-ecological approach that takes in account the environment, in which individuals evolve, is imperative if we want to avoid that everyday activities buffer the energy expended in structured activities
Desbiens, Jean-François. « Relations entre l’âge biologique, la morphologie et la participation à l’activité physique chez des adolescents âgés de 13 et 14 ans ». Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7910.
Texte intégralLin, Wenbin. « Développement de capteurs à fibre optique basés sur la résonance de plasmon de surface pour la détection physique, chimique et biologique ». Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1831_wlin.pdf.
Texte intégralIt is well known that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the surface electromagnetic wave can be used as a sensitive optical probe to the slight variations occurring in the proximity of the metal/dielectric interface. The prism-based Kretschmann configuration is traditionally employed to excite and detect the SPR. In 1993, the first fiber-optic based SPR sensor was realized by R. C. Jorgenson and S. S. Yee and then commercialized by Biacore Company (Sweden). The SPR fiber-optic sensor offers a number of advantages such as small size, low cost and feasibility in remote sensing over the bulk Kretschmann System. A simpler SPR multimode fiber-optic sensor using oblique injection of the collimated monochromatic light has been developed at the TSI laboratory, Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France since 1996. Using silver to support SPR at the light wavelength of 670nm, this fiber-optic sensor was characterized as a refractometer operating in the index range of 1. 35-1. 40. This dissertation consists of five articles aimed to develop this kind of fiber-optic sensor for physical, chemical and biological applications. The first article is devoted to drop down the range of measurable indices in order to be capable of performing in most practical chemical and biochemical Systems whose refractive indices are 1. 33-1. 36. The relations between the structural and material parameters of the multilayered configuration for the excitation of SPR at certain wavelength have been theoretically derived. Sol-gel technique is applied to fabricate the Zirconium acetate overlay as thin as some ten nanometers. The reliability is improved by preventing the oxidation of silver using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of long chain acid thiol. This article has been submitted to Thin Solid Films. Accepted by Sensors & Actuators A, the spatial variations of the electric field vector during the propagation of the skew rays in the multimode fiber are investigated in the second article. An accurate 3D model has been established so that the experimental phenomena, which first demonstrate the influences of the polarization direction of the incident light with respect to the input end face of the fiber, can be consistently explained. The sensing signals coming from such as the adsorption of a very thin dielectric layer on metal surface or the slight variation of the refractive index in the monitored bulk medium are ready to be quantitatively interpreted. Next article, accepted for publication by Applied Optics, proposes a direct method to determine the thickness and the optical constants of the thin metal films deposited on the surface of the fiber core by simple measurements of fiber-optic SPR responses. The significance of this work cornes from the difficulties in characterizing the metal films with curved surfaces by using the conventional optical techniques such as reflectometry and ellipsometry. A novel optical means capable of monitoring the formation process of the alkylthiol SAM is presented in the fourth article, submitted to Journal of Chemical Physics. The application of the fiber-optic SPR technique to study SAMs and the direct observation and description of the tilting process during the self-assembly of alkylthiol, to our knowledge, have never been reported before in the literature. The rather high sensitivity proves that our fiber-optic approach is more adapted than ellipsometry and the prism-based SPR System to monitor the variations over entire investigated dielectric film. Last article, submitted to Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, is dedicated to develop a biosensor based on this fiber-optic arrangement to monitor the biomolecular interaction. With very simple configuration, this immunosensor has manifested good performances in both sensitivity and specificity compared to the commercialized BIACORE Probe that is much more complex and expensive. This work makes a starting progress towards the development of a portable immunoprobe for non-labeling immunoassay. These five articles are independent as well as supplementary each other. The conditions on which the SPR can be excited in a multilayered geometry, obtained in the first article, provide a theoretical basis for the choice of light wavelength or the index range of environment medium while metal gold is used as it can be seen in other articles. The studies of the accurate 3D model in the second article for simulating the performances of the fiber-optic sensors enable to characterize afterwards the metal film (in the third article), the chemical adsorbed layer (in the fourth article) and the functional biomolecular layers (in the 5th article). Moreover, the successful measurement of the metallic film properties in the third article ensures the success in the detection of the alkylthiol SAM, which is adsorbed on the metal surface (referred to the fourth article). Furthermore, the determinations of the gold film and the thiol layer are necessary for characterizing the antibody film and the antibody-antigen-binding layer after the affinity reaction. As a result, a new SPR multimode fiber-optic biosensor has been realized and reported in the 5th article. This biosensor has been well designed, elaborated and characterized at the level of its each layer
Montévil, Maël. « Temps biologique et transitions critiques étendues : Vers une objectivation de l’état vivant de la matière ». Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T020.
Texte intégralThis work takes place in the context of a theoretical approach in biology which uses the examples of objectivation in physical theories without reducing biological phenomenalities to them. We begin by investigating the empirical biological scaling relationships found in the literature (allometric relationships, fractals, …), including their variability. We will then consider two different aspects of biological time. First, we will develop the notions of protension and retention as an account of local organization of biological time. Then we consider a supplementary temporal dimension to accommodate proper biological rhythms. Since the notion of symmetry plays a foundational role in physics, we investigate its possible role in biology. In relation with the notion of extended critical transitions, we propose the hypothesis that organisms and evolution can be understood as characterized by ubiquitous symmetry changes. This transform the status of biological objects, provides an approach of their historicity and leads to propositions on the theoretical nature of biological measurement. We also discuss anti-entropy as a measurement of a potential of variability. We focus then on the notion of level of organization. We start from the notion of organizational closure, which is considered as a core biological invariant by many theoretical biologists. Then, we will approach levels of organization by the paradigm of criticality, which will allow to define them in a strong theoretical way. Finally, we sketch an operatorial scheme of the coherence of organisms, which combines most of the above mentioned approaches
Castex, Dominique. « Mortalité, morbidité et gestion de l'espace funéraire au cours du Haut Moyen-Age : contribution spécifique de l'anthropologie biologique ». Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR11097.
Texte intégralCastex, Dominique. « Mortalité, morbidité et gestion de l'espace funéraire au cours du Haut Moyen-Age : contribution spécifique de l'anthropologie biologique ». Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10672.
Texte intégralSeddas, Abdessamad. « Purification du mycoplasma-like organism (mlo) de la flavescence dorée de la vigne par immunoaffinité. Intégrité physique et biologique. Etude des principaux constituants ». Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS024.
Texte intégralBarkaoui, Abdelwahed. « Modélisation multiéchelle du comportement mécano-biologique de l'os humain : de l'ultrastructure au remodelage osseux ». Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799702.
Texte intégralPéru, Laurence. « Caractérisations physico-chimiques des phases minérales de calcifications ectopiques : application à la transformation biologique de phosphates de calcium ». Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0325.
Texte intégralRodriguez-Otazo, Mariela. « Réalisation de pinces optiques pour la manipulation de nano et micro objets individuels d'intérêt chimique ou biologique ». Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112099.
Texte intégralWe built an experiment of optical tweezers based on the use of an inverted optical microscope. Two classes of micro objects were studied : 1 - spherical or roughly spherical colloidal particles, either homogeneous such as colloids of pure silica elaborated through a sol-gel method or commercial latex balls, or inhomogeneous such as composite particles made up of a metal gold core embedded in a silica shell. 2 - micro-single crystals of a fluorescent organic molecule presenting a nonspherical, parallelepipedic form. Our study showed an effective trapping even on the smallest particles containing a gold core. For the hybrid gold-silica nanoparticles, the elastic constant of the optical trap measured in experiments is stronger than for the silica nanoparticles with a similar diameter. This result is in agreement with a simple model based on the increase in polarizability of the particle due to the presence of the gold core. The influence of the polarization of the light was studied and we discussed the choice of the detector of position. The organic microcrystals are directed so that their long axis is in the axial direction of the trapping beam; the short axis follows the direction of the linear polarization of the beam. In circular or elliptic polarization, the crystals are put spontaneously in rotation with high speed up to 500 turns per second. It is the ¯rst time that such a result is deferred for particles of the size of our crystals. Another surprising result is that when the incident power increases, the rotation speed also increases as expected but after the passage by a maximum, whereas the power continues growing, the rotation speed decreases until complete stop of rotation, and this evolution is not reversible ! The thesis presented is a thesis carried out within a framework of cotutelle between the University Paris 11 and the Higher Institute of Science and Advanced Technologies - Havana University in Cuba
Paris, Alisier. « Développement d'un système micro-robotique sur puce microfluidique pour la manipulation sans contact en 3D de matériel biologique ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS555.
Texte intégralDuring the XXst century science fiction literature anticipated the development of robots so small that they could enter a human body to manipulate its cells, or even its DNA. Since the beginning of the XXIst century, this vision has taken shape in the development of micro-robotics. Although far from equaling the prowess of his literary alter-ego, micro-robotics develops in many directions and sees its panel of applications expand. In parallel, the development of microfluidics makes it possible to have a highly controlled environment for carrying out work in biology or chemistry. But this confined feature brings constraints on the manipulation options of microfluidic chip content. Also, without being able to work in-vivo, micro-robotics can offer in-vitro mechanical manipulation options in microfluidics. This thesis aims to develop a micro-robot whose function is to offer functional hydrodynamic vortex manipulations of biological material within microfluidic chips. Wanting to propose a complete system we are interested in the four parts composing our micro-robot. The microscopic swimmer intended to be integrated into the microfluidic chip and to generate the capture vortices. The microfluidic chips used as working environment for this swimmer. The electromagnetic facility used to manipulate the swimmer through magnetic field. And finally the computer software used to drive the robot. The micro-swimmers proposed are able to move in two as in three dimensions while being able to capture, and therefore manipulate, particles of about ten micrometers in diameter over distances of several millimeters. Unfortunately we did not have the opportunity to go to the proof of concept with biological material, but our demonstrations on polystyrene particles are very encouraging. Microfluidic chips have seen two successive developments. One is to make them more suitable for long-term biological work by adding pneumatic valves and oxygenation option on chip with temporary integration of swimmer. A second aimed at making chips faster and easier to manufacture with a definitive integration of the swimmer, which can be used in the case of studies with a strong material need, such as statistical studies. The electromagnetic facility has been studied to be integrated into complex geometrical configurations with, for example, a successful integration in an inverted microscope, a tool widely used in biological laboratories. Finally, we developed control software to provide our robot with an easy-to-use user interface and automated video analysis and swimmer control features with a simple 2D image acquisition. Therefor we believe that the developed system show in this thesis could be an essential step towards biological or biomedical application of micro-robotic
Koechlin, Christelle. « Stress oxydant et dysfonction musculaire périphérique dans la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive : réalité biologique, physiopathologique et relations avec la maladie respiratoire ». Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON1T010.
Texte intégralJaziri, Kaïs. « Impact de la mise en oeuvre de prétraitements thermique, chimique (ozone) et physique (ultrasons) sur la sensibilité au cadmium de boues secondaires lors de l’étape de stabilisation biologique ». Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/b4e35ccc-8aa7-4e90-8c9f-1b6d507e822f/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4013.pdf.
Texte intégralThe effect of the introduction of desintegration treatment on i) the microbial flora, ii) respiratory and enzyme activities and iii) the sensitivity to Cd was investigated. The evolution of populations was analyzed by PCR-DGGE. Initially three hydrolysis processes (ozone, ultrasound, low temperatures) have been implemented upstream of aerobic digestion. The analysis of the DGGE profiles obtained showed that: 1) the aerobic digestion itself led to a change in the population diversity 2) the application of desintegration pre-treatment, even on a short-term led to a change in the bacterial profiles at the end of digestion. In particular, untreated sludge and heat-treated (90°C, 2h) were stabilized under aerobic mesophilic conditions and were exposed to increasing concentrations of Cd ranging from 0 to 100 mg/L. Inhibition of CO2 production was measured for treated and untreated sludge from 5 mg. L-1 of cadmium, the thermal pre-treatment i) improves the conversion efficiencies and maintain a higher enzyme activities during digestion ii) results in significant changes to both the nature of the micro flora and the sensitivity of bacteria to Cd iii) for some species, reduces the sensitivity to Cd and others to increase it
Fontana, Angélique. « Incidences physiques et physiologiques de la floculation des levures ». Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20247.
Texte intégralCoulaud, Jérémy. « Sécurisation des traitements radiothérapeutiques du cancer : validation physique des plans théoriques de radiothérapie par des fantômes dosimétriques anthropomorphes ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30123.
Texte intégralThe new radiotherapy treatments, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IRTM) or Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), require to precisely irradiate the living tissues and to know the effective delivered dose. A computer-based method par TPS (Treatment Planning System), is normally used to define the radiation therapy treatment plan, but it requires specific 3D information. The conventional detectors, such as ionizing chamber, thermoluminescent detectors or films, allow to 1D or 2D measurements whereas, with a chemical dosimeter, it is possible to obtain a 3D dosimetry which allows to control the treatment plan for the patient, independently on the radiation type or on the radiation flux. A chemical gel which presents physico-chemical properties as well as texture morphology proximal to those of biological living tissues, is important in order to control the adsorbed doses in organ-at-risk. In this research two different strategies have been followed, firstly the formulation of new gels, equivalent tissue for breast (adipose tissue) lung and bone has been checked depending their interaction with photons, electrons and neutrons; then their use with low energy photon flow has been verified. The dosimetric characteristics, that have been studied, follow the recommendations of ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements) and show a good agreement between these gels and the biological tissues as recommended by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Physico-chemical studied have been performed in order to characterize the equivalent tissue gels, such as viscosity, diffusion, mechanical properties, oxygen concentration, gel and cooling time, and the absorbed doses in the conditions of radiation therapy treatment. We have been interested also in validating the equivalent breast gel for low energy photon flow as in the case of Intraoperative radiation therapy using Intrabeam. The final goal was to prepare an anthropomorphic phantom to use in planning the radiation treatment; actually, this first prototype allows to determine the effective delivered dose only near the equivalent lung and bone; some modifications in the IRM sequences as well as in the formulation of the equivalent tissues have been planned to improve the phantom
Bonnet, Célia. « Complexation des cations lanthanides trivalents par des ligands d'origine biologique pour l'IRM : structure, thermodynamique et méthodes ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00089144.
Texte intégralLes ligands ACX et BCX, dérivés acides d'Α- et Β-cyclodextrines modifiées, forment des complexes mono et bimétalliques avec les Ln(III). Les complexes LnACX ou LnBCX ont des affinités similaires à celle de ligands triacides. La structure à l'état solide du complexe bimétallique Lu2ACX montre un enfouissement important des cations à l'intérieur de la cavité. En solution, pour le complexe LnBCX, une seule molécule d'eau est coordonnée au cation, ce qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence une importante contribution de seconde sphère à la relaxivité.
L'étude RMN du ligand peptidique issu de la famille des RAFT a montré qu'il coordonne les Ln(III), avec une affinité similaire à celle de ligands naturels dérivés de la calmoduline.Une étude relaxométrique a également mis en évidence une importante contribution de seconde sphère à la relaxivité.
Pour mieux comprendre les facteurs moléculaires compliqués affectant la relaxivité, nous avons développé de nouvelles méthodes relaxométriques, basées sur des solutés sondes. Ces méthodes permettent d'obtenir la charge d'un complexe, de faibles constantes de formation, des constantes de transmétallation, ainsi que la vitesse de relaxation électronique.
Nguyen, Manh Tu. « Identification multi-échelle du champ d'élasticité apparent stochastique de microstructures hétérogènes : application à un tissu biologique ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1135/document.
Texte intégralIn the framework of linear elasticity 3D for complex microstructures that cannot be simply described in terms of components such as biological tissues, we propose, in this research work, a methodology for multiscale experimental identification of the apparent elasticity random field of the microstructure at mesoscopic scale using displacement field measurements at macroscopic scale and mesoscopic scale. We can then use this methodology in the case of changing scale to obtain the mechanical properties at macroscale. In this context, the major issue is the experimental identification by solving a statistical inverse problem of the stochastic modeling introduced for the apparent elasticity random field at mesoscale. This experimental identification allows to validate the modeling and makes it useful for existing materials with complex microstructures. This research work is proposed in this context in which experimentation and experimental validation based on simultaneous measurements of field imaging at macroscale and mesoscale are made on the cortical bonemakes it useful for existing materials with complex microstructures. This research work is proposed in this context in which experimentation and experimental validation based on simultaneous measurements of field imaging at macroscale and mesoscale are made on the cortical bone
Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio. « Archéologie de la mort, nécropoles, gestes funéraires et anthroplogie biologique des populations Andronovo et Saka de l'âge du bronze à l'âge du fer au Kazakhstan : IIe et Ier millénaire av. J.-C ». Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010581.
Texte intégralMarion-Latard, Fabrice. « Effets de l'exercice musculaire et des apports nutritionnels sur la mobilisation et l'utilisation des lipides chez le sujet de poids normal ou en surcharge pondérale ». Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T221.
Texte intégralKlein, Sarah. « Application des outils de la physique statistique au transport intracellulaire ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS090/document.
Texte intégralMost processes in our daily life are far from equilibrium. The prime example is a cell and the transport occurring within. In this thesis intracellular transport is modeled by means of stochastic processes. For this, two different approaches are applied: the explicit mod- eling of active particles with internal degrees of freedom with characteristics as they were determined experimentally. And secondly, the collective effects occurring in many particle systems are studied in a phenomenological way by means of exclusion processes.In the explicit model one important result is given by the fact that force fluctuations are essential to capture the relevant motion characteristics. Further, the influence of the cellular environment creates counter-intuitive effects, like a possible inversion of the bias. The motion characteristics can be represented in a coarse-grained manner as an exclusion process for particles with internal states. Due to the resulting disorder in the hopping rates a density-dependent condensation occurs.In a second part, a two-lane exclusion model is studied. Two species in a tubular geometry inspired by filamentous fungi are considered.This can be seen as a minimal model exhibiting a phase transition from a low density phase to an intriguing phase with periodically changing particle densities
Cantat, Isabelle. « Dynamique de vésicules en adhésion ». Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10123.
Texte intégralRoyer, Colin. « Impact of environmental drivers and phytoplankton diversity on the dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) cell quotas : laboratory experiments and natural variability ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/319678.
Texte intégralDoctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Maines, Emma. « Diversité biologique et archéologie de la mort : une approche populationnelle et culturelle du Néolithique soudanais (Haute-Nubie) ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H078.
Texte intégralThe human remains and excavation archives from 5 cemeteries from the Kadruka concession represented a unique opportunity for the study of the evolution of Neolithic populations and funerary practices in Neolithic Upper Nubia. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to reconstruct the biology of these populations (their health and lifeways) as well as to examine the specific practices at work in the different sequences of the funerary cycle within a chronological framework. Through the study of the 643 individuals (for the biological analysis) and 734 structures (for the archaeological analysis) from KDK 1, KDK 2, KDK 18, KDK 21 and KDK 23 and their comparison, it was possible to discuss the homogeneity of these populations from a biological and cultural standpoint. While the analysis of non-metric anatomical variation (specifically the discrete dental traits) points toward an overall continuity and uniformity throughout the Neolithic, though arguments may also be advanced based on this data for thinking flexibly about population admixture and processes of acculturation following migration patterns that may be multiple and discontinuous. Mortality profiles, non-specific stress markers, and other palaeopathological and occupational indicators, provide evidence of significant variability with biological, as well as cultural implications. Elements related to the processes of change at work within these societies, at a critical chronological and cultural juncture in the Prehistory of Upper Nubia, are perceptible through the study of these funerary groups. For example the exclusion of younger infants within burial areas otherwise including the remains of older individuals, the percentage of carious teeth incidence within populations and the use of teeth as tools, all speak to shifts in economy, subsistence and the structuring of society. While our analysis of funerary practice appears globally homogenous, our data also points to significant variability within an otherwise established and stable funerary sequence (important shifts in grave goods, variable occupation and structuring of the cemetery space, etc.). Finally, this work takes a critical look at the place the Kadruka concession now occupies within the greater understanding of the funerary experience in Prehistoric Sudan, as well as along the Nile river valley and across the Sahara. In examining data from a synchronic and diachronic perspective, across a wide variety of regions and contexts, we achieved our goal of identifying cultural undercurrents, evolutions and particularities for the Kadruka ensemble, as well as for the Sudanese Neolithic more broadly
Garden, Jean-Luc. « Réalisation d'un microcalorimètre à très haute résolution : application en biologie et physico-chimie ». Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10255.
Texte intégralGuyennon, Arnaud. « Etude de l'exportation de carbone organique à l'échelle de la mer Méditerranée à l'aide de la modélisation couplée physique/biogéochimie ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4113/document.
Texte intégralThis work is part of the SIMED project which is dedicated to basin-scale modeling of the Mediterranean Sea. It also belongs to the MERMEX program which aims at studying biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea and their evolution. The first step of this work was to couple the hydrodynamic modeling platform (NEMO) to the mechanistic biogeochemical modeling platform (Eco3M). We ran a simulation (2000-2012) using the hydrodynamic outputs from NEMO-MED12 configuration to force the biogeochamical model Eco3M-MED. The model evaluation was conducted using numerous field measurements (chlorophyll, nutrients, primary production, etc.). The simulation strengthens and extends to the whole basin the prominent role of dissolved organic carbon in the biological carbon pump in the whole Mediterranean Sea. A comprehensive analysis of organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) production processes production was performed. Results reveal that particulate organic carbon production is restricted to the highly dynamic areas, whereas dissolved organic carbon accumulation in the surface layers is a common process in much areas of the basin. This latter process appeared to dependant on the cellular contents of phytoplancton and heterotrophic bacteria, themselved being controled by low phosphate availability. Finally, the dissolved organic carbon contribution to carbon export is around 64 % in the Western basin, and up to 90 % in the Eastern basin. When taking into account the dissolved fraction, total organic carbon export in the Eastern basin -despite its higher oligotrophy- exceeds the one in the Western basin (60% against 40 %)
Heim, da costa Réjane. « Etude du controle du biofilm developpe dans un lit fluidise triphasique en epuration carbonee aerobie ». Toulouse, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAT0011.
Texte intégralAyata, Sakina-Dorothée. « Importance relative des facteurs hydroclimatiques et des traits d'histoire de vie sur la dispersion larvaire et la connectivité à différentes échelles spatiales (Manche, Golfe Gascogne) ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00517082.
Texte intégralSens, Nicolas. « Développement d'une méthode de type "velocity map imaging" pour la mesure de sections efficaces d’émission d'électrons par des molécules d'intérêt biologique en collision avec des ions ». Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC213.
Texte intégralIn the last decades, ion collision with biologically relevant molecules has received increasing interest due to applications in radiation biology. The aim of this PhD is the development of a new crossed-beam experimental set-up dedicated to the measurement of absolute total, single and double differential (in angle and/or in energy) cross sections for electron emission from biologically relevant molecules. The electrons emitted in the 4π steradian solid angle after the collision between the projectile ion and the target molecule are extracted and analyzed by a Velocity Map Imaging (VMI) spectrometer. The cross sections are derived from measurements of the target beam density, the projectile beam intensity, and the beam overlap by means of a quartz crystal microbalance and an ion profiler. In this thesis, the experimental set-up description, the method used to determine the absolute cross sections and the complete characterization of the set-up are detailed. The first absolute cross sections for electron emission from adenine and uracil molecules upon collision with C4+ and N4+ ions measured with this new set-up are also shown and discussed. The good agreement between these results and previous experimental and theoretical data confirms the correct functionning of the experimental set-up
Dichio, Vito. « The exploration-exploitation paradigm : a biophysical approach ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS402.
Texte intégralThe study of living systems is notoriously challenging. The often-quoted daunting complexity of biological systems is primarily due to the intricacies of their interactions, their multiple organisation levels and their dynamic nature. In the quest to understand this complexity, parallels drawn with standard physics – in particular, statistical physics -- are both useful and of limited use. On the one hand, they provide a rich set of theoretical and methodological building blocks for constructing theories and designing experiments. On the other hand, life also unfolds according to principles that are unparalleled in the physics of conventional matter. A crucial difference lies in the notion of function: biological systems are shaped by the need to perform specific tasks. A general problem for living systems is to find and promote those configurations that yield improved or optimal functions, we call this the exploration-exploitation (EE) problem. One specific instance of the above is found in evolutionary biology. There, random genetic mutations sustain the exploration of the configuration space, with those leading to higher reproductive success being favoured by natural selection. Inspired by the latter, we develop a novel formalism that encodes a general exploration-exploitation dynamics for biological networks. In particular, our EE dynamics is represented as an exploration of a functional landscape and consists of stochastic configuration changes combined with the state-dependent optimisation of an objective function (F metric). We begin by investigating its main features through the study of simple, analytically tractable functional landscapes. We deploy simulations for more general and complex applications. We then turn to the brain wiring problem, i.e., the development of an individual's nervous system during its early life. We argue that this is another specific instance of the EE problem and therefore can be addressed by using our theoretical framework. In particular, we focus on brain maturation in the nematode C.elegans, the only organism for which a complete network of neurons and neuronal connections has been reconstructed, at multiple developmental time points (seven). We fix the network at birth and use the adult stage to infer (i) a parsimonious maxent (ERG) description of the F metric for the worm brain and (ii) the two parameters of our EE dynamics. According to the topography of its functional landscape, the adult brain is characterised by a tendency to form both triads and high degree nodes. We demonstrate that our EE dynamics in such landscape is capable of tracking down the entire developmental history. In particular, we show that the trajectory we obtain closely reproduces the other experimental time points that we did not use for inference. This is true both in the space of model statistics and for a number of other network properties. Additionally, we discuss a micro-level interpretation of the EE dynamics in terms of the underlying synapse formation process. Our study is a first step towards the system-level understanding of the development of a natural brain and can be extended (i) to encompass more complex functional landscapes, (ii) to different organisms than the C. elegans and (iii) to several different problems than the brain wiring. Indeed, we posit that the exploration-exploitation paradigm is among those life-specific principles that we are just beginning to uncover
Dupont, Rocher Sandrine. « Effet de l'entrainement physique sur les aptitudes physiques et la rythmicité circadienne de la personne vieillissante ». Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2022.
Texte intégralThis work takes as a starting point the work centered on the degradation of the circadian rates/rhythms observed during ageing and of work showing that the physical drive has effects on the structure of the biological rhythms. The objective of this thesis was to study the effects of the practice of physical-activity on the circadian rythmicity like on the actimetric quality of the sleep in the elderly. In parallel, the analysis of a program of drive was carried out, because if it is unanimously allowed that to any age the participation in a program of drive can reduce the noxious effects of ageing. Obtaining physiological, metabolic, and functional adaptations requires the execution of exercises adapted in terms of intensity and volume. The first comparative study (actives/ sedentaries), characterized by the VO2max index) and the second proposing a program of 16 weeks drive multivarized on sedentary subjects of more than 60 years, highlighted an improvement of the rhythms studied for the active subjects physically, or consecutively following the program of drive More particularly, these results show that the amplitude of the temperature and more important and that the reflection actimetric of the sleep is more qualitative at the active people having a physical good condition, in comparison with sedentaries. They also highlight that it is completely possible by the means of one of multivariate drive to improve in parallel the force, the flexibility, the level of VO2max as well as the fat mass. This work confirms that the physical-activity can be regarded as a donor of time as well as the light, which opens prospects in terms for reconditioning for the biological clock. It also makes it possible to reconsider the programs of traditional drives and offers a possible solution to improve the general physical condition necessary for the maintenance of autonomy and quality of life
GARANX, ALAIN. « Modifications biologiques induites par l'activite physique chez le sujet age ». Lille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL2M337.
Texte intégralLi, Xuefeng. « Marine Iron Biogeochemistry Under a Changing Climate : Impact on the Phytoplankton and the Diazotroph Communities ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/266850.
Texte intégralDoctorat en Sciences
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Callard, Dominique. « Rythmicité biologique circadienne au cours d'activités physiques soutenues et continues ». Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS094.
Texte intégralKrichen, Makni Olfa. « Influence des variations du volume plasmatique dans l'interprétation des paramètres biologiques mesurés lors de l'exercice musculaire ». Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0004.
Texte intégralThe muscular exercise in itself induces physiological changes which affect biological parameters but in addition involves variations of plasmatic volume (hemoconcentration or hemodilution) which bias the results. 126 cyclists male, 8 professional cyclists and 8 cyclists amateur took respectively part in a incremental triangular exercise, a three week stage race (Tour de France), and a longitudinal follow-up. The aims of the study was: 1) to show the importance of the correction of the biological parameters; 2) to determine from which value a necessary correction and 3) to specify the validity of three methods of correction of the measured biological parameters. The main finding of our study are. Even if only one parameter on those which we had studied finds modified significantly after correction and this in spite of the weak caracter of the variation, we consider that it is necessary to carry out. In our opinion the best sweated equations in case of hemoconcentration those are used by Berthoin et al. (2000) and of Kraemer and Brown (1986) which do not show significant differences between them. However, in the event of hémodilution only the equation of Berthoin et al. (2000) gives logical results