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1
van Dongen, Jeroen. « In Europe ». Physics in Perspective 22, no 1 (mars 2020) : 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00252-2.
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Marcon, Fanny, Giulio Peruzzi et Sofia Talas. « The Physics Cabinet of the University of Padua. At the crossroads between Veneto and Europe ». Opuscula Musealia 26 (2019) : 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.010.11003.
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At the beginning of the eighteenth century, new lectures in natural philosophy based on direct and immediate demonstrations began to spread through Europe. Within this context, a chair of experimental philosophy was created at the University of Padua in 1738, and the new professor, Giovanni Poleni, established a Cabinet of Physics, which became very well known in eighteenth-century Europe. In the following two centuries, Poleni’s successors continued to acquire thousands of instruments used for teaching and research, which today are held at the Museum of the History of Physics of the University of Padua. The present paper describes the main peculiarities of the collection, comprising instruments from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. We also discuss the current acquisition policy of the museum, aimed at collecting material evidence of the research and teaching activities in physics that are carried out in Padua today. We will outline both the local peculiarities of the collection and its international dimension, based on the contacts that have been established throughout the centuries between Padua and the international scientific community. Some aspects of the circulation of scientific knowledge in Europe and beyond will thus also emerge.
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Marcon, Fanny, Giulio Peruzzi et Sofia Talas. « The Physics Cabinet of the University of Padua. At the crossroads between Veneto and Europe ». Opuscula Musealia 26 (2019) : 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.010.11003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, new lectures in natural philosophy based on direct and immediate demonstrations began to spread through Europe. Within this context, a chair of experimental philosophy was created at the University of Padua in 1738, and the new professor, Giovanni Poleni, established a Cabinet of Physics, which became very well known in eighteenth-century Europe. In the following two centuries, Poleni’s successors continued to acquire thousands of instruments used for teaching and research, which today are held at the Museum of the History of Physics of the University of Padua. The present paper describes the main peculiarities of the collection, comprising instruments from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. We also discuss the current acquisition policy of the museum, aimed at collecting material evidence of the research and teaching activities in physics that are carried out in Padua today. We will outline both the local peculiarities of the collection and its international dimension, based on the contacts that have been established throughout the centuries between Padua and the international scientific community. Some aspects of the circulation of scientific knowledge in Europe and beyond will thus also emerge.
4
Freedman, Joseph S. « "Professionalization" and "Confessionalization" : the Place of Physics, Philosophy, and Arts Instruction At Central European Academic Institutions During the Reformation Era ». Early Science and Medicine 6, no 4 (2001) : 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338201x00181.
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AbstractDuring the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, physics was regularly taught as part of instruction in philosophy and the arts at Central European schools and universities. However, physics did not have a special or privileged status within that instruction. Three general indicators of this lack of special status are suggested in this article. First, teachers of physics usually were paid less than teachers of most other university-level subject-matters. Second, very few Central European academics during this period appear to have made a career out of teaching physics. And third, Reformation Era schools and universities in Central Europe emphasized language instruction; such instruction not only was instrumental in promoting the confessional-i.e., Calvinist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic-agendas of those same schools and universities, but also helped to prepare students for service in nascent but growing state governments.
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de Ceglia, Francesco Paolo. « The Importance of Being Florentine : A Journey around the World for Wax Anatomical Venuses ». Nuncius 26, no 1 (2011) : 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569775.
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AbstractThis article reconstructs the 19th century history of events regarding a few female wax anatomical models made in Florence. More or less faithful copies of those housed in Florence's Museum of Physics and Natural History, these models were destined for display in temporary exhibitions. In their travels through Europe and the United States, they transformed the expression "Florentine Venus" into a sort of brand name used to label and offer respectability to pieces of widely varying quality.
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Pestre, Dominique. « The Quark Machines : How Europe Fought the Particle Physics War. Gordon Fraser ». Isis 89, no 3 (septembre 1998) : 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/384128.
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McCormmach, Russell. « The Language of Physics : The Calculus and the Development of Theoretical Physics in Europe, 1750-1914. Elizabeth Garber ». Isis 92, no 1 (mars 2001) : 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385049.
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Bussotti, Paolo. « A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION ». Journal of Baltic Science Education 12, no 6 (15 décembre 2013) : 712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/13.12.712.
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My research fields are history of mathematics and science, mainly physics and astronomy. I have also published some works on mathematics and physics education (as to these works see Bussotti 2012a; Bussotti 2012b; Pisano-Bussotti, 2012; Bussotti 2013). I have often wondered which role history of science can have inside science education, basically referring to high school and university students. This subject dates back at least at the second half of the 19th century when an important debate took place in Europe as to the most appropriate manner to teach Euclidean geometry. There were various positions: scholars who thought Euclid (fl. 300 BC) had to be completely abandoned, others who believed that the Elements had to be almost literally taught and, between these two opposite extreme opinions, a series of intermediate ones existed (for this problems see Bussotti, 2012a, where a series of references is presented, too). The discussion on the role of history of science/mathematics inside science/mathematics teaching is hence a long period debate and I have no pretension to provide an answer, but only to point out some questions and to develop a reasoning around them.
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Pisano, Raffaele. « SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE ». Problems of Education in the 21st Century 55, no 1 (10 juillet 2013) : 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.55.04.
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What about science, society and education in the history? In the 19th century Europe the figure of the scientific engineer is emerging. In Paris the Grandes Écoles were founded, where the most distinguished mathematicians of the time taught to students and drew up treaties. and Joseph–Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) and Gaspard Monge (1746–1818) were among the first professors of mathematics at École Polytechnique (1794), a military school for the training of engineers. In 1794 the École Normal of Paris was also born, in 1808, the École normale supérieure Paris was founded, a school that had as its goal the training of teachers of both science and humanities. On this model, with a Napoleonic decree of 1813, it was established the first foundation of the Scuola Normale in Pisa. The attention of the French mathematicians toward applications was therefore, at least in part, due to the need of educational institutions to train technicians for the new state. Such an attitude is not found in Germany, the country that in the nineteenth century was with France at the forefront of European mathematics. On the one hand, great importance was attributed to purely theoretical disciplines, such as number theory and abstract algebra, on the other hand the natural philosophy aim to frame in the same theory at all the physical disciplines. In Germany a great engineering school eventually developed which become dominant in Europe. But interaction between scientists and engineers has existed since ancient times: e.g., for the study of prototypes and machines for the society. Questions might be: when, why and how the tension between mathematics, physics, astronomy, gave rise to a new scientific discipline, the modern engineering? What is the conceptual bridge between sciences researches and the organization of technological researches in the development of the industry?
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Damjanovic, Sanja. « SEEIIST : South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies ». Europhysics News 50, no 4 (juillet 2019) : 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2019404.
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The states in South East Europe are joining forces to set up a large-scale competitive research infrastructure – the South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies (SEEIIST, https://seeiist.euh). Due to the recent history in South East Europe all scientific and economic activities have very much slowed down. As a consequence this region has suffered ever since from a strong brain drain of the young generation, affecting in particular the best.
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Cartwright, Julyan H. E., et Hisami Nakamura. « Tsunami : a history of the term and of scientific understanding of the phenomenon in Japanese and Western culture ». Notes and Records of the Royal Society 62, no 2 (12 mars 2008) : 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2007.0038.
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In the past few years we have unfortunately had several reminders of the ability of a particular type of ocean wave—a tsunami—to devastate coastal areas. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, in particular, was one of the largest natural disasters of past decades in terms of the number of people killed. The name of this phenomenon, tsunami , is possibly the only term that has entered the physics lexicon from Japanese. We use Japanese and Western sources to document historical tsunami in Europe and Japan, the birth of the scientific understanding of tsunami, and how the Japanese term came to be adopted in English.
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Pyenson, Lewis. « The Enlightened Image of Nature in the Dutch East Indies : Consequences of Postmodernist Doctrine for Broad Structures and Intimate Life ». Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 41, no 1 (2011) : 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2011.41.1.1.
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Eighteenth-century natural-history illustration in the Dutch East Indies reveals verisimilitude as a goal shared between colonial artists and their counterparts in Europe. Natural-history images more generally exhibit common styles in the world settled and dominated by Europeans. Apparently dramatic differences in the local settings of the artists produced only trivial variations in representing nature pictorially, in just the way that astronomy and physics in the European colonies and spheres of influence departed hardly at all from European practice. The overwhelming strength of disciplinary norms, in science and in art, is the standard explanation for this circumstance. An alternative explanation from social history is proposed. It centers on the hypothesis of a homology between households in colonial settings and in Europe. The alternative explanation implies that both the observatory and the artist's workshop were insensitive to superstructural variation in costume and architecture, as well as variation in climate and cuisine. The hypothesis behind the alternative explanation, designated by the term complementarity, derives directly from the postmodernist dictum that ideas are extrusions of social interactions. Nevertheless, just as the strength of disciplinary norms is unresolved in postmodernist doctrine, so complementarity directly challenges the postmodernist predilection for affirming the distinctiveness of colonial cultures.
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Tisza, Laszlo. « Adventures of a Theoretical Physicist, Part I : Europe ». Physics in Perspective 11, no 1 (mars 2009) : 46–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00016-008-0405-3.
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E. Nothaft, C. Philipp. « The Liber Theoreumacie (1214) and the Early History of the Quadrans Vetus ». Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no 1 (février 2020) : 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828619885504.
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The Liber theoreumacie is a neglected work of practical geometry, written in Strasbourg in 1214, which sheds valuable light on the study and practice of astronomy in early thirteenth-century Europe. In this article, I focus on the first two chapters of Book IV, which both deal with the construction of horary instruments. The first of these chapters contains the earliest known account of the type of universal horary quadrant known as quadrans vetus, which is here given a biblical pedigree by labelling it the “sundial of Ahaz.” The second chapter describes a graphical method of inscribing hour markings on the surface of an astrolabe’s alidade, which appears to have been introduced into Latin Europe by the twelfth-century translator John of Seville. A critical edition and translation of the relevant passages will conclude the article.
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Jackson, Roland. « Eunice Foote, John Tyndall and a question of priority ». Notes and Records : the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 74, no 1 (13 février 2019) : 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0066.
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In 1856, an American woman, Eunice Foote, discovered the absorption of thermal radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapour. That was three years before John Tyndall, who is generally credited with this important discovery—a cornerstone of our current understanding of the greenhouse effect, climate change, weather and meteorology. Tyndall did not reference Foote's work. From a contemporary perspective, one might expect that Tyndall would have known of her findings. But it appears that he did not, raising deeper historical questions about the connections and relationships between American and European physicists in the mid nineteenth century. The discovery is seen as a significant moment in physics generally and in climate science in particular, and demands a proper analysis. This paper explores the argument about priority, and the issues that the episode highlights in terms of simultaneous discovery, the development of science in America, gender, amateur status, the reputation of American science in Europe and the networks and means of communication between researchers in America and Europe in the 1850s.
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CIARDI, MARCO. « R. W. HOME, Electricity and Experimental Physics in 18th-Century Europe, London, Variorum, 1992, XII + 396 pp. » Nuncius 8, no 2 (1993) : 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539183x00947.
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Magelssen, Scott. « Accumulation, Loss, and Deferral : Charles Campbell and Steve Epley's Site-Specific Performance ‘You Are Here’ ». New Theatre Quarterly 20, no 2 (21 avril 2004) : 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x04000077.
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This essay is a reflection on the site-specific performance You are Here, created by Charles Campbell and Steve Epley on the roof of the University of Minnesota Tate Lab of Physics in May 2002. Scott Magelssen treats the production within the context of the previous site-specific work of Campbell and Epley, and their Minneapolis-based theatre company Skewed Visions, exploring the project's themes of knowledge-production and memory, the company's unique use of space, and the actor-object mode of performance. Scott Magelssen is Assistant Professor of Theatre Arts at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, where he teaches theatre history and dramaturgy, advises the student-run experimental theatre group, and occasionally directs productions. His current research focuses on the performative and historiographic practices employed by outdoor ‘living history’ museums in Europe and the US.
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Pyenson, Lewis. « The Einstein-Picasso Question ». Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 43, no 3 (novembre 2012) : 281–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2013.43.3.281.
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The theories of relativity in physics and the style known as Cubism in painting found a favorable reception by theoretical physicists, on the one hand, and avant-garde art dealers and patrons, on the other hand, across the seven years before the First World War. The climate in bourgeois Europe contributing to this rapid assimilation of revolutionary, intellectual work is examined from the point of view of material culture. Emphasis is placed on Neo-Idealist abstraction in urban decoration and design, with a focus on Oriental carpets, wallpaper, and electrical lighting. Elements from all three domains are found in Cubism, and relativity assimilated both vocabulary and images from newly electrified cities.
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Castel-Branco, Nuno. « From Flanders to Lisbon to the Mughal Empire : Hendrick Uwens and the Mathematical Backstage of a Jesuit Missionary’s Life ». Early Science and Medicine 25, no 3 (24 septembre 2020) : 224–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00253p02.
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Abstract Hendrick Uwens (1618-1667) was a Flemish-educated Jesuit who became a missionary to the Mughal Empire. Prior to embarking on his missionary work, he taught mixed mathematics in Lisbon in the early 1640s. Both in Europe and India, Uwens often insisted on portraying himself as a mathematician. Mathematics allowed him to be amongst the first teachers of certain aspects of Galileo’s physics and to promote a mechanical worldview – unusual ideas in early Jesuit circles. He also used mathematics to negotiate his missionary appointments in Asia. This paper analyzes the manuscript writings produced by Uwens throughout his life: the letters he wrote in Flanders to the Superior General requesting to be made a missionary, his Portuguese textbook on mechanics, and his correspondence from India to his Jesuit Superiors in Flanders and Rome.
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Lloyd, Geoffrey. « After Joseph Needham : The legacy reviewed, the agenda revised – some personal reflections ». Cultures of Science 3, no 1 (mars 2020) : 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2096608320917579.
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We all owe Joseph Needham an immense debt for discovering Chinese science and technology for Western scholars. But his famous question (Why did the Chinese, who had been so far in advance of Europe until the 17th century, fail to produce modern science independently?) is simplistic. Needham’s discussion relied on categories (‘physics’, ‘engineering’, even ‘mathematics’) that are largely anachronistic. He was preoccupied by questions of priorities (who did what first). We should recognise that the historical record brings to light many breakthroughs in the development of science, in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, ancient Greece and ancient China, as well as in Europe in the 17th century and beyond; they all call for detailed analysis of the different social, political, economic, institutional and intellectual factors at work. One topic of particular importance and current interest concerns the factors that enable innovation to flourish, where the differing experience of ancient societies can provide lessons that may still be relevant today. The new agenda for the history of science should have a global remit.
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Machado Neto, Raul. « Internationalization at the University of São Paulo ». Revista de Medicina 95, spe3 (26 août 2016) : 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v95ispe3p5-6.
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The University of São Paulo, founded in 1934, started under the influence of important foreigners academicians in our campuses. The beginning of our university was the result of a fusion of the already existing colleges – Law School, School of Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Dentistry, College of Agriculture, Medical School, and School of Veterinary Medicine. In addition, in 1934, the School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters was created being responsible for human sciences – Philosophy, History, Geography, Sociology – and hard sciences – Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry – that academically amalgamated the professional existing colleges. In the thirties, we benefited from the instabilities in Europe and important professors came to the University of São Paulo contributing remarkably to our successful trajectory.[...]
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MacMahon, Michael K. C. « The work of Richard John Lloyd (1846–1906) and “the crude system of doctrine which passes at present under the name of Phonetics” ». Historiographia Linguistica 34, no 2-3 (13 novembre 2007) : 281–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.34.2.05mac.
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Summary Richard John Lloyd (1846–1906) was a well-known Liverpool businessman who also pursued the study of phonetics, English language, literature, sociology and philosophy. His wide intellectual background embraced mathematics and physics too. His work in phonetics is characterised by a particular emphasis on the acoustics of vowel sounds, as well as by close attention to the fine detail of articulation (what he called “minute phonetics”). Alongside a small group of scientists in Europe, he was actively involved in research into the formant structure of vowels. His relatively early death meant that his work never achieved the prominence it deserved, and hence his influence has remained negligible. His work, however, bears comparison with that of colleagues in articulatory and experimental phonetics later in the 20th century.
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Rudenberg, H. Gunther. « The 50 years before the Electron Microscope : From electron to electron lens — hans busch and the “Göttingen Group” ». Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no 2 (août 1992) : 1084–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100130055.
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Much of the research to characterize the electron at the turn of the century was made by physics professors at Göttingen University in Germany. Their efforts led their student Hans Busch to experiment and later to analyze the focusing action of a magnetic coil. With this he gave birth to the field of electron optics. Little known are either the delays associated with his discovery or the contributions of others in the “Göttingen Electron Group.”In 1881, fifty years before the invention of the electron microscope, Rieke in Göttingen analyzed the constriction of the canal rays in a Crookes tube by a surrounding magnetic coil. Next, in 1897, which was a particularly exciting year in the history of the electron, Braun conceived the cathode ray oscillograph tube - now named for him in Europe - and J. J. Thomson in England made fundamental measurements on the electron. Also that year Wiechert, who must be recognized as co-discoverer of the electron, made similar measurements in Königsberg. After his appointment to Göttingen later in 1897 there followed a decade of intensive experimental research on the e/m ratio and characteristics of the electron by a half-dozen Göttingen physics professors (e.g. desCoudres, Kaufmann, Rieke, Simon, Stark, Wiechert).
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Suwannarach, Nakarin, Jaturong Kumla, Surapong Khuna, Nopparat Wannathes, Naritsada Thongklang, Phongeun Sysouphanthong, Thatsanee Luangharn et al. « History of Thai Mycology and Resolution of Taxonomy for Thai Macrofungi Confused with Europe and American Names ». Chiang Mai Journal of Science 49, no 3 (31 mai 2022) : 654–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2022.052.
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Fungi are a diverse eukaryotic group that is distributed throughout the world. Many mycologists have identifi ed Thailand as a hot spot for the discovery of novel macrofungal taxa. Currently, a combination of morphological and molecular data is required for correct macrofungal identifi cation. Traditionally, Thai macrofungi have been studied and described based on morphological characteristics. Many species of fungi have been linked to native species that had previously been identifi ed in America and Europe. These have been included on checklists that have come to be regularly cited in many published scientifi c studies. However, some of these determinations are now in doubt and cannot be confi rmed due to a lack of comprehensive herbarium material, fully accurate descriptions, and molecular data. Since 2005, Thai macrofungi research has greatly expanded and the identifi cation process has signifi cantly improved by employing molecular approaches. Many new macrofungal taxa and records have been discovered and described based on existing morphological and molecular data. This paper will briefl y review the history of Thai mycology and the current status of Thai macrofungi research. Moreover, the identifi cation of ten genera, namely Agaricus, Amanita, Astraeus, Chlorophyllum, Clitopilus, Daldinia, Ganoderma, Phlebopus, Pluteus, and Volvariella, has been updated and a new accurate list will be established based on the collection, description, and molecular data obtained from Thai native specimens.
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Esmaeili, Mohammad Javad. « THE SCIENCES OF THE ANCIENTS AND THEIR DIVISIONS AQSĀM ʿULŪM AL-AWĀʾIL : A TEXT ATTRIBUTED TO AVICENNA, AN EDITION WITH A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ». Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 31, no 2 (23 août 2021) : 183–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423921000060.
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AbstractThe famous philosopher and scientist Abū ʿAlī b. Sīnā (d. 428/1037) had an exceptional command of all the subjects on which he wrote. He is especially known for his many writings in logic, philosophy, and medicine. His influence was such that even in Europe, his works on physics, metaphysics and medicine in particular, were widely studied until the beginning of modern times. A keen mind, he had a full understanding of the inner structure of the Islamo-Hellenistic tradition that he perpetuated and in places helped to develop and reshape. This is not only borne out by his many writings, but in some instances also by his explicit accounts of the sciences and their divisions. This article contains an edition of one such account, of which only two copies have been identified so far. It will be argued (against Biesterfeldt) that the text in question is likely to have been written in Bukhārā when Avicenna was still in his early twenties. Moreover, it will be shown that it could very well be that the text was actually copied from his famous Al-ḥāṣil wal-maḥṣūl (Harvest reapings), a philosophical encyclopaedia in twenty volumes long since lost. The absence of algebra and a philosophical rather than a religious foundation of the sciences finally, are important clues to Avicenna's perspective on the rational sciences early in his career.
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Sawicki, Jerzy. « Kleist vs. Musschenbroek – trudna droga do prawdy ». Studia Historiae Scientiarum 17 (12 décembre 2018) : 275–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.18.011.9331.
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On October 11, 1745, a German scientist Ewald Georg (Jürgen) Kleist in Cammin in Pommern (today Kamień Pomorski) discovered both the phenomenon of storing electricity in a glass vessel with water, and a new device – an electric capacitor. Kleist quickly and correctly announced his discovery to the scientific community. The greatest help in confirming the discovery and its publication was received by Kleist from Daniel Gralath who was active in the first Polish Society for Experimental Physics Societas Physicae Experimentalis in Gdańsk. At the beginning of 1746, in the Dutch Leiden, in the workshop of the famous professor Pieter Musschenbroek, an experiment was conducted similar to the one in Cammin. The information about the Leiden experiment quickly reached Paris, the centre of European science of that time, and which lead to a proclamation of a new, very important physical discovery. The experiment gained wide publicity in Europe thanks to numerous public repetitions. The French promoter of the Leiden experiment was physicist Jean-Antoine Nollet. The discoverer’s fame was unjustly attributed to Musschenbroek and Leiden, although Daniel Gralath reported Nollet’s letter about Kleist’s priority. From the moment of discovery to modern times, scientific publications in the field of physics and history of science often misrepresent the person of the discoverer, the place of discovery and its name. The aim of the article is to present a broad overview of the reports, descriptions and opinions contained in scientific publications about the discovery. In the review presented in the article, 117 books are divided by country of issue, language and time of publication. The most frequent errors were classified and assigned to the analyzed publications. The result turned out to be surprising, as only 6 items were free of errors, and in the remaining, 254 errors were found. Unfortunately, in both former and contemporary publications, Kleist is sometimes ignored, and even if noticed, his discovery is usually depreciated in various ways. It may come as a surprise that the first two works on the history of electrical research written in the eighteenth century by Daniel Gralath and Joseph Priestley correctly and profoundly convey the course of events and the priority of Kleist’s discovery. It turns out that the French untrue version of the history of this finding is still alive, especially in European countries, so that pupils, students and physics enthusiasts receive a false message about this important discovery. In the circle of reliable researchers in the history of science, the priority of Kleist’s discovery is widely recognized, but even they have a problem with naming the electric capacitor discovered by the Cammin physicist differently than the Leiden jar. One of the reasons for the poor knowledge of Kleist and his experiment is scant scientific literature on the subject and the ignorance of the source texts written by the Cammin explorer. This gap is bridged by a scientific monograph written by the author of the present article. The text of this paper complements the information presented in the author’s book entitled Ewald Georg Kleist – Wielki odkrywca z małego miasta (A great discoverer from a small town): Kamień Pomorski 1745 (Warszawa: Instytut Historii Nauki PAN, Stowarzyszenie Elektryków Polskich, Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie, 2018).
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Graefe, O. « The reflexive turn in French and German-speaking geography in comparison ». Geographica Helvetica 68, no 1 (30 mai 2013) : 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-61-2013.
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Abstract. The papers presented by Bernard Debarbieux and Ute Wardenga at the symposium on "Les fabriques des `Géographies' – making Geographies in Europe'' and published in this thematic issue both take a historiographical perspective, which at a first glance seems evident. In order to understand how geography is thought about and practiced, the best is to look back on how these thoughts and practices have been respectively established and have evolved in the different national contexts. But at second glance, this historiographical perspective seems revealing regarding the status and the position of geography as an academic discipline. One can hardly imagine a symposium on the "making philosophy'' or "making physics'' in Europe privileging such a historiographical stance in order to illustrate and understand the differences and commonalities of a discipline in different countries today. Other disciplines might have favoured a dialogue on how a theory or a prominent author is received in order to excavate the differences or commonalities in a particular discipline of different countries. Such dialogues have been organized for example in Sociology with the exchange of approaches on Bourdieu published by Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Étienne François and Gunter Gebauer (2005). Another example and a reference of such dialogues is the famous debate on hermeneutics between Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jacques Derrida in the early 1980s. The emphasis on the history (Debarbieux) and the way to write the history of geography (Wardenga) points out the difficulty of our discipline to position itself in academia, and reveals the crisis to which Wardenga refers to in her paper. As Ute Wardenga pointed out by quoting Jörn Rüsen, "genetical narratives'' are part of identity formation processes by "mediating permanence and change to a process of self-definition'' (Rüsen, 1987, cited by Wardenga, this issue). Both presented papers expose in different but complementary ways this identity formation of geography as a distinct discipline on the national scale in France (B. Debarbieux) and on a more international scale (U. Wardenga). The first analyses the conceptualization of space, the nation and the national territory by French geographers, while the second reflects upon the internationalization of the historiography of our discipline, meaning the way history is written and not the history itself. The underlying question here is the specificity of geography in Germany or in France and what their relationships are with other geographies, i.e. in how far they are influenced by or reject ideas and methodologies especially (but not exclusively) from Anglophone geographers.
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Harrington, Anne. « Interwar “German” Psychobiology : Between Nationalism and the Irrational ». Science in Context 4, no 2 (1991) : 429–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001046.
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The ArgumentThis paper is concerned with “holism” as a German cultural “style” of doing psychobiology in Central Europe between the two world wars. The paper takes its starting point from a critical analysis of Forman's writings on nationalism versus internationalism in interwar German science, and the alleged “accommodation” of interwar German physics to an antiscientific, irrationalist culture. The paper argues that psychobiological holism was not just a reaction against nineteenth-century atomistic or mechanistic approaches to modeling life and mind; it also represented a domestically directed answer from within the German biomedical scientific community to broad religious and cultural “disenchantment.” As such, holistic psychobiology emerges as a phenomenon that challenges us with at least four levels of discourse: (1) experimental/clinical, (2) epistemological/philosophical, (3) existential/religious, and (4) ideological/political. The paper defends the methodological appropriateness of a collective case-study approach to the problem of holism as a multilevel discourse. It concludes by offering a preliminary contextualized analysis of the thought of three representative holistic leaders of the time: behavioral biologist and ethologist Jakob von Uexküll; clinical neurologist Constantin von Monakow; and neuropsychiatrist Kurt Goldstein.
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ABBRI, FERDINANDO. « IL MISTERIOSO SPIRITUS SALIS ». Nuncius 2, no 2 (1987) : 55–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539187x00033.
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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The spiritus salis (hydrochloric acid) was known as a mineral acid from antiquity, but its exact chemical composition remained a mystery until the emergence of electrochemistry in the early nineteenth century. The case of this acid shows the complex status of the concept of chemical substance in the various phases of the historical evolution of modern chemical thought. The aim of this paper is to show such a complex status through an examination of the research in electrochemistry which took place in Tuscany at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The paper specifically examines the works of Francesco Pacchiani who, in 1805, thought to have proved that spirit of salt was composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Between 1805 and 1806 the international scientific community carefully discussed Pacchiani's research and discoveries . The Pacchiani case reveals that the composition of the spirit of salt was a true puzzle for chemical philosophy at that time. The study of the fate of Pacchiani's work also provides some information on the Italian chemical community at the time of Napoleon I and demonstrates that Giovanni Fabbroni, the vice-director of the Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence, was the leading representative of Tuscan science and was much admired throughout Europe. Fabbroni took a prominent part in the affairs of the Pacchiani case. Therefore the paper offers a primary documentation of Fabbroni's ideas on electrochemistry and of his efforts to favour the spreading of Tuscan research in this field.
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McCRAY, W. PATRICK. « Project Vista, Caltech, and the dilemmas of Lee DuBridge ». Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 34, no 2 (1 mars 2004) : 339–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.339.
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ABSTRACT: In the summer of 1951, more than one hundred scientists and other academics participated in Project Vista, a secret study hosted by the California Institute of Technology. Its purpose was to determine how existing technologies as well as ones soon to be available——tactical nuclear weapons, in particular——could offset NATO's weaker conventional forces and repel a massive Soviet invasion of Europe many perceived as likely if not imminent. Despite the best efforts of scientists like William Fowler, Lee DuBridge, and J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vista's recommendations were eventually suppressed by the Air Force. This article examines the history of Project Vista as a circumstance of the early Cold War period. By focusing primarily on the local level, the article presents a detailed examination of how people were recruited to Project Vista, how their work was organized and managed, and the relations between Caltech's administration and trustees. Finally, this article considers the history of postwar universities as they struggled to adapt to the Cold War environment and scientists' efforts to provide counsel to the U.S. government and military.
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Wittry, David B., et Nicholas C. Barbi. « X-ray Crystal Spectrometers and Monochromators in Microanalysis ». Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no 2 (mars 2001) : 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010080.
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Abstract Castaing’s successful implementation and application of the electron probe microanalyzer in 1950 stimulated a flurry of development activity around the world. The later versions of this instrument represented a truly international effort, with significant contributions by scientists from Europe, Asia, and North America. If the probe-forming system of the instrument was its heart, the X-ray wavelength spectrometer was its soul. This article reviews some of the history of spectrometer developments—lthrough the “golden years” of microprobe development, namely the dozen or so years following the publication of Castaing’s thesis, to the present. The basic physics of spectrometer and crystal design is reviewed. Early experimental devices, such as those developed by Castaing, Borovskii, Wittry, Duncumb, and Ogilvie are reported. Examples of commercial spectrometers such as those by ARL, MAC, Microspec, and Peak are described. Recent developments such as the combination of grazing-incidence optics with flat crystal spectrometers are noted, and the properties and uses of doubly curved crystals are discussed. Finally, the continued development of doubly curved crystal configurations, such as the “Wittry geometry” for scanning monochromators, and point-to-point focusing diffractors for producing small monochromatic X-ray probes to provide improved detection limits for microanalysis are considered.
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de Angelis, Alessandro, et Selenia Broccio. « First Observations of SN 1604 (Kepler’s Supernova) ». Universe 7, no 11 (11 novembre 2021) : 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7110430.
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A supernova close enough to the Earth is a spectacular event: it can appear as a “new star” as luminous as Venus, or even more, visible for several days. The rate of Galactic supernovae is expected to be of about one in 30 years, with a fraction visible to the naked eye; however in all the history of human civilization only seven supernovae in the Milky Way have been reported, the last two (1572 and 1604) during Galilei’s life. The supernova of 1604, today called Kepler’s Supernova, was observed by Galilei, Kepler and other astronomers in Europe, Korea, China, Arabia. Like the supernova SN1572, today called Tycho’s supernova, it has been the subject of extensive studies, and inspired observational measurements and philosophical considerations on the nature of the heavens. The remnant of SN1604 has been indicated by recent X- and gamma-ray data to be a likely site of cosmic ray acceleration. The first recorded data of optical observations, together with new data, can still tell us a lot about the early evolution of this supernova.
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Brinkis, K., V. Kreslins et A. Mutule. « Operative and technological management of super-large united power grids : lessons of major world’s blackouts ». Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 51, no 1 (1 février 2014) : 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2014-0001.
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ABSTRACT Power system (PS) blackouts still persist worldwide, evidencing that the existing protective structures need to be improved. The discussed requirements and criteria to be met for joint synchronous operation of large and super-large united PSs should be based on close co-ordination of operative and technological management of all PSs involved in order to ensure secure and stable electricity supply and minimise or avoid the threat of a total PS blackout. The authors analyse the July 2012 India blackout - the largest power outage in history, which affected over 620 million people, i.e. half of India’s population and spread across its 22 states. The analysis is of a general character, being applicable also to similar blackouts that have occurred in Europe and worldwide since 2003. The authors summarise and develop the main principles and methods of operative and technological management aimed at preventing total blackouts in large and super-large PSs.
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Dulal, Lok Nath. « Sculpture of Panchayan Deities of National Museum : An Illustrative Stone Work of Nepal ». International Journal of Culture and History 9, no 1 (3 février 2022) : 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v9i1.19534.
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Historical evidence proves the history of sculpturing art is as old as the history of human beings. The findings of stone sculpture and other forms of art from the different prehistoric sites of Europe, Africa and Asia have strongly supported the above mentioned acquaintance. It means the tradition of sculpturing stone art has evolved from the pre- historic culture in the world. Likewise, the tradition of creating stone sculpture and other forms of stone art also existed from the pre- historic age in Nepalese society. It is justified through the findings of hand axes and other different art objects which are being displayed in the National Museum. There are some noteworthy illustrations of Nepalese stone art in different museums abroad and in Nepal as well. Out of Nepalese stone sculptures, Panchayan deities of the national museum are considered an important specimen through religious, cultural, style, skill and technological perspectives. In this stone panel the figures of Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesh and goddess have been depicted. In Nepal, there are plenty of sculptures and paintings of these gods and goddess in single and with their families as well. But such a sculpture of this kind which has been exhibited in the stone work section of the national museum is very rare. Therefore, it is claimed that the panel is one of the important sculptures of Panchayan gods of Nepal. In this article, regarding the different issues of such sculptures going to be examined.
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TYBJERG, KARIN. « J. LENNART BERGGREN and ALEXANDER JONES, Ptolemy'sGeography : An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton and Oxford : Princeton University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii+192. ISBN 0-691-01042-0. £24.95, $39.50 (hardback). » British Journal for the History of Science 37, no 2 (24 mai 2004) : 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087404215813.
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J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones, Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. By Karin Tybjerg 194Natalia Lozovsky, ‘The Earth is Our Book’: Geographical Knowledge in the Latin West ca. 400–1000. By Evelyn Edson 196David Cantor (ed.), Reinventing Hippocrates. By Daniel Brownstein 197Peter Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700. By John Henry 199Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language. By John Henry 200Marie Boas Hall, Henry Oldenburg: Shaping the Royal Society. By Christoph Lüthy 201Richard L. Hills, James Watt, Volume 1: His Time in Scotland, 1736–1774. By David Philip Miller 203René Sigrist (ed.), H.-B. de Saussure (1740–1799): Un Regard sur la terre, Albert V. Carozzi and John K. Newman (eds.), Lectures on Physical Geography given in 1775 by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure at the Academy of Geneva/Cours de géographie physique donné en 1775 par Horace-Bénédict de Saussure à l'Académie de Genève and Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, Voyages dans les Alpes: Augmentés des Voyages en Valais, au Mont Cervin et autour du Mont Rose. By Martin Rudwick 206Anke te Heesen, The World in a Box: The Story of an Eighteenth-Century Picture Encyclopedia. By Richard Yeo 208David Boyd Haycock, William Stukeley: Science, Religion and Archaeology in Eighteenth-Century England. By Geoffrey Cantor 209Jessica Riskin, Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment. By Dorinda Outram 210Michel Chaouli, The Laboratory of Poetry: Chemistry and Poetics in the Work of Friedrich Schlegel. By David Knight 211George Levine, Dying to Know: Scientific Epistemology and Narrative in Victorian England. By Michael H. Whitworth 212Agustí Nieto-Galan, Colouring Textiles: A History of Natural Dyestuffs in Industrial Europe. By Ursula Klein 214Stuart McCook, States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760–1940. By Piers J. Hale 215Paola Govoni, Un pubblico per la scienza: La divulgazione scientifica nell'Italia in formazione. By Pietro Corsi 216R. W. Home, A. M. Lucas, Sara Maroske, D. M. Sinkora and J. H. Voigt (eds.), Regardfully Yours: Selected Correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller. Volume II: 1860–1875. By Jim Endersby 217Douglas R. Weiner, Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. With a New Afterword. By Piers J. Hale 219Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. By Steven French 220Antony Kamm and Malcolm Baird, John Logie Baird: A Life. By Sean Johnston 221Robin L. Chazdon and T. C. Whitmore (eds.), Foundations of Tropical Forest Biology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. By Joel B. Hagen 223Stephen Jay Gould, I Have Landed: Splashes and Reflections in Natural History. By Peter J. Bowler 223Henry Harris, Things Come to Life: Spontaneous Generation Revisited. By Rainer Brömer 224Hélène Gispert (ed.), ‘Par la Science, pour la patrie’: L'Association française pour l'avancement des sciences (1872–1914), un projet politique pour une société savante. By Cristina Chimisso 225Henry Le Chatelier, Science et industrie: Les Débuts du taylorisme en France. By Robert Fox 227Margit Szöllösi-Janze (ed.), Science in the Third Reich. By Jonathan Harwood 227Vadim J. Birstein, The Perversion of Knowledge; The true Story of Soviet Science. By C. A. J. Chilvers 229Guy Hartcup, The Effect of Science on the Second World War. By David Edgerton 230Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen, the Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics. By Arne Hessenbruch 230Stephen B. Johnson, The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs, John M. Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program. Volume V: Exploring the Cosmos and Douglas J. Mudgway, Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep Space Network 1957–1997. By Jon Agar 231Helen Ross and Cornelis Plug, The Mystery of the Moon Illusion: Exploring Size Perception. By Klaus Hentschel 233Matthew R. Edwards (ed.), Pushing Gravity: New Perspectives on Le Sage's Theory of Gravitation. By Friedrich Steinle 234Ernest B. Hook (ed.), Prematurity in Scientific Discovery: On Resistance and Neglect. By Alex Dolby 235John Waller, Fabulous Science: Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific Discovery. By Alex Dolby 236Rosalind Williams, Retooling: A Historian Confronts Technological Change. By Keith Vernon 237Colin Divall and Andrew Scott, Making Histories in Transport Museums. By Anthony Coulls 238
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Abylkasymova Alma Esimbekovna,, Kusherbaeva Maikul Rakhmanberdievna, et Tamaev Sabit Tamaevich,. « METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS IN THE WORKS OF AL FARABI ». BULLETIN 6, no 388 (15 décembre 2020) : 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.215.
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This year, at the UNESCO level, the 1150th anniversary of Abu Nasir al-Farabi (870-950), a world famous figure in all fields of science born in Otyrar, is the center of science and education, culture in the Middle Ages. The idea of the great scientist, who at one time was able to analyze at a high level the works of Aristotle and Plato, who became the great philosopher of their time, has not lost its relevance to this day, having formed a new system of thinking through his scientific works and raise the intellectual level of the scientific worldview.He knew that one of the main goals of science was to serve the good of mankind and bring real benefits to the development of civilization. His works have been translated into several languages and recognized throughout Europe. Thanks to the Kazakh intelligentsia, the heritage of the scientist was returned to our country in the 60-70s of the 20th century. Since then, a lot of work has been done to study the works of the great scientist, namely: from 1978 to 1993, he published about four hundred works in various areas of pharabology in the Kazakh and Russian languages, and from 1991 to 2012, including 85 monographs from 1998 to 2012, materials of 38 scientific and practical conferences from 2000 to 2009, from 1992 to 2012 published 225 scientific articles. And this year it is expected to further increase the research of the scientist's work. In the works of the great thinker, questions of mathematics and the teaching of mathematics also occupy a special place. According to Iraqi scientist Omar Farrukh, al-Farabi is the author of about 70 works on geometry, astronomy, music, calendars and measuring instruments. According to Farabi, mathematics deepens human knowledge and has a direct impact on the development of other sciences, and physics is the science of nature, its basic principles and parts, chances involving natural bodies, the interaction of natural data and elements that have a direct impact on the development of science. Therefore, these two sciences, which are the core of natural science education, require continuous addition and development. The most important methodological problems of physics and mathematics are considered in "The Essence of the Problem" by al-Farabi, Aristotle's commentary "Category" and other philosophical works, the idea of the universal application of mathematics in astronomy, mechanics, music, various applications (arithmetic and geometry). shows the close connection of mathematical concepts and methods with the real world. Also, from the pedagogical works of the scientist, one can notice that the problems of education and upbringing should be closely related. He said that “a person must first be given upbringing, not education, education without upbringing is the worst enemy of mankind. It will harm his life in the future”. Enriching and revising the scientific and philosophical works of the scientist, we see that he was one of the greatest personalities in the history of pedagogy. Therefore, this article provides an overview of a number of Al-Farabi's works in this area and describes the methodological aspects of interdisciplinary communication in teaching physics and mathematics.
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Sloot, P. M. A., Peter V. Coveney, G. Ertaylan, V. Müller, C. A. Boucher et M. Bubak. « HIV decision support : from molecule to man ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no 1898 (13 juillet 2009) : 2691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0043.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is recognized to be one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. Effective highly active antiretroviral therapy and the availability of genetic screening of patient virus data have led to sustained viral suppression and higher life expectancy in patients who have been infected with HIV. The sheer complexity of the disease stems from the multiscale and highly dynamic nature of the system under study. The complete cascade from genome, proteome, metabolome and physiome to health forms a multidimensional system that crosses many orders of magnitude in temporal and spatial scales. Understanding, quantifying and handling this complexity is one of the biggest challenges of our time, which requires a highly multidisciplinary approach. In order to supply researchers with an interactive framework and to provide the medical professional with appropriate tools and information for making a balanced and reliable clinical decision, we have developed ‘ViroLab’, a collaborative decision-support system ( http://www.virolab.org/ ). ViroLab contains computational models that cover various spatial and temporal scales from atomic-level interactions in nanoseconds up to sociological interactions on the epidemiological level, spanning years of disease progression. ViroLab allows for personalized drug ranking. It is on trial in six hospitals and various virology and epidemiology laboratories across Europe.
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Márquez-Grant, N., H. Webster, J. Truesdell et L. Fibiger. « Physical Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology in Europe : History, Current Trends and Challenges ». International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26, no 6 (2 mars 2016) : 1078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2520.
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Chebotarov, V. « At the Core of Economic Educational, Scientific and Pedagogical Elaboration ». Economic Herald of the Donbas, no 1 (63) (2021) : 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2021-1(63)-233-237.
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The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the south-eastern Ukraine – Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University. The achievements and contribution of LNU in the fields of pedagogy, history, geography, philology and linguistics, physics and mathematics, and Olympic sports are widely known in Ukraine and abroad. At the level of the best achievements there are also achievements of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University in the field of economic science, which is shown by the example of the modern department of economics, marketing and entrepreneurship. The author makes an attempt to establish historical justice in the history of world economics: to prove the unsurpassed importance of the developments of the former head of the department Vasily Antonovich Bader. In the late 1960 s, in parallel with the world-famous Ota Šik, in the context of the theory of "market socialism" he substantiated the doom and disintegration of the socialist economic system and its transformation into a market economy (much later, under other economic and socio-political conditions, Deng Xiaoping, the father of the "Opening of China", came to similar views). At the beginning of the 2000s, for the first time in Ukraine and Central and Eastern Europe, the department introduced a process of organizational and economic combination of research and educational activities – the establishment of a branch of the Institute of Industrial Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine at the Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University. With the beginning of the war in Donbass, the department became the first and only in Ukraine, on the basis of which was established a communication and consulting support center for leading international charitable organizations in Luhansk and Donetsk regions. The department has developed one of the first in Ukraine concepts of "Marshall Plan" for the Revival of the Donbas". The academic mobility experience of the department gained via the Visiting Professor program in teaching professional disciplines in Poland to students from the European Union, Asia and Africa under the ERASMUS+ Program is unique. Innovative are the practices of participation in the most prestigious European scientific and practical research projects, encouragement on a regular basis to the domestic educational process of leading entrepreneurs, teaching disciplines of free choice in English and cooperation with public authorities.
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Oliinyk, Olha. « The role of V. Lihin's scientific publications in international journals ». History of science and technology 10, no 1(16) (5 juin 2020) : 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2020-10-1(16)-62-71.
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In the 21st century, we live in the stage of human history when any information is as accessible as possible. The modern scientific world is based on an extensive network of journals. Thanks to them, we have the opportunity to get acquainted with the latest research results. In the 21st century, every reputable journal also has an online version, which makes the dissemination of scientific information almost instantaneous. We are so accustomed to the conveniences of the information age that it is difficult for us to imagine the difficulties that scientists faced a little over 150 years ago. In the second half of the nineteenth century, almost most of the sciences known to mankind were formed. The genesis of science launched the process of forming branch scientific communities and demanded stable ways of communication for productive and effective development of the branch. Scientific journals have become an ideal means of disseminating information, and a scientific article has been transformed from an ordinary letter into a modern form and has taken on an ideal form. Given all the above, it is important to consider the experience of V. Lihin in publishing articles in scientific journals abroad. Valerian Mykolaiovych was the first scientist from Odessa to join a new type of scientific communication. He became the first Russian-speaking member of one of the oldest Mathematical Societies in Europe - the French. The young mathematician conquered with his erudition, attention to detail, thorough approach and comprehensive analysis of research issues. During his life, V. Lihin wrote more than 30 scientific papers, a third of which were presented in scientific journals abroad. These were complete author's translations or articles based on part of the study. Not infrequently, on the pages of magazines, you could see scientific discussions, in which our compatriot also took an active part. In Odessa, the fate of Valerian Mykolaiovych changed quite radically several times: he was a professor and dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Novorossiysk University; an adviser of the mayor, and later the mayor; became a trustee of the Warsaw Educational District. And in Europe, his authority as a scientist was highly valued. He showed that science has no state borders, that it can develop harmoniously - imitating the results of research from all over the world. V. Lihin broke the tradition of "isolated" science when discoveries in the Russian Empire (and later in the USSR) were made separately from the rest of the world. Scientists, who speak the language of science - speak the language of peace and development. And so, in 2020, the language of medical science has united the world despite its borders, nations and religions.
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Grimes, Peter E. « Evolution and World-Systems : Complexity, Energy, and Form ». Journal of World-Systems Research 23, no 2 (11 août 2017) : 678–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.728.
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World-Systems Theory and Complexity Theory are siblings from the same parent of Von Bertalanffy’s foundational work on general systems theory. But they were ideologically separated at birth. World-Systems emerged out of dependency theory, itself a product of and reaction to neocolonialism after World War Two. Wallerstein’s historical analysis of the origins of unequal exchange in the “long” 16th C., first within Europe, and then encompassing its colonies, extended dependency theory’s exposure of exploitation by demonstrating the systemic consistency of geopolitical parasitism well before the modern era. Christopher Chase-Dunn has furthered that insight by using empirical research on the unequal exchange between the earliest known polities. His work has additionally shown how the methods of cross-polity parasitism have changed over time, both creating and undermining the empires of history in response to changing ecological and climatic constraints. His work also shows how systemic change often starts in the creative conditions unique to semiperipheries. The other child of general systems theory evolved in the worlds of physics and computer science, becoming known first as Chaos and later Complexity theory. It too expanded, demonstrating that positive causal feedback loops of energy and information could explain the life-processes of biology and evolutionary theory. Given their common ancestry and attention to the flows of energy and information, their re-connection was inevitable. This paper seeks to merge them. The approach will be to use complexity to explain how entropy builds structures on a physical level, then how those same dynamics created life, drove evolution, and continue to drive social complexity from our nomadic roots to our current global strife. The work of Chase-Dunn will be shown as logically consistent with complexity theory, and ideally a marriage of the traditions completed. As a former student and life-long colleague of Chase-Dunn’s, the author is also paying homage while pointing a way forward.
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Watson, Simon J. « The Science of Making Torque from Wind 2022 (TORQUE 2022) ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2265, no 1 (1 mai 2022) : 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/1/011001.
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Abstract Wind energy continues to make great strides in its contribution to the net CO2-zero targets of countries around the world. Both wind farms onshore and offshore are being built, but scientific challenges lie ahead if their generation is to be both reliable and economic. These challenges relate to better understanding the characteristics of the wind, how the wind inflow translates to loads and performance, and how best to build and operate the wind farms of the future so that their output can best be integrated into a 21st century energy system. Europe continues to be a hub for scientific research in wind energy and the European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE) was created to bring together the top research institutes active in wind energy to cooperate, share knowledge and promote scientific excellence. As part of this remit, the conference, The Science of Making Torque from Wind (or TORQUE, for short) was inaugurated in 2004 in the beautiful city of Delft. The conference has gone from strength to strength and is probably the largest scientific conference devoted to wind energy in the world. History came full circle and the eighth edition, TORQUE 2020 was due to be held in Delft. Unfortunately, the global pandemic meant that this conference had to be held online, but the TU Delft Wind Energy Institute was given a further opportunity to host the ninth edition, TORQUE 2022, in person. Following the call for three-page abstracts, 435 submissions were made and, after a two-stage peer review process by over 100 reviewers, 300 full papers were accepted for publication in the proceedings. The conference consisted of three plenary sessions, 28 parallel oral sessions and two poster sessions. Oral presenters had 15 minutes to present their work followed by 5 minutes of questions. All poster presenters were allowed a recorded one-minute pitch which could be accessed in advance of the live 90-minute poster sessions.
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Korb, S. K., B. V. Stradomsky et G. V. Kuznetsov. « TWO NEW SUBSPECIES OF MELITAEA ORNATA CHRISTOPH, 1893 (LEPIDOPTERA, NYMPHALIDAE) FROM EUROPE AND MIDDLE ASIA ». Amurian Zoological Journal 7, no 2 (2015) : 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33910/1999-4079-2015-7-2-140-145.
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Halytska, Е. V., О. K. Primierova et S. V. Siemikolenova. « Life path and scientific work by William Petty ». Statistics of Ukraine, no 4(79) (20 décembre 2017) : 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.4(79).2017.04.12.
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The article is devoted to the scientific and practical activities of the prominent representative of the school of political arithmetic W. Petty. He was a well-known English economist, physician, inventor of copying equipment, doctor of physics, professor of astronomy, founder of English classical political economy, statesman, one of the founders of the Royal Society of London.
In the article the biography of W. Petty is outlined and his role in the formation of scientific statistics is considered. The main works of the scientist such as: “Political arithmetic”, “A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions”, “Verbum Sapienti posthum”, “Political anatomy of Ireland” are analyzed. The views of the scientist on a wide range of socio-economic problems of the time and directions of their solution are considered
Petty’s contribution to the development of methodological foundations of statistical science is determined. The article emphasizes the historic merit of the scientist in creating the basis of the statistical- economic method of research. The focus was made on W Petty’s application of the methods of collecting, processing, systematization and generalization of statistical information. W Petty first calculated the magnitude of the national wealth of England and Wales and made calculations of the national income, as well as differentiated these concepts and paid attention not only to the monetary form, but also material. In essence, from these calculations we can speak about the emergence of the foundations of the modern system of macroeconomic national accounting.
It was also a great achievement of W Petty that he identified his main task of studying the laws of social phenomena. He was the first to raise the issue of the necessity of establishing a state statistical service and outline outlined its main activities. His achievements of the scientist concerning forecasting and comparative characteristics of the population of large cities of Europe are also considered.
The article reflects the thoughts and statements of the descendants of W Petty, well-known researchers in the history of statistics, who highly appreciated the role and contribution of the scientist in the formation of statistical science.
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Kim, Yong-Deog. « A Study on the Balance of Transformation in Poland over 30 Years : Focusing on the Transition to Market Economy and Economic Development ». Korea Association of World History and Culture 63 (30 juin 2022) : 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.06.63.5.
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic, social, and political changes in Poland over the past 30 years since the transformation in 1989, and at the same time to examine the biggest challenges that Poland has to solve in the short and medium term. In making this assessment, various indices and figures are referenced as The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal for the transformation, the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development for the transition to market economy and economic freedom, and the Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and GDP per capita for economic development. Based on the results of the basic analysis presented in this paper, including comparisons with France, Romania, Germany, the United States and the Visegrad Group countries, it was possible to conclude that the results of the Polish transformation over 30 years were positive. The achievements and success of Poland after the transformation, so-called Third Republic were even compared to ‘the glorious thirty years’ in the history of post-war Western Europe. In conclusion, it seems that the success of Poland’s economic development over the medium and short-term will depend on the quality improvement and improvement of existing system and orders, respect for democratic laws and principles, and how to avoid the middle-income country trap.
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Rovenchak, Andrij, et Olena Kiktyeva. « Physics at the University of Lviv since the 17th century until the second world war : Addenda to the bibliography ». Studia Historiae Scientiarum 15 (24 novembre 2016) : 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23921749shs.16.004.6147.
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Previously, an attempt was made to compile in a series of papers a complete bibliography of works related to physics at the University of Lviv. The period since the foundation of the University in 1661 until the division of the Chair of Physics in 1872 was discussed by Rovenchak (2014). Special attention was paid to the development of theoretical physics, starting from the first professor, Oskar Fabian (Rovenchak 2009), followed by the famous physicist Marian Smoluchowski (Rovenchak 2012), and finally the Interbellum (Rovenchak 2013). The history of astronomy at the University of Lviv, albeit without a special bibliographic section, is presented by Novosyadlyj (2011) and Apunevych et al. (2011). The development of the experimental physics since 1872 still awaits a detailed study. The present paper will provide some additions to this bibliography: firstly with the descriptions of several missing early works from the 17th and 18th century and then, with a presentation of the activity of Wojciech Urbański. It is followed by a couple of works by Oskar Fabian and Marian Smoluchowski. Finally, minor complements to the bibliographic lists from the 1930s will be made, including popular newspaper articles. We strive to present the bibliographic description as completely as possible, in particular by avoiding abbreviations in names and titles, so that readers can extract any information of their interest. All items were examined de visu except for those marked with an asterisk (*) after the number. Przedstawione materiały, dotyczące fizyki na Uniwersytecie Lwowskim na przestrzeni wieków od XVII do XX, będą przydatne dla dalszych badań historii fizyki i bibliografii nauk przyrodniczych w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej.
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Cohen, Esther. « Towards a History of European Physical Sensibility : Pain in the Later Middle Ages ». Science in Context 8, no 1 (1995) : 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001897.
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The ArgumentThe study of pain in a historical context requires a consideration of the cultural context in which pain is sensed and expressed. This paper examines attitudes toward physical pain in the later Middle Ages in Europe from several standpoints: theology, law, and medicine. During the later Middle Ages attitudes toward pain shifted from rejection and a demand for impassivity as a mark of status to a conscious attempt to sense, express, and inflict as much pain as possible. Pain became a positive force, a useful tool for reaching a variety of truths. While this attitude stemmed from the religious wish to identify with Christ's passion, it permeated and affected all spheres of cultural expression and investigation. Late permeated and affected all spheres of cultural expression and investigation. Late medieval medicine accepted pain, trying to relieve it only when it became dangerous to the patient. Given the existence of analgesic medicines at the time, this attitude is comprehensible only within the cultural context of the period.
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Håkansson, Håkan. « Museum Stobaeanum ». Journal of the History of Collections 32, no 3 (29 septembre 2019) : 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhz032.
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Abstract The Museum Stobaeanum was founded at Lund University, Sweden, in 1735. At the time, Lund was one of Scandinavia’s smallest academies, struggling for survival, and the creation of the museum was part of a modernization process intended to bring the curriculum up to a par with other European universities. The result, however, was one of the last classic Wunderkammern in Europe, reflecting ideals that would be superseded a few years later. This essay attempts to contextualize the founding of the museum by focusing on the influences of the creator, Kilian Stobaeus. Best known as the teacher of Carl Linnaeus, Stobaeus not only introduced empirical natural history to Lund but was also influenced by physico-theological ideas that were gaining popularity in 1730s Scandinavia. By examining Stobaeus’ textual sources, it is possible tentatively to explore how old practices and new ideals could coexist and merge within the culture of ‘Baroque’ science.
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Ross, Tricia. « Physico-theology : Religion and Science in Europe, 1650–1750, written by Ann Blair and Kaspar von Greyerz ». Early Science and Medicine 27, no 1 (23 mars 2022) : 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-12340036.
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Churchill, David S. « Making Broad Shoulders : Body-Building and Physical Culture in Chicago 1890–1920 ». History of Education Quarterly 48, no 3 (août 2008) : 341–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2008.00155.x.
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In February 1899, the Committee of Physical Culture of the Chicago Public School Board approved an intensive “anthropometric” study of all children enrolled in the city's public schools. The study was a detailed attempt to measure the height, weight, strength, lung capacity, hearing, and general fitness of Chicago's student population. Through 1899 and 1900, thousands of Chicago's primary, grammar, and high school students had their bodies closely scrutinized, measured, weighed, tested, and, in a few cases, diagrammed. What the School Board members wanted to know was the “fitness” of the student body. Were Chicago public school students—many recently arrived immigrants from eastern and southern Europe—vital and vigorous children who could become energetic modern workers and citizens (Figure 1)?