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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Physics – Europe – History »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Physics – Europe – History"

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van Dongen, Jeroen. « In Europe ». Physics in Perspective 22, no 1 (mars 2020) : 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00252-2.

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Marcon, Fanny, Giulio Peruzzi et Sofia Talas. « The Physics Cabinet of the University of Padua. At the crossroads between Veneto and Europe ». Opuscula Musealia 26 (2019) : 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.010.11003.

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At the beginning of the eighteenth century, new lectures in natural philosophy based on direct and immediate demonstrations began to spread through Europe. Within this context, a chair of experimental philosophy was created at the University of Padua in 1738, and the new professor, Giovanni Poleni, established a Cabinet of Physics, which became very well known in eighteenth-century Europe. In the following two centuries, Poleni’s successors continued to acquire thousands of instruments used for teaching and research, which today are held at the Museum of the History of Physics of the University of Padua. The present paper describes the main peculiarities of the collection, comprising instruments from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. We also discuss the current acquisition policy of the museum, aimed at collecting material evidence of the research and teaching activities in physics that are carried out in Padua today. We will outline both the local peculiarities of the collection and its international dimension, based on the contacts that have been established throughout the centuries between Padua and the international scientific community. Some aspects of the circulation of scientific knowledge in Europe and beyond will thus also emerge.
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Marcon, Fanny, Giulio Peruzzi et Sofia Talas. « The Physics Cabinet of the University of Padua. At the crossroads between Veneto and Europe ». Opuscula Musealia 26 (2019) : 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.010.11003.

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At the beginning of the eighteenth century, new lectures in natural philosophy based on direct and immediate demonstrations began to spread through Europe. Within this context, a chair of experimental philosophy was created at the University of Padua in 1738, and the new professor, Giovanni Poleni, established a Cabinet of Physics, which became very well known in eighteenth-century Europe. In the following two centuries, Poleni’s successors continued to acquire thousands of instruments used for teaching and research, which today are held at the Museum of the History of Physics of the University of Padua. The present paper describes the main peculiarities of the collection, comprising instruments from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. We also discuss the current acquisition policy of the museum, aimed at collecting material evidence of the research and teaching activities in physics that are carried out in Padua today. We will outline both the local peculiarities of the collection and its international dimension, based on the contacts that have been established throughout the centuries between Padua and the international scientific community. Some aspects of the circulation of scientific knowledge in Europe and beyond will thus also emerge.
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Freedman, Joseph S. « "Professionalization" and "Confessionalization" : the Place of Physics, Philosophy, and Arts Instruction At Central European Academic Institutions During the Reformation Era ». Early Science and Medicine 6, no 4 (2001) : 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338201x00181.

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AbstractDuring the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, physics was regularly taught as part of instruction in philosophy and the arts at Central European schools and universities. However, physics did not have a special or privileged status within that instruction. Three general indicators of this lack of special status are suggested in this article. First, teachers of physics usually were paid less than teachers of most other university-level subject-matters. Second, very few Central European academics during this period appear to have made a career out of teaching physics. And third, Reformation Era schools and universities in Central Europe emphasized language instruction; such instruction not only was instrumental in promoting the confessional-i.e., Calvinist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic-agendas of those same schools and universities, but also helped to prepare students for service in nascent but growing state governments.
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de Ceglia, Francesco Paolo. « The Importance of Being Florentine : A Journey around the World for Wax Anatomical Venuses ». Nuncius 26, no 1 (2011) : 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569775.

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AbstractThis article reconstructs the 19th century history of events regarding a few female wax anatomical models made in Florence. More or less faithful copies of those housed in Florence's Museum of Physics and Natural History, these models were destined for display in temporary exhibitions. In their travels through Europe and the United States, they transformed the expression "Florentine Venus" into a sort of brand name used to label and offer respectability to pieces of widely varying quality.
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Pestre, Dominique. « The Quark Machines : How Europe Fought the Particle Physics War. Gordon Fraser ». Isis 89, no 3 (septembre 1998) : 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/384128.

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McCormmach, Russell. « The Language of Physics : The Calculus and the Development of Theoretical Physics in Europe, 1750-1914. Elizabeth Garber ». Isis 92, no 1 (mars 2001) : 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385049.

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Bussotti, Paolo. « A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION ». Journal of Baltic Science Education 12, no 6 (15 décembre 2013) : 712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/13.12.712.

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My research fields are history of mathematics and science, mainly physics and astronomy. I have also published some works on mathematics and physics education (as to these works see Bussotti 2012a; Bussotti 2012b; Pisano-Bussotti, 2012; Bussotti 2013). I have often wondered which role history of science can have inside science education, basically referring to high school and university students. This subject dates back at least at the second half of the 19th century when an important debate took place in Europe as to the most appropriate manner to teach Euclidean geometry. There were various positions: scholars who thought Euclid (fl. 300 BC) had to be completely abandoned, others who believed that the Elements had to be almost literally taught and, between these two opposite extreme opinions, a series of intermediate ones existed (for this problems see Bussotti, 2012a, where a series of references is presented, too). The discussion on the role of history of science/mathematics inside science/mathematics teaching is hence a long period debate and I have no pretension to provide an answer, but only to point out some questions and to develop a reasoning around them.
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Pisano, Raffaele. « SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE ». Problems of Education in the 21st Century 55, no 1 (10 juillet 2013) : 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.55.04.

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What about science, society and education in the history? In the 19th century Europe the figure of the scientific engineer is emerging. In Paris the Grandes Écoles were founded, where the most distinguished mathematicians of the time taught to students and drew up treaties. and Joseph–Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) and Gaspard Monge (1746–1818) were among the first professors of mathematics at École Polytechnique (1794), a military school for the training of engineers. In 1794 the École Normal of Paris was also born, in 1808, the École normale supérieure Paris was founded, a school that had as its goal the training of teachers of both science and humanities. On this model, with a Napoleonic decree of 1813, it was established the first foundation of the Scuola Normale in Pisa. The attention of the French mathematicians toward applications was therefore, at least in part, due to the need of educational institutions to train technicians for the new state. Such an attitude is not found in Germany, the country that in the nineteenth century was with France at the forefront of European mathematics. On the one hand, great importance was attributed to purely theoretical disciplines, such as number theory and abstract algebra, on the other hand the natural philosophy aim to frame in the same theory at all the physical disciplines. In Germany a great engineering school eventually developed which become dominant in Europe. But interaction between scientists and engineers has existed since ancient times: e.g., for the study of prototypes and machines for the society. Questions might be: when, why and how the tension between mathematics, physics, astronomy, gave rise to a new scientific discipline, the modern engineering? What is the conceptual bridge between sciences researches and the organization of technological researches in the development of the industry?
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Damjanovic, Sanja. « SEEIIST : South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies ». Europhysics News 50, no 4 (juillet 2019) : 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2019404.

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The states in South East Europe are joining forces to set up a large-scale competitive research infrastructure – the South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies (SEEIIST, https://seeiist.euh). Due to the recent history in South East Europe all scientific and economic activities have very much slowed down. As a consequence this region has suffered ever since from a strong brain drain of the young generation, affecting in particular the best.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Physics – Europe – History"

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Metzler, Irina. « Disability in medieval Europe : theoretical approaches to physical impairment during the high Middle Ages, c. 1100 - c. 1400 ». Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366048.

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Grunennvaldt, Ana Carrilho Romero. « Europa, Brasil e Sergipe : desvendando as trilhas da educação fisica ». [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/252925.

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Orientador: Sergio Eduardo Montes Castanho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T06:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Grunennvaldt_AnaCarrilhoRomero_D.pdf: 436117 bytes, checksum: ead406aa849e8810518f10ba1c182cf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Esta pesquisa investiga a introdução da Educação Física nas propostas de reformulação educacional do Brasil, no período em que se deu a transição do Império para a Primeira República, estendendo-se até o início da era Vargas, a partir da análise de autores que expressavam os anseios por uma modernização burguesa do país via educação. Mantendo-se nessa perspectiva, o estudo abrange à legislação educacional sergipana que normatizou o ensino primário nas primeiras décadas republicanas. Apontava-se, a escola primária como instituição privilegiada para acelerar o processo que conduziria o país aos padrões internacionais de modernização, destacando-se, em vista disso, a Educação Física como um de seus componentes basilares. As fontes analisadas evidenciaram que a Educação Física ascendeu como uma questão fundamental para a Pedagogia, em decorrência de uma reação à educação tradicional, que priorizava os cuidados, quase exclusivos, com a formação mental ou espiritual do indivíduo, em detrimento das atenções imprescindíveis ao corpo. Manifestava-se uma nova perspectiva formativa, que aliava o desenvolvimento harmonioso do corpo ao do espírito, sustentando a argumentação favorável à educação integral, aliada às necessidades emergentes de condutas de corpos de cidadãos, que os adequasse às novas relações de produção capitalistas. A Educação Física tornou-se objeto de projetos de reformas educacionais que despertaram a atenção do Estado, de intelectuais e políticos, inclusive sergipanos, embora se constate que, em Sergipe, a realidade da rede de ensino dificultava o desenvolvimento das atividades e dos exercícios físicos que então se recomendavam. Conclui-se, enfim, que a disciplina em foco, já naquela época, passava a ser defendida como requisito fundamental para a formação integral do cidadão, pois potencializava a ação educativa na medida em que canalizava as energias vitais do indivíduo na direção social do processo produtivo
Abstract: The present research investigates the introduction of Physical Education into the proposals of an educational reform in Brazil, within the transitional period between the First Empire and the First Republic, extending to the beginning of the ¿Vargas¿ era, from the analysis of authors who expressed their craving for a ¿bourgeoisie¿ modernization of the country through education. Sustaining this perspective, the study includes the ¿sergipano¿ educational legislation which set the rules of primary education during the first republican decades. Primary school was appointed as a privileged institution which could accelerate the process that would lead the country to international standards of modernization, emphasizing Physical Education as one of its supporting components. The sources analyzed made it evident that Physical Education ascended as a fundamental issue for Pedagogy, as a reactive consequence towards traditional education, which prioritized almost exclusive attention to mental or spiritual development of the individual, to the detriment of indispensable attention to the body. A new perspective in education had been manifested, one which allied a harmonious development of the body to the spirit, sustaining a favorable argument towards full time education, allied to arising behavioral needs of a board of citizens, which would adjust them to the new terms of capitalist production. Physical Education became a purpose of educational reform projects which aroused the attention of the State, intellectuals and politicians, including ¿sergipanos¿, although it has been recorded that, in fact in Sergipe, the educational system raised difficulties to the development of activities and physical exercises, which were then recommended. In conclusion, the subject focused, at that time, had been defended as a fundamental requirement for the complete education of the citizen, since it empowered the educative action in proportion that it canalized the vital energies of the individual in the social direction of the productive process
Doutorado
Historia, Filosofia e Educação
Doutor em Educação
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Echard, Jean-Philippe. « Etude physico-chimique des vernis d'un corpus d'instruments de musique européens du 15e au 18e siècle : approche historique et perspectives de conservation ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0033.

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Diverses hypothèses, souvent contradictoires, ont été émises sur la composition des vernis anciens d’instruments de musique, comme ceux d'Antonio Stradivari, et ce depuis plus d'un siècle. Ni ces hypothèses ni les quelques résultats expérimentaux apportés ne permettent aujourd'hui de bien appréhender les processus de vernissage suivis par les luthiers jusqu'à la fin du 18e siècle en Europe. L’objectif de cette thèse est de confronter les informations rassemblées dans les sources historiques à l’analyse d’un certain nombre de vernis d’instruments d’époque grâce à une méthodologie analytique spécifique. L'étude des sources écrites et iconographiques montre qu'une compréhension globale et cohérente du sujet n'est pas possible sur la base de ces seuls éléments. Puis, une méthodologie ordonnant et optimisant les méthodes d'analyse physico-chimique est élaborée pour caractériser des vernis anciens d'instruments de musique. Elle privilégie les analyses in situ et non destructives, et lorsqu’un micro-prélèvement est possible, l’analyse de celui-ci est optimisée. Ainsi les techniques spectroscopiques (EDXRF, fluorimétrie), de micro-spectrométrie vibrationnelle (IRTF/synchrotron, Raman), d'analyses séparatives (GC/MS, Py-GC/MS) et d'imagerie (MEB/EDX, OCT) ont été appliquées à des vernis issus d’un corpus de soixante-dix instruments de collections patrimoniales européennes, en premier lieu celle du Musée de la musique de Paris. Les résultats obtenus portent à la fois sur la structure stratigraphique et sur la composition chimique, organique et inorganique, de chacune des strates identifiées dans le vernis. Ces résultats contribuent à apporter des éléments inédits sur l'histoire des techniques de vernissage et permettent d’aborder sous un angle nouveau les questions liées à la conservation de ces instruments de musique vernis et de toutes les valeurs qui y sont attachées
Various, and often contradictory, hypotheses have been raised for more than a century concerning the composition of ancient varnishes of musical instruments, in particular those made by Antonio Stradivari. Neither these hypotheses, nor the rare experimental results, allow grasping correctly the varnishing processes used by European instrument-makers until the end of the 18th century. The aim of this PhD work is to confront information collected in historical sources with the analysis of a group of instruments varnishes using a specific analytical methodology. First, the study of written and iconographical documents shows that a general and coherent understanding of this topic is not achievable on the basis of these sole elements. Then, a methodology organizing and optimizing chemical analytical methods is elaborated to characterize ancient varnishes of musical instruments. It prioritizes in situ and non destructive analyses, and, when micro-sampling is possible, its analysis is optimized. Thus, techniques as spectroscopies (EDXRF, fluorimetry), micro-spectrometries (FTIR/synchrotron, Raman), separative analyses (GC/MS, Py-GC/MS) and imaging techniques (SEM/EDX, OCT) have been applied to varnishes of a corpus of seventy instruments from European collections, mainly the one in Musée de la musique, Paris. Results deal both with the stratigraphy and the chemical –organic and inorganic– composition of each of the identified strata. These results bring novel insights to the history of varnishing techniques and suggest new approaches to the conservation of these varnished musical instruments and of all their values
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Fiorini, Stefano. « Physical and symbolic landscapes of identity the Arbereshe of southern Italy in the European context / ». [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219907.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Anthropology, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: A, page: 2211. Advisers: Anya P. Royce; Eduardo Brondizio. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 21, 2007)."
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Justus, Hedy Melissa. « The Bioarchaeology of Population Structure, Social Organization, and Feudalism in Medieval Poland ». The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515117429918966.

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Davenport, John Lawrence. « ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION IN THE OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST : EVALUATING THE PRAGMATISM OF PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT BENCHMARKS ». Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/891.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.
Title from document title page (viewed on October 29, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 124 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-123).
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Peck, Joshua J. « THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CULTURE CONTACT : A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF ROMAN COLONIALISM IN BRITAIN ». The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1237945824.

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McGuire, Sara Anne. « Noxious Smoke and Silent Killers : Identity, Inequality, Health, and Pollutant Exposure During England’s Industrial Revolution ». The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594403381913239.

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Jones, Jared. « Winging It : Human Flight in the Long Eighteenth Century ». The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565963832584991.

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Alexander, Heather. « Recreating Richard III : The Power of Tudor Propaganda ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/338.

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Because it signified the violent transition from the Plantagenet to Tudor dynasty, the death of King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth’s Field was a monumental event. After five centuries, his skeleton was rediscovered by an archaeological team at a site, formerly the location of the Greyfriars Priory Church. The presentation uses the forensic evidence to examine the extent to which the perceived image of Richard III is the result of Tudor propaganda.
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Livres sur le sujet "Physics – Europe – History"

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Electricity and experimental physics in eighteenth-century Europe. Hampshire, Great Britain : Variorum, 1992.

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The language of physics : The calculus and the development of theoretical physics in Europe, 1750-1914. Boston : Birkhäuser, 1999.

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Fischer, Klaus. Changing landscapes of nuclear physics : A scientometric study on the social and cognitive position of German-speaking emigrants within the nuclear physics community, 1921-1947. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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Fabio, Bevilacqua, European Physical Society. Interdivisional History of Physics Group., Società italiana di fisica et Conference on the history of physics (1st : Como, Italy)., dir. History of physics in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries : History of Physics Interdivisional Group 1st EPS conference on, Como, 2-3 September 1992. Bologna : Italian Physical Society, 1993.

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Joint European Symposium on the History of Physics (1st 2010 Pöllau, Styria, Austria). The roots of physics in Europe : Echophysics, Pöllau/Austria, 2010 : proceedings of the first joint European Symposium on the History of Physics, held under the auspices of the first European Centre for the History of Physics : Echophysics, Poellau Castle, Styria/Austria, May 28-29, 2010. Sous la direction de Schuster Peter 1939-, Echophysics (Organization), Victor-Franz-Hess-Gesellschaft et European Physical Society. Pöllauberg, Austria : Living Edition, 2013.

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Michelangelo, De Maria, Grilli Mario et Sebastiani Fabio, dir. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Restructuring of Physical Sciences in Europe and the United States, 1945-1960 : Università "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy, 19-23 September 1988. Singapore : World Scientific, 1989.

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Tsukerman, V. A. Arzamas-16 : Soviet scientists in the nuclear age : a memoir. Nottingham : Bramcote Press, 1999.

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Vulyt︠s︡i︠a︡my staroï Poltavy. Poltava : "Dyvosvit", 2012.

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New York Public Library. Humanities and Social Sciences Library., dir. The Newtonian moment : Isaac Newton and the making of modern culture. New York : New York Public Library, 2004.

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Armin, Hermann, et European Organization for Nuclear Research., dir. History of CERN. Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1990.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Physics – Europe – History"

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Shi, Yunli. « Toys and Physics : Introduction of Europe Physics Toys into China and Their Influence ». Dans Western Influences in the History of Science and Technology in Modern China, 205–40. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7850-2_6.

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Peter, Dear. « Trade and the physical globe ». Dans Scientific practices in European history, 1200–1800, 104–10. Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2017. : Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315114453-16.

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Margolis, Oren. « The Book Half Open ». Dans Openness in Medieval Europe, 289–310. Berlin : ICI Berlin Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-23_15.

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A small, blind-tooled volume sits on a table covered in green baize: one clasp is open, the other is closed; and a slip of paper emerges from it reading Veritas odium parit (truth breeds hatred). This detail occurs in the foreground of a portrait by Hans Holbein of a young man identified as the Cologne patrician Hermann von Wedigh III (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). A study of the physical features of the book and of the history of the brief text — actually an ancient and then Erasmian adage — leads to a new interpretation of the painting in the context of humanist friendship. The book is seen to be a multivalent simile for the work of art authored by the artist as well as for the sitter himself, raising questions about the implications for these of a medium that can be opened and closed. The half-open condition of the book is understood to reflect the complementary pressures of openness and closedness, accessibility and intimacy, that characterized the Renaissance republic of letters.
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Herschbach, Dudley. « An Homage to Otto Stern ». Dans Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 1–22. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_1.

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AbstractThis chapter outlines an International Symposium held at Frankfurt on 1–5 September 2019. It marked the centennial of quantitative experiments with molecular beams, pioneered by Otto Stern. The European Physical Society declared Stern’s original laboratory a Historic Site, the fifth in Germany. As a graduate student in 1955, I learned about Otto Stern (1888–1969) and the impact of his molecular beams on quantum physics. I was intrigued and undertook crossed-beam experiments at Berkeley. In 1960 Otto came to a seminar that I gave. Later I met him, and heard some of his stories. The rest of the chapter describes his Nobel Prize and other Fests. In 1958 his long-term colleague, Immanuel Estermann, organized a celebration and Festschrift for Otto’s 70th birthday. In 1988, as a guest editor, I organized a Festschift for the centennial of Otto’s birth. That year, the German Physical Society established the Stern-Gerlach Prize as its highest award for experimental physics. Bretislav Friedrich and I wrote three papers about Stern. Since 2000, Horst Schmidt-Böcking at Frankfurt and colleagues have produced historical articles, along with a book about Otto, edited and bound all of his research papers into books, and diligently pursued letters to and from Otto, collecting them into large volumes.
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Leone, Giovanna, Laurent Licata, Alessia Mastropietro, Stefano Migliorisi et Isora Sessa. « Material Traces of a Cumbersome Past : The Case of Italian Colonial History ». Dans Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research, 205–20. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11756-5_13.

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AbstractPhysical daily contexts are replete with traces of the past. A statue in a park, the name of a street, or an old advertisement can all remind people of specific historical moments or periods. Often, they recall glorious episodes, but traces of less glorious pasts also persist. Among them, the most self-censored ones refer to past immoral actions that tarnish the overly idealized moral standard attributed to the group. As a case in point, material traces of the colonial past became the focus of controversies within formerly colonizing countries during the last decade. European anti-racist movements questioned the colonial heritage of European societies in an unprecedented manner and active social minorities also brought to the fore some traces still in the background of physical environments. Part of public opinion reacted by denouncing the “cancel culture” or the danger of “erasing” history. This chapter outlines a social psychological approach about contemporary perceptions and interpretations of still self-censored material traces of Italian colonialism. Results of a qualitative survey on Italian participants’ representations and attitudes toward a candy with a colonial wrapping will illustrate how Italian participants of different generations question this ephemeral trace and take on the challenge of a cumbersome past.
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Posteraro, Tano S. « Vitalism and the Problem of Individuation : Another Look at Bergson’s Élan Vital ». Dans History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 9–25. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_2.

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AbstractMikhail Bakhtin’s 1926 essay, “Contemporary Vitalism,” includes Bergson alongside Driesch in a short list of “the most published representatives of vitalism in Western Europe,” and, indeed, Bakhtin’s critique of Driesch is intended to undermine what he calls the “conceptual framework” of “contemporary vitalism” as a whole (The crisis of modernism: Bergson and the vitalist controversy. Eds. Frederick Burwick and Paul Douglass. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992, p 81). The conceptual framework that Driesch and Bergson are supposed to have shared in common consists at bottom, for Bakhtin, in the ontological commitment to the autonomy of life, “its independence, its disconnectedness from physical-chemical phenomena” (81). This has long been understood as the defining mark of vitalism, at least in the mind of its critics: the contention that matter and the mechanical models that track it are insufficient to the reality of biological forms, and that the explanation of life therefore requires the postulation of a non-mechanical, possibly immaterial, uniquely vital principle, force, substance, or property. Recent scholarship has made considerable headway in complicating these pictures by attending to earlier and subtler forms of materialism, and by distinguishing between different types of vitalism and drawing out the heuristic or scientific utility of some of them (Wolfe, Eidos 14: 212–235, 2011, Antropol Exp 17(13): 215–224, 2017; cf. Wolfe and Normandin, Vitalism and the scientific image in post-enlightenment life science, 1800–2010. Springer, Dordrecht, 2013). The focus of some of this work has been on the critical revaluation of Driesch himself (Bognon et al., Kairos J Philos Sci 20(1): 113–140, 2018). Yet the status of Bergson’s commitment to the existence of a vital principle remains underdeveloped. In the midst of what some are calling a “Bergson renaissance,” I think that it calls for the same kind of critical reappraisal (Ansell-Pearson, Bergson: thinking beyond the human condition. Bloomsbury, New York, 2018: 1; cf. Lundy, Deleuze’s Bergsonism. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, p 5, 2018). The aim of this paper is to attempt the outline of an answer to that call. I begin with a brief summary of Driesch’s vitalism, then I reconstruct Bergson’s underappreciated critique of internal finality, or what Kant called inner purposiveness, and locate in it a subterranean criticism of vital principles of the Drieschian variety as well. Two consequences follow: first, if Bergson is to be considered a vitalist, it cannot be in the Drieschian sense and we are therefore wrong to associate the two; and second, if Bergson is to be considered a vitalist, then his vitalism has to be understood—somewhat counterintuitively, and certainly contra Driesch—on the basis of a principle external to the ostensible individuality of biological forms.
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Heilbron, J. L. « 3. Domestication in Europe ». Dans The History of Physics : A Very Short Introduction, 48–68. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199684120.003.0004.

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Domestication of Greek and Arabic physica and mixed mathematics in the Latin West took c.400 years: from the 12th-century first translations to the 16th-century printing of Archimedes and Ptolemy, and the revitalization of Aristotle’s ancient rivals. With the generation of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Francis Bacon, physica’s place in the body of knowledge began to slip, although the Aristotelian world picture still hung securely, if awry, in universities and theological seminaries. ‘Domestication in Europe’ explains that the slippage owed much to social factors associated, as in Islamic times, with the needs of newly centralizing states, and with the discovery of new worlds on the Earth and in the heavens.
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Heilbron, J. L. « 6. From old world to new ». Dans The History of Physics : A Very Short Introduction, 117–44. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199684120.003.0007.

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‘From old world to new’ looks at the legacies of World War I, and how the discovery of the importance of physics for national defence and industrial development changed the direction of physics. It describes key work on quantum mechanics and the discoveries of radioactivity, nuclear fission, and superconductivity. World War II’s physical science and engineering created radar, leading to microwave technologies and the laser; its atomic bombs brought nuclear power; its V-2 rocket launched the aerospace industry; and it pioneered the electronic computer. High-energy physics was then further developed by Fermilab (in America) and CERN (in Europe). The 1960s onwards saw developments in cosmology, seismology, ionospherics, meteorology, and oceanography.
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Heilbron, J. L. « 5. Classical physics and its cure ». Dans The History of Physics : A Very Short Introduction, 93–116. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199684120.003.0006.

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During the 19th century, physics became a recognized profession and its practitioners ‘physicists’. It and they acquired special training facilities in universities and technical schools that sprang up in Europe and America after 1870. ‘Classical physics and its cure’ shows physicists of the early 20th century admiring, and setting aside, their 19th-century accomplishments as ‘classical’; building a quantum science of atoms and molecules that claimed to contain all of physics and chemistry, ‘in principle’. The work of physicists such as Faraday, Kelvin, Maxwell, Boltzmann, Einstein, Planck, Röntgen, Rutherford, Bohr, and Becquerel is outlined, along with how physics increasingly made good on Bacon’s promise that experimental science would improve the human condition.
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Hu, Danian. « A Cradle of Chinese Physics Researchers ». Dans History of Universities : Volume XXXIV/1, 282–303. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844774.003.0014.

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This chapter explores the development of the department of physics at Yenching University, an American-funded missionary institution in Beijing, China during the Republican period. It shows how the department evolved from a primitive premedical teaching program to a major center of physics education and research. It also reveals the significant role of the Rockefeller Foundation in this development, partly as the sponsor of the Premedical School of Peking Union Medical College. Founded in 1917, the Premedical School shared with Yenching’s science departments its advanced facilities and in 1926 became part of the university. In 1927, the department created a Master of Science program in physics, the first of its kind in China, promoting original research among its faculty and students. Before the Japanese army shut down the university in December 1941, more than ninety Chinese young men and women had completed their study in this department with a research thesis. A considerable number of Yenching graduates went on to earn their doctorates in America or Europe and subsequently returned home, becoming leading physicists in China in the twentieth century. Among them, Kun Huang (黃昆‎, Class 1941) and Chia-Lin Hsieh (謝家麟‎, Class 1943) even won the State Preeminent Science and Technology Awards, the highest scientific honor in China, in 2001 and 2011 respectively.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Physics – Europe – History"

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Siew Hiang, Khor, Petrunyak Volodymyr, Yevgen A. Melnyk, Prykhodchenko Oleksii, Stefaniv Viktor, Dogar Andrew, Ojukwu Michael et Viscaino Andres. « Adoption of Integrated Asset Modeling Approach to Kick-Start the Corporate Digital Transformation Strategy ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208525-ms.

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Abstract The adoption of an integrated asset modeling approach was explored to kick-start the corporate digital transformation strategy for its oil and gas section. Besides the integrated asset model, the digital initiatives included predictive maintenance, well performance optimization, and a flow assurance advisor aimed at daily production operations and maintenance, creating a pathway to the digital oilfield (DOF). The integrated asset model would be the main pillar of DOF realization and implementation, its offered technology aimed at short-term, medium-term, and long-term planning. The adopted well-proven integrated asset modeling methodology enabled a geological complex with a high-fidelity physics reservoir model, multiple interdependent wells, pipeline networks, process facility models to be integrated seamlessly on a single platform for validation of its existing production operation strategy and field development plan. The black-oil reservoir model was history matched, and the production network models had detailed wellbore and pipeline hydraulics calibrated with the latest well-test data. The compositional fluid modeling allowed the capture of any flow assurance issues that arose across the networks, which were mapped to the corresponding process facility models with physical specifications and operational constraints defined. A fully integrated asset model was developed for the studied asset, where liquid/vapor tables were prepared for black-oil delumping (Ghorayeb and Holmes, 2005) of the reservoir models to surface network models (Mora et al. 2015), while fluid models of both production network and process models were validated before mapping to ensure fluid fidelity. The availability of this integrated asset model with an embedded spreadsheet program incorporating some simple economic calculations allowed the flexibility of short-term production optimization and long-term asset planning, which was focused to provide all the vital valuable inputs to better field management, fast and accurate decision making, and optimum safe operation of process units in meeting the sales contract. The integrated asset model offered a platform for engineers from different domains to collaborate with aligned common operational and planning objectives. It empowered assessments of production operation strategy and field development scenarios conducted at full field level from pore to process. The customized reporting, the ability to connect to other tools, and to push results to dashboards helped to kick-start the corporate digital transformation strategy.
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Kuzmichev, Dmitry, Babak Moradi, Yulia Mironenko, Negar Hadian, Raffik Lazar, Laurent Alessio et Faeez Rahmat. « Case Studies of Digitalized Locate the Remaining Oil Workflows Powered by Hybrid Data & ; Physics Methods ». Dans Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207958-ms.

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Abstract Mature fields already account for about 70% of the hydrocarbon liquids produced globally. Since the average recovery factor for oil fields is 30 to 35%, there is substantial quantities of remaining oil at stake. Conventional simulation-based development planning approaches are well established, but their implementation on large, complex mature oil fields remains challenging given their resource, time, and cost intensity. In addition, increased attention towards reduce carbon emissions makes the case for alternative, computationally-light techniques, as part of a global digitalisation drive, leveraging modern analytics and machine learning methods. This work describes a modern digital workflow to identify and quantify by-passed oil targets. The workflow leverages an innovative hybrid physics-guided data-driven, which generates historical phase saturation maps, forecasts future fluid movements and locate infill opportunities. As deliverables, a fully probabilistic production forecast is obtained for each drilling location, as a function of the well type, its geometry, and position in the field. The new workflow can unlock remaining potential of mature fields in a shorter time-frame and generally very cost-effectively compared to the advanced dynamic reservoir modelling and history-match workflows. Over the last 5 years, this workflow has been applied to more than 30 mature oil fields in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Three case studies’ examples and application environments of applied digital workflow are described in this paper. This study demonstrates that it is now possible to deliver digitalized locating the remaining oil projects, capturing the full uncertainty ranges, including leveraging complex multi-vintage spatial 4D datasets, providing reliable non-simulation physics-compliant data-driven production forecasts within weeks.
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A. Levin, S., U. Mello, V. Lopez, L. Xu, A. R. Conn, K. Scheinberg et H. Zhang. « Rock Physics and Depositional History from Seismic Matching – A Model Study ». Dans 69th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2007. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201401654.

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Grytsai, Denys, Petro Shtefura et Vadym Dodukh. « A Novel Integrated Approach to 3D Modeling and History Matching of Gas Condensate Fields with Paucity of Geological and Production Data ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208518-ms.

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Abstract A methodology has been developed that, in conditions of limited geological and production data, ensures the integration of petrophysical, geological, and hydrodynamic models as components of a permanent 3D model, establishing physical relationships between parameters that describe the entire system. In the proposed method, the modelling is based on the results of the interpretation of continuous shale volume and porosity curves. Based on the analysis of core data, the multi-vector physical correlations with other parameters are made. To distinguish the reservoirs and non-reservoirs, the cut-off values of shale volume are defined; to exclude tight reservoirs with no filtration, the cut-off values of porosity are set. Using the Winland R35 method the radius of the pore throat is computed, allowing dividing the reservoirs into classes. For each class of reservoirs, the permeability vs porosity dependence is determined, and the Wright-Woody-Johnson method allows deriving equations for the bound water content. A system of configured workflows has been developed and allows automating re-modelling and simplifying its history matching. This technique was successfully applied to several 3D models of gas condensate fields, which, with a significant drilling level on the areas and a long development history, are characterized by limited geological and production data. Workflows System together with the proposed approach allowed simplifying the history matching process by splitting it into several stages. At each stage, depending on the type of input data, various parameters were matched (production, reservoir and wellhead pressures, etc.). Due to cross-functional correlation of all components, the model has significantly reduced the uncertainty parameters and allowed a detailed history matching of the development history for the entire well stock. The results obtained were tested by several geological and technological measures, including drilling new wells, and showed high convergence with the forecast indicators. The proposed approach to modelling and history matching in conditions of limited geological and production data allows: – ensuring integration and correlation of petrophysical, geological, and hydrodynamic models as components of a permanent 3D model; – automating and simplifying the modelling, history matching, and updating a model; – improving the quality of parameters’ matching results.
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Barbero, Silvia. « Opportunities and challenges in teaching Systemic Design. The evoluation of the Open Systems master courses at Politecnico di Torino ». Dans Systems & Design : Beyond Processes and Thinking. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ifdp.2016.3353.

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The contamination between design and theory of systems as a field of development of new design processes is nowadays consolidated. However, the issue concerning the methodology to apply in teaching systemic design remains an open question. The approach adopted in the Master Degree in Systemic Design at Politecnico di Torino is based on the assumption that the teaching method must itself be systemic. Alongside designers, the degree course has involved from the very beginning experts of different disciplines (i.e. chemistry, physics, mechanics, history, economy and management) as teachers, in order to create a multidisciplinary environment for the development of projects. Born as master degree in academic year 2002-03 at Politecnico di Torino (Italy) from the close collaboration with Gunter Pauli, the course has changed name and form but not the content, until it reached the current title (a.y. 2015-16): master degree “Aurelio Peccei” in Systemic Design. The Open Systems course has enabled students, in previous years, to experiment the design of production processes. This was the case of the systemic project done with NN Europe, a company engaged in manufacturing ball bearings, in which the output management allows a positive economic impact. Over the years the course has shifted its focus from the production process of a product to the wider company context. In 2010, the approach has been applied to the agricultural enterprise Ortofruit: starting from agricultural production, the students have defined the production system and the relationships with the market. Systemic Design, during this course, has experienced the transition from the design of industrial processes that are closely linked to the territory, and then enhance local resources, to the design of the whole territorial system. The work done by the students of the course in recent years has led to the definition of scenarios about fields usually distant from the traditional design world. For example, the definition of the economic model, the corporate model that is built around relationships on cooperation with different disciplines.This transition, from the product to the entire territorial system, allows the exploration of new contexts, but it also puts the designer in a complex and challenging position in according with complex theories.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3353
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Baumont, Genevieve, Tanja Perko, Grażyna Zakrzewska, Metka Kralj, Daniela Diaconu et Nadja Železnik. « Review of the Content Analysis of Physics School Books Coming From Different European Countries on Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy ». Dans 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66020.

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The EAGLE project was a Euratom FP7 which helped to identify and disseminate good practices in information and communication processes related to ionizing radiation. For this purpose, the consortium reviewed national and international data, tools and methods as well as institutional work in order to identify education, information and communication needs. Generally in high school the first concepts on radioactivity and ionizing radiation (IR) are introduced mainly in the subjects of physics or physical chemistry. There are a number of concepts in relation with IR and nuclear topics, and different ways to teach them: theoretical, mathematical, historical or practical. The question also rose, to what extend the various topics related to ionizing radiation (health, environment, history) are dealt with. As already mentioned, all these questions let to the idea to compare the content dealing with radioactivity and nuclear topics in different physics school books and more specifically schoolbooks for high school students (in the age 17 to 18). The method was as follows: - For the review the different partners of EAGLE have sent the schoolbooks used for the target group, or scanned documents. - Spanish schoolbooks and English schoolbooks were purchased to extend the review to other EU countries. - IRSN works in partnership with a high school based in the French town Vichy. - Each book was analyzed in detail to list with precision the content. A matrix helped to compare them. The paper presents the comparison of the contents of these books and their analysis. Some recommendations coming from the Eagle project will be discussed.
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ZICHICHI, ANTONINO. « CEREMONY OF THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY – EPS HISTORIC SITE “PIERSANTI MATTARELLA TOWER OF THOUGHT” ». Dans International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 49th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811205217_0022.

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Molnar, Jozef, et Radim Vocka. « The SCORPIO-VVER Core Monitoring and Surveillance System for VVER Type of Reactors ». Dans 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30431.

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The SCORPIO-VVER core monitoring and surveillance system has proved since the first installation at Dukovany NPP in 1999 to be a valuable tool for the reactor operators and reactor physicists. It is now installed on four units of Dukovany NPP (EDU, Czech Republic), on two units of Bohunice NPP (EBO, Slovak Republic) replacing the original Russian VK3 system and on the full scale plant training simulator at the Centre for training and education of the reactor operators and reactor physicist in Trnava (Slovak Republic). By both Czech and Slovak nuclear regulatory bodies the system was licensed as a Technical Specification Surveillance tool. Since it’s first installation, the development of SCORPIO-VVER system continues along with the changes in VVER reactors operation. The system is being adapted according the utility needs and several notable improvements in physical modules of the system were introduced. The most significant changes were done in support of the latest optimized Gd bearing fuel assemblies, improvements in the area of core design (neutron physics, core thermal hydraulics and fuel thermal mechanics), adaptation of the system to up-rated unit conditions (uprated power up to 107%), in design and methodology of the limit and technical specifications checking and improvements in the predictive part of the system. After the currently finished upgrades the SCORPIO-VVER is still in focus of Central European nuclear power plants with the roadmap of upgrades and modifications up to 2016. This paper shortly describes the system’s main functions, the history of implementation at the VVER-440 type of reactors and deals with the system’s future upgrades and plans to meet the latest requirements of efficient and safety NPP operation.
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Moreau, Vincent, Luigi Mansani et Maurizio Petrazzini. « A Case History of CFD Support to Accelerator Driven System Plant Design ». Dans 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75588.

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The Integrated Project EUROTRANS, funded by the European Commission in the VI European framework program, was aimed at providing the advanced design of a multi purpose research oriented Accelerator Driven System (ADS), called eXperimenTal-ADS (XT-ADS), and the preliminary design of an industrial scale ADS, called European Facility for Industrial Transmutation (EFIT). One contribution of CRS4 (Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna) has been to provide support to the overall plant design by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations were required by the designer either for basic checking or in case of doubts on the validity of some technical options. We present four series of simulations which lead to the detection of unsatisfactory plant behaviour, related design modification and eventually control of the variant behaviour correctness. The first three simulation series deal with the EFIT design while the forth one deals with the XT-ADS design. In the first case, the simulation put in evidence a large recirculation zone under the reactive core that had to be removed for oxygen control concern. The recirculation zone is suppressed by modifying the shape of the core support grid. In the second case, we put in evidence a recirculation zone at the entrance of the pumping system above the core. This recirculation zone can lower the pump efficiency. The entrance shape was modified to eliminate the recirculation zone. In the third case, we check the behaviour of the passive Decay Heat Removal (DHR) heat exchanger. We show that while the primary coolant flow is globally organized as expected, some flow mixing limits the efficiency of the system. The system efficiency is restored by increasing its passive pumping strength. This is performed simply extending the Heat Exchanger shroud a half-meter in the bottom direction. In the last case, we investigate the capability of an external DHR system to withstand a long complete plant shutdown. The simulation encompasses about 6 hours of physical time, enough to understand the critical trends and infers that the DHR system may be not sufficient for its purpose. This result has suggested some modification to the design (i.e. surface treatment to improve metal wall emissivity) as well as to the accident management (i.e. restart primary pumps to eliminate fluid stratification). All these design improvements have been obtained in a reasonable amount of time thanks to the continuous collaboration and exchange of information between the CFD engineer and the designer.
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Li, P. W., et P. Bergey. « Petro-physical Properties Bias around Uncertain Facies Boundary : Analysis, Correction by Conditional Property Interface Filter (CoPIF) and Impact on Ensemble-based Assisted History Match ». Dans ECMOR XIV - 14th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery. Netherlands : EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20141786.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Physics – Europe – History"

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Corriveau, L., J. F. Montreuil, O. Blein, E. Potter, M. Ansari, J. Craven, R. Enkin et al. Metasomatic iron and alkali calcic (MIAC) system frameworks : a TGI-6 task force to help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329093.

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Australia's and China's resources (e.g. Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag and Bayan Obo REE deposits) highlight how discovery and mining of iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG), iron oxide±apatite (IOA) and affiliated primary critical metal deposits in metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic (MIAC) mineral systems can secure a long-term supply of critical metals for Canada and its partners. In Canada, MIAC systems comprise a wide range of undeveloped primary critical metal deposits (e.g. NWT NICO Au-Co-Bi-Cu and Québec HREE-rich Josette deposits). Underexplored settings are parts of metallogenic belts that extend into Australia and the USA. Some settings, such as the Camsell River district explored by the Dene First Nations in the NWT, have infrastructures and 100s of km of historic drill cores. Yet vocabularies for mapping MIAC systems are scanty. Ability to identify metasomatic vectors to ore is fledging. Deposit models based on host rock types, structural controls or metal associations underpin the identification of MIAC-affinities, assessment of systems' full mineral potential and development of robust mineral exploration strategies. This workshop presentation reviews public geoscience research and tools developed by the Targeted Geoscience Initiative to establish the MIAC frameworks of prospective Canadian settings and global mining districts and help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. The knowledge also supports fundamental research, environmental baseline assessment and societal decisions. It fulfills objectives of the Canadian Mineral and Metal Plan and the Critical Mineral Mapping Initiative among others. The GSC-led MIAC research team comprises members of the academic, private and public sectors from Canada, Australia, Europe, USA, China and Dene First Nations. The team's novel alteration mapping protocols, geological, mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical framework tools, and holistic mineral systems and petrophysics models mitigate and solve some of the exploration and geosciences challenges posed by the intricacies of MIAC systems. The group pioneers the use of discriminant alteration diagrams and barcodes, the assembly of a vocab for mapping and core logging, and the provision of field short courses, atlas, photo collections and system-scale field, geochemical, rock physical properties and geophysical datasets are in progress to synthesize shared signatures of Canadian settings and global MIAC mining districts. Research on a metamorphosed MIAC system and metamorphic phase equilibria modelling of alteration facies will provide a foundation for framework mapping and exploration of high-grade metamorphic terranes where surface and near surface resources are still to be discovered and mined as are those of non-metamorphosed MIAC systems.
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