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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Physical biases »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 12 avril 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Physical biases"

Zhang, Xuefeng, Shaoqing Zhang, Zhengyu Liu, Xinrong Wu et Guijun Han. « Parameter Optimization in an Intermediate Coupled Climate Model with Biased Physics ». Journal of Climate 28, n^o 3 (1 février 2015) : 1227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00348.1.

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Abstract Imperfect physical parameterization schemes in a coupled climate model are an important source of model biases that adversely impact climate prediction. However, how observational information should be used to optimize physical parameterizations through parameter estimation has not been fully studied. Using an intermediate coupled ocean–atmosphere model, the authors investigate parameter optimization when the assimilation model contains biased physics within a biased assimilation experiment framework. Here, the biased physics is induced by using different outgoing longwave radiation schemes in the assimilation model and the “truth” model that is used to generate simulated observations. While the stochastic physics, implemented by initially perturbing the physical parameters, can significantly enhance the ensemble spread and improve the representation of the model ensemble, the parameter estimation is able to mitigate the model biases induced by the biased physics. Furthermore, better results for climate estimation and prediction can be obtained when only the most influential physical parameters are optimized and allowed to vary geographically. In addition, the parameter optimization with the biased model physics improves the performance of the climate estimation and prediction in the deep ocean significantly, even if there is no direct observational constraint on the low-frequency component of the state variables. These results provide some insight into decadal predictions in a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model that includes imperfect physical schemes that are initialized from the climate observing system.

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Kishimoto, Reiki, Kyoshiro Sasaki, Akihiko Gobara, Yuko Ojiro, Giyeon Nam, Kayo Miura et Yuki Yamada. « When a silhouette appears male : Observer’s own physical fitness governs social categorization of sexually ambiguous stimuli ». Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 7, n^o 1 (1 avril 2016) : 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2016.44.

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Categorization bias in social cognition is widely observed, as it is more beneficial to commit low-risk biases in order to reduce high-risk biases. Here, we hypothesized that a low capacity of self-protection leads to a biased social categorization of others as “harmful”. To examine this, silhouettes of human body, which had a sexually dimorphic cue (waist-to-hip ratio), were presented, and participants categorized the stimuli as being either “female” or “male”. Participants’ basic physical fitness was measured, and we manipulated exogenous physical load by either a heavy or a light backpack. Physical load did not significantly influence sex categorization. In contrast, only female participants tended to categorize the stimuli as “male” more, as basic physical fitness increased, suggesting that basic physical fitness, not physical load, affects sex categorization for females. Our findings shed new light on the role of fitness factors in social cognition.

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Keogh, Edmund, Catherine Dillon, George Georgiou et Caroline Hunt. « Selective attentional biases for physical threat in physical anxiety sensitivity ». Journal of Anxiety Disorders 15, n^o 4 (juillet 2001) : 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00065-2.

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Luhring, Thomas M., Grant M. Connette et Christopher M. Schalk. « Trap characteristics and species morphology explain size-biased sampling of two salamander species ». Amphibia-Reptilia 37, n^o 1 (2016) : 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003034.

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Demographic studies often depend on sampling techniques providing representative samples from populations. However, the sequence of events leading up to a successful capture or detection is susceptible to biases introduced through individual-level behaviour or physiology. Passive sampling techniques may be especially prone to sampling bias caused by size-related phenomena (e.g., physical limitations on trap entrance). We tested for size-biased sampling among five types of passive traps using a 9-year data set for two species of aquatic salamanders that have a 20 and 61 fold change in length over their ontogeny (Amphiuma means, Siren lacertina). Size-biased trapping was evident for both species, with body size distributions (body length mean and SD) of captured individuals differing among sampling techniques. Because our two species differed in girth at similar lengths, we were able to show that size biases (in length) were most likely caused by girth limitations on trap entry rates, and potentially by differences in retention rates. Accounting for the biases of sampling techniques may be critical when assessing current population status and demographic change.

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Bellprat, O., S. Kotlarski, D. Lüthi et C. Schär. « Physical constraints for temperature biases in climate models ». Geophysical Research Letters 40, n^o 15 (7 août 2013) : 4042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50737.

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Arenou, Frédéric, et Xavier Luri. « Statistical Effects from Hipparcos Astrometry ». Highlights of Astronomy 12 (2002) : 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153929960001460x.

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AbstractThe Hipparcos astrometry is used mainly for the derivation of stellar physical quantities such as luminosity, masses and velocity. However, sample selections on data with observational errors or an intrinsic dispersion may lead to biased estimates, especially when the error distributions are non-Gaussian. We review the classical biases and the ways to avoid them through the use of statistical methods.

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Schwemmer, Carsten, Carly Knight, Emily D. Bello-Pardo, Stan Oklobdzija, Martijn Schoonvelde et Jeffrey W. Lockhart. « Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems ». Socius : Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (janvier 2020) : 237802312096717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120967171.

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Image recognition systems offer the promise to learn from images at scale without requiring expert knowledge. However, past research suggests that machine learning systems often produce biased output. In this article, we evaluate potential gender biases of commercial image recognition platforms using photographs of U.S. members of Congress and a large number of Twitter images posted by these politicians. Our crowdsourced validation shows that commercial image recognition systems can produce labels that are correct and biased at the same time as they selectively report a subset of many possible true labels. We find that images of women received three times more annotations related to physical appearance. Moreover, women in images are recognized at substantially lower rates in comparison with men. We discuss how encoded biases such as these affect the visibility of women, reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, and limit the validity of the insights that can be gathered from such data.

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Corredera, Alberto, Marta Romero et Jose M. Moya. « Emotional Decision-Making Biases Prediction in Cyber-Physical Systems ». Big Data and Cognitive Computing 3, n^o 3 (30 août 2019) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3030049.

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This article faces the challenge of discovering the trends in decision-making based on capturing emotional data and the influence of the possible external stimuli. We conducted an experiment with a significant sample of the workforce and used machine-learning techniques to model the decision-making process. We studied the trends introduced by the emotional status and the external stimulus that makes these personnel act or report to the supervisor. The main result of this study is the production of a model capable of predicting the bias to act in a specific context. We studied the relationship between emotions and the probability of acting or correcting the system. The main area of interest of these issues is the ability to influence in advance the personnel to make their work more efficient and productive. This would be a whole new line of research for the future.

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Er, Xinzhong, Junqiang Ge et Shude Mao. « BIASES IN PHYSICAL PARAMETER ESTIMATES THROUGH DIFFERENTIAL LENSING MAGNIFICATION ». Astrophysical Journal 770, n^o 2 (30 mai 2013) : 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/110.

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Nicklin, Jessica M., et Sylvia G. Roch. « Biases Influencing Recommendation Letter Contents : Physical Attractiveness and Gender1 ». Journal of Applied Social Psychology 38, n^o 12 (décembre 2008) : 3053–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00425.x.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Physical biases"

Mihajlovits, Bethany. « Probability Elicitation Methods for Avoiding Biases : An Exposition ». VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1796.

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A large portion of decision analysis lies in a decision maker’s uncertainty about an outcome and what they perceive is the chance (probability) of that outcome occurring (in other words, an individual’s “degree of belief” that an outcome will occur). However, thinking probabilistically can be difficult and we rely on “rather primitive cognitive techniques to make” such assessments (these techniques are termed heuristics) (Clemen & Reilly, 2001 p.311). Heuristics are simple and intuitive but tend to result in probabilities that are biased. This thesis will connect the literature available from both the psychology behind the biases and the mathematical problems associated with the probability elicitation itself. Additionally, this thesis will present a better understanding of the biases that distort the probability elicitation for the decision maker along with suggestions for improving such assessments.

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Wilson, Mario N. « The influences of physical attractiveness and sex-based biases on midshipmen performance evaluations at the United States Naval Academy ». access online version, 2004. http://theses.nps.navy.mil/04Jun%5FWilson.pdf.

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Wilson, Mario N. « The influences of physical attractiveness and sex-based biases on midshipman performance evaluations at the United States Naval Academy ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FWilson.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Janice H. Laurence, Armando X. Estrada. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-94). Also available online.

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Ossman, Tahani. « Physical-chemical understanding of membrane partitioning and permeation at an atomic resolution : towards in silico pharmacology ». Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0089.

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Le mécanisme d‘interaction d‘un composé xénobiotique avec la membrane est un des facteurs clés qui influence son mécanisme d‘action biologique et donc son action thérapeutique pour un principe actif. Une analyse précise des interactions intermoléculaires à l‘échelle atomique peut être obtenue par dynamique moléculaire, une méthode qui apparait plus que jamais comme une alternative élégante aux techniques expérimentales. Les simulations de dynamique moléculaire permettent d‘évaluer ces interactions avec une résolution temporelle et spatiale difficiles à atteindre avec les méthodes expérimentales. Ces informations constituent une pierre angulaire de la compréhension des mécanismes d‘action des xénobiotiques . Les résultats obtenus corrèlent généralement bien avec les données expérimentales. Dans ce travail théorique, nous avons utilisé des dynamiques moléculaires non -biaisées et biaisées (z-Contraint). Nous avons étudié les modes d‘insertion (positionnement et orientation), les coefficients de partition, et la capacité de différents xénobiotiques à traverser la bicouche lipidique (perméation passive). Plusieurs composés de différentes familles thérapeutiques ont été étudiés (antiviraux, immunosuppresseurs et antioxydants), tous étant utilisés en transplantation d‘organes ; les antioxydants sont étudiés en tant que protecteurs d‘organe contre les phénomènes d‘ischémie -reperfusion. Pour la perméation passive, les profils d‘ énergies, les coefficients de diffusion locaux et la résistance à la traversée ont été calculés pour finalement obtenir des coefficients globaux de perméabilité. Nous avons montré que ces techniques de calcul donnent une description qualitative du processus d‘insertion/perméation, montrant notamment le rôle de différentes propriétés physiques (ex., polarité, charge). Des résultats remarquables ont été obtenus pour les larges molécules. Malgré la taille, ces mol cules peuvent s‘ insérer dans la bicouche lipidique relativement facilement (faibles barrières énergétiques). Par contre, leur diffusion dans les différentes régions de la membrane peut augmenter d‘une manière signifiante. Ce travail donne une confiance accrue dans les méthodes de dynamique moléculaire pour devenir prédictive dans les années avenirs, et aide de façon concrète les pharmacologues dans la recherche de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques
The mechanism of interaction between drugs or any xenobiotic and membrane is one of thekey factors that affect its biological of action, and so its therapeutic activity. A thoroughrationalization of the relationship between the intrinsic properties of the xenobiotics and theirmechanism of interaction with membranes can now be assessed with atomistic details.Molecular dynamics (MD) is a powerful research tool to study xenobiotics-membraneinteractions, which can access time and space scales that are not simultaneously accessibleby experimental methods. Semi-quantitative molecular and thermodynamic descriptions ofthese interactions can be provided using in silico model of lipid bilayers, often in agreementwith experimental measurements.The main goal of our investigation consisted to get in depth insight into the mechanisms ofinteraction/partitioning/insertion/crossing with/in/into/through membrane and drug deliveryusing MD. In this thesis, we have focused on both drugs used in renal transplantation (e.g.,antivirals, immunosuppressants) and antioxidants, which can also be used to protect organsalong the transplantation processes. We have provided a series of clues showing that MDsimulations can tackle the delicate process of drug passive permeation.Both, unbiased and biased MD (z-constraint) simulations have been used to elucidate thexenobiotics-membrane interactions (i.e., positioning and orientation) and to evaluate crossingenergies, diffusion coefficients, and permeability coefficients. These findings led us to drawqualitative structure-permeability relationships (SPR). We have carefully analyzed how thechemical and physical properties of xenobiotics affect the mechanism of interactions andthus permeability. The robustness of these MD-based methodologies has been determinedto qualitatively predict these pharmacological parameters. Hydrophobic compounds showeda favorable partitioning into the lipid bilayer and relatively low Gibbs energy of crossing thecenter of membrane (Î”Gcross). Hydrophilic or charged compounds showed partitioning closeto membrane surface, in interaction with the polar head groups and water molecules; this hasbeen shown to dramatically increase Î”Gcross. Amphiphilic compounds are intermediatecompounds in terms of membrane insertion/positioning/crossing. It clearly appears that theyshould be analyzed case by case, an analysis for which MD simulations could be particularlysupportive. Also the influence of size at predicting permeation has been studied (i.e.,relatively large drugs were tested). The molecular size has shown no significant influence onÎ”Gcross whereas diffusion coefficients were significantly affected, depending on themembrane regions

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Berlind, Andreas A. « Biased galaxy formation and large scale structure / ». The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486400446371298.

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Scott, Sarah. « Attentional bias and physical symptom reporting ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/attentional-bias-and-physical-symptom-reporting(3b1382e1-cb80-4986-ba56-51c941d1abb1).html.

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Attentional bias to health-threat information in the sphere of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is the focus of this thesis. Confusion and debate regarding the classification of MUS exists, and medical and psychiatric classifications of MUS have resulted in separate literatures in the two areas. In addition to “medical” and “psychiatric” diagnoses, there are habitual symptom reporters who are frequently seen in the general population. Contemporary psychological theories of MUS postulate attentional bias towards health-threat information as central in their development and maintenance, although a causal relationship has yet to be established. Paper 1 provides an overview of the experimental paradigms used to examine attentional bias to health-threat information in “medical” MUS (functional somatic syndromes). This is provided within the theoretical context of attention. Eighteen studies satisfied inclusion criteria, and it was concluded that the evidence for an attentional bias in individuals with functional somatic syndromes is equivocal. The strengths and limitations of the individual studies are provided, together with recommendations for future research. The review has been prepared for submission to ‘Clinical Psychology Review’.Paper 2 employed an attentional bias modification (ABM) paradigm to explore whether it is possible to generate an attentional bias towards health-threat information in a low symptom reporting population. Fifty-six non-clinical low symptom reports were randomly assigned to a ‘training’ or ‘no training’ version of the ABM paradigm. ABM increased the degree to which low symptom reporters were distracted by threat but this did not lead to increased physical symptoms or anxiety. The empirical paper has been prepared for submission to the ‘Journal of Abnormal Psychology’.Paper 3 is a critical appraisal of the previous papers. Methodological considerations are discussed, together with theoretical and clinical implications.

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Tokarek, Nathan. « The Impact of Stand-Biased Desks on After-School Physical Activity Behaviors in Children ». Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10620289.

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The purpose of this study was to assess changes in after-school time spent performing sedentary behavior (SB), light intensity physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) among elementary school children in response to the introduction of stand-biased desks in the classroom. Thirty-one 6^th grade participants randomly assigned by their teacher to a traditional (CON) or stand-biased (INT) desk provided complete accelerometer data. After-school PA and SB were measured on four consecutive weekdays at baseline and 10-weeks. Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests were used to detect significant differences (p<0.10) in changes in the proportion of after-school wear time performing SB and PA between groups. Results suggested no significant differences in changes in after-school time performing SB (p=0.770), LPA (p=0.740), or MVPA (p=0.470). Significant differences in the change in moderate PA (INT: -1.4%; CON: -0.2%, p=0.093) were detected. Stand-biased desks were not detrimental to children’s after-school PA and SB.

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Gauthier, Michel. « Modelling a highly biased random walk : Application to gel electrophoresis ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26334.

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The drift and diffusion motions of biased particles are commonly studied using random walks on lattices. We present a novel theoretical approach that makes it possible to calculate exact mobilities in the presence of lattice obstacles. Several two-dimensional examples are studied and a particular attention is given to separation techniques and how our model can be used to study such devices. We also broach the problems related to the field-dependence of the diffusion coefficient during random walks, and we present new algorithms that remove these difficulties. We develop new Monte Carlo algorithms that make it possible to study both drift and diffusion processes simultaneously, even in presence of very strong fields. Finally, we present two brief discussions about the addition of curved field lines and viscosity gradients to our lattice models. This work opens the door to a wide range of applications, especially for the study of electrophoretic technologies.

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Seu, Keoki A. « Static and ultrafast MOKE studies of exchange -biased cobalt systems ». W&M ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623503.

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We have studied the exchange bias interaction in metal bilayers IrMn/Co and FeMn/Co using the static and ultrafast pump-probe Kerr effects. Experiments conducted on wedged Co samples show that the exchange bias interaction is sensitive to the buffer layers grown beneath it when the antiferromagnetic layer is FeMn. The exchange bias strength, as measured by the shift in the magnetic hysteresis loop, follows a 1/tFM dependence as reported in the literature. The time-domain pump-probe experiments reveal coherent magnetization oscillations, whose frequencies are comparable to those measured by frequency-domain FMR measurements, and they fit well to FMR equations for the frequency. We have also been able to use the pump beam to permanently alter the exchange bias interface which leads to the launching of oscillations along new geometries, particularly along the easy axis where magnetization is aligned with the applied field. This is explained qualitatively by showing that the pump has enough energy to overcome the energy barrier in the AF, allowing it to flip and provide a torque on the magnetization that launches oscillations.

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Pistenon, Nicolas. « Découvrir la loi de comportement de matériaux viscoélastiques non linéaires par réseaux de neurones à base physique et données expérimentales ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM044.

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Les méthodes d'apprentissage automatique basées sur les réseaux de neurones offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la modélisation du comportement mécanique des matériaux. Grâce à leur capacité à servir d'interpolateurs universels de fonctions, ces réseaux sont capables de capturer une grande variété de comportements complexes. Cependant, leur mise en œuvre requiert des ensembles de données volumineux, souvent difficilement accessibles par des moyens expérimentaux. Afin de pallier cette limitation, ce manuscrit introduit différents biais physiques permettant de modéliser le comportement mécanique de matériau, et plus spécifiquement le comportement viscoélastique non linéaire, à partir de données expérimentales restreintes.Les deux principes fondamentaux de la thermodynamique constituent un cadre contraignant pour la formulation de lois de comportement. Il permet de réduire le nombre de données nécessaires à l'entraînement des modèles, tout en renforçant leur robustesse face aux erreurs de mesure.Les réseaux de neurones récurrents, quant à eux, sont particulièrement bien adaptés pour modéliser des comportements dépendant de l'histoire du chargement. Leurs mémoires cachées offrent une analogie intéressante avec les variables internes introduites par le principe de l'état local en mécanique. Cependant, ces réseaux posent des défis en matière d'entraînement et de généralisation. Pour surmonter ces difficultés, un modèle de réseau de neurones à encodage mécanique est proposé. Ce modèle tire parti des variables internes d'un modèle de viscoélasticité linéaire pour encoder l'histoire du matériau, ce qui s'avère suffisant pour modéliser le comportement mécanique non linéaire du matériau.Un des défis majeurs de la modélisation en trois dimensions à partir de données expérimentales réside dans la prise en compte des symétries matérielles pour éviter des essais redondants. Dans le cas des matériaux isotropes, une méthode d'augmentation de données par rotation aléatoire des essais, combinée à un apprentissage par transfert latéral, permet de développer une loi de comportement 3D en utilisant seulement deux types d'essais uniaxiaux. Une formulation thermodynamique respectant intrinsèquement l'isotropie du matériau est proposée, bien que des défis d'entraînement restent à surmonter pour optimiser cette approche
The application of machine learning techniques based on neural networks provides novel insights into the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of materials. These networks are capable of capturing a wide variety of complex behaviours due to their ability to act as universal function approximators. However, the deployment of these techniques requires large datasets, which are often difficult to obtain experimentally. This manuscript introduces various physical biases that enable the modelling of mechanical behaviour, specifically non-linear viscoelastic behaviour, using limited experimental data, thereby addressing this limitation.The two fundamental principles of thermodynamics provide a robust framework for constraining the formulation of constitutive laws. This approach reduces the quantity of data required for model training, while simultaneously improving the models' resilience to measurement errors.Recurrent neural networks, on the other hand, are particularly well-suited for modelling behaviour that depends on the loading history. Their hidden memories mirror the internal variables introduced in mechanics by the local state principle. However, these networks present challenges in terms of training and generalisation. To overcome these difficulties, a neural network model with mechanical encoding is proposed. This model employs the internal variables of a linear viscoelasticity model to encode the material's history, which proves to be sufficient for modelling its non-linear mechanical behaviour.One of the most significant challenges in three-dimensional modelling from experimental data is the incorporation of material symmetries in order to avoid the need for superfluous testing. For isotropic materials, a method of increasing the data set by randomly rotating the tests, combined with lateral transfer learning, enables the development of a three-dimensional constitutive law using only two types of uniaxial test. A thermodynamically consistent formulation that inherently preserves the material's isotropy is proposed; however, challenges related to training remain to be addressed in order to optimise this approach

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Livres sur le sujet "Physical biases"

Elmessiri, Abdelwahab M. Bias : Epistemological bias in the physical and social sciences. Herndon, VA : International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2006.

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Rich, Emma, Lee F. Monaghan et Lucy Aphramor. Debating obesity : Critical perspectives. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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Bridges, Dwan M. Cultural bias in sport play. Reston, VA : Ethnic Minorities Council of the American Association for Active Life Styles and Fitness, 1999.

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Berry, Bonnie. Beauty bias : Discrimination and social power. Westport, Conn : Praeger Publishers, 2007.

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Berry, Bonnie. Beauty bias : Discrimination and social power. Westport, CT : Praeger, 2008.

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Coe, Mandy. Red shoes. Liverpool : Good Stuff, 1997.

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Āparāda, Āsā. Darda jo sahā mainne... Nayī Dillī : Rājakamala Prakāśana, 2013.

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Rogers, Amy Keating. Guide to being a hero. New York : Golden Books Pub. Co, 2001.

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Delagrave, Anne-Marie. Le contrôle de l'apparence physique du salarié. Cowansville, Québec : Éditions Y. Blais, 2010.

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Kim, Chi-yang. Mom kwa ot : 2017-2020, 89-myŏng yŏsŏng ŭi mom kwa ot e taehan kirok. Sŏul-si : 66100 Press, 2021.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Physical biases"

Miesen, Floreana, et Marjolein Gevers. « 9. Inclusive practices in fieldwork ». Dans Critical Physical Geography : Interdisciplinary Approaches to Nature, Power and Politics, 153–70. Cambridge, UK : Open Book Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0418.09.

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Fieldwork is essential in geosciences for data collection, model validation, as well as personal development. Yet, traditional fieldwork environments often perpetuate biases related to gender, identity, and societal roles while also exposing participants to physical and interpersonal hazards. This chapter reviews recent advances towards safer and more inclusive fieldwork practices. Key recommendations include transparent communication about physical requirements, providing suitable protective equipment, accommodating medical and privacy needs considering the diverse backgrounds and abilities of fieldworkers. Inclusive risk assessments, codes of conduct, and comprehensive training are key tools to emphasise team morale, clear communication, and conflict management, to ensure a supportive and equitable fieldwork experience for all.

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Wattie, Nick, et Joseph Baker. « An Uneven Playing Field : Talent Identification Systems and the Perpetuation of Participation Biases in High Performance Sport ». Dans Sport and Physical Activity across the Lifespan, 117–33. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48562-5_6.

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Pea, Roy D., Paulina Biernacki, Maxwell Bigman, Kelly Boles, Raquel Coelho, Victoria Docherty, Jorge Garcia et al. « Four Surveillance Technologies Creating Challenges for Education ». Dans AI in Learning : Designing the Future, 317–29. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09687-7_19.

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Abstract“Ubiquitous AI”—embodied in cloud computing web services, coupled with sensors in phones and the physical world—is becoming infrastructural to cultural practices. It creates a surveillance society. We review the capabilities of four core surveillance technologies, all making headway into universities and PreK-12 schools: (1) location tracking, (2) facial identification, (3) automated speech recognition, and (4) social media mining. We pose primary issues educational research should investigate on cultural practices with these technologies. We interweave three priority themes: (1) how these technologies are shaping human development and learning; (2) current algorithmic biases and access inequities; and (3) the need for learners’ critical consciousness concerning their data privacy. We close with calls to action—research, policy and law, and practice.

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Friedman, Eli A. « Physician Bias ». Dans Legal and Ethical Concerns in Treating Kidney Failure, 79–84. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4355-4_7.

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Oakley, Justin. « The Virtuous Physician and Antimicrobial Prescribing Policy and Practice ». Dans Ethics and Drug Resistance : Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 125–40. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_8.

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Abstract In this chapter, I outline some key patient-centred medical virtues and several community-centred medical virtues, and I consider what sorts of antimicrobial prescribing decisions such virtues would lead physicians to make. I argue that practically-intelligent virtuous physicians should also have an awareness of the sorts of cognitive biases that are especially likely to distort their antimicrobial prescribing decisions, and I urge physicians to develop ways of avoiding or counteracting such biases. Further, I argue that effectively addressing the impact of these biases and other countervailing factors that inhibit virtuous prescribing practices is the responsibility not only of individual physicians, but also of institutions and regulators. I outline some strategies that individual physicians, institutions, and healthcare policymakers could develop to help physicians hit the targets of those patient-centred and community-centred medical virtues, and to thereby play their part in redressing the problems of antimicrobial resistance.

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Tsatiris, Dimitrios. « Bias in Medicine ». Dans Physician Burnout, 43–50. New York : Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003473923-7.

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Mahapatra, Souvik, Narendra Parihar, Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay et Nilesh Goel. « Physical Mechanism of NBTI Parametric Drift ». Dans Recent Advances in PMOS Negative Bias Temperature Instability, 37–58. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6120-4_3.

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Thougaard, Simon, et Bruce McMillin. « Distributed Bias Detection in Cyber-Physical Systems ». Dans IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 245–60. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62840-6_12.

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Fazzini, P. F., P. G. Merli, G. Pozzi et F. Ubaldi. « Interference electron microscopy of reverse-biased p-n junctions ». Dans Springer Proceedings in Physics, 217–20. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31915-8_43.

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Slater, Gary W., et Jaan Noolandi. « The Biased Reptation Model of DNA Gel Electrophoresis ». Dans New Trends in Physics and Physucal Chemistry of Polymers, 547–600. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0543-9_41.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Physical biases"

Misiorowski, Matthew, Farhan Gandhi et Assad Oberai. « Computational Analysis and Flow Physics of a Ducted Rotor in Edgewise Flight ». Dans Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–18. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12004.

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This study examines the performance of the ducted rotor in hover and edgewise flight conditions. The flow over a three-dimensional model of a ducted rotor was simulated using the Spalart-Allmaras RANS model implemented in a stabilized finite element method. A sliding mesh was used to conveniently account for the large-scale motion associated with rotor revolutions. The simulation results were analyzed to understand the flow physics and quantify the contributions of the rotor and various sections of the duct interior surfaces on the total aerodynamic forces (thrust, drag and side force) and moments (pitching and rolling). In edgewise flight, freestream flow separates off the front of the duct inlet causing a region of recirculating flow and upwash in the rotor plane. The upwash region biases rotor thrust production to the front of the disk. The swirl velocity further biases the region of flow separation over the inlet and upwash at the front of the rotor towards the retreating side of the disk. The shift of thrust production on the rotor and duct towards the front produces a strong nose up pitching moment on the ducted rotor. The rear of the diffuser is a significant contributor to the total drag, this force as incudes a nose down pitch moment which partially negates the moment from the duct inlet. The rotor is the primary source of vertical vibratory forces as well as vibratory pitching and rolling moments. The small tip clearance of the rotor causes a local interaction between the blade tip and duct that is the dominant contributor to in-plane vibratory forces on the ducted rotor.

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Hu, Haoyang, Siyu Huang, Wenbin Hu, Xiaomeng Li, Mingzhong Xiao et Qinghua Chen. « Citation Bias in the Physical Sciences at the National Scale ». Dans 2024 International Annual Conference on Complex Systems and Intelligent Science (CSIS-IAC), 837–43. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/csis-iac63491.2024.10919324.

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Arif, Farrukh, Waleed Ahmed Khan et Asad-ur-Rehman Khan. « LiDAR-UAV Integrated Digitization of Civil Infrastructure for Visualization of Physical Condition ». Dans Technology Enabled Civil Infrastructure Engineering & Management Conference, 11–18. Switzerland : Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-6boxwp.

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Civil infrastructure is prone to deterioration due to several factors like loading and environmental agents. Condition assessment of these infrastructures is done on a visualization basis by the field inspector. The data collected by the inspector is biased and depends on the perception, experience, and visuals of the inspector. The data collected in terms of images and characteristics of the deterioration is recorded on a qualitative basis in the data log. The report is then presented to the managers or decision-makers to make decisions on the maintenance of the facility. In this era, various sensing and visualization technologies are available that can be utilized to create a digitized as-built model in 3D with exact dimensions and deteriorations, also known as a 3D re-constructed model. In this research, a 3D reconstructed model of an elevated overhead water tank has been created using laser scanning, UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle). Artificial intelligence has been used to detect and measure cracks or openings on the surface of the structure. Deflection and rotation of the elements of the structure have been quantified by superimposing the point cloud model over the as-planned model in the interface of Navisworks.

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Hubbard, William A., et B. C. Regan. « Imaging Nanoscale Electronic Changes in a Biased GaN HEMT ». Dans ISTFA 2024, 317–19. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2024p0317.

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Abstract The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the standard high-resolution technique for imaging microelectronics. But TEM primarily generates contrast related to the physical structure and composition of samples, giving little insight into their electronic properties. Samples must also be electron transparent, typically requiring cross-sectioning of components to nanometers-thin foils prior to imaging, which can compromise their electronic integrity. These cross section samples are also notoriously difficult to electrically connect to without surface leakage dominating transport. As a result, successful in situ electronic testing or bias-manipulation of electronic devices in the TEM is notably rare. Here we image nanoscale, bias-induced electronic changes in an electrically contacted cross section extracted from a GaN high electronmobility transistor (HEMT). The sample is prepared using a Xe+-based plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) to eliminate conducting implantation of the standard FIB ion, Ga+. Scanning TEM electron beam-induced current (STEM EBIC) imaging visualizes bias-induced changes to the device’s electronic structure during normal biasing, stressing, and after failure, all performed in situ.

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Gan, Yong Yang, Bee Chin Loke, Aik Leng Tan, May Shin Chang et Nirbhaya Pathak. « Failure analysis of ASIC controller integrated in embedded flash memory package under biased-HAST reliability failure ». Dans 2024 IEEE International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA), 01–05. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipfa61654.2024.10691167.

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Wu, Hao, Fan Xu, Chong Chen, Xian-Sheng Hua, Xiao Luo et Haixin Wang. « PastNet : Introducing Physical Inductive Biases for Spatio-temporal Video Prediction ». Dans MM '24 : The 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2917–26. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3681489.

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Silva, Mariana O., Luiza de Melo-Gomes et Mirella M. Moro. « Gender Representation in Literature : Analysis of Characters' Physical Descriptions ». Dans Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/kdmile.2023.232571.

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This study employs Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to quantitatively analyze the descriptions of male and female body parts in Portuguese literature. We investigate these descriptions' frequency, specificity, and objectification by examining a corpus of literary works. The results indicate distinct differences in how male and female bodies are portrayed, revealing evidence of gender bias in the choice of specific descriptors for body parts. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding gender representation in literature, shedding light on the potential biases in textual descriptions. Furthermore, it underscores the significance of NLP techniques in uncovering patterns within literary texts, providing valuable insights into data mining. Through this analysis, we deepen our understanding of gender dynamics within literary works and foster critical discussions on representation in literature.

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Mohd Razak, Syamil, Jodel Cornelio, Young Cho, Hui-Hai Liu, Ravimadhav Vaidya et Behnam Jafarpour. « Dynamic Physics-Guided Deep Learning for Production Forecasting in Unconventional Reservoirs ». Dans SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212962-ms.

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Abstract Neural network predictive models are popular for production forecasting in unconventional reservoirs. They have the ability to learn complex input-output mapping between well properties and observed production responses from the large amount of data collected in the field. Additionally, the flow behavior in hydraulically fractured unconventional reservoirs is not well understood making such statistical models practical. Variants of neural networks have been proposed for production prediction in unconventional reservoirs, offering predictive capability of varying levels of granularity, accuracy and robustness against noisy and incomplete data. Neural network predictive models that incorporate physical understanding are especially useful for subsurface systems as they provide physically sound predictions. In this work, we propose a new Dynamic Physics-Guided Deep Learning (DPGDL) model that incorporates physical functions into neural networks and uses residual learning to compensate for the imperfect description of the physics. The new formulation allows for dynamic residual correction, avoids unintended bias due to less-than-ideal input data, and provides robust long-term predictions. The DPGDL model improves upon a static formulation by utilizing a masked loss function to enable learning from wells with varying production lengths and by improving the results when partially-observed timesteps are present. We also develop a new sequence-to-sequence residual model to correct additional biases in the long-term predictions from the physics-constrained neural networks. Several synthetic datasets with increasing complexity as well as a field dataset from Bakken are used to demonstrate the performance of the new DPGDL model.

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Valcheva, Rilka, Ivan Popov et Nikola Gerganov. « A SENSITIVITY STUDY OF THE NON-HYDROSTATIC REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL REGCM-4.7.1 TO PHYSICAL PARAMETRIZATION SCHEMES OVER THE BALKAN PENINSULA AND BULGARIA ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s19.20.

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The aim of this study is to present preliminary results of testing the new non-hydrostatic dynamic core of the regional climate model RegCM4.7.1 by varying different parametrization schemes over the Balkan Peninsula and Bulgaria. A one-way double nesting technique was applied, employing a mother domain with 15 km grid spacing and a nested domain with 3 km grid spacing. Twenty test simulations were performed with a model resolution of 15 km for the year 2000 on a Lambert Conformal Conic projection and 12 test simulations with a model resolution of 3 km for one monthJanuary 2000. Two planetary boundary layer schemes (UW PBL and Holtslag), four cumulus schemes (Emanuel, Grell, Tiedke and Kain-Fritsch), three explicit moisture schemes (Nogherotto-Tompkins, WSM5 and SUBEX) and two shallow convection configurations (MM5 and Tiedke) were tested. We used ERA-Interim reanalysis as boundary conditions for the 15 km runs with 0.75-degree horizontal resolution. The results are presented for several model output parameters (precipitation, temperature, surface pressure and cloud fraction cover). The output is compared with E-OBS observational dataset, satellite-based observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis. Based on the results, the model is sensitive to the choice of different parametrization schemes. The 15 km simulations overestimate the precipitation and underestimate the temperature in all scheme configurations. The biggest biases in precipitation and surface pressure we found in simulations with combinations with Nogherotto-Tompkins moisture scheme. In the case of 3 km simulations, UW PBL scheme with WSM5 moisture configurations and Nogherotto-Tompkins configurations gave the largest biases for the studied territory.

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Corso, Greg, et Molly Hunker. « The Commoning of Architectural Representation ». Dans 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.15.

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The notion of the commons invites us to reconsider the ownership of architectural space. But is this reconsideration limited to the physical space of architecture? How can we think ofideas of ownership, stewardship, and access through the lensof architectural representation? Further, can we cultivate afresh audience for architecture by divorcing the representation of it from both the internal motivations and biases of the designers and the disciplinary baggage and esoteric values often embedded in architectural representation? By viewing the idea of the commons not through physical space but through the representation and imaging of the built environment, we may see possible opportunities for building a more universal and inclusive relationship to design.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Physical biases"

Hinrichs, Claudia, et Judith Hauck. Report on skill of CMIP6 models to simulate alkalinity and improved parameterizations for large scale alkalinity distribution. OceanNets, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d4.4.

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In part one of this deliverable, an ensemble of 14 CMIP6 Earth System Models is evaluated regarding their performance in simulating alkalinity and related parameters. The majority of the models and the multi-model-mean underestimate surface alkalinity compared to climatological observations. Alkalinity biases stemming from the parametrization of calcium carbonate formation and dissolution can be as big as biases stemming from model physics. In part two, we test the sensitivity of parametrizations concerning the carbonate chemistry in the FESOM2.1-REcoM3 and give recommendations for addressing alkalinity biases.

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Vickers, Jr, Hodgdon Ross R., Beckett James A. et Marcie B. Physical Ability-Task Performance Models : Assessing the Risk of Omitted Variable Bias. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada515128.

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Vergani, Matteo, Angelique Stefanopoulos, Alexandra Lee, Haily Tran, Imogen Richards, Dan Goodhardt et Greg Barton. Defining and identifying hate motives : bias indicators for the Australian context. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/pozs1016.

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This report presents bias indicators for the Australian context and discusses their concept, uses, benefits and risks. The bias indicators we present are the result of extensive consultations with local experts including academics and practitioners working in law enforcement agencies, government and non-government organisations and community organisations. Trigger warning: this report discusses multiple forms of trauma, hate, and discrimination, including physical violence, racism, and homophobia.

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Eli, Shari, Trevon Logan et Boriana Miloucheva. Physician Bias and Racial Disparities in Health : Evidence from Veterans' Pensions. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, mai 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25846.

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Selph, Shelly S., Andrea C. Skelly, Ngoc Wasson, Joseph R. Dettori, Erika D. Brodt, Erik Ensrud, Diane Elliot et al. Physical Activity and the Health of Wheelchair Users : A Systematic Review in Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, and Spinal Cord Injury. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer241.

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Objectives. Although the health benefits of physical activity are well described for the general population, less is known about the benefits and harms of physical activity in people dependent upon, partially dependent upon, or at risk for needing a wheelchair. This systematic review summarizes the evidence for physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury regardless of current use or nonuse of a wheelchair. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase®, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source from 2008 through November 2020, reference lists, and clinical trial registries. Review methods. Predefined criteria were used to select randomized controlled trials, quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and cohort studies that addressed the benefits and harms of observed physical activity (at least 10 sessions on 10 different days of movement using more energy than rest) in participants with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Individual study quality (risk of bias) and the strength of bodies of evidence for key outcomes were assessed using prespecified methods. Dual review procedures were used. Effects were analyzed by etiology of impairment and physical activity modality, such as treadmill, aquatic exercises, and yoga, using qualitative, and when appropriate, quantitative synthesis using random effects meta-analyses. Results. We included 146 randomized controlled trials, 15 quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and 7 cohort studies (168 studies in 197 publications). More studies enrolled participants with multiple sclerosis (44%) than other conditions, followed by cerebral palsy (38%) and spinal cord injury (18%). Most studies were rated fair quality (moderate risk of bias). The majority of the evidence was rated low strength. • In participants with multiple sclerosis, walking ability may be improved with treadmill training and multimodal exercise regimens that include strength training; function may be improved with treadmill training, balance exercises, and motion gaming; balance is likely improved with postural control exercises (which may also reduce risk of falls) and may be improved with aquatic exercises, robot-assisted gait training, treadmill training, motion gaming, and multimodal exercises; activities of daily living may be improved with aquatic therapy; sleep may be improved with aerobic exercises; aerobic fitness may be improved with multimodal exercises; and female sexual function may be improved with aquatic exercise. • In participants with cerebral palsy, balance may be improved with hippotherapy and motion gaming, and function may be improved with cycling, treadmill training, and hippotherapy. • In participants with spinal cord injury, evidence suggested that activities of daily living may be improved with robot-assisted gait training. • When randomized controlled trials were pooled across types of exercise, physical activity interventions were found to improve walking in multiple sclerosis and likely improve balance and depression in multiple sclerosis. Physical activity may improve function and aerobic fitness in people with cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury. When studies of populations with multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy were combined, evidence indicated dance may improve function. • Evidence on long-term health outcomes was not found for any analysis groups. For intermediate outcomes such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and blood glucose, there was insufficient evidence from which to draw conclusions. There was inadequate reporting of adverse events in many trials. Conclusions. Physical activity was associated with improvements in walking ability, general function, balance (including fall risk), depression, sleep, activities of daily living, female sexual function, and aerobic capacity, depending on population enrolled and type of exercise utilized. No studies reported long-term cardiovascular or metabolic disease health outcomes. Future trials could alter these findings; further research is needed to examine health outcomes, and to understand the magnitude and clinical importance of benefits seen in intermediate outcomes.

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Agüero, Jorge M., et Verónica Frisancho. Misreporting in Sensitive Health Behaviors and Its Impact on Treatment Effects : An Application to Intimate Partner Violence. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011808.

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A growing literature seeks to identify policies that could reduce intimate partner violence. However, in the absence of reliable administrative records, this violence is often measured using self-reported data from health surveys. In this paper, an experiment is conducted comparing data from such surveys against a methodology that provides greater privacy to the respondent. Non-classical measurement error in health surveys is identified as college-educated women, but not the less educated, underreport physical and sexual violence. The paper provides a low-cost solution to correct the bias in the estimation of causal effects under non-classical measurement error in the dependent variable.

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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson et Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, mars 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.

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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.

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E, Flemyng, et Mitchell D. Increased versus stable doses of inhaled steroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children : Protocol. Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.b984bf9656.v3.

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Abstract Rationale Early treatment of asthma exacerbations with inhaled corticosteroids is the best strategy for management, although use of an increased or stable dose is questioned. Objectives To compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids as part of a patient-initiated action plan for the home management of exacerbations in children and adults with persistent asthma. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register (part of CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, major trials registries and handsearched abstracts up to 20 December 2021. Eligibility criteria Parallel and cross-over blinded randomised controlled trials (RCTs) Outcomes Treatment failure (the need for rescue oral steroids) in the randomised population and in the subset who initiated the study inhaler, unscheduled physician visits, unscheduled acute care, emergency department or hospital visits, serious and non-serious adverse events, and duration of exacerbation. Risk of bias We used Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2)and the tool's extension for cross-over trials. Synthesis methods We conducted meta-analyses using fixed-effect models to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all but one outcome, which used random-effects models due to heterogeneity (treatment failure in the subset who initiated the study inhaler). We summarised certainty of evidence according to GRADE methods. Included studies We included nine RCTs (seven parallel and two cross‐over) with a total of 1923 participants. The studies were conducted in Europe, North America, and Australasia and were published between 1998 and 2018. Five studies evaluated adult populations (1247 participants; ≥ 15 years), and four studies evaluated child or adolescent populations (676 participants; < 15 years). Approximately 50% of randomised participants initiated the study inhaler (range 23% to 100%). The studies reported treatment failure in various ways, so we made assumptions to allow us to combine data. Synthesis of results People randomised to increase their inhaled corticosteroids dose at the first signs of an exacerbation probably had similar odds of needing rescue oral corticosteroids to those randomised to a placebo inhaler (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.25; 8 studies, 1774 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Results for the same outcome in the subset of participants who initiated the study inhaler (approximately 50%) gives a different point estimate with very low certainty due to heterogeneity, imprecision and risk of bias (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.30; 7 studies, 766 participants; random-effects model used). For adverse effects, imprecision and risk of bias from missing data, outcome measurement and reporting meant we were very uncertain about the effect estimate (serious adverse events OR 1.69, 95% CI 0.77 to 3.71; 2 studies, 394 participants; non-serious adverse events OR 2.15, 95% CI 0.68 to 6.73; 2 studies, 142 participants). We had very low confidence in the effect estimates for unscheduled physician visits, unscheduled acute care, emergency department or hospital visits and duration of exacerbation due to risk of bias. Authors' conclusions Evidence suggests that adults and children with mild to moderate asthma are unlikely to have an important reduction in the need for oral steroids from increasing a patient's inhaled corticosteroid dose at the first sign of an exacerbation. Other clinically important benefits and potential harms cannot be ruled out due to wide confidence intervals, risk of bias in the studies, and assumptions made for synthesis when combining data. Included studies reflect evolving clinical practice and study methods, and the data do not support thorough investigation of effect modifiers such as baseline dose, fold increase, asthma severity and timing. The review does not include recent evidence from pragmatic, unblinded studies showing benefits of larger dose increases in those with poorly controlled asthma. Differences between the blinded and unblinded studies should be investigated. Funding This Cochrane Review had no dedicated funding. Registration Protocol (2009): doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007524 Original review (2010): doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007524.pub3 Review update (2014): doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007524.pub4

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E, Flemyng, et Mitchell D. Increased versus stable doses of inhaled steroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children : Update. Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.b984bf9639.v2.

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