Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pharmaceutical industry – Germany »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Pharmaceutical industry – Germany"
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SALIKHOVA, Olena, et Daria HONCHARENKO. « DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN GERMANY : LESSONS FOR UKRAINE ». Economy of Ukraine 2020, no 10 (25 octobre 2020) : 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2020.10.063.
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The evolution of the development of the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry from technology borrowing to endogenous innovations and becoming a global leader is shown. It is substantiated that the government of the country promoted the development of a new industry by increasing budget allocations for the training of scientific and industrial personnel; research subsidies; subsidies for transportation and raw materials. It is shown that the formation of large companies has provided economies of scale and accelerated development. The creation of specialized research institutes under the auspices of the government initiated public-private partnerships in research funding, industry associations helped mobilize the public to support the industry, and competent company managers and industry representatives together with prominent statesmen provided concerted action to strengthen its innovation potential. Cultivating the national consciousness that the purchase of German goods is the key to the welfare of the state has determined consumer preferences and has become a powerful stimulus to expand supplies to the domestic market. The introduction of high customs tariffs on finished medicines has provided protection for the new industry in its infancy. The close cooperation of banks with pharmaceutical companies has contributed to the implementation of investment and innovation projects and external expansion. The creation of cartels by chemical and pharmaceutical companies was an institutional response to the unprecedented phenomenon of industrialization and catching up in Germany. It is revealed that at the present stage the Government of Germany through national and regional programs continues to promote the development of technological and innovative potential of pharmaceuticals. The expediency of introduction of mechanisms of endogenization of production development of medicines and medical devices in Ukraine, and also expansion of sales in the domestic market through introduction of preferences at public purchases in the context of protection of essential interests of safety and health of the nation is proved.
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Schmidt, Axel, Dirk Köster et Jochen Strube. « Climate Neutrality Concepts for the German Chemical–Pharmaceutical Industry ». Processes 10, no 3 (25 février 2022) : 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030467.
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This paper intends to propose options for climate neutrality concepts by taking non-German international experiences and decisions made into account. Asia-Pacific and Arabic countries do have already same lessons learned by large-scale projects with regard to economic evaluations. Quite a few conceptual studies to generate the climate neutrality of the chemical–pharmaceutical industry in Germany have been published recently. Most of the studies differ even in magnitude but do not refer to or evaluate the other ones. These are all first theoretical feasibility studies. Experimental piloting is not far developed; only few and only stand-alone parts are operated, with no overall concepts. Economic evaluation is missing nearly completely. Economic analysis shows a factor 3 more expensive green technologies. Even if a large optimization potential of about 30% during manufacturing optimization is assumed as significant, cost increases would result. To make green products nevertheless competitive, the approach is to increase the carbon-source cost analogue, e.g., by CO2/ton taxes by around EUR 100, which would lead to about factor 3 higher consumer prices regarding the material amount. Furthermore, some countries would not participate in such increases and would have benefits on the world market. Whether any customs-duties policy could balance that is generally under question. Such increasing costs are not imaginable for any social-political system. Therefore, the only chance to realize consequent climate neutrality is to speed up research on more efficient and economic technologies, including, e.g., reaction intensification technologies such as plasma ionization, catalyst optimization, section coupling to cement, steel and waste combustion branches as well as pinch technology integration and appropriate scheduling. In addition, digital twins and process analytical technologies for consequent process automation would help to decrease costs. All those technologies seem to lead to even less personnel, but who need to be highly educated to deal with complex integrated systems. Research and education/training has to be designed for those scenarios. Germany as a resource-poor country could benefit from its human resources. Germany is and will be an energy importing country.
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Wulf, Stefan. « The Revista Médica project : medical journals as instruments of German foreign cultural policy towards Latin America, 1920-1938 ». História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 20, no 1 (mars 2013) : 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702013000100010.
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After the First World War, foreign cultural policy became one of the few fields in which Germany could act with relative freedom from the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. In this context the Hamburg doctors Ludolph Brauer, Bernhard Nocht and Peter Mühlens created the Revista Médica de Hamburgo (as of 1928 Revista Médica Germano-Ibero-Americana), a monthly medical journal in Spanish (and occasionally in Portuguese), to increase German influence especially in Latin American countries. The focus of this article is on the protagonists of this project, the Hamburg doctors, the Foreign Office in Berlin, the German pharmaceutical industry, and the publishing houses involved.
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Honcharenko, D. O. « The Pharmaceutical Industry in New EU Member States : A Statistical Comparison with Germany. Lessons for Ukraine ». Statistics of Ukraine 92, no 2 (15 juin 2021) : 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(93)2021.02.03.
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Pharmaceutical production is a strategic sector of the EU economy. The authorities of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that became EU members in 2004 have been building up domestic pharmaceutical industries for purposes of production and distribution of medical drugs (MDs) and medical products (MPs), on the one hand, and government assistance to business entities and public procurement, on the other. The article’s objective is to assess the change in economic performance of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland, Hungary and Czechia after their accession to EU, to make a comparative statistical analysis with Germany, the leader of pharmaceutical production in EU, and to reveal key problems of this industry development in CEE countries, in order to elaborate recommendations for Ukraine on replication of best practices and avoidance of potential risks.
Results of research show that pharmaceutical producers (group 54 SITC Rev.4) in CEE countries have been focusing mostly on EU market, with Germany being their main partner. The turnover of high tech pharmaceutical goods in CEE countries has significantly grown after the accession to EU, along with the significantly grown imports of these goods and the increasing negative trade balance. Pharmaceutical companies in CEE countries could increase the salaries and the apparent labor productivity, but the gap between them and Germany in salary and productivity terms still remains too wide. In the studied CEE countries there has been significant increase in pharmaceutical R&D spending, but its estimated share remains quite low compared with average figures for EU (16.1%) and Germany (25.6%).
It is substantiated that because the future Agreement between the European Community and Ukraine on conformity assessment and acceptance of industrial products (ACAA agreement, or “Industrial visa-free regime”), which is being negotiated right now, will cover the pharmaceutical industry, the Ukrainian pharmaceutics will gain benefits only given the consolidated endogenous capacities of the industry and firmly established advantages of localization providing stimuli for European companies to create production facilities and R&D centers in Ukraine (including ones for contract-based R&D and productions). It is demonstrated that the inflow of investment and technologies from European pharmaceutical companies is capable of accelerating production start-up and exports of MDs and MPs (as time need not be lost for setting up all the links of the chain), thus adding up to the assets of Ukrainian producers (through transfer of knowledge and skills), but all the above cannot compensate for domestic efforts aimed at creating tangible and intangible assets in the industry. Given its Eurointegration context, Ukraine needs to pursue the policy of increasing the industry’s endogenous capacities and rely on the comprehensive approach (instead of focusing on MDs and MPs) that will cover the following key areas: biological and chemical ingredients, medical equipment, pharmaceutical fillers and packages, equipment and apparatus for pharmaceutical production. This is expected to reduce the dependence of Ukrainian pharmaceutics on imports and eliminate the problem of “truncated industrialization” that can cause structural imbalances, worsen the balance of payments and weaken the national currency.
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Uhl, Alexander, Axel Schmidt, Christoph Jensch, Dirk Köster et Jochen Strube. « Development of Concepts for a Climate-Neutral Chemical–Pharmaceutical Industry in 2045 ». Processes 10, no 7 (30 juin 2022) : 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10071289.
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Global primary energy consumption has increased tenfold over the course of the 20th Century, the availability of non-renewable energy is becoming scarce, and the burning of fossil fuels is leading to global warming. Climate change has now become tangible. The will to act against fossil fuels has become apparent in the western world, and in Germany in particular. This poses a particular challenge for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, since, in the future, not only will the energy input, but also the feedstock, have to come from non-fossil sources. They must be replaced by carbon capture and utilization, and the exploitation of a circular economy. Concepts for a climate-neutral chemical–pharmaceutical industry have been developed and evaluated. Due to a high predicted consumption of renewable energies and an insufficient expansion of these, Germany will remain an energy importer in the future. The largest consumer in a climate-neutral chemical–pharmaceutical industry will be electrolysis for hydrogen (up to 81%, 553 TWh/a). This can be circumvented by importing green ammonia and cracking. This will require investments of EUR 155 bn. An additional benefit will be increased independence from fossil resource imports, as green ammonia can be produced in a multitude of nations with strong potential for renewable energies and a diversified set of exporting nations.
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Schosser, R. « Risk/Benefit Evaluation of Drugs : The Role of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Germany ». European Surgical Research 34, no 1-2 (2002) : 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000048910.
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Vitols, Sigurt. « Shareholder Value, Management Culture and Production Regimes in the Transformation of the German Chemical-Pharmaceutical Industry ». Competition & ; Change 6, no 3 (septembre 2002) : 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10245290215047.
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One of the greatest points of controversy in the recent literature in political economy is the extent to which “shareholder value” oriented institutional investors are drivers of change in national systems of corporate governance. This article argues that the key question is how management cultures shape managerial responses to pressures for change from capital markets. Empirical evidence for this argument is provided through an examination of changes since the mid-1990s at the “Big Three” German integrated chemical/pharmaceutical companies: Hoechst, Bayer and BASF. Despite facing similar demands from shareholder-value oriented investors, management at the three companies have pursued quite different strategies. The end result, however, may be the same from a production regime perspective, that is, the long-run withdrawal of “Big Pharma” from Germany as a location for R&D due to a more favorable institutional framework in the US.
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Theiselmann, Rüediger. « Aussenwirtschaftsrecht and corporate investments in Germany – new hurdles for foreign investors ». German Law Journal 10, no 11 (1 novembre 2009) : 1495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018344.
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The newAussenwirtschaftsrechtgenerates new insecurity with regards to M&A transactions: On the one hand every industry may be affected by a prohibition, whereas certain sectors (telecommunications, energy incl. oil or natural gas, universal postal services, railway nets, banks, pharmaceutical industry or chemicals industry) are presumably of special importance. On the other hand, vendors should preventively ask any potential buyers from abroad but also German based prospects (given the fact that external investors could be one of their main shareholders) for a written declaration that they comply with the new law or that they have received anUnbedenklichkeitsbescheinigungfrom the BMWi. Additionally, investors from outside the EU or EFTA seeking to purchase of at least 25 percent of a German enterprise should consider anUnbedenklichkeitsbescheinigungat an early stage, ideally in combination with passing on the complete transaction files to the BMWi. Only in this way is a high level of legal and transaction safety possibly achieved. Conversely, investors prepared to risk of prohibtion and considering the intended purchase as unproblematic should desist from an announcement to the BMWi but bear in mind that theBaFinor theBundeskartellamtcould inform the BMWi, thereby triggering an assessment.Due to the new law, the BMWi will get an improved overview of planned or ongoing M&A transactions in Germany, given that many investors or vendors will apply for anUnbedenklichkeitsbescheinigungas a precaution. But the German state gains this increased level of regulation only through significant administrative efforts.
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Dubois, Pierre, et Laura Lasio. « Identifying Industry Margins with Price Constraints : Structural Estimation on Pharmaceuticals ». American Economic Review 108, no 12 (1 décembre 2018) : 3685–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140202.
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We develop a structural model to investigate the effects of pharmaceutical price regulation on demand and on manufacturers’ price-setting behavior in France. We estimate price-cost margins in a regulated market with price constraints and infer whether these constraints are binding, exploiting cost restrictions across drugs, which come from observing the same drugs in potentially price-constrained markets (France) and in markets where prices are unregulated (United States and Germany). Our counterfactual simulations suggest that price constraints generated modest savings for anti-ulcer drugs in 2003–2013 (2 percent of total expenses), relative to a free pricing scenario, and shifted consumption from generic to branded drugs. (JEL C51, D24, I18, L13, L51, L65)
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Bruchhausen, Walter. « Between Foreign Politics and Humanitarian Neutrality : Medical Emergency Aid by the Two German States before 1970 ». Social History of Medicine 32, no 4 (9 avril 2018) : 819–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hky019.
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Summary During the armed conflicts of decolonisation in Korea, Vietnam and the Congo in the 1950 s and 1960 s, both German states joined the competition between East and West by sending medical teams to conduct aid work. West German numerical advantages in funds and available staff were countered by East German governmental command of human resources and productive capacities such as the pharmaceutical industry. As a result, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) preferred shorter stays and the supply of large amounts of equipment and materials whereas the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) instead commissioned teams of NGOs for several years and financed whole facilities. Ideological or even distorted interpretation of facts was more obvious in the East, opposition of health workers to the official line of their respective governments in the West. The FRG also introduced a distinction between neutral humanitarian and politically interested development aid whereas for the GDR all work was solidarity with socialist or liberated countries.
Thèses sur le sujet "Pharmaceutical industry – Germany"
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Wolf, Sascha G. « Pharmaceutical expenditure in Germany : future development, political influence and economic impact / ». Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018687182&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Rampeltshammer, Luitpold. « Globalization and industrial relations the pharmaceutical industry in Germany and the United Kingdom ». Frankfurt, M. New York, NY Campus-Verl, 2007. http://d-nb.info/988789558/04.
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O'Riordan, Linda. « Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Approaches to Stakeholder Engagement in the Pharmaceutical Industry in the UK and Germany ». Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5304.
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This thesis addresses corporate approaches to CSR stakeholder engagement in the pharmaceutical industry in the UK and Germany. Its objective is to undertake mainly exploratory qualitative research to investigate how the selected sample manages CSR. The data was primarily accessed and collected from senior executives within major pharmaceutical companies. Multiple research methods were employed to gather rich new empirical evidence which focuses on the CSR practices and perceptions of CSR managers in both countries. To examine how this 'sensitive' sector responds to what could be termed the 'CSR Challenge', a critical realist perspective and six codes were chosen to map the practices and to compare similarities and differences between the two countries. This research contributes to the academic literature in this field by filling significant gaps in an area which was previously under-investigated. Ultimately, the findings are employed to examine a prespecified framework which was originally developed by the author based on secondary data in separate research. Overall, the results inform, re-examine, and improve this recently published framework. The updated explanatory framework which results from the research is the main conceptual contribution of the thesis. It serves as a management tool which includes the contextual factors which influence decision-makers' practices and perceptions portrayed as a set of inter-related management steps. This new conceptualisation is designed to be of practical use for decision-makers when managing their stakeholder engagement activities. As a result, this research is essentially applied and normative in nature. In addition, this work presents an original contribution to the literature in its field which should be of interest to academics.
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Kessel, Nils. « Nebenwirkungen der Konsumgesellschaft ? : Geschichte des Arzneimittelgebrauchs in Westdeutschland, 1950-1980 ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAB006.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser les tentatives conceptuels et méthodologiques déployées par des acteurs du monde académique, médical, industriel et politique pour étudier l'usage des médicaments en Allemagne de l'Ouest entre 1950 et 1980. Elle étudie la « mise en problème » de la consommation comme une menace sociale. Enfin, la thèse décrit les traductions scientifiques qui permettent de faire circuler le concept de consommation de médicaments entre différentes sphères sociales. Au niveau méthodologique cette thèse combine l'histoire des concepts comme l'a suggéré Reinhart Koselleck avec une histoire des technologies (pharmaceutiques). La thèse mobilise les archives de l'entreprise IMS Health Allemagne qui ont pu être exploitées pour la première fois. Au-delà de ce corpus important, un certain nombre d'archives publiques et privées a été exploitéThis thesis examines the conceptual and methodological attempts academics, physicians, industrialists and policymakers used for investigating drug use in West Germany between 1950and 1980. lt studies the "problematization" of consumption as a social threat. Finally, the thesis describes processes of scientific translation that allowed the concept of drug consumption to circulate between different social spheres. Methodologically this thesis relies on Reinhart Koselleck's works on the history of concepts (Begriffsgeschichte), which are then combined with a history of (pharmaceutical) technologies. For the first time, IMS (Medical Statistics lnstitute in West Germany later IMS Health) pharmaceutical market and prescription data for West Germany from 1959 to 1980 could be analyzed in a historical study. Beyond this important body, research was done in several public and private archives
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McTavish, Janice Rae. « The German pharmaceutical Industry 1880-1920 : a case study of Aspirin / ». o.O, 1986. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/016182960.pdf.
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Woskowski, Silvia. « Korruption und Kick-backs im Gesundheitswesen ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22947.
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Während die Bestechung und Bestechlichkeit von, in öffentlichen Krankenhäusern angestellten Ärzten, als Folge des „Herzklappenskandals“ und der darauf beruhenden Reform des Korruptionsstrafrechts bereits seit 1997 nach den §§ 331 ff. StGB strafbar sind, unterfielen niedergelassene Vertragsärzte auch nach der Rechtsprechung des Großen Strafsenats bis zum Inkrafttreten der §§ 299a ff. StGB am 04.06.2016 nicht den Korruptionsdelikten. Thematisch damit verbunden war und ist die Frage, ob Vorteilsgewährungspraktiken in diesem Bereich vom Tatbestand der Untreue erfasst sein könnten. Ihrer Beantwortung dient der erste Teil der Arbeit. Der zweite Teil fokussiert die Relevanz der Korruptionsvorschriften für das gewählte Arbeitsthema. Die Einbettung der Gesamtthematik in den Kontext der Korruptionsdelikte führt die Ausgangsbetrachtungen zur Untreue fort und ergänzt diese durch eine Bewertung nach den neuen Gesetzesregelungen.
Das gewählte Arbeitsthema zeigt, wie wesentlich die Beschäftigung mit den relevanten Normen des Rechts der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung für die strafrechtlichen Bewertungen in diesem Bereich ist. Dies gilt umso mehr, wenn mit sozial- und beziehungsweise oder berufsrechtlichen Verstößen strafrechtliche Konsequenzen einhergehen und die fehlerhafte Anwendung der einschlägigen Rechtsnormen anderer Rechtsbereiche zwangsläufig auch zu falschen strafrechtlichen Schlussfolgerungen führt.
Dieser Kritik sieht sich auch die Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofes zur sogenannten Vertragsarztuntreue ausgesetzt. Auch hier wurden die Besonderheiten des Sozialversicherungsrechts nicht mit der notwendigen Sorgfalt eruiert und stattdessen eine - seit mehreren Jahren - nicht mehr vertretene Rechtsprechung des Bundessozialgerichts zur Grundlage der strafrechtlichen Bewertungen gemacht. Dass dies weder den Anforderungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts entspricht, noch mit den sozial- und strafrechtlichen Vorgaben vereinbar ist, zeigen die Ausführungen der Arbeit.
In der Form eines kritischen Ausblicks werden abschließend, die Grenzen zulässiger verordnungsbezogener Vergütungen durch die Krankenkassen aufgezeigt und deren strafrechtliche Relevanz eingeordnet. Letzteres erfolgt am Beispiel eines Vertrags zur Förderung sog. biosimilarer Arzneimittel durch die Zahlung einer prozentualen Einsparbeteiligung als Gegenleistung für deren bevorzugte Verordnung. Die Konstellation verdeutlicht, dass auch die monetäre Einflussnahme der Krankenkassen auf das Verordnungsverhalten der Vertragsärzte strafrechtsrelevante Wirkung haben kann, wenn sie zu unberechtigten Wettbewerbsverzerrungen führt.As a consequence of the so-called “heart valve scandal”, and the reform of the German criminal law on corruption that followed in the wake of the scandal, it has been a criminal offence under sections 331 et seqq. of the German Criminal Code [Strafgesetzbuch – StGB] since 1997 to give bribes to medical practitioners employed in public hospitals, or for such medical practitioners to take bribes. However, until sections 299a et seqq. StGB entered into force on 4 June 2016, acts committed by medical practitioners in private practices were not deemed to be corruption offences under the Criminal Code. This was also affirmed by the case-law of the Grand Criminal Panel of the German Federal Court of Justice [Großer Senat für Strafsachen]. A topic that has been repeatedly discussed in connection with the aforementioned issue is whether the practice of granting benefits in healthcare might constitute an offence of embezzlement. The first part of this dissertation provides an answer to that question. The second part focuses on the significance that corruption provisions have for the topic discussed herein. Following the initial analysis of the issue of embezzlement mentioned, this issue is expanded by a discussion of the overall topic in the context of corruption offences, supplemented by an assessment of the topic in the light of new legislation introduced. An analysis of the topic chosen for this dissertation shows how important it is to study the relevant legal provisions of the law on statutory health insurance in order to be able to carry out an assessment of the topic from the perspective of criminal law. This applies all the more so in cases where a breach of social law and/or the law of professional rules and regulations might have consequences under criminal law, and the faulty application of applicable legal rules from legal areas outside criminal law would inevitably also lead to wrong conclusions being drawn on the basis of criminal law. The case-law of the German Federal Court of Justice [Bundesgerichtshof] on so-called “embezzlement by medical practitioners in private practice” [Vertragsarztuntreue] has been criticised in this respect. The Federal Court of Justice did not take account of the specifics of German social security law in a sufficiently diligent manner, and instead used outdated case-law of the German Federal Social Court [Bundessozialgericht] as a basis for its criminal-law assessment—precedents that were overruled by the Federal Social Court itself many years ago. This dissertation shows that this does not meet the requirements of the German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht] and that such an approach is incompatible with requirements under social and criminal law. Finally, the limits of admissible prescription-related remuneration by health insurances are discussed and demonstrated from a critical, future-oriented perspective, together with the significance these limits have from a criminal law perspective. The significance of such limits is discussed using as an example a selective-agreement model designed to promote so-called “biosimilar medicines” by paying medical practitioners a percentage of the savings achieved in return for practitioners prescribing such medicines rather than more expensive ones. The circumstances discussed illustrate that the monetary influence that health insurances exert over the way in which medical practitioners in private practice prescribe such things as medicines may have consequences under criminal law if such influence may lead to competition being distorted. In the light of the above, health insurances should not be provided with additional criminal-law-related exceptional provisions that would enable them to exert further influence over the neutrality of decision-making in the area of medical prescriptions.
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HERRMANN, Andrea. « Alternative pathways to competitiveness within developed capitalism : a comparative study of the pharmaceutical sector in Germany, Italy and the UK ». Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6578.
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Examining board: Prof. Colin Crouch (University of Warwick), Supervisor ; Prof. David Soskice (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin; London School of Economics) ; Prof. Rikard Stankiewicz (European University Institute, Florence) ; Prof. Wolfgang Streeck (Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln), external co-supervisorDefence date: 20 November 2006
The present research project questions the central argument of the literature on competitiveness: that firms in the same economy specialise in the same competitive strategy (Heckscher 1919; Ohlin 1933; Sinn 2005; Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993; Porter 1990; Hall and Soskice 2001). Given that national institutions provide one set of input factors, as required for one specific competitive strategy, this body of literature expects firms to exploit such institutional advantages by pursuing the institutionally favoured strategy. Contrary to these expectations, my analysis of the pharmaceutical sector shows that firms in Germany, Italy and the UK pursue (1) a radical-innovation-, (2) a high-quality-, and (3) a low-cost- strategy to the same extent. Aiming at understanding how firms can pursue different strategies within the same institutional environment, my research project explores the link between (national) institutions, input factors and competitive strategies. In so doing, I first test whether the competitiveness literature rightly suggests that each competitive strategy requires a specific set of input factors. Finding this hypothesis to hold true, I then analyse how firms secure required factors in diverse institutional environments. Exploring different institutional pathways to firm competitiveness, I show that the competitiveness literature falls short in its overly narrow focus on national institutions: The literature simply ignores the fact that firms secure input factors not only through national institutions, but also through 'improvisation* on a contractual basis, and through *importation ' by drawing on international institutions. This finding has two implications. Firstly, given the variety of institutions on which firm competitiveness is based, national institutions do not assume their shape with the aim of supporting one specific production regime. Hence, I retain a historical account more useful to explain institutional development than the functionalist explanations proposed in the competitiveness literature. Secondly, the inventiveness of entrepreneurs in securing required input factors indicates that they are Schumpeterian innovators rather than institutionally constrained actors. Accordingly, a Schumpeterian perception of entrepreneurs is more instructive for understanding how firms gain international competitiveness than the approach of the competitiveness literature, which perceives entrepreneurs as mere institution-takers. These insights lead me to conclude that the increasing internationalisation of economic affairs entails divergence in the shape of institutions, and convergence in entrepreneurial practices.
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Ammer, Richard. « Interfirm heterogeneity in the performance of mid-sized companies in the German pharmaceutical industry / ». 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/511179383.pdf.
Texte intégralLivres sur le sujet "Pharmaceutical industry – Germany"
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Lange, Dagmar. Trade survey of medicinal plants in Germany : A contribution to international plant species conservation. Bonn : Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 1997.
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Globalization and industrial relations : The pharmaceutical industry in Germany and the United Kingdom. Frankfurt : Campus, 2008.
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Pharmaceutical expenditure in Germany : Future development, political influence and economic impact. Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2009.
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One political economy, one competitive strategy ? : Comparing pharmaceutical firms in Germany, Italy, and the UK. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008.
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Becker, Helmut E. Kommunikations-Strategien im Pharma-Markt : Verhaltenswissenschaftliche Ansätze zur Ärzte- und Patienten-Ansprache im Markt für verschreibungspflichtige Präparate. Heidelberg : Physica, 1992.
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Pfaff, Martin. Analyse potentieller Auswirkungen einer Ausweitung des Pharmaversandes in Deutschland. Bern : Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2018.
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1939-, Pfaff Martin, dir. Analyse potentieller Auswirkungen einer Ausweitung des Pharmaversandes in Deutschland. Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang, 2002.
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Hohgräwe, Uwe. Implementation der Arzneimittelsicherheitspolitik durch das Bundesgesundheitsamt. Baden-Baden : Nomos, 1992.
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Friedrich Witte (1829-1893) : Apotheker, pharmazeutischer Unternehmer und Reichstagsabgeordneter : unter Berücksichtigung seiner Tagebücher. Stuttgart : Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 2011.
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Hartog, Robert. German and Swiss drug supplies to the Third World : Survey and evaluation of pharmacological rationality. [Amsterdam, The Netherlands] : BUKO Pharma-Kampagne, 1989.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Pharmaceutical industry – Germany"
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Daemmrich, Arthur. « Regulatory Laws and Political Culture in the United States and Germany ». Dans Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Industry, 11–41. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230372597_2.
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Jungmittag, Andre. « The National System of Innovation in the United States and Germany ». Dans Changing Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 7–25. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04152-9_2.
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Lamottke, Kai, Nicole Feling et Christian Haug. « Bicoll — The First Sino-German Biotechnology Company ». Dans The Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry in China, 189–98. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26561-9_16.
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Wimmer, Wolfgang. « Innovation in the German Pharmaceutical Industry, 1880 to 1920 ». Dans The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850–1914, 281–91. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3253-6_16.
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Crandall, Russell. « Amphetamines ». Dans Drugs and Thugs, 110–16. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0009.
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This chapter talks about how the American pharmaceutical industry was enjoying a period of “hothouse growth,” while Harry Anslinger was escalating the war on street drugs. It discusses the first generations of synthetic and semisynthetic drugs that had been developed in Germany, the pharmaceutical capital during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also mentions Friedrich, Bayer & Company, a German firm that sold or licensed sedatives and hypnotics, including Luminal, Sulfonal, Trional, and Veronal in addition to its two “best-known products,” heroin and aspirin. The chapter recounts how amphetamine was first synthesized in Germany in 1887 but remained on the shelf, its psychoactive properties unknown, until 1927. It describes methamphetamine, amphetamine's close cousin, which was synthesized from ephedrine, an alkaloid isolated from the shrub genus Ephedra, by the Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi.
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Li, Jie Jack. « To Market, to Market ». Dans Triumph of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323573.003.0012.
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Parke-Davis submitted Lipitor’s New Drug Application to the FDA in June 1996 and received approval in December 1996, a relatively short turnaround due to its priority review status. At the time, four statins were already on the market: Merck’s lovastatin (Mevacor, 1987) and simvastatin (Zocor, 1991), Bristol-Myers Squibb’s pravastatin (Pravachol, 1991), and Sandoz’s fluvastatin (Lescol, 1994). Th e sixth statin, Bayer’s cerivastatin (trade names Baycol and Lipobay), another optically pure synthetic statin like Lipitor, was soon to be on the market. The success of the four existing statins had already educated physicians about the benefits of lowering cholesterol levels. More important, Merck’s “4S” clinical trials (the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study; see chapter 3) decisively demonstrated the positive impact of lower cholesterol levels in decreasing coronary heart disease. As a consequence, not only did the FDA approve Lipitor in only six months, but it was also widely and warmly accepted by general practitioners and patients immediately after it was available. When the drug was launched at the beginning of 1997, Warner-Lambert chose Pfizer as its comarketing partner because Pfizer had the strongest sales muscle in the drug industry. Today it is hard to imagine that when Pfizer was founded in 1849, it was a modest laboratory in Brooklyn, New York. By 2008, more than 150 years later, it had grown to become the largest pharmaceutical company in the world. In the revolutionary year of 1848, thousands of Europeans immigrated to America to seek new opportunities. Among them were a chemist (the equivalent of today’s pharmacist), 20-year-old Charles Pfizer, and his brother-in-law, 22-year-old confectioner Charles Erhart, from the small town of Ludwigsburg in Wuerttemberg, Germany. Unlike many German immigrants at the time who immediately joined the Gold Rush, Pfizer and Erhart decided to stay in New York City and make a living by taking advantage of the crafts that they learned in Germany. With $2,500 borrowed from Pfizer’s father and a $1,000 mortgage, they bought a small brick factory in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, largely a German neighborhood. Thus, Chas. Pfizer Co., Inc., Specialists in Fine Chemicals was founded.
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Grubb, Philip W., Peter R. Thomsen, Tom Hoxie et Gordon Wright. « Historical Developments ». Dans Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684731.003.0003.
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This chapter describes historical developments in patent systems and patent law. It highlights key developments in the UK from 1800–2014, in the US from 1790–2014, in other industrialized countries (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Japan), and in developing countries. The final section discusses international developments such as the Paris Convention, the European Patent Convention, the Unitary Patent system in Europe, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the TRIPs Agreement, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Patent Law Treaty, the London Agreement, and the Substantive Patent Law Treaty. These developments, which have generally acted to strengthen patent protection, did not simply happen of their own accord; political, diplomatic, and industry lobbying activities have played a larger role than any objective analysis of the economic and social benefits of the patent system.
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Tuna Subasi, Nuriye. « Overview of Schiff Bases ». Dans Schiff Base in Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108178.
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Schiff bases, which were first obtained by the German chemist H. Schiff in 1864, are used in the paint industry, polymer technology, pharmaceutical industry, medicine, agriculture, preparation of rocket fuel, and explanation of biological events, and in many other areas due to the groups in their structures. This chapter will be a guide that contains a summary of general information that should be known about these compounds, which have a wide range of use in our daily life. In this chapter, the following topics are planned to be explained. (1) Schiff bases, physical and chemical properties, (2) the formation mechanism of Schiff bases, (3) Schiff base reactions, (4) metal complexes of Schiff base, (5) classification of Schiff bases, (6) biological activity of Schiff bases, and (7) usage of Schiff bases.
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Shorter, Edward. « Depression and Schizophrenia ». Dans The Rise and Fall of the Age of Psychopharmacology, sous la direction de Edward Shorter, 59–76. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197574430.003.0005.
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Depression and schizophrenia dragged down psychiatry's scientific status in the twenty-first century due to psychiatry’s inability to get beyond these two big diseases. Depression and schizophrenia formed the backbone of psychiatry since therapeutics are divided mainly into “antidepressants” and “antischizophrenics.” All forms of depression were accompanied by anxiety, and most forms of anxiety, except the psychotic variety, were accompanied by depression. The problem of psychopharmacology today was caused by the invention of new diagnoses that soon became profit centers for the pharmaceutical industry. The great river of diagnosis that flowed from nineteenth-century German psychiatry dominated the global picture of diagnosis and was considered heavily biological because it saw mental illness as brain disease.
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« Annex III : Joint Declaration adopted by the German Federal Ministry of Health and the research-based pharmaceutical industry ». Dans Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals inside Europe, sous la direction de Christine Godt, 199–200. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845223124-199.
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