Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Personality (Law) – Portugal »

Gender equality is a matter for debate worldwide. In 2018, Portugal enacted legislation (Decree Law no. 62/2017) to balance gender representation on the executive boards of listed and public sector organizations with measures similar to those causing controversies in other countries. Thus, in accordance with previous research, a study took place to examine the attitudes towards the justice of this legislation and the role of merit in these attitudes. This study (n = 129 women and 94 men) deployed an experimentally manipulative type of affirmative action program to consider the role of individual perceptions of the justice of the legislation coupled with the influence of beliefs in meritocracy and participant gender. The results identify how the type of affirmative action impacted on the perceived justice, also influenced by merit, which seems normative and fundamental to evaluating the justice of such legally stipulated provisions. Nonetheless, objectively evaluating candidate merits revealed difficulties in disentangling this process from personality traits.

Gender equality is a matter for debate worldwide. In 2018, Portugal enacted legislation (Decree Law no. 62/2017) to balance gender representation on the executive boards of listed and public sector organizations with measures similar to those causing controversies in other countries. Thus, in accordance with previous research, a study took place to examine the attitudes towards the justice of this legislation and the role of merit in these attitudes. This study (n = 129 women and 94 men) deployed an experimentally manipulative type of affirmative action program to consider the role of individual perceptions of the justice of the legislation coupled with the influence of beliefs in meritocracy and participant gender. The results identify how the type of affirmative action impacted on the perceived justice, also influenced by merit, which seems normative and fundamental to evaluating the justice of such legally stipulated provisions. Nonetheless, objectively evaluating candidate merits revealed difficulties in disentangling this process from personality traits.

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto
Searching for the evolution of the relations between psychology and law in Portugal foucauldian methodology was used in order to enlighten some characteristics of the Portuguese disciplinary diagram, from the late XIX century until the year 2000. The exam of criminals was used as an analyser. With it, discursive productions from criminal law and policy were analysed, as well as those from socio-political context, from mental medicine and psychology. It was possible to testify the birth of institutions like the Institutos de Medicina Legal (IML) and the Instituto de Reinserção Social (IRS), allowing for the intervention of different technicians/experts. In order to grasp the way convergent and divergent points were established considering the different instances of discourse. we chose to analyse the documents produced by them. The empirical research was deployed upon those institutions archives. From the 4,215 processes inspected at the IRS 24 were selected, those containing the expertise request, the expertise and the judicial sentence, and submitted to intensive analysis. Considering the years 1967 to 2000, 1,875 processes were selected at the IML, the universe from witch a random stratified proportional sample of 319 expertise reports was extracted, which were submitted to extensive analysis. All these materials were scrutinized through content analysis, initially following a close procedure and then an open one, yielding 19,136 recording units. Results show political interference in mental medicine and IRS, embodied in the new social defense ideas. They also showed convergent and divergent points between mental medicine and psychology, and these with the law. The possibility of psychology's discourse contamination by law discourse is discussed, as well as the effects of transmitting negative information on the experts decision making processes. At last, intervention and research ideas were presented as suggestions to further exploration in this domain.

Orientação: Manuel Couceiro Nogueira Serens
O remédio que o Estado oferece para combater a prática do uso de uma pessoa coletiva como meio para se obter o enriquecimento sem causa ou para praticar fraude contra terceiros é aplicar a teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. Não permitir que se use a autonomia patrimonial para alcançar os fins que não sejam aqueles estabelecidos no contrato social é uma garantia de salvaguarda das atividades empresarias, que de outro modo não encontraria um ambiente de tranquilidade para operar. A personalidade jurídica da pessoa coletiva faz com que o ente concebido pelo homem possua vida própria, desassociada das pessoas singulares que estão por trás dela. Através dela se garante que o património dos sócios e administradores de uma sociedade não devem ser confundidos com o património da sociedade, permitindo que se busque a criação de riqueza, desde que ancoradas em práticas empresariais legais. A aplicação da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica da pessoa coletiva, de forma similar a aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade, deve ser sempre considerada como o ultimo ratio e não como a solução primeira. O afastamento da personalidade jurídica somente deve ser aplicado se outro resultado não proporcionar a garantia desejada. No presente trabalho abordaremos como esse instituto é aplicado no ordenamento jurídico português e brasileiro, e quais as principais diferenças da sua aplicação nos dois países.
The solution found by one State to oppose the bad practice of one legal person using means to obtain unjust enrichment or to practice fraud against parties is to apply the disregard of legal entity theory. By not allowing a company to use its patrimonial autonomy (assets) to achieve the results not stablished in the social contract is a guarantee of the corporate activities, that otherwise would not find an adequate environment to operate. The legal personality of the corporate person enable that the entity conceived by man have a life on its own, dissociated of the natural persons behind it. Therefore, the assets of the shareholders and managers of a legal entity must not be mistaken with the entity’s asset. The search for the wealth creation is allowed since it is anchored in legal business practices. The application of the disregard of the legal entity, similarly to the application of the deprivation of liberty, must be always confederated as the ultimo ratio. Piercing the corporate veil must only be applied if the court do not find another legal guarantee. This present study addresses how this institute is used in both Brazilian and Portuguese legal system, and also points the main differences on the application of the law on the two countries.

A dissertação ora apresentada tem como objeto central a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica das sociedades comerciais, especialmente no âmbito das sociedades por quotas, trazendo considerações e comparações entre as experiências vivenciadas em Portugal e no Brasil no tocante à evolução e aplicação do Instituto. Na experiência portuguesa, em que o Instituo ainda não encontra previsão legal, são abordadas as construções doutrinárias que buscam fundamentação legal para a sua aplicação, bem como os grupos de caso mais estudados pela Doutrina, nos quais seria possível se verificar a operacionalização da desconsideração, sendo eles os casos de confusão patrimonial, subcaptalização e controle da sociedade por um dos sócios. São abordadas também considerações acerca da evolução e aplicação, ainda cautelosa, da desconsideração pelos Tribunais portugueses. No tocante à experiência brasileira, são apresentadas as inúmeras legislações que disciplinam a aplicação da desconsideração nos mais diversos ramos do direito, como o direito civil, ambiental, tributário e trabalhista, sem a pretensão, no entanto, de esgotar todos os inúmeros dispositivos que cuidam do tema no ordenamento jurídico do país. São abordados também posicionamentos de renomados autores no tocante à problemática da aplicação desenfreada e extensiva do Instituto que se verifica na jurisprudência brasileira, em desprestígio à teoria da personalidade jurídica das sociedades. Uma vez expostos os principais pontos da técnica da desconsideração, far-se-á breve comparação entre a abordagem do tema no Brasil e em Portugal, podendo se verificar que o Instituto possui pressupostos e aplicação muito distintas em cada um dos países analisados. Por fim, são tratadas possíveis medidas a serem adotadas a fim de se evitar o uso desenfreado do Instituto e delimitar a sua aplicação.
The main object of the present study is piercing the corporate veil, especially in the scope of limited companies, bringing considerations between the experiences in Portugal and Brazil regarding the evolution and application of the Institute. In the Portuguese experience, where the Institute still does not find legal prediction, the doctrinal constructions that seek legal basis for its application are addressed, as well as the case groups most studied by the Doctrine, in which it would be possible to verify the operationalization of the Institute, being the cases of asset confusion, under-capitalization and control of the company by one of the partners. Consideration is also given to the evolution and still cautious application of disregard of the legal personalityby the Portuguese Courts. With regard to the Brazilian experience, the numerous laws that govern the application of disregard in the most diverse branches of law, such as civil, environmental, tax and labor law, are presented, without the pretension of exhausting all the numerous devices that care the legal system of the country. lso presented are positions of renowned Authors regarding the problem of the unrestrained and extensive application of the Institute that is verified in Brazilian jurisprudence, in discredit the principle of legal personality of societies. Once exposed the main points of the Institute, a brief comparison is presented between the approach of the subject in Brazil and in Portugal, being able to verify that the Institute has very different assumptions and application in each of the countries analyzed. Lastly, possible measures to be taken to avoid the unrestrained use of the Institute and to delimit its application are dealt with.

Introduction: Comorbidity of personality and substance use disorders, including prescription drug abuse, is common in clinical practice. We present a case report of a patient with a diagnosis of a personality disorder and symptoms of modafinil dependence. Case report: 33-year-old male, single, unemployed for over 3 years. He started psychological treatment at the age of 17 due to anxiety symptoms. Since the age of 21 he had irregular consultations with several psychiatrists in private practice. He received several diagnoses, including anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and personality disorder. In one of the consultations, modafinil 100mg was prescribed twice daily to alleviate depressive symptoms. The patient gradually increased the dose to up to 1000mg a day. He presented for a consultation in our psychiatric hospital claiming he had been trying to reduce the dose of the drug. He had a fast speech and showed aggressive behavior, reported intrusive suicidal and homicidal thoughts, and had recent episodes of aggressive behavior requiring police intervention. Hospitalization was proposed for discontinuation of the psychostimulant medication. Discussion and conclusions: Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant, pharmacologically different from other stimulants. It is approved in Portugal for the treatment of excessive somnolence associated with narcolepsy. However, it is often used off label in several countries as an adjunctive treatment for symptoms of depression or fatigue associated with cancer or neurologic diseases. Although modafinil is typically associated with low abuse potential, case reports have been presented in the literature describing patterns of abuse and dependence of this drug. It is important that clinicians prescribe it with caution, bearing in mind patients' past consumption patterns and traits and that may increase the risk of abuse, such as high novelty seeking and reward sensitivity and low agreeableness and conscientiousness.