Articles de revues : « Persistant naming »

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Bidarra, Rafael, Paulos J. Nyirenda et Willem F. Bronsvoort. « A Feature-Based Solution to the Persistent Naming Problem ». Computer-Aided Design and Applications 2, n^o 1-4 (janvier 2005) : 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16864360.2005.10738401.

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Cardot, Anaïs, David Marcheix, Xavier Skapin, Agnès Arnould et Hakim Belhaouari. « Persistent Naming Based on Graph Transformation Rules to Reevaluate Parametric Specification ». Computer-Aided Design and Applications 16, n^o 5 (21 janvier 2019) : 985–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.14733/cadaps.2019.985-1002.

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Noll, Kyle, Israt Tasnim, Priscella Asman, Chandra Swamy, Katherine Connelly, Matthew Muir, Matthew Hall, Guiseppe Pellizzer, Nuri Ince et Sujit Prabhu. « NCOG-32. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INTRAOPERATIVE TASK-BASED GAMMA BAND ELECTROCORTICOGRAMS, DIRECT ELECTRICAL STIMULATION, AND COGNITIVE-LINGUISTIC OUTCOME FOLLOWING AWAKE BRAIN TUMOR RESECTION ». Neuro-Oncology 26, Supplement_8 (1 novembre 2024) : viii231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noae165.0914.

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Abstract BACKGROUND As an adjunct to direct electrical stimulation (DES), intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) can aid detection of language-eloquent cortex. However, it is unclear how surgical impact upon mapping findings relates to cognitive-linguistic outcomes. METHODS Ten patients underwent awake craniotomy for tumor resection with ECoG and DES language mapping. Mapping utilized iPad stimulus presentation coupled to an electrode array capable of both recording ECoG activity and delivering DES. Time-frequency gamma band activations were visualized (Early, Long, Late, Double Peak) for 3 naming paradigms (Object, Action, Auditory). DES was also conducted for each task. Mapping results were overlayed on postoperative MRI to examine proximity to parenchymal trauma (cavity, sulcal displacement). Patients completed cognitive-linguistic testing [WAB-R (N=3) or Neuropsychological Assessment (N=7)] prior to surgery and <2 months postoperatively. Patients with persisting aphasia at 6-month follow-up were also identified. RESULTS Postoperative language decline was found in 50% of patients, with 30% showing worsening (>1SD) in Naming and Phonemic Fluency, and 60% in Semantic Fluency. Surgery impacted ECoG features in 60% of patients and DES arrest sites in 30%. A trend was observed where Early and Late Object naming ECoG features were associated with Semantic Fluency decline [rpb(5)=-.69, p=.067]. Arrest during Auditory naming DES <1 cm of surgical effect was associated with decline in Abstraction [rpb(5)=-.83, p=.042; FET, p=.029] and Semantic Fluency [rpb(5)=-.87, p=.012; FET, p=.024]. Excluding the 3 transsulcal surgeries, arrest during Auditory naming DES <1 cm of resection was associated with general language decline [FET, p=.047]. All 3 patients with persisting aphasia had Auditory naming arrest <1 cm of resection and 2/3 patients had Object naming ECoG features resected. CONCLUSIONS While preliminary, results suggest that surgical proximity to ECoG and DES mapping results may inform risk of surgically-acquired cognitive-linguistic decline. Findings support the potential of multimethod-multitask intraoperative language mapping.

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Spielmann, Kerstin, Edith Durand, Karine Marcotte et Ana Inés Ansaldo. « Maladaptive Plasticity in Aphasia : Brain Activation Maps Underlying Verb Retrieval Errors ». Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4806492.

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Anomia, or impaired word retrieval, is the most widespread symptom of aphasia, an acquired language impairment secondary to brain damage. In the last decades, functional neuroimaging techniques have enabled studying the neural basis underlying anomia and its recovery. The present study aimed to explore maladaptive plasticity in persistent verb anomia, in three male participants with chronic nonfluent aphasia. Brain activation maps associated with semantic verb paraphasia occurring within an oral picture-naming task were identified with an event-related fMRI paradigm. These maps were compared with those obtained in our previous study examining adaptive plasticity (i.e., successful verb naming) in the same participants. The results show that activation patterns related to semantic verb paraphasia and successful verb naming comprise a number of common areas, contributing to both maladaptive and adaptive neuroplasticity mechanisms. This finding suggests that the segregation of brain areas provides only a partial view of the neural basis of verb anomia and successful verb naming. Therefore, it indicates the importance of network approaches which may better capture the complexity of maladaptive and adaptive neuroplasticity mechanisms in anomia recovery.

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Mitchell, David B., et Alan S. Brown. « Persistent repetition priming in picture naming and its dissociation from recognition memory. » Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14, n^o 2 (1988) : 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.14.2.213.

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Farjana, Shahjadi Hisan, Soonhung Han et Duhwan Mun. « Implementation of persistent identification of topological entities based on macro-parametrics approach ». Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 3, n^o 2 (19 janvier 2016) : 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2016.01.001.

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Abstract In history based parametric CAD modeling systems, persistent identification of the topological entities after design modification is mandatory to keep the design intent by recording model creation history and modification history. Persistent identification of geometric and topological entities is necessary in the product design phase as well as in the re-evaluation stage. For the identification, entities should be named first according to the methodology which will be applicable for all the entities unconditionally. After successive feature operations on a part body, topology based persistent identification mechanism generates ambiguity problem that usually stems from topology splitting and topology merging. Solving the ambiguity problem needs a complex method which is a combination of topology and geometry. Topology is used to assign the basic name to the entities. And geometry is used for the ambiguity solving between the entities. In the macro parametrics approach of iCAD lab of KAIST a topology based persistent identification mechanism is applied which will solve the ambiguity problem arising from topology splitting and also in case of topology merging. Here, a method is proposed where no geometry comparison is necessary for topology merging. The present research is focused on the enhancement of the persistent identification schema for the support of ambiguity problem especially of topology splitting problem and topology merging problem. It also focused on basic naming of pattern features. Highlights A method for persistent identification of topological entities is implemented. Proposed method is verified using macro-parametrics based translator TransCAD. Proposed method is applicable for feature based CAD modeling operations. Proposed method is for basic naming and ambiguity solving of topological entities. In future this method can be extended for other feature operations.

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Martinovic, Jasna, Thomas Gruber et Matthias Müller. « Priming of object categorization within and across levels of specificity ». Psihologija 42, n^o 1 (2009) : 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0901027m.

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Identification of objects can occur at different levels of specificity. Depending on task and context, an object can be classified at the superordinate level (as an animal), at the basic level (a bird) or at the subordinate level (a sparrow). What are the interactions between these representational levels and do they rely on the same sequential processes that lead to successful object identification? In this electroencephalogram study, a task-switching paradigm (covert naming or living/non-living judgment) was used. Images of objects were repeated either within the same task, or with a switch from a covert naming task to a living or non-living judgment and vice versa. While covert naming accesses entrylevel (basic or subordinate), living/non-living judgments rely on superordinate classification. Our behavioral results demonstrated clear priming effects within both tasks. However, asymmetries were found when task-switching had occurred, with facilitation for covert naming but not for categorization. We also found lower accuracy and early-starting and persistent enhancements of event-related potentials (ERPs) for covert naming, indicating that this task was more difficult and involved more intense perceptual and semantic processing. Perceptual priming was marked by consistent reductions of the ERP component L1 for repeated presentations, both with and without task switching. Additional repetition effects were found in early event-related activity between 150-190 ms (N1) when a repeated image had been named at initial presentation. We conclude that differences in N1 indicate task-related changes in the identification process itself. Such enhancements for covert naming again emerge in a later time window associated with depth of semantic processing. Meanwhile, L1 reflects modulations due to implicit memory of objects. In conclusion, evidence was found for representational overlap; changes in ERP markers started early and revealed cross-task priming at the level of object structure analysis and more intense perceptual and semantic processing for covert naming.

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Walkowiak, Justyna B., et Małgorzata Rutkiewicz-Hanczewska. « Women in the Contemporary Polish Streetscape. Memory Wars ». Acta Poloniae Historica 128 (7 février 2024) : 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/aph.2023.128.09.

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As diversity, equity and inclusion policies gain momentum in the Global North, the strikingly low visibility of women in Polish public space is being addressed not only via bottom-to-top activism but also through initiatives by local governments. This, in turn, results in controversies over the very need for gender equality in urban naming, as well as over the commemoration-worthiness of particular personages. The present paper aims to assess the changes that have taken place in Poland since the beginning of 2018, when an analysis of the 12 biggest cities revealed a persistent under-representation of women as namesakes in street naming. We offer a quantitative analysis and then focus on four selected case studies, each exemplifying one type of situation: open conflict, covert tactics, and two combinations of surface vs core values relationship.

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Gürtler, Stefan, et Barbara Miller. « Branded for Survival : Naming Effects on the Life Expectancy of New Companies ». Marketing ZFP 44, n^o 2 (2022) : 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2022-2-44.

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Companies have short lives – most start-ups are no longer in business ten years after their foundation. Numerous studies have investigated the factors that have a life-prolonging effect. What has been ignored so far is the influence of the company name. It is one of the very first marketing activities, indispensable for registration, for finding investors, and for addressing customers, and it is also the most persistent element of corporate branding. Our study of some 1,300 new companies shows higher survival probabilities for firms with explanatory and/or easy to process names. This opens new perspectives for branding research, in which survival analyses have not yet found their way in.

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Davis, Tyler B. « Liberating Discernment : Language, Concreteness, and Naming Divine Activity in History ». Religions 10, n^o 10 (30 septembre 2019) : 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10100562.

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One of the revolutionary insights of early liberation theology was that theological discernment is, above all, a concrete undertaking. Yet this insight is accompanied by a persistent conundrum that arises from the way in which naming God’s activity in history is perceived as collapsing God’s objective distance into contingent affairs. This paper contends that this conundrum results from a constricting account of theological objectivity which is problematically conceived in opposition to concretization and so obstructs an account of liberating discernment. Locating this concern within the (de)colonial history of competing theological readings of the weather, and, in addition, prompted by Alice Crary’s expansion of objectivity in ethical theory, I argue that theological objectivity must not only include but begin with theological languages of the oppressed as its essential point of departure. Recovering the insight of early liberation theologians, this paper contends that theology may speak of God objectively only as it concretely shares in the liberating life and words of the crucified peoples of history. The purpose of this argument is then to envision Christian ethics as language accountable to the apocalyptic activity of the God of the oppressed.

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Wu, Tao, Yi Shan Xi, Zhang Li et Yan Ling Wan. « Coding and Decoding of Topological Entities in Constraint-Based Variational Design ». Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (juin 2008) : 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.201.

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In top-down, constraint-based variational design environment, user expresses his design intent through a series of construction steps that will be further transferred to design variants maintained by the system. Persistent naming techniques build a bridge between design variants and user design intent. The graph-based coding and decoding method together with parameter information, presented in this paper successfully maintain the user design intent in constraint-based variational design. Besides, the energy of parameter vector field decoding method gives a mathematical definition on comparability between original model and regenerated model.

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Sandars, Margaret, Lauren Cloutman et Anna M. Woollams. « Taking Sides : An Integrative Review of the Impact of Laterality and Polarity on Efficacy of Therapeutic Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Anomia in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia ». Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8428256.

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Anomia is a frequent and persistent symptom of poststroke aphasia, resulting from damage to areas of the brain involved in language production. Cortical neuroplasticity plays a significant role in language recovery following stroke and can be facilitated by behavioral speech and language therapy. Recent research suggests that complementing therapy with neurostimulation techniques may enhance functional gains, even amongst those with chronic aphasia. The current review focuses on the use of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) as an adjunct to naming therapy for individuals with chronic poststroke aphasia. Our survey of the literature indicates that combining therapy with anodal (excitatory) stimulation to the left hemisphere and/or cathodal (inhibitory) stimulation to the right hemisphere can increase both naming accuracy and speed when compared to the effects of therapy alone. However, the benefits of tDCS as a complement to therapy have not been yet systematically investigated with respect to site and polarity of stimulation. Recommendations for future research to help determine optimal protocols for combined therapy and tDCS are outlined.

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Strassler, Karen. « The art of repair : naming violence in the work of FX Harsono ». Journal of Visual Culture 21, n^o 1 (avril 2022) : 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14704129221088292.

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Since the end of authoritarian rule in Indonesia in 1998 and the anti-Chinese violence that attended it, the artist FX Harsono has created a series of works addressing the name as a site of racialized state violence, cultural identity, erasure, recovery, and repair. Through an examination of Harsono’s works, this article asks: How can art put forward a reparative vision in a context of impunity, forgetting, and ongoing discrimination? How do the sonic and visual qualities of ethnic Chinese names register affective claims of resilience and survival against a backdrop of violence and loss? Rather than focus on exposing past harms or demanding redress, Harsono’s artworks render visible the quiet, partial, and persistent repair-work undertaken within the ethnic Chinese community in the aftermath of violence, and use these practices as an idiom for an art of repair addressed to the broader Indonesian community.

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Sharmin, Farhana, Kimie Atsuzawa, Stephan Jung, Sven Schubert et Yasuko Kaneko. « Para-crystalline membrane structures resembling prolamellar bodies in the invasion zones of indeterminate root nodules of Vicia faba L. » Microscopy 68, n^o 5 (24 juillet 2019) : 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz027.

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Abstract Novel para-crystalline structures resembling prolamellar bodies in etioplasts were found in the invasion zones of indeterminate root nodules of Vicia faba, which possess persistent meristems and exhibit sequential developmental stages. The para-crystalline structures existed in most cells in the area of the invasion zone and a hexagonal arrangement of tubular membranes was recognized. Extensive membranes, apparently procured from the structures, were often in contact with the bacteria in young infected cells. We propose that the para-crystalline structures serve as a reservoir of membranes for the formation of the numerous symbiosomes that propagate and fill the infected cells, and suggest naming them pro-symbiosome membrane bodies.

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Swanson, H. Lee, et Ching-Ju Hsieh. « Reading Disabilities in Adults : A Selective Meta-Analysis of the Literature ». Review of Educational Research 79, n^o 4 (décembre 2009) : 1362–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654309350931.

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This article synthesizes the experimental literature that compares the academic, cognitive, and behavioral performance of adults with reading disabilities to those of average-achieving adult readers. The central question posed by this review is to what extent and in what manner do adults with reading disabilities differ from adults without reading disabilities on measures assumed to relate to overall reading competence. In all, 52 studies met criteria for a meta-analysis, yielding 776 effect sizes (ESs) with an overall a weighted ES of 0.72 ( SD = 0.54). Moderate to high ESs in favor of adults without reading disabilities emerged on measures of cognition (naming speed [ M = 0.96], phonological processing [ M = 0..87], verbal memory [ M = 0.62]) and achievement (word attack [ M = 1.33], math [ M = 0.75], vocabulary [ M = 0.71], spelling [ M = 1.57], and writing [ M = 0.72]). Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that verbal IQ, vocabulary, math, spelling, and specific cognitive process measures (naming speed, phonological processing, and verbal memory) significantly moderated overall group ES differences. Significantly larger ESs emerged for studies with relatively higher IQ scores when compared to studies with IQ and reading scores in the same low range. Overall, the results support the notion that reading achievement and cognitive deficits in adults with reading disabilities are persistent across age.

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Beeson, Pélagie M., Kristina Higginson et Kindle Rising. « Writing Treatment for Aphasia : A Texting Approach ». Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, n^o 3 (juin 2013) : 945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0360).

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Purpose Treatment studies have documented the therapeutic and functional value of lexical writing treatment for individuals with severe aphasia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such retraining could be accomplished using the typing feature of a cellular telephone, with the ultimate goal of using text messaging for communication. Method A 31-year-old man with persistent Broca's aphasia, severe apraxia of speech, global dysgraphia, and right hemiparesis participated in this study. Using a multiple baseline design, relearning and maintenance of single-word spellings (and oral naming) of targeted items were examined in response to traditional Copy and Recall Treatment (CART) for handwriting and a new paradigm using 1-handed typing on a cell phone keyboard (i.e., a texting version of CART referred to as T-CART). Results Marked improvements were documented in spelling and spoken naming trained in either modality, with stronger maintenance for handwriting than cell phone typing. Training resulted in functional use of texting that continued for 2 years after treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that orthographic retraining using a cell phone keyboard has the potential to improve spelling knowledge and provide a means to improve functional communication skills. Combined training with both handwriting and cell phone typing should be considered in order to maximize the durability of treatment effects.

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Barria-Asenjo, Nicol A., Simone A. Medina Polo, Wanyoung Kim, Dorotea Pospihalj, Daniel Bristow, Brian Willems, Gonzalo Salas. et al. « Naming and Fidelity of Truth : Rethinking Revolutionary Politics and Localizing, Delocalizing or Relocalizing the Void in Alain Badiou's Philosophy ». Res Publica. Revista de Historia de las Ideas Políticas 26, n^o 3 (20 décembre 2023) : 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rpub.92131.

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This article explores the philosophy of Alain Badiou from the vantage point of the concepts of the localization, delocalization, and relocalization of the void as thematized through literary arts, religion, emancipatory politics, and the subject of psychoanalysis. In short, these moments around the void characterize the processes through which truth is processed and seen through their full realization by a philosophical engagement across the various conditions in which these truths occur. The localization of a void is the naming of an indiscernible element that is incommensurable to the rubric of constructible knowledge, sense and meaning which could saturate the space of truth. Thus, the naming that localizes the void acts as a subtraction of the invariant in the variance of situation such that across various points in space and time, we are still able to subtract the universal as the invariant not just as the fidelity to the localized truth but also as the resurrection of truth upon its relocalization at a different place and a different time. At its core, this article is concerned with truth, why truth is persistent, and why we have to struggle to articulate the truth that we are trying to be faithful to again and again with each instance that truth risks being covered-over and obscured.

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Safdar, Mutahar, Tahir Abbas Jauhar, Youngki Kim, Hanra Lee, Chiho Noh, Hyebin Kim, Inhwan Lee, Imgyu Kim, Soonjo Kwon et Soonhung Han. « Feature-based translation of CAD models with macro-parametric approach : issues of feature mapping, persistent naming, and constraint translation ». Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, n^o 5 (9 avril 2020) : 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa043.

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Abstract Feature-based translation of computer-aided design (CAD) models allows designers to preserve the modeling history as a series of modeling operations. Modeling operations or features contain information that is required to modify CAD models to create different variants. Conventional formats, including the standard for the exchange of product model data or the initial graphics exchange specification, cannot preserve design intent and only geometric models can be exchanged. As a result, it is not possible to modify these models after their exchange. Macro-parametric approach (MPA) is a method for exchanging feature-based CAD models among heterogeneous CAD systems. TransCAD, a CAD system for inter-CAD translation, is based on this approach. Translators based on MPA were implemented and tested for exchange between two commercial CAD systems. The issues found during the test rallies are reported and analyzed in this work. MPA can be further extended to remaining features and constraints for exchange between commercial CAD systems.

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Nault, M. A., A. Baranchuk, C. S. Simpson, D. P. Redfearn et H. Abdollah. « 44. Publication history of the Brugada Syndrome : Did labeling stimulate research ? » Clinical & ; Investigative Medicine 30, n^o 4 (1 août 2007) : 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2804.

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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in healthy young men was first recognized in 1917. Combined with an electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormality reported in 1953, the resulting syndrome would by 1996 eventually be recognized worldwide as Brugada Syndrome (BrS). There is evidence that “labeling” (i.e. the process of naming a disease state or ascribing a diagnosis) alters perceptions, awareness and behaviours in medicine. Our objective was to determine whether naming a cluster of signs and symptoms as a specific syndrome raised attention given to a previously recognized though poorly defined condition as evidenced through an increase in publications. We hypothesized that naming BrS resulted in such a “labeling” stimulus. A systematic review of the Pubmed database of indexed journals was performed to identify references to BrS between 1950 and 2006. Search terms were: “Brugada Syndrome”; “Sudden Cardiac Death AND Right Bundle Branch Block”; “Bangungot” (Filipino); “Bangungut” (Filipino); “Pok kuri” (Japanese); “Lai tai” (Thai); “Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome”; and “SUNDS”. Publications identified after 1996 by search strategies other than “Brugada Syndrome” were omitted to avoid double counting. The search resulted in 1,042 citations. Of these, 208 occurred after 1996 and were omitted, leaving a total of 834 citations to be analyzed. Between 1950 and 1993 a total of 32 publications met the above search criteria. Thereafter, publication rate on this topic increased exponentially from 16 articles in 1994-1995 to 290 in 2005-2006. Though numerous articles recognized either RBBB-like ECG pattern, ST segment elevation or SCD in otherwise healthy young men, it was not until publication of the 1992 Brugada and Brugada paper that the coexistence of these two conditions was recognized as a syndrome. Rising interest, as identified by publication frequency, preceded the naming of this syndrome by 4 years. This finding suggests that factors other than labeling have also contributed to the publication history of BrS. Osher H, Wolff L. Electrocardiographic pattern simulating acute myocardial injury. Am J Med Sci 1953; 226:541-5. Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persisting ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20:1391-6. Yan G-X, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic J wave. Circulation 1996; 93:372-9.

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NAZZI, THIERRY, ALISON GOPNIK et ANNETTE KARMILOFF-SMITH. « Asynchrony in the cognitive and lexical development of young children with Williams syndrome ». Journal of Child Language 32, n^o 2 (mai 2005) : 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006737.

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The present study investigates whether five-to-six-year-old children with Williams syndrome (N=8) can form new object categories based on naming information alone, and compares them with five groups of typically developing children aged 2;0 to 6;0 (N=34 children). Children were presented with triads of dissimilar objects; all objects in a triad were labelled, two of them with the same pseudoname. Name-based categorization was evaluated through object selection. Performance was above chance level for all groups. Performance reached a ceiling at about 4;0 for the typically developing children. For the children with Williams Syndrome, performance remained below chronological age level. The present results are discussed in light of previous findings of a failure to perform name-based categorization in younger children with Williams syndrome and the persistent asynchrony between cognitive and lexical development in this disorder.

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Gehmlich, Katja, et Stefan Krause. « Gender Distribution of Scientific Prizes Is Associated with Naming of Awards after Men, Women or Neutral ». Data 9, n^o 7 (25 juin 2024) : 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data9070084.

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Woman scientists have for long been under-represented as recipients of academic prizes. The reasons for this lack of recognition are manifold, including potential gender bias amongst award panels and nomination practices. This dataset of the gender distribution of 8747 recipients of 345 scientific medals and prizes awarded by 11 General Scientific Societies as well as subject-specific societies in the Earth and Environmental Sciences and in Cardiology between 1731 and 2021 explores the magnitude, temporal trends and potential drivers of observed gender imbalances. Our analysis revealed women were particularly underrepresented in awards named after men with awards not named after a person or named after a woman being more frequently awarded to woman scientists. Time-series analysis confirmed persisting trends that are only starting to change since the early 2000s, indicating that a lot remains to be accomplished to achieve true equity. We encourage the scientific community to extend our data and analysis, as they represent important evidence of the recognition of academic achievements towards other under-represented groups and including also nomination information.

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Haszprunar, Gerhard, Catherine Vogler et Gert Wörheide. « Persistent Gaps of Knowledge for Naming and Distinguishing Multiple Species of Crown-of-Thorns-Seastar in the Acanthaster planci Species Complex ». Diversity 9, n^o 2 (12 mai 2017) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d9020022.

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Evereklioglu, Cem, Hatice Kubra Sonmez, Osman Ahmet Polat, Duygu Gulmez Sevim, Hatice Arda et Fatih Horozoglu. « A novel terminologic “naming-meshing” system using anterior chamber sedimentation for early diagnosis and prompt treatment of ocular or systemic diseases : is it hypopyon or pseudohypopyon ? » International Journal of Ophthalmology 16, n^o 8 (18 août 2023) : 1337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2023.08.21.

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A novel, algorithmic “naming-meshing” system was introduced for the distinction of hypopyon from pseudohypopyon to make an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of anterior chamber collection standardized to encompass all sediment characteristics. For this reason, a literature review of “hypopyon” and “pseudohypopyon” was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from 1966 to May 15, 2023. Two issues were clarified: 1) which strategies should the ophthalmologist follow when asked to evaluate an eye with anterior chamber sedimentation to distinguish hypopyon from pseudohypopyon, and 2) in which systemic disorders should a non-ophthalmologist order a prompt ophthalmic consultation to distinguish pseudohypopyon from hypopyon. Pathognomonic characteristics of the sediment were examined; scleral show (warm/cold), location (corneal/anterior chamber/capsular/posterior), visibility (macro/micro/occult-angle), orientation (horizontal/vertical/oblique), number (single/double), shape (convex/triangular/pyramidal/ring/lumpy/inverse), and color (white/yellow/pink/brown/black). Associated findings were then assessed; acute/chronic, spontaneous/provoked, unilateral/bilateral, inflammatory/non-inflammatory, suppurative (non-sterile)/non-suppurative (sterile), granulomatous/non-granulomatous, recurrent/non-recurrent, shifting/non-shifting, and transient/persistent. The type of precipitation was named (naming) and matched (meshing) to a potential list of etiologies (inflammatory, infective, therapeutic, masquerades). Given that (pseudo)hypopyon predominantly afflicts younger patients in their most productive years, clinicians supervising such patients should be aware of all sediment characteristics. The ophthalmologist should never ask non-ophthalmologists to run the full battery of tests in a patient with (pseudo)hypopyon, and rather indicate which type of collection is present, what its pathognomonic feature is, and what the most likely diagnoses to be excluded are.

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Murphy, Christine A., Philip G. Bowler et M. Fahad Chowdhury. « ‘Granulitis’ : defining a common, biofilm-induced, hyperinflammatory wound pathology ». Journal of Wound Care 32, n^o 1 (2 janvier 2023) : 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2023.32.1.22.

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The hard-to-heal (chronic) wound condition, now believed to be inextricably linked to the presence of microbial biofilm, has posed challenges in translating scientific understanding to clinical practice in recent decades. During this time, multiple descriptive terms of the wound pathology have been described, including critical colonisation, biofilm infection and inflammatory stasis. However, the absence of naming this disease state as a specifically identified condition that is tangible to treat has led to some confusion and delay in possible therapeutic approaches. When there is clinical uncertainty of wound status, antibiotics are too often inappropriately administered as a precaution. We therefore propose that introducing the term ‘granulitis’ (inflamed, unhealthy granulation tissue) could be used to identify the biofilm-induced, persistent inflammatory wound condition. This will help to raise clinician and public awareness of the condition, guide appropriate and prompt local wound hygiene, and encourage allocation of adequate resources to improve wound healing outcomes globally.

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Ramos, J., E. Alonso, N. Tur et P. Sanz-Correcher. « Functional somatic syndromes, mentalizing impairment and psychotherapy as the way to soothe suffering. A group psychotherapy experience in an outpatient setting ». European Psychiatry 33, S1 (mars 2016) : S560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2076.

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Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes are a major health issue. They are common, costly, persistent and may be disabling. From Mentalization Based Treatment perspective, mentalizing impairments are a key factor in these issues. In that sense, many times, emotional suffering is rendered into physical pain, and it is the body that conveys affects and moods while the patients search frantically for an objective diagnosis and a biological cause for their symptoms and complaints. Taking this premise as a starting point, this poster analyses the importance of working on affects, connecting to them, naming them, and thinking about them. Linking symptoms to emotions, to attachment strategies, and interpersonal issues in order to achieve the recovery of mentalization. Considering this as the main goal to release the body from pain and suffering, we specify a proposal of group psychotherapy developed throughout the last eight years in an outpatient setting.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Rathor, Mohammad Yousuf, Mohammad Fauzi Abdul Rani, TCA Shahrin et HZ Hashim. « Persistent vegetative state after traumatic brain injury - a case report and review of the literature ». Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 13, n^o 3 (15 juin 2014) : 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.19159.

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Persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a chronic neurological disorder of consciousness, in which patients appear to be awake, but show no behavioural evidence of awareness. It cannot be diagnosed with certainty and misdiagnosis is very frequent. Its management has become one of the most controversial and emotive issues in medical ethics and medical law over the past few decades. The results of recent neuroimaging studies along with well-documented reports of significant late recovery of some PVS patients have challenged the long-held view that restoration of function in the severely traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is not possible. Some clinicians believe that PVS is a misused term with the potential consequences of withdrawal and withholding of care, and tendency towards less aggressive management. Further naming these patients as vegetative has been misinterpreted by many groups that the patient is no more a human but vegetable like. Recently there has been an attempt to replace PVS by new, more appropriate name "Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome" (UWS). As opposed to brain death, PVS is not recognized by statute as death in any legal system. The context within which end of life decisions are being made for these patients has led to outrage especially if decisions were made to terminate hydration and nutrition. We present a case of young boy who is in a PVS following TBI with the aim to review some of the contemporary issues regarding their management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.19159 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(3) 2014 p.358-365

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Medien, Kathryn. « Palestine in Deleuze ». Theory, Culture & ; Society 36, n^o 5 (12 janvier 2019) : 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276418816369.

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In the late 1970s and early 1980s French philosopher Gilles Deleuze authored a series of articles in which he reflected on the formation of the state of Israel and its subsequent dispossession and colonisation of Palestine and the Palestinian people. Naming the state of Israel as a colonial state, Deleuze’s under-discussed texts connect Israel’s programme of colonisation to that of the United States and the persisting dispossession of indigenous peoples. In so doing, this article argues, Deleuze offers an analysis of the development of capitalism that takes seriously its relation to colonial violence. Having called attention to Deleuze’s writings on Palestine, the conclusion of this article asks why these texts have been marginalised by Deleuze scholars. It asks how we might think of this marginalisation as contributing to the subjugation of Palestinian life, and as indicative of how relations of colonialism structure western social theory.

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Yan, Yuping, Mingzhe Wang, Liang Zhang, Zhenwei Qiu, Wenfei Jiang, Men Xu, Weidong Pan et Xiangjun Chen. « Nao-Xue-Shu Oral Liquid Improves Aphasia of Mixed Stroke ». Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/709568.

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Objective. The objective is to observe whether the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)Nao-Xue-Shuoral liquid improves aphasia of mixed stroke.Methods. A total of 102 patients with aphasia of mixed stroke were divided into two groups by a single blind random method. The patients treated by standard Western medicine plusNao-Xue-Shuoral liquid (n=58) were assigned to the treatment group while the remaining patients treated only by standard Western medicine (n=58) constituted the control group. Changes in the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and hemorheology parameters were assessed to evaluate the effects of the treatments.Results. Excluding the patients who dropped out, 54 patients in the treatment group and 51 patients in the control group were used to evaluate the effects. Significant and persistent improvements in the WAB score, specifically comprehension, repetition, naming, and calculating, were found in the treatment group when the effects were evaluated at the end of week 2 and week 4, respectively, compared with baseline. The naming and writing scores were also improved at the end of week 4 in this group. The comprehension and reading scores were improved at the end of week 4 in the control group compared with the baseline, but the improvements were smaller than those in the treatment group. The percentages of patients at the 0-1 range of mRS were increased at the end of week 2 and week 4 in both groups, but the improvements in the treatment group were much larger than those in the control group. Greater improvements in the NIHSS scores and the hemorheology parameters in the treatment group were also observed compared with the control group at the end of week 2 and week 4.Conclusion.Nao-Xue-Shuoral liquid formulation improved aphasia in mixed stroke patients and thus might be a potentially effective drug for treating stroke aphasia.

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Das, J. P., V. Hayward, George K. Georgiou, Troy Janzen et Neelam Boora. « Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Reading Intervention Programs for Children With Reading Disabilities ». Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 7, n^o 2 (janvier 2008) : 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/194589508787381836.

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The effectiveness of two reading intervention programs (phonics-based and inductive learning) was investigated with 63 First Nations children identified as poor readers in Grades 3 and 4 in Study 1, whereas in Study 2, the efficacy of booster sessions for inductive learning or PREP (PASS Reading Enhancement Program) was examined. The major dependent variables in Study 1 were pretest to posttest changes following intervention on reading tests for word reading and word decoding. Other dependent variables comprised tests of phonological awareness, rapid naming speed, and cognitive tests of Planning, Attention, Successive, and Simultaneous processing (PASS). Results of Study 1 showed a significant improvement on both reading tasks following inductive learning intervention, among children below the median in comparison with those above the median. The phonics-based program resulted in similar improvement in only one of the reading tasks, word decoding. Results are discussed in terms of approaches to reading intervention for children with persistent reading difficulties. In Study 2, the important dependent variables were word reading and word decoding, as well as passage comprehension. Results showed that PREP participants evidenced continued improvements in their reading skills, notably in comprehension.

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Tenenbaum, Silvia. « Tenoch's Gender Journey : Case Study of a 13-year-old Mexican Refugee with Aboriginal Ancestry - Naming the Gaps Between Theory and Practice ». First Peoples Child & ; Family Review 7, n^o 2 (30 avril 2020) : 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068838ar.

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This paper explores the issues and technique that were used with a group of non-conforming youth to prepare them for successful entrance into university. It will produce and affirmation of the inner wisdom of non-traditional students as a mirror of learning for traditional teachers, to provide an example of dialogic learning through a de-colonizing lens. Then it will present the results of six years of group support and counselling to prove that denouncing the gaps in institutionalized systemic barriers to sexual minorities, coupled with persistent clincal, advocacy, and community activism, is effective in breaking the cycles of magrinalization of fervent, creative, and resilient youth once termed "at risk". Immigrant latino youth in general and the case study of Tenoch in particular shows that a direct application of present clinical practices are not enough to provide long-term healing and decolonizing attitudes to survive the academic needs of a border-gender communities. Regularm on-going therapy focused on anti-oppressive pracitces coupled with Aboriginal healing techniques has proved to be a valid, reliable, and consistent method to increase this vulnerable population's well-being without further marginalization. A practitioner might conclude that mixed model is more affirmative of individual process of personhood while still connected to one's roots and communities of origin. The implication of practice is that a clinical needs to also engage in advocacy, support, and profound transformations in order to unmask both inner and outer colonized mind traps.

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Hanslmayr, Simon, Bernhard Pastötter, Karl-Heinz Bäuml, Sieglinde Gruber, Maria Wimber et Wolfgang Klimesch. « The Electrophysiological Dynamics of Interference during the Stroop Task ». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, n^o 2 (février 2008) : 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20020.

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If subjects are required to name the color of the word red printed in blue ink, interference between word meaning and ink color occurs, which slows down reaction time. This effect is well known as the Stroop effect. It is still an unresolved issue how the brain deals with interference in this type of task. To explore this question, an electroencephalogram (EEG) study was carried out. By analyzing several measures of EEG activity, two main findings emerged. First, the event-related potential (ERP) showed increased fronto-central negativity in a time window around 400 msec for incongruent items in contrast to congruent and neutral items. Source localization analysis revealed that a source in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) contributed most to the difference. Second, time-frequency analysis showed that theta oscillations (4–7 Hz) in the ACC increased linearly with increasing interference and that phase coupling between the ACC and the left prefrontal cortex was longer persistent for incongruent items compared to congruent and neutral items. These effects occurred at a time window around 600 msec. We conclude that interference between color naming and word meaning in the Stroop task manifests itself at around 400 msec and mainly activates the ACC. Thereafter, sustained phase coupling between the ACC and the prefrontal cortex occurs, which most likely reflects the engagement of cognitive control mechanisms.

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Jeong, Seri, Jae-Seok Kim, Su Kyung Lee, Eun-Jung Cho, Jungwon Hyun, Wonkeun Song et Hyun Soo Kim. « Tracking the Genomic Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 for 29 Months in South Korea ». Viruses 15, n^o 4 (29 mars 2023) : 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15040873.

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The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued, with the persistent emergence of variants of concern (VOCs). Therefore, this study aimed to track the genomic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 strains by sequencing the spike protein for 29 months, which accounted for the majority of the COVID-19 pandemic period. A total of 109 swabs from patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection were randomly collected between March 2020 and July 2022. After genomic sequencing, we analyzed the naming systems and phylogenetic trees. Five surge peaks of COVID-19 cases have been reported in South Korea, resulting in 14,000,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 17,000 deaths. Among the sequenced samples, 34 wild-type strains and 75 VOCs, including 4 Alpha, 33 Delta, 2 Epsilon, and 36 Omicron VOCs, were identified. Omicron strains were comprised of 8 BA.1.1 (21 K), 27 BA.2 (21 L), and 1 BA.2.12.1 (22C). Phylogenetic analysis of the identified isolates and representative sequences of SARS-CoV-2 strains revealed clusters that presented the WHO VOCs. Specific or unique mutations for each VOC waxed and waned according to the variant waves. Our findings allowed recognition of the overall trends of SARS-CoV-2 isolates, which implicated replication advantage, immune evasion, and disease management.

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Jin, Yang, Meibing Jin, Dongxiao Wang et Changming Dong. « Statistical Analysis of Multi-Year South China Sea Eddies and Exploration of Eddy Classification ». Remote Sensing 16, n^o 10 (20 mai 2024) : 1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16101818.

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Mesoscale eddies are structures of seawater motion with horizontal scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers, impact depths of tens to hundreds of meters, and time scales of days to months. This study presents a statistical analysis of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea (SCS) from 1993 to 2021 based on eddies extracted from satellite remote sensing data using the vector geometry eddy detection method. On average, about 230 eddies with a wide spatial and temporal distribution are observed each year, and the numbers of CEs (52.2%) and AEs (47.8%) are almost similar, with a significant correlation in spatial distribution. In this article, eddies with a lifetime of at least 28 days (17% of the number of total eddies) are referred to as strong eddies (SEs). The SEs in the SCS that persist for several years in similar months and locations, such as the well-known dipole eddies consisting of CEs and AEs offshore eastern Vietnam, are defined as persistent strong eddies (PSEs). SEs and PSEs affect the thermohaline structure, current field, and material and energy transport in the upper ocean. This paper is important as it names the SEs and PSEs, and the naming of eddies can facilitate research on specific major eddies and improve public understanding of mesoscale eddies as important oceanic phenomena.

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Schrade, Lisa, Nancy Mah, Anita Bandrowski, Ying Chen, Johannes Dewender, Sebastian Diecke, Christian Hiepen et al. « A Standardized Nomenclature Design for Systematic Referencing and Identification of Animal Cellular Material ». Animals 14, n^o 11 (23 mai 2024) : 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14111541.

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The documentation, preservation and rescue of biological diversity increasingly uses living biological samples. Persistent associations between species, biosamples, such as tissues and cell lines, and the accompanying data are indispensable for using, exchanging and benefiting from these valuable materials. Explicit authentication of such biosamples by assigning unique and robust identifiers is therefore required to allow for unambiguous referencing, avoid identification conflicts and maintain reproducibility in research. A predefined nomenclature based on uniform rules would facilitate this process. However, such a nomenclature is currently lacking for animal biological material. We here present a first, standardized, human-readable nomenclature design, which is sufficient to generate unique and stable identifying names for animal cellular material with a focus on wildlife species. A species-specific human- and machine-readable syntax is included in the proposed standard naming scheme, allowing for the traceability of donated material and cultured cells, as well as data FAIRification. Only when it is consistently applied in the public domain, as publications and inter-institutional samples and data are exchanged, distributed and stored centrally, can the risks of misidentification and loss of traceability be mitigated. This innovative globally applicable identification system provides a standard for a sustainable structure for the long-term storage of animal bio-samples in cryobanks and hence facilitates current as well as future species conservation and biomedical research.

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Markowitz, Fran. « Diasporas with a Difference : Jewish and Georgian Teenagers’ Ethnic Identity in the Russian Federation ». Diaspora : A Journal of Transnational Studies 6, n^o 3 (décembre 1997) : 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.6.3.331.

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Ever since the late 1960s, when Fredrik Barth urged us to move away from the idea that ethnicity is constituted by “cultural stufT and to focus instead on the boundary that demarcates groups, anthropologists (and their perhaps more radical half-siblings in cultural studies) have cast into doubt the primordial or essentialist nature of ethnic groups, to say nothing of ethnic identity. Earlier studies focused on the groups themselves—how they display and are constrained by their identity as immigrants, minorities, ethnics, “persistent peoples,” and even “marginal men” (sic)—while more recent investigations have taken up the “borderlands” where groups meet, confront each other (Rosaldo; Rouse), and become zones of hybridized cultural production (Bhabha). In a related vein, ethnicity is also explored as one of many possible intersections of power and culture, and ethnic identity becomes a crazy-quilt of namings and “being-called” (Probyn 25). Indeed, Stuart Hall informs us that “identities are never unified, and in late modem times, increasingly fragmented and fractured, never singular but multiply constructed across different, often intersecting and antagonistic discourses, practices and positions” (4, emphasis added).

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Plym, Jade, Pekka Lahti-Nuuttila, Sini Smolander, Eva Arkkila et Marja Laasonen. « Structure of Cognitive Functions in Monolingual Preschool Children With Typical Development and Children With Developmental Language Disorder ». Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, n^o 8 (9 août 2021) : 3140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00546.

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Purpose Developmental language disorder (DLD) is defined by persistent difficulties with language, but a growing body of evidence suggests that it is also associated with domain-general and nonverbal information-processing deficits. However, the interconnections between cognitive functions, both nonverbal and language related, are still unclear. With the aim of gaining more comprehensive insight into the cognitive deficits related to DLD, we investigated and compared the cognitive structure of children with DLD and typically developing (TD) children. Method As a part of the Helsinki longitudinal SLI study, monolingual Finnish preschoolers ( N = 154; TD group: n = 66, DLD group: n = 88) were assessed with 23 tasks measuring nonverbal and verbal reasoning, language processing, memory, visuomotor functions, attention, and social cognition. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were performed to examine latent constructs and to test measurement invariance between the TD and DLD groups. Results Measurement invariance was not found across the TD and DLD groups. Best fitting structure for TD children included factors reflecting verbal abilities, processing speed/short-term memory, visuomotor functions, and visuoconstructive abilities/nonverbal reasoning. The DLD group's structure comprised nonverbal abilities, naming/expressive language, verbal comprehension, and verbal/declarative memory. Conclusions The findings suggest that the structure of cognitive functions differs in TD children and children with DLD already at preschool age. Nonverbal functions seem more unified, whereas verbal functions seem more varying in preschoolers with DLD compared to TD children. The results can be used in future research for prognosis of DLD and planning interventions.

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Marwadi, Varshida J., Vaidehi V. Raole et Dinesh Patil. « A Case Study of Scalp Psoriasis managed with Ayurvedic principles ». International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 14, n^o 4 (7 janvier 2024) : 1149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v14i4.3955.

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Psoriasis is a persistent, visible skin disorder that has a significant impact on a person's physical and psychological well-being. It is one of the most pressing concerns of social significance. Skin disorders are widespread as a result of a changed lifestyle, lack of physical activity, unsanitary habits, mental stress, and overeating. It is tough to treat because of its high recurrence; it is an auto-immune, non-contagious condition that is extremely difficult to cure, according to modern medicine. According to Ayurveda, all skin disorders are grouped together under the term 'Kushtha'. Despite the fact that the heading is the same for all skin disorders, there is further division and naming of skin diseases based on the doshas involved, which play an important part in determining the disease's treatment path. Scalp psoriasis is clinically similar to Eka Kushtha, which is referenced in the Samhitas. A case study of Scalp Psoriasis managed with Ayurvedic principles Shodhana Chikitsa is presented in this paper. In this study, a 25-year-old male patient with scalp psoriasis was treated, who presented with symptoms of dandruff like flaking, silvery white scales, reddish plaque, and severe itching. Ekakushtha (Scalp psoriasis) was diagnosed, and the patient was treated with both external and internal drugs, including Vaman (therapeutic vomiting) and Shamanachikitsa (palliative treatment). During treatment, the patient noticed a significant reduction in symptoms. In this case study, Vaman karma followed by palliative treatment was found to be a more effective treatment choice for Scalp Psoriasis.

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Alourani, Abdullah, Muhammad Sardaraz, Muhammad Tahir et Muhammad Saud Khan. « Dynamic and Energy Efficient Cache Scheduling Framework for IoMT over ICN ». Applied Sciences 13, n^o 21 (29 octobre 2023) : 11840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132111840.

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The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the network of medical devices, hardware infrastructure, and software applications used to connect the healthcare information technology. Massive traffic growth and user expectations cause challenges in the current exhausting models of IoMT data. To reduce the IoMT traffic, Information Centric Network (ICN) is a suitable technique. ICN uses persistent naming multicast communication that reduces the response time. ICN in IoMT provides a promising feature to reduce the overhead due to the distribution of commonly accessed contents. Some parameters such as energy consumption, communication cost, etc., influence the performance of sensors in the IoMT network. Excessive and unbalanced energy consumption degrades the network performance and lifetime. This article presents a framework called Dynamic Cache Scheme (DCS) that implements energy-efficient cache scheduling in IoMT over ICN to reduce network traffic. The proposed framework establishes a balance between the multi-hop traffic and data item freshness. The technique improves the freshness of data; thus, updated data are provided to the end-users via the effective utilization of caching in IoMT. The proposed framework is tested on important parameters, i.e., cache-hit-ratio, stretch, and content retrieval latency. The results obtained are compared with the state-of-the-art models. Results’ analysis shows that the proposed framework outperforms the compared models in terms of cache-hit-ratio, stretch, and content retrieval latency by 59.42%, 32.66%, and 18.8%, respectively. In the future, it is intended to explore the applicability of DCS in more scenarios and optimize further.

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SEWELL, PETER, JAMES J. LEIFER, KEITH WANSBROUGH, FRANCESCO ZAPPA NARDELLI, MAIR ALLEN-WILLIAMS, PIERRE HABOUZIT et VIKTOR VAFEIADIS. « Acute : High-level programming language design for distributed computation ». Journal of Functional Programming 17, n^o 4-5 (juillet 2007) : 547–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796807006442.

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AbstractExisting languages provide good support for typeful programming of stand-alone programs. In a distributed system, however, there may be interaction between multiple instances of many distinct programs, sharing some (but not necessarily all) of their module structure, and with some instances rebuilt with new versions of certain modules as time goes on. In this paper, we discuss programming-language support for such systems, focussing on their typing and naming issues. We describe an experimental language, Acute, which extends an ML core to support distributed development, deployment, and execution, allowing type-safe interaction between separately built programs. The main features are (1) type-safe marshalling of arbitrary values; (2) type names that are generated (freshly and by hashing) to ensure that type equality tests suffice to protect the invariants of abstract types, across the entire distributed system; (3) expression-level names generated to ensure that name equality tests suffice for type safety of associated values, for example, values carried on named channels; (4) controlled dynamic rebinding of marshalled values to local resources; and (5) thunkification of threads and mutexes to support computation mobility. These features are a large part of what is needed for typeful distributed programming. They are a relatively lightweight extension of ML, should be efficiently implementable, and are expressive enough to enable a wide variety of distributed infrastructure layers to be written as simple library code above the byte-string network and persistent store APIs. This disentangles the language run-time from communication intricacies. This paper highlights the main design choices in Acute. It is supported by a full language definition (of typing, compilation, and operational semantics), by a prototype implementation, and by example distribution libraries.

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Ilmberger, Josef, Maximilian Ruge, Friedrich-Wilhelm Kreth, Josef Briegel, Hans-Juergen Reulen et Joerg-Christian Tonn. « Intraoperative mapping of language functions : a longitudinal neurolinguistic analysis ». Journal of Neurosurgery 109, n^o 4 (octobre 2008) : 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/109/10/0583.

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Object This prospective longitudinally designed study was conducted to evaluate language functions pre- and postoperatively in patients who underwent microsurgical treatment of tumors in close proximity to or within language areas and to detect those patients at risk for a postoperative aphasic disturbance. Methods Between 1991 and 2005, 153 awake craniotomies with subsequent cortical mapping of language functions were performed in 149 patients. Language functions were assessed using a standardized test battery. Risk factors were obtained from multivariate logistic regression models. Results Language mapping was able to be performed in all patients, and complete tumor resection was achieved in 48.4%. Within 21 days after surgery a new language deficit (aphasic disturbance) was observed in 41 (32%) of the 128 cases without preoperative deficits. There were a total of 60 cases involving postoperative aphasic disturbances, including cases both with and without preoperative disturbances. Risk factors for postoperative aphasic disturbance were preoperative aphasia (p < 0.0002), intraoperative complications (p < 0.02), language-positive sites within the tumor (p < 0.001), and nonfrontal lesion location (p < 0.001). In patients without a preoperative deficit, a normal (yet submaximal) naming performance was a powerful predictor for an early postoperative aphasic disturbance (p < 0.0003). Seven months after treatment 10.9% of the 128 cases without preoperative aphasic disturbances continued to demonstrate new postoperative language disturbances. A total of 17.6% of all cases demonstrated new postoperative language disturbances after 7 months. Risk factors for persistent aphasic disturbance were increased age (> 40 years, p < 0.02) and preoperative aphasia (p < 0.001). Conclusions Every attempt should be undertaken to preserve language-relevant areas intraoperatively, even when they are located within the tumor. New postoperative deficits resolve in the majority of patients, which may be a result of cortical mapping as well as functional reorganization.

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LANDERL, KARIN, et HEINZ WIMMER. « Deficits in phoneme segmentation are not the core problem of dyslexia : Evidence from German and English children ». Applied Psycholinguistics 21, n^o 2 (juin 2000) : 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400002058.

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A widely held assumption about dyslexia is that difficulties in accessing the constituent phonemes of the speech stream are responsible for specific reading and spelling difficulties. In consistent orthographies, however, the acquisition of accurate phonological recoding and phonemic awareness was found to pose much less difficulty than in English, and even dyslexic children were found to exhibit high levels of performance in phonemic segmentation (Wimmer, 1993). Nevertheless, using a rather complex phonological awareness and manipulation task (spoonerisms: MAN–HAT → HAN–MAT), Landerl, Wimmer, and Frith (1997) found support for the original position on phonological awareness deficit, as both German and English dyslexic children showed poor performance. In the present studies, the spoonerism responses of Landerl et al. were reanalyzed such that children were given credit for partially correct responses (e.g., a response of HAN for MAN–HAT). Such partially correct responses were taken to indicate full segmentation of both stimulus words at the onset–rime level. The effect of this rescoring was that the error rate dropped from 76% to 26% for the English dyslexic children and from 63% to 15% for the German dyslexic children. Even higher performance levels, although not perfect as for the age-matched control children, were found on a nonword spelling task in both groups. A second study examined the segmentation of consonant clusters in younger German dyslexic children and found performance levels of about 90% correct when memory problems were ruled out. We argue that, at least in the context of a consistent orthography (and a phonics-based teaching approach), deficits in phoneme awareness are only evident in the early stages of reading acquisition, whereas rapid naming and phonological memory deficits are more persistent in dyslexic children.

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Almeria, Marta, Juan Carlos Cejudo, Joan Deus et Jerzy Krupinski. « Long Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Participants with Post-COVID-19 Infection : A Longitudinal Study ». Neurology International 16, n^o 4 (16 août 2024) : 853–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16040064.

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Objective: To evaluate and characterize the cognitive changes in COVID-19 participants at 6-month follow-up, and to explore a possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance and disease severity. Methods: This single-center longitudinal cohort study included participants aged 20 and 60 years old to exclude cognitive impairment age-associated with confirmed COVID-19 infection. The initial evaluation occurred 10 to 30 days after hospital or ambulatory discharge, with a subsequent follow-up at 6 months. Patients who had a history of cognitive impairment, neurological conditions, or serious psychiatric disorders were not included. Information on demographics and laboratory results was gathered from medical records. Cognitive outcomes were assessed with a neuropsychological battery including attention, verbal and visual memory, language and executive function tests. Results: A total of 200 participants were included in the study, and 108 completed the follow-up visit. At the 6-month follow-up, comparing the means from baseline with those of the follow-up evaluation, significant overall improvement was observed in verbal and visual memory subtests (p = 0.001), processing speed (p = 0.001), executive function (p = 0.028; p = 0.016) and naming (p = 0.001), independently of disease severity and cognitive complaints. Anxiety and depression were significantly higher in groups with Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC) compared to those without (p < 0.01 for both). Conclusions: Persistent symptoms are common regardless of disease severity and are often linked to cognitive complaints. Six months after COVID-19, the most frequently reported symptoms included headache, dyspnea, fatigue, cognitive complaints, anxiety, and depression. No cognitive impairment was found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Overall, neuropsychological and psychopathological improvement was observed at 6 months regardless of disease severity and cognitive complaints.

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Mekhamadiev, Evgeniy. « A Military Unit of the Celtae (the Celts) and Some Peculiarities of Late Roman Military Titles in the 4th C. AD ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n^o 1 (février 2019) : 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.1.14.

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Introduction. The Late Roman administration used to practice many ways of interrelations with the Barbarian tribes, but modern scholarship tended and tends to pay main attention to external perspectives of interrelations, i.e. issues of barbaric invasions and methods of their accomodation within the Roman territory. In contrast, modern scholarship pays little attention to internal perspectives of interrelations, and partly, to one of the point of internal interrelations, which is strictly under consideration in this paper. This point is a meaning of official titles, which Roman administration gave to military detachments composed of the German warriors. Basing on evidence about an elite military unit of the Celtae and the name Celtae itself, the author aims to regard peculiarities of Late Roman military nomenclature and to trace how this nomenclature reflected an official political ideology of imperial supremacy, a system of Romans’ views and opinions about the Barbarians. Methods. The author studies these matters by comparing the evidence of Ammianus Marcellinus, Greek dedicatory inscription from the city of Stobi (the province of Macedonia) and some panegyrics (the so-called Latin panegyrics, a speech of Julian the Apostate in honor of the Emperor Constantius II and the “Thanksgiving oration” of a prominent Gallic rhetorician Ausonius for the Emperor Gratianus). The author traces how all these texts are treated and meant a word Celtae/Κελτοί. Analysis. The author proposes and proves an idea that a military unit of the Celtae was composed of the captive Alamanni presumably between the reign of the Emperor Diocletian (284-305) and 351/352. Results. Having based on the evidence enumerated above, the author concluded that the the unit of the captive Alamanni received an official title of Celtae because the Romans used to name the German captives as more ancient people, over which the Roman won decisive and brilliant victories in previous times. This naming practice was one of the persistent peculiarities of the Late Roman military nomenclature and records management working.

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Zolotukhina-Abolina, Elena V. « Discourses about Miracle : Spectrum of Positions ». RUDN Journal of Philosophy 27, n^o 3 (15 septembre 2023) : 793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2023-27-3-793-808.

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The study is devoted to construct a typology of discourses about a miracle. Discourses are interpreted in this case not in a linguistic, but in a philosophical sense, as a certain “way of talking” about a chosen phenomenon. This includes the ontological and ideological position of the speaker (writer), emotional and value pathos, a communicative attitude or lack thereof, a message to the listener (reader) of specific views and beliefs. The author distinguishes three groups of discourses on the ideological basis: 1) a miracle, understood as supernatural, but accessible for communication; 2) a miracle understood as a man-made, purely human phenomenon; 3) a miracle as the result of a “dual determination” coming from both the transcendent and the person himself. The miracle is initially interpreted in the article as a positive phenomenon that can be described and expressed in speech without directly naming the word itself. Within the first group of discourses, the following are considered: religious (Christian), mythological and fairy-tale discourse, and the fate-providentialist discourse is also highlighted. The second approach, connected with the denial of the supernatural, speaks of a miracle in the context of its scientific and technical creation, as well as hopes for a miracle within the framework of progressive and utopian concepts. The third type of discourses, combining the view of a miracle as coming from above and from the person himself, includes mystical-magical, existential and creativistic discourses - interpreting the theme of creativity. The mystical-magical discourse describes a miracle as the result of illumination and as a consequence of persistent spiritual searches. In the existential discourse, represented by fiction, there is also a place for describing a miracle as a magical nature and a magical fate. In creative discourse, the miracle is the very act of the birth of a new one. Summing up what has been said, the author emphasizes that he presents readers with nothing more than a sketch that requires further work and thematic disclosure.

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Vaskiv, Mykola. « Standards of Journalism and “Language of Tolerance”in the Context of Legislation and State and National Security ». Integrated communications 13, n^o 1 (2022) : 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-2644.2022.11.

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The article analyses the persistent proposals from a number of journalists and media experts since 2014 to adhere to the “language of tolerance” and avoid “stylistically coloured vocabulary” for naming members of illegal armed groups, ideologues and leaders of quasi-state formations in ORDLO (SDDLR — separate districts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions; temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine) in journalistic works. According to these recommendations, the words “terrorist”, “separatist”, “bandit” were considered undesirable, especially in information genres, besides, they allegedly violated the standards of journalism, which require exclusively objective, neutral coverage of the conflict in the Donbas and the Russian-Ukrainian War. In 2022, the word “orcs” was brought to “undesirable” category in Ukrainian journalism, although the words “rashism” and “rashists” were deemed acceptable. The distinction was exceptionally subjective. The main criterion for determining desirable/undesirable words was the personal interpretation of the stylistic colouring of words, which supposedly should be completely avoided. The author of the article suggests that the selection of relevant lexemes should be guided primarily by the requirements of Ukrainian and foreign legislation and state-national security, which should be dominant and indisputable for journalists. In accordance with these requirements, the lexemes “terrorists”, “separatists”, “bandits” for the soldiers and officials of the temporarily occupied territories are acceptable and even mandatory for use. In addition, considering the works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers, in particular those who defended the “language of tolerance”, the author of the article proves that emotionality, empathy, subjectivity are acceptable and even immanent features of those groups of genres that Ukrainian scientists call analytical and journalistic. Likewise, these traits are immanent for information genres such as reportage and interviews. Therefore, emotionality and subjectivity in defending national-patriotic values and territorial integrity of the state are quite acceptable. Certain ocasional concepts and terms that originally had a metaphorical, stylistically colored character and passed into the status of well-known and generally accepted vivid outlines of events, phenomena, persons and groups of persons are also acceptable for use in notes, reports, messages and other information genres.

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O'Shea, Clara. « Learning how kinds matter ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Networked Learning 11 (14 mai 2018) : 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/nlc.v11.8756.

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What does it mean to learn in a network? What does it mean to be a particular kind of learner? To develop and work towards a particular kind of being? Does every instantiation of a network lead to a different form of being? If networks are, as Jones (2016: 486) says “interactive processes that co-constructively shape persons”, then how contingent are these? How much does the social and material elements of the network contribute to the learner’s understanding of their own personhood?This paper is an exploration of Ian Hacking’s work on ‘making up people’ (e.g. Hacking 1986, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006a, 2006b). Hacking posits that the possibilities for people are bounded, determined by what is imaginable and articulable, what is named and described. This naming of people, or classification, is part of an iterative, dynamic process in which the names and the named emerge simultaneously and in interaction with each other, changing the “space of possibilities for personhood”. In this paper, I link that concept to notions of ‘becoming’ in networked learning and suggest Hacking provides a useful frame to think about how learners come to know about and enact particular ways of being. I start by briefly summarising Hacking’s key concepts of kinds, dynamic nominalism and the looping effect, and outline Hacking’s framework. I argue that Hacking is offering a useful onto-epistemology for thinking about 'becoming' as part of a sociocultural network of humans, institutions and social processes. I then briefly describe posthumanism and explore how a posthuman and sociomaterial approach can help round out the important missing element in Hacking’s theory – the materials and technologies that are crucial in understanding any learning assemblage. In bringing together these approaches, seemingly inoperable binaries collapse and ‘becoming’ becomes a matter of constant process and persistent re-workings. This offers productive ways to think about learning as an emergent entanglement of social, the material and the technological processes that are constantly re-working and re-creating what it means to be ‘made up’.

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Scott, William, Brian Lowrance, Alexander C. Anderson et Joel T. Weadge. « Identification of the Clostridial cellulose synthase and characterization of the cognate glycosyl hydrolase, CcsZ ». PLOS ONE 15, n^o 12 (2 décembre 2020) : e0242686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242686.

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Biofilms are community structures of bacteria enmeshed in a self-produced matrix of exopolysaccharides. The biofilm matrix serves numerous roles, including resilience and persistence, making biofilms a subject of research interest among persistent clinical pathogens of global health importance. Our current understanding of the underlying biochemical pathways responsible for biosynthesis of these exopolysaccharides is largely limited to Gram-negative bacteria. Clostridia are a class of Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore-forming bacteria and include the important human pathogens Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridioides difficile, among numerous others. Several species of Clostridia have been reported to produce a biofilm matrix that contains an acetylated glucan linked to a series of hypothetical genes. Here, we propose a model for the function of these hypothetical genes, which, using homology modelling, we show plausibly encode a synthase complex responsible for polymerization, modification and export of an O-acetylated cellulose exopolysaccharide. Specifically, the cellulose synthase is homologous to that of the known exopolysaccharide synthases in Gram-negative bacteria. The remaining proteins represent a mosaic of evolutionary lineages that differ from the described Gram-negative cellulose exopolysaccharide synthases, but their predicted functions satisfy all criteria required for a functional cellulose synthase operon. Accordingly, we named these hypothetical genes ccsZABHI, for the Clostridial cellulose synthase (Ccs), in keeping with naming conventions for exopolysaccharide synthase subunits and to distinguish it from the Gram-negative Bcs locus with which it shares only a single one-to-one ortholog. To test our model and assess the identity of the exopolysaccharide, we subcloned the putative glycoside hydrolase encoded by ccsZ and solved the X-ray crystal structure of both apo- and product-bound CcsZ, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH-5). Although not homologous to the Gram-negative cellulose synthase, which instead encodes the structurally distinct BcsZ belonging to GH-8, we show CcsZ displays specificity for cellulosic materials. This specificity of the synthase-associated glycosyl hydrolase validates our proposal that these hypothetical genes are responsible for biosynthesis of a cellulose exopolysaccharide. The data we present here allowed us to propose a model for Clostridial cellulose synthesis and serves as an entry point to an understanding of cellulose biofilm formation among class Clostridia.

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Стадник, С. Н. « Structure of Cognitive Disorders in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation ». Кардиология в Беларуси, n^o 6 (6 janvier 2022) : 862–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2021.13.6.001.

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Введение. Когнитивные нарушения на фоне фибрилляции предсердий - важная фундаментальная проблема современной кардионеврологии, поскольку, с одной стороны, они значительно снижают возможности лечения, ухудшают прогноз и приводят к дезадаптации пациентов с аритмией, а с другой - являются уникальной моделью для изучения адаптации мозга в ответ на нарушения системной и церебральной гемодинамики, которые возникают под влиянием аритмий. Цель. Изучение структуры когнитивных нарушений у пациентов с различными формами фибрилляции предсердий (ФП). Материалы и методы. Обследовано 372 пациента (средний возраст 63,8±4,3 года), которые, в зависимости от наличия аритмии, распределены на 2 клинические группы: основная (n=257) и контрольная (n=115). Пациенты основной группы распределены на две подгруппы: І подгруппа - пациенты с персистирующей/пароксизмальной формой ФП (n=176), ІІ подгруппа - пациенты с постоянной формой ФП (n=81). В работе использованы нейропсихологические методики: краткая шкала оценки психического статуса (MMSE), батарея тестов для оценки лобной дисфункции (БТЛД), шкала деменции Маттиса (ШДМ), тест «10 слов», тест «5 слов», тест вербальных ассоциаций, тест ориентации линий, тест «узнавания недорисованных предметов», тест рисования часов, тест соединения цифр и букв, бостонский тест называния. Результаты. Нейропсихологический паттерн пациентов с ФП представлен нейродинамическими и регуляторными нарушениями, которые проявляются ухудшением исполнительных функций, слухоречевой памяти, пространственного гнозиса, восприятия, концентрации внимания, снижением скорости психомоторных процессов. У пациентов І подгруппы установлено нарушение нейродинамической составляющей когнитивной деятельности, которое не достигает по своей клинической значимости выраженных когнитивных расстройств и не сказывается на профессиональной и социальной активности. У пациентов ІІ подгруппы на первый план выходят нарушения регуляторных функций, формируя полимодальный когнитивный дефицит с относительно равномерным нарушением всех когнитивных функций. Выводы. ФП является независимым фактором риска когнитивных нарушений и характеризуется диффузным ухудшением всех когнитивных функций, которые более выражены при постоянной форме ФП. Introduction. Cognitive disorders against the background of atrial fibrillation are an important fundamental problem of modern cardioneurology, since, on the one hand, they significantly reduce the possibilities of treatment, worsen the prognosis and lead to maladjustment of patients with arrhythmia, and on the other hand, they are a unique model for studying the adaptation of the brain in response to disorders. systemic and cerebral hemodynamics, which arise under the influence of arrhythmias. Purpose. To study the structure of cognitive disorders in patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation (AF). Materials and methods. We examined 372 patients (mean age 63.8±4.3 years), who, depending on the presence of arrhythmia, were divided into 2 clinical groups: the main (n=257) and control (n=115). Patients of the main group were divided into 2 subgroups: subgroup I - patients with persistent/paroxysmal form of AF (n=176), subgroup II - patients with permanent form of AF (n=81). Neuropsychological methods were used in the work: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), dementia scale of Mattis (DSM), test "10 words", test "5 words", verbal association test, lines orientation test, test "unpainted objects", clock drawing test, test of connection of numbers and letters, Boston naming test. Results. The neuropsychological pattern of patients with AF is represented by neurodynamic and regulatory disorders, which are manifested by the deterioration of executive functions, auditory- speech memory, spatial gnosis, perception, concentration of attention, and a decrease in the speed of psychomotor processes. In patients of subgroup I established disorders of the neurodynamic component of cognitive activity, which do not reach the expressed cognitive disorders in terms of their clinical significance and do not affect professional and social activity. In patients of subgroup II on the first plan extend the violation of regulatory functions, forming a polymodal cognitive deficit with a relatively uniform violation of all cognitive functions. Conclusions. Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor for cognitive disorders and characterized by diffuse deterioration of all cognitive functions, which is more pronounced in persistent form of AF.

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Scheckel, Caleb J., Didar Yanardag Acik, Aneel A. Ashrani, C. Christopher Hook, Lindsey Ann Kluck, Ariela L. Marshall, Rajiv K. Pruthi et al. « Desideromastica : Tactile Chew Cravings in Iron Deficiency Anemia ». Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13 novembre 2019) : 4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127306.

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Introduction: The compulsive craving and consumption of non-food substances, known as pica, is a well-documented symptom associated with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Olfactory cravings associated with IDA are a recently described phenomenon known as desiderosmia. In our practice we observed a subset of patients with IDA who report specific tactile cravings associated with mastication. Methods: This study included patients from the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) and Ankara Training and Research Hospital (Ankara, Turkey) Hematology practices who self-reported tactile mastication cravings during initial evaluation for IDA between 1/1/18 and 6/30/19. Information including sociodemographics, substance craved, values of hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and ferritin before and after iron replacement therapy, and symptom resolution after treatment were recorded. Results: We observed 12 patients with IDA who self-reported chew cravings during initial evaluation. All patients were female and the median age was 41.5 years (33-59). Of these 12 patients, median baseline Hgb, MCV, and ferritin were 9.4 g/dL (6.6-12.9), 73.7 fL (59.1-95.1), and 6 µg/L (2-21), respectively. Tactile cravings included chewing gum (3), mastic gum (2), ginseng (1), dry oats (1), crackers (1), pickles (1), chips (1), sawdust (1), and knitting rope (1). Many patients reported the frequency and satisfaction of these cravings resulted in jaw pain as well as the persistence of cravings despite this discomfort. Only 16.7% (2/12) reported concurrent ice pica. In total, 9 patients proceeded with observed treatment of their IDA with clinical follow-up and laboratory confirmation of iron repletion. Oral (ferrous glyconate or ferrous fumarate) and intravenous (ferric carboxymaltose, iron sucrose, or low molecular weight iron dextran) iron replacement were used in 33.3% (3/9) and 66.7% (6/9) patients, respectively. Post-treatment median laboratory values include: Hgb 12.7 g/dL (10.8-14.7), MCV 80.1 fL (76.1-91.7), and ferritin 98 µg/L (24-398). Overall, 88.9% (8/9) reported resolution of chew cravings after iron repletion. The lone patient with persistent symptoms had a baseline ferritin of 10 µg/L, improved to 398 µg/L after replacement, and settled back at 42 µg/L three months later. Discussion: Our patient experience provides suggestive evidence that oral tactile craving symptoms, distinct from ice pica, exists in a subset of patients suffering from IDA. For this, we propose the term "desideromastica" derived from the Latin words "desiderare" for desire and "mastica" for chew. "Desidero" can also be indicative of a reduction in iron, which relates to iron deficiency. Our hope in naming this relatively unexplored symptom associated with IDA will encourage additional clinicians to share their experience and guide future investigation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Prokopenko, Ivan. « Theoretical Aspects of Trauma Studies (terminology, problematic issues and scheme of analysis) : An attempt at analysis ». LITERARY PROCESS : methodology, names, trends, n^o 24 (2024) : 91–98. https://doi.org/10.28925/2412-2475.2024.24.9.

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The article focuses on the theoretical aspects of trauma studies and attempts to discuss the gaps and problematic areas within the methodology. Contemporary trauma studies, despite its rather active development over the past decades, has the problem of clear articulation of its key definitions and methodology. Moreover, the very subject of the studies — trauma — has a naming problem: when the term is transferred from the field of psychiatry, clarity is lost, instead, the emphasis is placed on the impossibility of a full understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, the purpose of the article is, first of all, an attempt to develop a terminological apparatus and a method of analysing traumatic narratives. This paper will focus on reflections on the key term trauma, as well as an attempt to develop a terminological apparatus and a method of text analysis within these studies. The subject of the article is an attempt to formulate fundamental terms and propose a method for analysing trauma in a literary text. Drawing primarily on cognitive behavioural therapy, the method is an experiment in looking at trauma from the perspective of cognitive behavioural therapy, psychology, neuroscience and philosophy. This article outlines the subject of trauma studies (traumatic event, trauma, consequences of trauma) and notes the problematic aspects of trauma studies: the blurring of some of its terms and warnings about the tendentious use of its conceptual apparatus. The main terms of trauma studies were named as follows: trauma was defined as the experience of an event that excessively upsets and at least temporarily suppresses the internal resources of an individual, as well as causes persistent psychological symptoms; the traumatic event was called the event itself, which leads to trauma; the consequences of trauma — all possible reactions to a traumatic event after its actual experience — included the following stress — a set of protective physiological reactions that occur in the body of animals and humans in response to the impact of various adverse factors (stressors); fear as an emotional reaction to a real or imaginary threat; and defence mechanisms — automatic unconscious mechanisms connected with the self that provide mental protection of the individual. Finally, a five-part descriptive method of trauma analysis was proposed, which includes: identifying the cause of the trauma, the way the narrative is articulated, describing the fears produced by the trauma, characterising stress and reactions to it and defence mechanisms, and finally, seeing whether the trauma is integrated within the text itself. This method was tested on the material of Pavlo Vyshebaba’s short story ‘The Martians’ as an example of a text where trauma is successfully integrated into the experience of the characters. The proposed method can be further expanded and applied to other texts as a potential template for analysing trauma narratives.

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