Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pensions (Military and naval), 1914-18 »

France and the Yougoslav Navy ; 1918-1935 ; After contributing significantly to the establishment of the Kingdom of the South Slavs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918-19 and to drawing its frontiers, France then tied the country into a geo-political system, alongside Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia, designed to constitute a counterweight to any future fresh German drive into southeastern Europe. However, though the French presence was very marked in the new Yugoslav army and air force, it encountered strong resistance in the navy arising from the fact that the officers of the Yugoslav marine were all veterans of the former Austro-Hungarian navy, which had recruited chiefly among the Croats of Dalmatia. They had therefore fought in 1914-18 ‘on the other side’, and impeded French efforts, notably in the field of orders for armaments -and therefore in the sense of achieving standardised weaponry throughout the Little Entente. French diplomacy also had a responsibility for this impasse because — when faced by the growing antagonism between fascist Italy and a Yugoslavia led by the Serbian Karageordjovic dynasty - it refused to side with its client-State. France avoided as far as possible any naval deployments into the Adriatic (which Rome considered as an ‘Italian lake’), preferring to maintain comunications via the Greek port of Salonika and through Macedonia. This state of affairs created the opportunity for Britain to enter the market for Yugoslav shipbuilding contracts in the early 1930s -reflecting British interest in a fleet that was small but had the potential to offset Italy’s threat to the Mediterranean and the route to India via Suez, after the 1930 London naval limitations treaty. French naval influence was only salvaged in 1934 when the Serbian military ‘establishment’ finally extended its grip to the only Yugoslav armed service that had previously escaped it. France was thus able to prevail in securing naval orders over its German and especially its British competitors. However this happy turn of events was unique to the Yugoslav navy : in the other two Yugoslav armed services, French influence was by now on the wane. And alongside this, furthermore, Milan Stojadinovic, Yugoslavia’s prime minister from June 1935 to February 1939, steadily re-aligned his country closer to Nazi Germany and fascist Italy.

Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, more than thirty independent states were formed in Germany, each with its own customs system. Following this event, the German economy stagnated and there were sharp differences among its states over the leadership of Germany. During this period, a prominent thinker named Friedrich List appeared in Germany. By forming a historical school in economics, he wanted to unify the states of this country through the formation of a customs union. This union was finally established by List's many efforts in 1834. The list later described the stages of economic growth and development in his historical school and explained the factors that caused the economic development of Germany in his book. Finally, Germany was able to unite in1870 under the leadership of Prussia and through Bismarck and inspired by the ideas of the historical school. After the unification of this country, Bismarck, through the ideas of List and the historical school, made several reforms, including pension and health insurance premiums, along with the strengthening and expansion of industry and trade; the result of which was the increasing economic development of this country. After taking power, Wilhelm II wanted to promote Germany as a great economic and military power in the world. Therefore, according to List's theories, he started to strengthen the military and especially the naval power of Germany so that he could own several colonies on the other side of the seas and by means of new markets that were created from these colonies, it increased its economic power and competed with Britain and America. In this way, according to the recommendations of the List, the German rulers tried to develop the economy and industry of Germany. As a result of their efforts, German industries were able to take second place after the United States in terms of the economy by 1914, behind Britain.

Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, more than thirty independent states were formed in Germany, each with its own customs system. Following this event, the German economy stagnated and there were sharp differences among its states over the leadership of Germany. During this period, a prominent thinker named Friedrich List appeared in Germany. By forming a historical school in economics, he wanted to unify the states of this country through the formation of a customs union. This union was finally established by List's many efforts in 1834. The list later described the stages of economic growth and development in his historical school and explained the factors that caused the economic development of Germany in his book. Finally, Germany was able to unite in1870 under the leadership of Prussia and through Bismarck and inspired by the ideas of the historical school. After the unification of this country, Bismarck, through the ideas of List and the historical school, made several reforms, including pension and health insurance premiums, along with the strengthening and expansion of industry and trade; the result of which was the increasing economic development of this country. After taking power, Wilhelm II wanted to promote Germany as a great economic and military power in the world. Therefore, according to List's theories, he started to strengthen the military and especially the naval power of Germany so that he could own several colonies on the other side of the seas and by means of new markets that were created from these colonies, it increased its economic power and competed with Britain and America. In this way, according to the recommendations of the List, the German rulers tried to develop the economy and industry of Germany. As a result of their efforts, German industries were able to take second place after the United States in terms of the economy by 1914, behind Britain.