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1
D’Attoma, John. « More bang for your buck : tax compliance in the United States and Italy ». Journal of Public Policy 40, no 1 (23 octobre 2018) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x18000302.
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AbstractI investigate the relationship between perception of public institutions and tax compliance using a large tax compliance laboratory experiment conducted in Italy and the United States. In the first test, I conduct a simple tax compliance game to uncover that given the exact same decisions, contributions to the public good do not differ between Italy and the United States. Second, I ask participants to pay taxes to their national government, pension fund and fire department. In these rounds, behaviours diverge with Italian participants complying significantly less than Americans. Theoretically, I provide evidence demonstrating that how individuals perceive their institutions is a crucial component of the tax compliance decision. Methodologically, I provide a unique experiment, which can help us to better explain crosscountry variation in tax compliance, by asking subjects to make country-specific tax decisions.
2
Auteri, Monica, et Fabrizio Antolini. « Geographical Redistribution and Public Pensions : The Case of Italy ». Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 21, no 2 (1 octobre 2003) : 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569203x15668905422045.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the effects of selected Italian welfare instruments, such as the seniority pensions and the early retirement pensions. The main instruments of the Italian welfare state are described, distinguishing between assistance and insurance transfers. With a cluster analysis, the distribution of specific welfare instruments among Italian regions is thoroughly investigated and then the link between retirement decisions and the selected welfare instruments is assessed. T h e main hypothesis under investigation is that the relatively easy access to various social transfer programs enabled certain categories of older workers to withdraw from the labor market. In this framework, Italian public pensions played a prominent role in the transfer programs becoming the improper device used by the Italian government to cope with unemployment problems.
3
Natali, David, et Andrea Pritoni. « Parties and interest groups in Italy : the case of pensions policy ». Contemporary Italian Politics 6, no 3 (2 septembre 2014) : 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2014.966505.
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4
Ferris, James M. « Local Government Pensions and Their Funding : Policy Issues and Options ». Review of Public Personnel Administration 7, no 3 (juillet 1987) : 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x8700700304.
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5
Di Matteo, Livio, et Thomas Barbiero. « Economic Growth and the Public Sector : A Comparison of Canada and Italy, 1870-2013 ». Review of Economic Analysis 10, no 3 (27 août 2018) : 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v10i3.1445.
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There is considerable evidence that the size of the public sector can influence an economy’s rate of economic growth. We investigate public sector spending of central governments and economic performance in two G7 countries over the long-term, Canada and Italy. Their economic performance has diverged in the last 25 years and it is worth investigating whether the size of government was a contributing factor. We find that in both the case of Canada and Italy the size of central government spending directly affects the performance of their economies in an inverse U-shaped relationship known as a Scully/BARS Curve. These results suggest that along with modifying current central government size, other levels of governments may need to shrink their own spending. The fact that the amount spent by government on pensions as a percentage of GDP in Italy is nearly 4 times that in Canada may partly explain the higher level of Italy’s public debt as well as an indirect contributing factor to economic stagnation in the last 25 years.
6
Kaye, Geraldine. « Topical Pension Problems (A Personal Overview). » Journal of the Staple Inn Actuarial Society 28 (mars 1985) : 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020269x00009762.
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Much discussion is taking place currently in the United Kingdom on the subject of pensions. Conferences and symposia have been conducted at various times on many aspects of pensions by such diverse bodies as the Policy Studies Institute (1), the Institute of Fiscal Studies (2), the Trades Union Congress (3), the Pensions Management Institute, the Confederation of British Industry, the National Association of Pension Funds and even our own Institute (4) (in the case of our Institute, on the whole field). The Government announced an all-embracing enquiry on 16 December 1983. This has been divided into separate parts. Evidence for the first part concerned with ‘portable pensions’ was required by 31 January 1984. Despite the very tight deadline, written evidence was obtained from over 1,500 different sources. This serves to show just how much interest was currently being aroused. The final results of the full Government enquiry are not yet available (September 1984). The unprecedented speed with which the Government has proceeded demonstrates the importance that it attaches to the issues raised, and suggests that any prompted legislation will be given a degree of priority.
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RING, PATRICK JOHN. « Security in Pension Provision : A Critical Analysis of UK Government Policy ». Journal of Social Policy 34, no 3 (15 juin 2005) : 343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279405008810.
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The Labour government has often argued that it is attempting to find a ‘third way’ in politics, appearing to take its inspiration from Anthony Giddens and, in relation to Labour's pensions policy, Giddens' notion of ‘positive welfare’.Noting that the government maintains that ‘pensions are all about security’, and that it has declared the importance of this position throughout its reform of UK pension provision, this article critically examines the nature of the ‘security’ its reform is likely to deliver. Using the work of Giddens, it notes the importance of the concept of ontological security, and the relevance of trust to security. From this basis, and drawing upon the work of both Giddens and Niklas Luhmann, it goes on to consider whether the government's reforms of the three pillars of pension provision in the UK – state provision, occupational provision and personal provision – are capable of delivering greater security in pension provision.It concludes that, quite apart from the potential criticisms of the conception of positive welfare itself, the government's apparent adoption of such an approach has failed to appreciate adequately the importance of ontological security to any understanding of welfare. As a consequence, it is suggested that the practical outcome is reform that is likely to create much less security in pension provision than either Giddens' approach, or indeed regular government pronouncements, might suggest.
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Castiglioni, Rossana. « The Politics of Retrenchment : The Quandaries of Social Protection under Military Rule in Chile, 1973–1990 ». Latin American Politics and Society 43, no 4 (2001) : 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2001.tb00187.x.
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AbstractChile's military government replaced the country's universalistic social policy system with a set of market-oriented social policies. Taking evidence from three areas (pensions, education, and health care), this study seeks to explain why the military advanced a policy of deep retrenchment and why reform of health care was less thorough than it was in pensions and education. The radical transformation of policy relates to the breadth of power concentration enjoyed by General Pinochet and his economic team, the policymakers' ideological positions, and the role of veto players. The more limited reform of health care is linked to the actions of a powerful veto player, the professional association of physicians.
9
Rogers, Edmund. « A ‘most imperial’ contribution : New Zealand and the old age pensions debate in Britain, 1898–1912 ». Journal of Global History 9, no 2 (23 mai 2014) : 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000035.
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AbstractThe extent of imperial influences upon nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British life, including in the development of social policy, has attracted significant scholarly interest in the past decade. The bearing of New Zealand's 1898 Old-Age Pensions Act upon the British debate over elderly poverty exemplifies the contested transfer of social policy ideas from settler colony to ‘Mother Country’. Reformers in Britain hailed a model non-contributory pension system with an imperial pedigree. However, the widely acknowledged distinction between ‘old’ countries such as Britain, and ‘new’ countries of English-speaking settlement, characterized the New Zealand example's reception. While progressives identified the colony as a ‘clean slate’ lacking the obstructive historical inheritance of the Poor Law, critics of state-funded pensions warned against drawing policy-making lessons from New Zealand. Yet when a reformist Liberal government introduced an Old Age Pensions Bill in 1908, it used Britain's age to justify the legislation's relative conservatism.
10
PRICE, DEBORA. « Closing the Gender Gap in Retirement Income : What Difference Will Recent UK Pension Reforms Make ? » Journal of Social Policy 36, no 4 (8 août 2007) : 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001183.
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AbstractThe second report of the Pensions Commission sought to establish a framework for a sustainable pension system for future generations of pensioners in the UK. The framework has been largely accepted by government in their recent White Paper, Security in Retirement: Towards a New Pension System (2006). Legislation will follow. The Commission and the government have made a number of claims about how their proposals will benefit women. Reforms have been welcomed by women's lobby groups. This article presents a gendered analysis of the Pensions Commission proposals using unpublished data generated by Pensim2, a pensions' simulator developed by the Department for Work and Pensions. Substantial improvements for women will be in the long term only, and will depend heavily on the extent to which gendered patterns of work and family life change in future. For women who follow traditional paths of combining part-time work with looking after children and kin, outcomes will depend on partnering arrangements. If they are married or cohabiting, they will be better off; but if they live alone in later life, the principal advantage of the proposals will be a reduction in means testing rather than an improvement in levels of income.
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FRIEDBERG, LEORA. « Labor market aspects of state and local retirement plans : a review of evidence and a blueprint for future research ». Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10, no 2 (avril 2011) : 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747211000072.
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AbstractTraditional defined benefit (DB) pension plans remain the overwhelming norm for teachers, policemen and other employees of state and local governments. The incentives for workers with DB pension plans to stay in their jobs shift dramatically over the course of their careers. Moreover, limited transferability of pension wealth across states and between public and private jobs impedes mobility in the labor market. Yet, little is known about the labor market effects of pensions on state and local government workers. The literature on private-employer pensions has made contributions on some of these fronts in recent years that can shed light on policy concerns raised by the possibility that pension plans will be modified in coming years. Moreover, some of the limitations constraining research on pensions may be overcome by focusing on government workers, with recent work on public school teachers pointing the way. Very recent studies are finding strong retirement responses to age- and tenure-related incentives built into state pension plans.
12
Turner, Claire. « Work, pensions and poverty : a better deal under the next government ». Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 16, no 1 (9 mars 2015) : 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-11-2014-0041.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how the next government could develop a better deal in relation to work, pensions and poverty. The paper argues that given the changing face of poverty, the next government should focus on creating better jobs if it is really to encourage people to work longer and save more for retirement. Furthermore, it could do more to support those who are currently under-saving for retirement. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on evidence from a number of recent qualitative and quantitative JRF research reports and government statistical data. Findings – The paper suggests policy recommendations for the next government focused on creating better jobs and helping those on lower incomes increase their pension pots. This includes: ensuring that the minimum wages is set with regard to the changing price of essentials and changing average earnings; raising awareness of the Living Wage and playing a leadership role; industrial strategies for low paid sectors; mid-life career reviews and increased rights for those aged 60 and over; the redistribution of tax relief on pension contributions and the auto-escalation of workplace pensions. Originality/value – This paper looks at the issue of an ageing society, work and pensions through a poverty lens.
13
ZHU, HUOYUN, et ALAN WALKER. « Pensions and social inclusion in an ageing China ». Ageing and Society 39, no 7 (6 juin 2018) : 1335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17001593.
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ABSTRACTThe inclusive development strategy proposed by the Chinese government embraces social inclusion for older people. In line with most developing countries, China's policy on social inclusion for older people focuses almost exclusively on material security in the form of pensions. This paper examines the impact of pensions on social inclusion for older people across four dimensions: family interaction, social support, social participation and self-assessment using data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey. The results demonstrate that pensions improve dramatically the relationships between older adults and their family members and friends, and therefore their social inclusion in the life world. The exception is social participation which seems to be immune to material income effects. However, the stratified pension system in China generates complex and hierarchical effects on social inclusion among different sub-groups. Social inclusion among older people with high exclusion risks but low pensions is very sensitive to pension levels. Conversely, most pensions are distributed to those with the lowest exclusion risks as a result of the disappearance of their impact on social inclusion. We argue that future social inclusion policies for older people in China should focus first on achieving greater equality in pensions.
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Jensen, Svend E. Hougaard, Torben Möger Pedersen et Tove Birgitte Foxman. « Experiences with Occupational Pensions in Denmark ». Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 88, no 1 (1 janvier 2019) : 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.88.1.11.
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Summary: This paper focuses on the development of the funded, occupational pension (OP) system in Denmark. Launched in 1987, as a grand agreement between social partners backed by the government, and as part of the collective wage bargaining process, the Danish OP system differs from the set-up in most other countries, where OP schemes typically have been introduced as part of the legislative process. The OP schemes, being a major component of the overall Danish pension system, have attracted a lot of international attention in recent years and play a key role behind the system’s success with respect to achieving satisfactory coverage, providing high replacement rates and not least, for keeping fiscal policy on a sustainable path. Finally, the paper discusses a number of future challenges, mainly related to the interaction between private and public pensions in a welfare state.
15
Mennini, Francesco Saverio, Paolo Sciattella et Matteo Scortichini. « Socio-economic impact of epilepsy in Italy ». Global & ; Regional Health Technology Assessment 9, Suppl. 2 (28 juin 2022) : 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/grhta.2022.2427.
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The World Health Assembly recognizes the growing economic and societal burden of neurological disorders, a leading cause of disability and the second cause of mortality in the world. In this context we analysed the socio-economic impact of epilepsy in Italy with a specific focus on hospitalizations and costs related to disability pensions (DPs) and ordinary disability allowances. In the case of epilepsy, between 2009 and 2015 we observed an alarming increasing trend for DPs (+26%), indicating that substantial expenses must be supported throughout the patients’ lifetimes by both the social security system and the National Health Service (NHS) on top of the impact on caregivers. We also analysed the hospital expenditure on epilepsy through the information available in the Hospital Discharge Cards between 2015 and 2018. Almost all admissions (76% ordinary hospitalizations, 24% day hospitals) were acute (95%), followed by rehabilitation (4%) and long-term care (1%). The cost of acute and ordinary hospitalizations was by far the highest in 2018, the last year of analysis. This large expense due to hospitalizations could be reduced through the implementation of different organizational and management approaches. Our recommendation is that the policy maker should consider the best approach to ensure an early diagnosis for patients and provide early access to drugs and/or surgery. Finally, the adoption of new innovative treatments should improve effectiveness and, at the same time, reduce the expense of the NHS, of the social system as a whole, with a tangible improvement in patients’ quality of life.
16
Donovan, Mark. « A Second Republic for Italy ? » Political Studies Review 1, no 1 (janvier 2003) : 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1478-9299.00003.
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Radical change in the representative dimension of Italy's political system was expected to bring a transition to a ‘Second Republic’ in Italy. That has not happened. Nevertheless, after three consultations using the new parliamentary electoral system, studies focusing on the ‘input’ side of Italian politics are beginning to agree that substantial change has occurred. It is, however, too early to identify the extent of change in public administration and centre–local government relations, whilst even in parliament it is argued that consensual decision-making continued at least into the late 1990s. The impact of party system change on policy-making has thus been shown to be less direct than many expected, providing rich material for research into the relationship between institutional and policy change. Nevertheless, institutional change continues, particularly with regard to the decentralisation of government, and some studies suggest that this is the key to Italy's political transformation, rather than electoral reform or even change in the form of government. Still, the election of Italy's first right-wing majority government in 2001 may yet bring change in parliamentary practice and policy-making more generally.
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Bayley, Guy R. « Post-Referenda Government Reorganization in Italy ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 3, Issue 1 (1 janvier 1994) : 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1994005.
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Lambert, Frederic, et Hyunmin Park. « Income Inequality and Government Transfers in Mexico ». IMF Working Papers 19, no 148 (11 juillet 2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498320863.001.
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We analyze microdata from Mexico's survey on household income and expenditures (ENIGH) to study the evolution of income inequality in Mexico over 2004-16, identify its sources, and investigate how it was affected by government social policy. We find evidence of only a small decline in inequality over this period. The observed decline may be attributed to government transfers, notably targeted cash transfers (Prospera) and non-contributory pensions. In 2016, those two programs accounted for more than two thirds of the reduction in the Gini coefficient due to government transfers. Other transfer programs such as farmland subsidies (Proagro), government scholarships, and non-monetary transfers for medical expenditures have not been as effective.
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Rowlingson, Karen. « Research Round-Up ». Benefits : A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 11, no 2 (juin 2003) : 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/grrd9140.
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Policy research is often concerned with quite ‘immediate’ problems such as whether a particular policy is working well or not. Such research often incorporates the definitions used by policy makers but Deborah Mabbett’s research is of a more fundamental nature. She takes a critical look at how disability categories are established in different European countries. The second piece also concerns a very broad issue – the effect of devolution on social security policy. It concentrates on Housing Benefit to discuss the tensions arising from the current division of responsibilities in relation to housing policy. The government set a deadline of 2004 to reduce the number of children in low-paid households by a quarter compared with 1998/99. This date is fast approaching and research highlighted here by the New Policy Institute suggests that the government still has a long way to go to achieve this. Having said that, the trend is in the right direction with some recent progress on reducing income poverty. Is self-employment a good way to escape poverty? Research, funded by the Department for Work and Pensions, reviews the evidence on self-employment as a route off benefits and concludes that we must be cautious with our conclusions as there is a lack of evidence on this subject. There is some evidence, however, to suggest that self-employment is a very precarious activity for many people. And finally, another study funded by the Department for Work and Pensions measured public attitudes to e-government. The findings suggest that the majority of people still rely on traditional methods for getting in touch with government but that there is some interest in using the Internet in the future.
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Hamdi, Helmi, et Rashid Sbia. « Fiscal Policy And Economic Growth In PIIGS Countries : An Empirical Assessment ». Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no 5 (28 août 2013) : 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i5.8018.
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This paper studies the dynamic relationships between government revenues, government expenditures and economic growth in Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain (PIIGS henceforth). To this end we use a multivariate econometric model based on the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) procedure. Our empirical results reveal a bidirectional relationship between government revenues and government expenditures in Portugal only. Greece is the only county in which government expenditures Granger cause government revenues. Therefore, there is no evidence for spend-and-tax hypothesis for three countries of our sample. For Italy there is a unique unidirectional relationship running from government revenues to GDP while a unique unidirectional relationship was found running from government revenues to government expenditures for Ireland. Results for Spain show a double bidirectional relationships running from government revenues to GDP and from government expenditures to GDP. Moreover, there exists a unidirectional causal relationship between government revenues and government expenditures. Again, there is no evidence for tax-and-spend hypothesis for three countries of our sample.
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SEEKINGS, JEREMY. « BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY, LOCAL POLITICS, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE MAURITIAN WELFARE STATE, 1936–50 ». Journal of African History 52, no 2 (juillet 2011) : 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853711000247.
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ABSTRACTMauritius's unusual welfare state dates back to the introduction of non-contributory old-age pensions in 1950. This article examines the origins of this reform, focusing on the interactions between political actors in both Mauritius (local planters, political activists, and the colonial government) and London (the Colonial Office and Labour Party). Faced with riots among unorganised sugar estate workers in 1937, the colonial administration considered welfare reforms as part of a package intended to substitute for political change. The nascent Mauritian Labour Party used its links to the British Labour Party to apply additional pressure on the Colonial Office and, hence, the Governor in Mauritius. Welfare reform was stalled, however, by resistance from, initially, the governor and, later, the Colonial Office. It took partial democratisation in 1948 to push the local administration towards reluctant reform. The choice of tax-financed old-age pensions reflected the combination of a small and open economy, the absence of surplus land, poorly organised workers, and an effective state.
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Yeh, Chung-Yang, Hyunwook Cheng et Shih-Jiunn Shi. « Public–private pension mixes in East Asia : institutional diversity and policy implications for old-age security ». Ageing and Society 40, no 3 (25 septembre 2018) : 604–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001137.
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AbstractPrevious studies of East Asian welfare regimes focus on similarities between social security schemes. In contrast, this paper explores cross-national variations in public–private pension mixes in six welfare states: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Our research echoes the pension policy analysis of international organisations but takes a step forward with emphasis on the historical and institutional characteristics of the respective pension systems. The analysis identifies three institutional patterns. First, the statist pension system (Taiwan and China) primarily relies on public pensions to provide old-age security, with private pensions playing a rather minor role. Second, in the dualist pension system (Japan and Korea) both public and private pensions work in parallel to ensure retirement income, though a clear security gap exists between workers in the formal and informal economies. Finally, the individualist pension system (Hong Kong and Singapore) is characterised by genuine fully funded individual accounts, emphasising citizens’ own responsibilities for ensuring old-age security. These three types of pension systems demonstrate distinct institutional characteristics and policy outcomes, illustrated by the juxtaposition of their institutional structures as well as by the comparison of key indicators collected from government reports and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development statistics. The paper concludes with a theoretical reflection of East Asian pension policies and a diagnosis of the distinct challenges confronted by each of the various pension patterns.
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Visconti, Francesco. « The legislative representation of public opinion policy priorities in Italy ». Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 48, no 3 (26 février 2018) : 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2018.4.
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Normative democratic theory requires political actors in parliament and government to represent not only the citizens’ policy preferences, but also their issue priorities. This article investigates Italian dynamic agenda representation – the transmission of public priorities into the policy priorities of the Italian political system. To assess the public’s policy priorities, data on the Most Important Problem from the Eurobarometer polls are used, while the legislative agendas of the members of parliament (MPs) and government are built following the rules of the Comparative Agendas Project. The results of longitudinal analyses across 10 policy areas and 20 semesters (2003–13) suggest a persistent link between the public’s agenda and the prioritization of legislation by the Italian parliament, majority MPs, and government. Contrary to expectations, the opposition does not seem to be responsive to public opinion policy problems when introducing bills.
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Katelouzou, Dionysia, et Eva Micheler. « Investor Capitalism, Sustainable Investment and the Role of Tax Relief ». European Business Organization Law Review 23, no 1 (31 janvier 2022) : 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40804-021-00232-0.
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AbstractThis contribution examines the connection between investor capitalism and sustainable investment. It will be observed in this article that investor capitalism has gone through a structural change. Individual investors have been replaced by funds. Financial service providers have emerged that assist investors in managing and holding investments. This development coincided and was arguably facilitated by the growth in workplace and personal pensions. Pensions are subsidised by the government through tax relief. This financial contribution of the government is justified on social policy grounds. But it has the effect that pension savers, who receive substantial return by saving tax, are deprived of a reason to take an interest in how their money is invested. This not only deprives the service providers assisting pension savers from oversight from their ultimate customers. It also can help to explain why pension savers do not actively select investment products but rely on the default settings suggested by their employers. If the government is serious about encouraging investor capitalism to bring about sustainable business it should start with its own financial contribution, which has coincided with the emergence of the current model of investor capitalism, and connect pension tax relief to sustainable investment practices.
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Simonovits, András. « The Boomerang of Female40 : Seniority Pensions in Hungary, 2011–2018 ». European Journal of Social Security 21, no 3 (22 août 2019) : 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262719869527.
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In 2011, the Hungarian government introduced special seniority pensions (Female40): Females, who have accumulated at least 40 years of eligibility (related to the length of contributions), can retire at any age without actuarial benefit reduction. The elimination of other early retirement schemes in 2012 and slowly rising real wages made the policy change even more popular: the lifetime benefit was maximised at the earliest age of retirement. Since 2016, real wages have been growing rather fast; making delayed retirement attractive. Without being noticed by the public at large, Female40 has become a boomerang for its former beneficiaries as immediate retirement from 2014 causes losses rather than gains to the foregoing retirees.
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Reuter, Norbert. « Generationengerechtigkeit in der Wirtschaftspolitik. » PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 30, no 121 (1 décembre 2000) : 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v30i121.759.
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The new red-green government in Germany follows in economic policy the neoliberal aim of forced public debt reduction. Also the system of public pensions plans (with costs shared by employers and employees) will be reorganised, giving private pension funds payed by employees alone more weight. Both measures shall improve inter-generational justice. This claim is criticized as well in a fundamental manner as in consideration of the german situation.
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Mele, Valentina. « Explaining programmes for change : Electronic government policy in Italy (1993 – 2003) ». Public Management Review 10, no 1 (janvier 2008) : 21–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719030701763179.
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Bianco, Giovanni. « CHANGE IN THE ITALIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT : BUDGET BALANCING MAY ALSO JUSTIFY AN ILLEGITIMATE RECALCULATION OF PENSIONS ». International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 2, no 2 (29 décembre 2017) : 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2317.
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With the decision of October 25, 2017, in Italy the Constitutional Court has finally ruled that the needs of public finance can prevail over the rights of pensioners until an unlawful block of pension revaluation has been remedied. With the introduction of the principle of a balanced budget into the Constitution (art. 81), the foundations are laid to begin to tailor labor policies to the needs of economic and financial elite. The principle is rooted in European legislation that both the EU institutions and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) are committed to pursue exclusively the objective of price stability (and therefore, as a matter of priority, of a given political system). Only once, without prejudice to this objective, can you pursue the general policies of the Union (such as employment and wage policies). With a balanced budget - constitutionalised in 2012 - the government wanted to experiment - among other things - to what extent it can block the revaluation of pensions and state seniority benefits. At first, the Constitutional Court, in ruling no. 70/2015, ruled against the government and sentenced it to return the sums to retirees inclusive of the revaluation in 2013. In that case, the consultation has considered the constitutional principles of proportionality and adequacy of the pension (art. 36 and 38 Cost.) as taking precedent over a balanced budget (art. 81). The Government reacted: a) returning to pensioners only 2 of the 17 billion Euro taken unlawfully (by means of the so-called Poletti decree); b) sensitizing the Court on finance issues with a bill to highlight the economic consequences of the decisions of the judges in the drafting of judgements and attributing to the government the same decision regarding the manner and timing of implementation of the judicial decisions that generate financial charges onto the government coffers. Perhaps, partly as a result of this moral suasion, the consultative panel has reformulated its approach and, after a few months, the sentence no. 178/2015 formally "condemned" the Government to return to the system of seniority benefits, not from 2013 (ex tunc), but only for the future (ex nunc). The new jurisprudence of the Court has meant that - as the government desired - the principle of the requirements of a balanced budget (art. 81) outweigh the policies that protect workers (Art. 39), resulting in (huge) savings for the government at a figure that is around 35 billion Euro. Finally, with the decision of 25 October 2017, the Court considered the payment of the Poletti bonus sufficient, allowing the government to save about 80% of the subtracted revaluations.
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Jessoula, Matteo. « Pension multi-pillarisation in Italy : actors, ‘institutional gates’ and the ‘new politics’ of funded pensions ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 24, no 1 (février 2018) : 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258917748275.
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A latecomer to supplementary funded pension provision, Italy’s multi-pillarisation plan was launched in the 1990s under extremely adverse conditions. Supplementary schemes were expected to achieve universal coverage relying primarily on second pillar occupational pension funds. Twenty-five years after its launch, the comprehensive plan can hardly be called successful with respect to both coverage and the relative importance of second and third pillar institutions. Extreme variation in coverage rates between occupational categories and across economic sectors suggests, however, that these developments cannot be merely interpreted as a consequence of institutional resilience and path-dependent dynamics. The article applies an ‘actor-centred institutionalist’ framework to respond to three main questions. What explains the still limited coverage of supplementary pillars in Italy? What factors account for the prominent role played by third pillar pension schemes in contrast to policy-makers’ original intentions? Which factors allow us to understand the significant variation in coverage across both occupational categories and economic sectors?
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Pulignano, Valeria. « Union struggle and the crisis of industrial relations in Italy ». Capital & ; Class 27, no 1 (mars 2003) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981680307900101.
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This paper argues that the Berlusconi government is seeking to replace the ‘social concertation’ arrangement between government and trade unions with ‘social dialogue’ in an effort to undermine trade union ‘power’. This endeavour by the government to impose a policy of ‘social dialogue’ would severely limit trade unions' influence in economic and social policy decision-making and leave Berlusconi free to introduce reforms favouring his friends in employer organisations. One likely outcome would be the deregulation of the Italian labour market strongly damaging workers' rights.
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O’Campo, Patricia, Alix Freiler, Carles Muntaner, Elena Gelormino, Kelly Huegaerts, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina et Christiane Mitchell. « Resisting austerity measures to social policies : multiple explanatory case studies ». Health Promotion International 34, no 6 (1 octobre 2018) : 1130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day073.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Since Margaret Thatcher reached power in the United Kingdom, European governments have increasingly turned to neoliberal forms of policy-making, focusing, especially after the 2008 Great Recession on ‘austerity policies’ rather than investing in social protection policies. We applied a multiple explanatory case studies methodology to examine how and why challenges and resistance to these austerity measures are successful or not in four settings for three different social policy issues: using a gender lens in state budgeting in Andalusia (Spain), maintaining unemployment benefits in Italy and cuts to fuel poverty reduction programs in Northern Ireland and England. In particular, we intended to learn about whether resistance strategies are shared across disparate cases or whether there are unique activities that lead to successful resistance to austerity policies. As our approach drew from realist philosophy of science, we started with initial theories concerning collective action, political ideology and political power of affected populations. Our findings suggest that there are similarities between the cases we studied despite differences in political and policy contexts. We found that joint action between advocacy groups was effective in resisting cuts to social spending. Evidence also indicates that the social construction of target populations is important in resisting changes to social programmes. This was observed in both England and Northern Ireland where pensioners held significant political clout.
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SCHMÄHL, WINFRIED. « Dismantling an Earnings-Related Social Pension Scheme : Germany's New Pension Policy ». Journal of Social Policy 36, no 2 (5 mars 2007) : 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279406000626.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A paradigm shift in pension policy decided by the German red–green coalition government will considerably affect the level and structure of pension benefits as well as the mix of public and private old-age security arrangements. The article starts with a brief outline of the pension schemes as they had been designed before the recent decisions, and with a few remarks on the reasons for current reform debates. The major measures of the 2001 Pension Reform are then described. The focus of the article is on the effects of the reform for (personal) income distribution and institutional design. A partial shift from (mandatory) public (pay-as-you-go financed) pensions to (voluntary) private (capital-funded) pensions and from defined benefit towards defined contribution will, among other things, reduce the benefit level in the social pension insurance. A large number of contributors – even after many years of paying contributions – will only receive benefits below the social assistance level. It can be expected that this development will transform the present earnings-related statutory pension scheme – which has a strong contribution–benefit link and is aimed at income smoothing over the lifecycle – into a basic, highly redistributive pension scheme, aimed mainly at avoiding poverty. Income inequality in old age is expected to increase as a result of the new strategy in pension policy.
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BUCKLEY, CYNTHIA. « Obligations and expectations : renegotiating pensions in the Russian Federation ». Continuity and Change 13, no 2 (août 1998) : 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416097003032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Changing established systems of government entitlement is a thorny proposition, even for popular states with sturdy holds on the reigns of power. The Russian Federation, in the throes of a severe economic downturn, extreme political instability and social crisis, has nonetheless altered the official stance toward forms of entitlement from the previous regime. Benefits cut from the ‘social contract’ have included guaranteed employment, free post-secondary education and access to state-subsidized apartments, in attempts to redefine the lines of authority and responsibility between citizens and the state. Other lines of responsibility appear sacrosanct. The Soviet pension system, more specifically the old age and service pensions, remains in place, but with extreme delays in payment, poor indexing to the cost of living and high levels of tax evasion.In this article I examine the ways in which both the legacy of Soviet pension policies and post-1991 economic and social trends have constrained policy options concerning pension reform, particularly in reference to old age pensions, and prevented a serious re-evaluation of pension provision. The Russian Federation government inherited a pension system ill-equipped to cope with its aging population. However, the previous pension system did deliver payments on a regular basis to nearly one in five citizens before 1991. Unlike other areas of often unfulfillable social services guarantees (housing for families, quality health care and free access to higher education), the pension system represented a Soviet social programme that provided consistent direct assistance to a large proportion of the population. Pension payments were an expected entitlement.
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Iliffe, Steve, et Vari Drennan. « Assessment of older people in the community : from ‘75-and-over checks’ to National Service Frameworks ». Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 14, no 4 (novembre 2004) : 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259805001577.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Population aging, escalating costs in pensions, health care and long-term care have prompted the emergence of a new policy agenda for active aging and quality of life in old age across the European Union. In the UK, the government has made a commitment to improve services for older people through combating age discrimination, engaging with older people, better decision-making for services for older people, better meeting of older people's needs and promoting a strategic and ‘joined-up’ approach. A raft of policy initiatives not only sets the tone for service reconfiguration but also specifies objectives and time scales.
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Biggs, Andrew G. « The Long-Term Solvency of Teacher Pension Plans : How We Got to Now and Prospects for Recovery ». Educational Researcher 52, no 2 (17 février 2023) : 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x221093352.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The COVID-related financial market decline and economic recession have raised new concerns regarding the financial sustainability of retirement plans for state and local government employees, the largest group of whom is public school teachers. Using data from the Public Plans Database and the National Income and Product Accounts, I analyze teacher pension plans over the 2001–2019 period, seeking to answer questions regarding teacher pensions’ funded status, investment decisions and returns, adequacy of contributions, and generosity of benefits. These data show that teacher pension funding peaked at the beginning of the 2001–2019 period due to the tech bubble’s inflation of asset values, but then it declined thereafter due to investment returns that significantly underperformed assumptions, failures by sponsoring governments to consistently make full contributions, and increases in the generosity of pension benefits. School districts will face substantial funding challenges in the post-COVID period, as investment losses are factored into contribution rates, government revenues available to make contributions shrink, and education funding from state governments comes under pressure. I outline several policy alternatives that policymakers may consider, but none would make restoring teacher pensions to full funding a painless process.
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Upite, Inese, et Feliciana Rajevska. « Development of service pension policy in Latvia from 1996 until 2016 ». SHS Web of Conferences 51 (2018) : 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185103011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The government made a decision to terminate the development of the service pension in 1997. However, during 1998–2016 the scope of service pension beneficiaries was extended. Thereby along with the overall social insurance pension system, the social pension scheme has been established and developed for a certain range of people funded by the state budget – the system of the service pension. The aim of the article is to explore the development of the service pension policy during 1996–2016. To accomplish it, in the framework of the study concepts related to the service pensions and the tendencies of reformation of the service pension schemes were studied. The international practice and the experience of several countries were explored, as well as the analysis of legal acts, policy planning papers and statistics was performed. The purpose of the service pension has changed and diversified, moreover, the issues regarding the service pension coverage are promoted by a group of politicians, escaping a wider discussion in public and even in the government.
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Takács, Lili, et Anna Molnár. « Italy : an aspiring Mediterranean middle power wavering between bilateralism and multilateralism ». Estudos Internacionais : revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 8, no 2 (31 juillet 2020) : 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2020v8n2p47-69.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Italy managed to be an important actor in European affairs, its status as major power was several times called into question. Italy’s domestic political instability, the frequent government crises, severe economic and financial problems hinder the country’s goal to become a recognized middle power, especially in the Mediterranean region. Bilateral and multilateral tools are used alternately by government coalitions to carry out foreign policy which has been dominated by migration. Due to the afore-mentioned internal problems security and defence policy is not capable of supporting foreign policy to the necessary extent.
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Brusco, Sebastiano, et Ezio Righi. « Local government, industrial policy and social consensus : the case of Modena (Italy) ». Economy and Society 18, no 4 (novembre 1989) : 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085148900000020.
Texte intégral
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KEMP, CANDACE L., et MARGARET DENTON. « The allocation of responsibility for later life : Canadian reflections on the roles of individuals, government, employers and families ». Ageing and Society 23, no 6 (29 octobre 2003) : 737–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001363.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Set against the backdrop of an ageing population and the discourse surrounding old age, risk and the welfare state, this paper draws on 51 semi-structured life-history interviews to examine how mid- and late-life Canadians discuss and allocate responsibility for the provision of social, financial and medical supports in later life. Whatever their personal circumstances, most individuals articulated sentiments of personal responsibility for later life. Individual planning and preparation were defined as necessary to secure against the perceived individual and collective risks associated with becoming and being old. The role of the state was intimately connected to individual responsibility, as ‘deserving’ citizens were understood to have legitimate claims to state-supported pensions, health care and social programmes. Although some participants cited the provision of pensions, the least consensus concerned employers' responsibilities. Meanwhile, with the exception of emotional support, most participants had minimal expectations of their relatives or family members. Most rejected the notion that family members should provide housing, financial support or personal care. It is concluded that individual perceptions of risk and responsibility have profound connections to state support, public policy and normative patterns of familial and employer assistance in later life.
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Gibson, Dot. « Standing up for today's and tomorrow's pensioners ». Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 16, no 1 (9 mars 2015) : 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-11-2014-0034.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose – The National Pensioners’ Convention aims to challenge the case for current government policies to raise the age of retirement from paid work and to diversify routes to and amounts of pensions entitlement. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This policy-oriented commentary draws on evidence and arguments presented in the National Pensioners’ Convention Manifesto about the relative affluence of socio-economic class groups and their length of life after 65. Findings – In contrast to government claims of simplifying pensions by introducing single-tier state pensions, three different pension schemes will coexist for many years and in many cases these will provide less than current entitlements. Other universal pensioner benefits such as concessionary travel and winter fuel payments are now also the target of financial cost savings. Access to home care and residential care is increasingly restricted by service cuts and wider means testing. Practical implications – National Pensioners’ Convention Manifesto argues that the standard of care and support for older people needs to be guaranteed to be set above current poverty levels, to be linked to price and consumer indices and earnings, for universal pensioner benefits to be maintained, for a National Health and Care Service to be free at the point of use, funded through taxation and for standards to be improved through a legally binding Dignity code. Originality/value – This commentary expresses the views of a non-party campaigning organisation run by pensioners themselves to highlight their case for ways in which they may gain increased rather than decreased support for maintaining active living in later life.
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Rowlingson, Karen. « Research Round-Up ». Benefits : A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 10, no 3 (octobre 2002) : 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/mvhz4471.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research presented in this issue produces a mixed picture in terms of government performance in key social security areas. Cathie Hammond’s research on the administration of Disability Living Allowance (DLA) for people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is critical of policy in this field and provides various recommendations for improvements. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s review of unemployment rates found, reassuringly, that all areas in England had benefited from economic growth, but that some areas had benefited much more than others, leading to greater polarisation overall. The next piece of research covered here, one of four pieces commissioned by the Department for Work and Pensions, argues that the Capability Report should be retained but that various aspects of it need revision. The next piece, a survey of employers’ pension provision, also shows mixed results – with only 29% of organisations providing some kind of pension for their employees but 72% of employees covered by these pensions (because larger organisations are much more likely to have such provision). In another study, clients’ experiences of ONE are mixed, depending on the type of client they are and the way the service is delivered. The last piece ends on a positive note in terms of government policy performance. Research from the Policy Studies Institute (PSI) and National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) demonstrates the effectiveness of the New Deal for Young People in finding jobs for its target group without detrimentally affecting the employment chances of older people.
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Holtemöller, Oliver, Christoph Schult et Götz Zeddies. « Zu den rentenpolitischen Plänen im Koalitionsvertrag 2018 von CDU, CSU und SPD : Konsequenzen, Finanzierungsoptionen und Reformbedarf ». Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 67, no 3 (1 décembre 2018) : 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2018-0016.
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Abstract In the coalition agreement from February 7, 2018, the new German federal government drafts its public pension policy, which has to be evaluated against the background of demographic dynamics in Germany. In this paper, the consequences of public pensions related policy measures for the German public pension insurance are illustrated using a simulation model. In the long run, the intended extensions of benefits would lead to an increase in the contribution rate to the German public pension insurance of about two and a half percentage points. Referring to pension systems of other countries, we discuss measures in order to limit this increase in the contribution rate.
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Gaman-Golutvina, O., et M. Dudaeva. « Center-Regional Relations in Italy ». International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, no 1 (2022) : 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.1.68.6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the development of center-regional relations on the example of the Italian Republic. The pandemic has become a serious test of the effectiveness and strength of interaction between central governments and regions, and analysis of the socio-political results of almost two years of the difficult test makes it possible to clarify the understanding of the nature of modern Italian regionalism, and allows us to present a forecast for its further development. The study of this research is inscribed in a broad analytical and historical context. The conceptualization of analytical tools has been clarified, including the concepts of decentralization, regionalization, federalization, devolution, separatism, irredentism, autonomism. Political decentralization in Italy is considered in a historical retrospective by analyzing the goals, drivers and main milestones of the emergence and development of autonomist and separatist projects, including taking into account the study of the "North-South" issue. Various alternatives for the further evolution of center-periphery relations are considered, taking into account the negative impact of the pandemic. The conclusion is argued that the central government as a whole has demonstrated the ability to mobilize and pursue a flexible policy that meets social demand in key parameters, as a result of which society has rallied around the anti-crisis agenda and increased support for the central government. At this stage, it is considered that a relative public agreement has been reached taking into account the increase of current problems in case of active support of separatist political actors. Provided that the national government develops a further effective policy that keeps in mind the needs of the regions, it will help maintain the stability of the center-regional relations for the future.
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HUTTON, SANDRA. « Incomes in retirement in the UK : changes in the debate since 1996 and prospects for the future ». Ageing and Society 18, no 5 (septembre 1998) : 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x98007065.
Texte intégralRésumé :
My previous report on incomes in retirement (Hutton 1996) was written in June 1996. Almost a year later, the UK election in May 1997 led to a change in government and, in the following November, to a review of pension provision. The results of this review will be announced in a Green Paper due in the Autumn 1998. Prior to the election the political parties made statements and election pledges on pensions, so that it has been a time of some clarity of position but also, until the results of the review are published, of considerable uncertainty. The areas for debate, however, have been well set out.Two years ago I concluded:It will be interesting…to see what progress or otherwise has occurred in ensuring an adequate income in retirement, more equal provision for men and women, in the movement towards funded pensions, in the role of the state pension, and in the progress of the minimum pension guarantee. (Hutton 1996: 785)In this report I will first discuss where the debate on these issues has gone. Policy developments will then be set out, and finally I will identify questions to be asked in evaluating the pensions' review when it is published.
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Goodkind, Daniel. « Reforming the Old-Age Security System in Vietnam ». Asian Journal of Social Science 27, no 2 (1999) : 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/030382499x00093.
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AbstractOur paper examines changing systems of state support to the elderly in Vietnam, based primarily on two recent surveys in northern and southern subregions. We focus on the pension system, the most generous source of such support. Prior to 1995, pensions were primarily available to workers in the state sector. The funding system was ostensibly pay-as-you-go, yet heavily reliant on government subsidies. Our surveys reveal distinct regional patterns in the prevalence and size of pensions (as well as age at retirement), patterns we relate to Vietnam's partition and reunification. We then describe recent policy changes enacted as part of Vietnam's transition to a more market-oriented economy. A new Social Security Administration is attempting to extend old age security to employees of non-state enterprises based on enhanced employer contributions and new payroll deductions. We identify ideological, financial and demographic rationales for these reforms as well a variety of challenges to the new system.
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Walsh, James. « Politics and Exchange Rates : Britain, France, Italy, and the Negotiation of the European Monetary System ». Journal of Public Policy 14, no 3 (juillet 1994) : 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00007315.
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ABSTRACTWhen the European Monetary System was negotiated in 1978, governments in France, Britain, and Italy took very different approaches to this new international institution for coordinating exchange rate policies. The French government actively supported the creation of the European Monetary System, the Italian government entered the system but on weaker terms than the French, and the British government refused to enter the system, preferring to allow the pound to float. To explain these different policy choices, I analyze the impact of domestic politics and institutions on exchange rate policy, paying particular attention to how the organization of bank-industry relations and government instability shape policymakers' policy preferences and their abilities to implement these preferences.
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HENNESSY, ALEXANDRA. « Explaining German Selectivity Regarding European Union Pension Directives ». Journal of Public Policy 28, no 3 (décembre 2008) : 341–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x08000925.
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ABSTRACTWhy do German policymakers support some aspects of a single European pension market, but not others? This article argues that the German government’s preferences towards European Union (EU) pension directives are best explained by combining historical institutionalism (HI) and domestic discourse analysis (DA). Each approach by itself is insufficient to account for the observed variation between 1991 and 2007. Arguments based on party ideologies offer less explanatory power. HI explains why all governments – Kohl, Schröder, and Merkel – protected employer-sponsored book reserve pensions, a cornerstone of Germany’s coordinated market economy, from the scope of EU directives. DA allows us to grasp how interests were reframed. While the status quo stance of the Kohl government succeeded in delegitimizing supporters of alternative pension security concepts, the Schröder administration imposed an economically efficient pension reform without much public support. The grand coalition, in turn, abandoned Chancellor Merkel’s initial plan to expand second-tier pensions in the light of rising pressures that the Left Party posed for the Social Democratic coalition partner.
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France, George. « Emerging Policies For Controlling Medical Technology In Italy ». International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, no 2 (avril 1988) : 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300004049.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article begins by sketching out the constitutional arrangements in Italy for the distribution of powers among different levels of government. The more important characteristics of the health system are then examined in some detail, the aim being to provide a sufficient basis for understanding the analysis of technology policy which follows later. The mechanisms used for funding medical technology are next described, after which data available on the diffusion of medical equipment are illustrated. Medical technology policies at the national and regional level are examined and an attempt made to appraise their effectiveness. The article concludes with a brief analysis of the possible role played by private medicine in the diffusion of medical technology in ltaly.
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Podolskiy, Vadim A. « Social policy in Germany ». Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series : History and Law 11, no 6 (2021) : 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2021-11-6-145-155.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Relevance. German social policy solutions became an example for imitation for other countries, including Russia, and are usually considered to be a standard due to their coverage and efficiency. Studying the German experience is valuable for development of the political science and for reforming the social policy systems. Purpose – to describe the origins and implementation of the social state in Germany. Objectives: to present the development and functioning of the pension and medical insurance systems, unem-ployment insurance and measures of the public social support. Methodology: comparative and historical approach, analysis of legal documents and institutions. Results. The foundations of the social assistance in Germany were created in the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, with introduction of programs of insurance funding for medical expenses and old-age and disability pensions, followed by unemployment insurance. The system operates for more than a century and effectively accomplishes the task of risk pooling, and it mainly relies on self-government. In the second half of the XX century the law that regulated the social assistance in Germany was extended significantly, the burden on the budget increased, as well as size of the insurance contributions. Citizens obtained the right for family benefits, the role of the housing benefits, unemployment and low-income support was increased. In the end of the XX century Germany introduced insurance to fund the long-term care. Conclusion. A developed system of social support exists in Germany, it relies on centuries-old traditions of local and corporative mutual help, with coordination and subsidies coming from the federal centre. The most powerful elements of the German social policy, which secure its’ efficiency, are historically established self-government and soli-darity
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Diakovych, Lina. « Problematic aspects of the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine ». Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no 2(92) (3 mars 2019) : 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.02.071.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction. In order to further move towards the European Economic Area, Ukraine needs to take pension reform measures. Pension provision in Ukraine has to be profoundly reformed in terms of regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine. What is of particular importance is improving Ukraine’s laws and methods for calculation and pension payments to citizens. Another important focus of the reform agenda is to define categories of people eligible for old-age pensions, disability pensions, and long- service pensions. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to interpret the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine; to describe changes in pension payments before and after the reform was implemented; to highlight ways of improving pension payments in terms of regulations and legislation. Methods. The research methods used in the article include: analysis; comparison; historical method to consider the legislative framework for calculating pensions at different periods of time. Results. The regulatory and legal framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine is a complex system comprising the Constitution of Ukraine, the Laws of Ukraine, the Labour Code of Ukraine, decrees, Presidential decrees, International agreements and laws of the USSR. Some of these regulations and legislation need to be revised and amended in order to bring them in line with contemporary practices and modern standards. It is claimed that since 2017, Ukraine’s government has been implementing the pension reform aimed at relieving the pressure on the working-age population and improving living standards for retired people. In particular, the retirement age has been raised, eligibility criteria for preferential pensions have been revised, and methods for calculating pensions have been changed. The Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine argues that the new pension reform is expected to enhance social, labour and post-retirement relations, to increase tax revenues through reporting real salaries, to develop a framework of social justice when calculating pensions. The author points out that the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions is outdated at this stage and it requires changes. The considered changes are as follows: the establishment of a working group for entitlement of preferential pensions; the introduction of wage differentials by industries and occupations; the increase of pensions in line with inflation and age; the implementation of notional defined contribution pension system; the introduction of the new Labour Code and Pension Code, which are expected to regulate labour and post-retirement relations and meet modern standards. It is also indicated that continued employment should be enforced by legislation and a system of granting advantages and social security benefits to those who retire later needs to be developed. In terms of legislation, sufficient regard should be given to non-state pension schemes, defined contribution pension systems, and the principle of fairness when it comes to pension entitlements. It is also crucial to adjust pension amounts and retirement age to align with the sustainability ratio and the average life expectancy. Discussion. Further research of regulatory and legal framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine should be focused on the development of the Pension Code and improvement of the existing laws relative to pension calculation and payment. The author also suggests differentiating minimum wages by industries and regions and countering the illicit labour market and campaigning against payments ‘in envelope’, because official wages are the basis for calculating pensions.