Articles de revues : « Pensions – European Union countries »

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Lourdelle, Henri. « Social protection and enlargement : challenges for the candidate countries and the European Union ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 9, n^o 1 (février 2003) : 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900110.

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The central and eastern European countries have undergone radical change, both political and social, since the start of the 1990s. Social protection systems have not been immune to the upheavals. But how should these countries go about establishing pension and healthcare schemes which reconcile the need both for reform and solidarity? How can they resist the temptation to privatise their social security systems, while seeking to keep costs under control and rationalise resources? This article takes stock of the reforms undertaken by these countries in the field of both pensions and health systems, exploring the motivations behind them and their compatibility with the models currently existing within the European Union.

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Єлагін Віктор Павлович et Мартиненко Наталія Василівна. « АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ ПЕНСІЙНИХ ВНЕСКІВ В КРАЇНАХ – ЧЛЕНАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ : ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ ». International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, n^o 2(44) (28 février 2020) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/28022020/6910.

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The article analyzes the state management of pension systems for the organization of the exercise of powers to administer pension contributions in the countries − members of the European Union. The models of organization of administration of pension contributions are investigated. As suggestions for priority areas of modernizing the pension system of Ukraine on the example of the experience of countries − members of the European Union, the following are highlighted: attracting employees to participate in financing the pension system; the introduction of mandatory funded pensions with the payment of additional contributions by employees in excess of the unified social contribution to compulsory state pension insurance and the transition to a conditional savings system; differentiation of the unified social contribution rate for compulsory state pension insurance taking into account the state of economic development of the regions (high, medium, below average).

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Mason, D. C., R. L. M. Arnold, R. E. Clark, T. E. Crowter, A. I. Johnston, S. M. Neil et A. N. Walton. « A consideration of book reserve schemes ». Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 121, n^o 3 (1994) : 491–559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100020291.

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AbstractWith the financial services industries in the member countries of the European Union coming under increasing attention resulting in relaxation of cross border controls, this paper addresses some pensions matters in this European context and how they may relate to the U.K. The main theme of the paper is the book reserve approach to pensions provision. Details of the German book reserve method are provided before developing possible ways in which this philosophy could be introduced into the U.K. These possibilities are assessed and consideration given to the effect they may have on the economy, commerce, the pension fund industry and, not least, the actuarial profession in the U.K.

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Gzik, Monika. « Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union : an empirical study ». Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 84, n^o 2 (30 juin 2022) : 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2022.84.2.15.

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The purpose of the article is to indicate the need to popularize knowledge in Poland about the coordination of retirement pensions in the EU and to present good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected countries covered by the coordination regulation. The following research hypothesis has been presented: the level of Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union is low. The author’s own research was carried out based on the quantitative CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) method. The research included a survey sample with a total of 1,000 respondents. The nationwide survey was carried out among the Polish working population. The author's own research focuses precisely on the international aspect of pensions coordination. The research confirmed the low level of Poles' knowledge about coordination. Poles do not know whether Polish workers migrating within the European labour market can benefit from EU regulations that make it easier to receive a pension and retirement benefits, or whether the social insurance contribution periods for work performed abroad count when determining the right to receive Polish retirement benefits. The article presents good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected EU countries – Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, as a basis for creating recommendations for Poland.

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Denys, Marjolein, David Pratt et Yves Stevens. « A comparative analysis of the information duties in Belgian and American occupational pensions ». European Journal of Social Security 22, n^o 1 (mars 2020) : 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262720912850.

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Both the United States of America and Belgium attach great importance to communication duties in occupational pensions. Several legal sources in both countries provide the right to be informed to participants. The legislation in both countries seeks to ensure accurate, correct, transparent and understandable communication. Despite this resemblance, there are some differences in communication. The countries can learn from one another. Based on a theoretical framework developed in and for the European Union, the communication rights and duties in the USA and Belgium are analysed. This analysis leads to a better understanding of the different legal responsibilities, transparency rules, simplification efforts and technical correctness of the types of occupational pension information analyzed.

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Rodrigues, João, Ana C. Santos et Nuno Teles. « Financialisation of pensions in semi-peripheral Portugal ». Global Social Policy 18, n^o 2 (23 novembre 2017) : 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018117742826.

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This article aims at contributing to the literature on the financialisation of pensions in Europe by examining the transformations occurring in semi-peripheral Portugal. The Portuguese case accounts for the variegated nature of financialisation in general, and of pension provision in particular, throughout Europe. While the country followed similar processes to those of core European Union (EU) countries, leading to an increasingly integrated financial sector in the international arena, this integration was mainly led by the banking sector rather than by capital markets. This helps account for the relatively reduced role of private retirement income products in the country. Nonetheless, the Portuguese pension system has been equally subject to reform, aiming at reducing its weight in public expenditure. The result is a contraction in coverage and benefit without achieving an equivalent match in supplementary private forms of pension provision. Under a prolonged period of stagnation and crisis, the deterioration of State pensions for the majority continues while a residual private, outward-oriented and foreign-owned pension sector grows for the most affluent, further exposing the systemic and variegated nature of financialisation processes in the semi-periphery.

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Hohnerlein, Eva Maria. « Pension indexation for retirees revisited – Normative patterns and legal standards ». Global Social Policy 19, n^o 3 (17 avril 2019) : 246–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119842028.

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Maintaining adequate pension levels throughout the entire retirement phase is a persistent challenge in old-age protection. Most public pension schemes in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries provide for some form of indexation for pensions in payment. These mechanisms have been object of frequent revisions for different purposes, in particular across Europe. This article explores the social and financial policy objectives linked to standard indexation parameters in public pension schemes, and offers a rough taxonomy of additional factors used to modify traditional indexation arrangements, with a special focus on changing rules and practices adopted in the European Union (EU) area after the 2008 international economic and financial crisis. Analysis suggests that early responses were mainly driven by cost containment ideas, whereas more recently, a subtle shift towards adequacy-oriented interventions can be noticed. The article argues that restrictive pension indexation rules in combination with overall retrenchment of public pension provision fail to take into account the increasing duration of retirement and corresponding pension erosion. Such failure calls into question not only income security during retirement as a major objective of old-age pensions but also compliance with international standards of social security set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Council of Europe. More social policy research is needed in view of the increasing complexities of indexation rules, as shortfalls in indexation can cause significant impairment in the living conditions of older pensioners, predominantly women.

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Arcanjo, Manuela. « Retirement Pension Reforms in Six European Social Insurance Schemes between 2000 and 2017 : More Financial Sustainability and More Gender Inequality ? » Social Policy and Society 18, n^o 4 (28 septembre 2018) : 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746418000398.

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In 2000, the European Union established three principles that should guide Member State pension systems and their reforms: the financial sustainability of pension systems; adequacy of pensions; and the modernisation of systems. The latter included the achievement of greater gender equality and sought to respond to the significant gender gaps in public pension systems. This article demonstrates how the reforms carried out over the period 2000–2017 have focused on strengthening the financial sustainability of systems but may also have contributed to even greater gender inequality in old age protection. To this end, we examine the major legislative amendments concerning eligibility criteria and entitlement conditions in six countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain), as representative of the social insurance scheme.

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Ring, Patrick, et Roddy McKinnon. « The ‘Pillared-Privatisation’ of Pension Provision in the European Union : The Case of the United Kingdom ». European Journal of Social Security 4, n^o 1 (mars 2002) : 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1016564310588.

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Across the European Union, national governments are re-assessing the institutional mechanisms through which pension provision is delivered. This articles sets the debate within the wider context of the ‘pillared’ structural analysis often adopted by international institutions when discussing pensions reform. It then sets out a detailed discussion of developments in the UK, arguing that the UK is moving towards a model of reform akin to that promoted by the World Bank – referred to here as ‘pillared-privatisation’. The themes of this model indicate more means-testing, greater private provision, and a shift of the burden of risk from the government to individuals. An assessment is then made of the implications of UK developments for other EU countries. It is suggested that while there are strong reasons to think that other countries will not travel as far down the road of ‘pillared-privatisation’ as the UK, this should not be taken as a ‘given’.

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Gzik, Monika. « Dobre praktyki popularyzacji wiedzy o koordynacji systemów emerytalnych w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej ». Politeja 17, n^o 3(66) (25 juin 2020) : 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.66.08.

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Good Practices to Disseminate Knowledge about Coordination of Pension Systems in Selected European Union Countries. Recommendations for Poland More and more Poles are using EU regulations coordinating pension systems. These are both people who currently live in another EU country as well as people who return to Poland after working abroad. The method of analysing the literature on the subject was used and the studies on the knowledge, opinions and attitudes of Poles regarding social insurance in Poland and the coordination of pension benefits were reviewed. An analysis of current national surveys indicates that the level of this knowledge is very low. Knowledge about EU legislation functions at the expert and scientific level. The use of European experience regarding the dissemination of knowledge on the coordination of pensions seems to be necessary; therefore, selected initiatives of popularization of the knowledge in selected EU Member States were presented, thus creating recommendations for Poland.

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Zaidi, Asghar, et Aaron George Grech. « Pension policy in EU25 and its impact on pension benefits ». Benefits : A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 15, n^o 3 (octobre 2007) : 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/yvwo6661.

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This article provides a brief summary of the most recent changes in public pension policies in the countries of the European Union and describes how they affect pension benefits for future pensioners. The pension systems in Europe have been changing fast. The common trends are that the generosity of public pension benefits is on the decline, the changes are likely to shift more risks towards individuals and there are fewer possibilities of redistribution. Our analyses point towards the importance of a more comprehensive assessment of these reforms so as to reduce the risk of pensioner poverty in the future.

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Grødem, Anne Skevik, Anniken Hagelund, Jon M. Hippe et Christine Trampusch. « Beyond coverage : the politics of occupational pensions and the role of trade unions. Introduction to special issue ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 24, n^o 1 (février 2018) : 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258917747842.

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As public pensions are being retrenched across Europe there is an ongoing shift towards occupational pensions. But the trend is not uniform, and this special issue demonstrates the huge variations in occupational pension systems. This introductory article introduces the politics of this shift. We first outline how occupational pensions deviate from textbook social policy. Industrial relations and the challenges trade unions face feature more strongly than in public social policies. Also, the schemes themselves may take the shape of individual savings schemes, as opposed to the more redistributive arrangements of public social policies. We suggest that theoretical approaches such as the literature on embedded markets (inspired by Polyani), and on the shifting nature of industrial relations as well as on ‘issue networks’ (inspired by Heclo) will be helpful. The article provides an overview of the state of knowledge, building on recent European comparative studies. We argue that it is time to move beyond comparisons of coverage rates and turn attention towards the many dimensions along which occupational pensions vary between countries and within countries.

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Zdravkovic, Aleksandar, Ivana Domazet et Vladimir Nikitovic. « Impact of demographic ageing on sustainability of public finance in Serbia ». Stanovnistvo 50, n^o 1 (2012) : 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1201019z.

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Population ageing is a global phenomenon without precedent in the history of humanity having implications in all facets of life. From an economic point of view, population ageing is certainly one of the biggest challenges of modern time. A consequence of these global demographic tendencies reflected in growing number of pensioners which negatively affects sustainability of public pension systems financed by the principle of intergenerational solidarity (Pay-As-You-Go) - widely represented in public pension schemes of European countries. In this paper, impact of demographic ageing on pension systems is analyzed in the context of sustainability of public finance in Serbia in the period 2010-2050. Although the comparative analysis of the pension expenditure share in gross domestic product (GDP) does not point to significant differences between Serbia and the countries in the neighborhood and the European Union, the growth trend of subsidizing the Pension Fund from the government budget endangers medium-term sustainability of the public pension system in Serbia, bearing in mind that the implementation of measures proposed in pension reforms can be valorized only in the long run. The main objective of the analysis is projecting long-term pension expenditure as a share of GDP. The projections were formed indirectly by modeling the average pension expenditure, because this variable incorporates both growth in the total pension expenditure and growth in the number of pensioners as a result of demographic trends, and better reflects the actual growth of pension expenditure. For the purposes of the analysis, in addition to the projection of real GDP growth, size of the inactive population aged 65 and over, as the main contingent of the pension system users and the total number of pensioners, was projected by means of stochastic cohort component methodology. Based on these projections and assumptions about the growth rate of average pension expenditure (three scenarios), the projections of total pension expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) are produced for the period 2010-2050. The results indicate that the growth rate of pension expenditure over the past few years is unsustainable in the long run. However, there is fiscal space for continuous real growth of pensions that does not jeopardize the budget deficit on the medium term, and leads to long-term reduction of the share of pension expenditures in GDP. The proposed change would not affect sustainability of the pension system and consequently public finance in Serbia, even in completely certain circumstances of significant increase in the number of elderly and their pressure on the workforce. In this context, critical review of the current government approach to the pension growth dynamics was given from the perspective of medium-term sustainability of pension system, which resulted in appropriate recommendations. Generally, the intent of the Government of the Republic of Serbia on the indexation of pensions represent a good solution long term, but the premise of increasing pensions for a part of real GDP growth, if it is higher than 4%, is subject to criticism from the point of view of medium-term sustainability. The crisis cycle of the Serbian economy, similarly to that on a global level, has its maximum and minimum phase. After a maximum of the crisis is reached, there should be a few years of economic stagnation followed by gradual, and then by faster economic growth. Due to the projection of a relatively higher rate of economic growth and GDP in a future economic recovery, there is an increased risk that such a growth could be followed by sudden jumps in the growth of pensions, which could result in unsustainable funding of pension system. Therefore, the Government should impose some limitations in terms of the maximum increase in pension per annum in case of intensive and high economic growth.

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Miles, David. « The Implications of Switching from Unfunded to Funded Pension Systems ». National Institute Economic Review 163 (janvier 1998) : 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019816300109.

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This article analyses the implications of switching from unfunded to funded pension systems. It is plausible that in the long run and on average people would be better off if pensions were funded. But in the transition from an unfunded to a funded scheme funds need to be accumulated and that requires national saving to be higher. While deficit financing can, under certain circumstances, help spread the burden of the transition across generations the scale of extra debt that might be needed in many European countries is problematic in the context of Monetary Union. Ultimately, it is likely to prove hard to make significant headway towards greater funding of pensions in Europe without some people being worse off. The task is harder the more generous are existing state pensions, the more rapid is the ageing of the population and the more constrained is the government in using deficit financing. Given all this the UK is in a relatively good position (vis a vis rest of Europe) to complete a transition which, arguably, began almost twenty years ago. Things are much tougher on the Continent.But there are more than transitional issues. Unfunded pension schemes can help people insure against shocks that affect particular generations and because such schemes often involve intra-generational redistribution (because linkage between contributions made and pensions subsequently received is often quite low), as well as inter-generational transfers, they can help compensate for missing insurance markets. A key question for those who advocate a complete move to funded schemes is how the redistributive and insurance roles that are played, to varying extents, by state-run, unfunded pension schemes could be achieved by other means.

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А.С., Луценко. « Моделювання ефективного фіскального регулювання економіки України в умовах євроінтеграції ». Economics and Management, n^o 86(1) (28 février 2020) : 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36919/2312-7812.1.2020.45.

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The experience of fiscal regulation in the countries of the Visegrad Group (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia), which are relatively new members of the European Union, have carried out quite large-scale consolidation of budgets under the influence of supranational fiscal regulation of the European Union. Specific features of fiscal regulation in the Visegrad Group countries and Ukraine have been identified, namely: low level of social security (compared to EU Member States with developed economies); lower level of budget expenditures to GDP of countries (compared to EU Member States with developed economies); more developed indirect taxation than developed countries. The toolkit of consolidation of budgets in the countries of the European Union is specified: measures of increase of budget revenues (increase of tax rates, expansion of the tax base, refusal of privileges and others); measures to reduce budget expenditures (reduction of public sector consumption through wage cuts and others); measures aimed at changing the pension regime (increasing the retirement age, reducing the payment of pensions); measures aimed at reforming social transfers (reduction of payments, abolition of benefits and bonuses). It is found that two approaches are usually used to determine the budgetary consolidation period of the Visegrad Group countries: a quantitative one that operates on a set of indicators that characterize the volume of fiscal impulse; narrative that relies on monitoring regulatory documents. It was determined that one of the main tools for increasing the budget revenues of the Visegrad Group countries was social payments, which are the most stable sources, which are almost independent of macroeconomic dynamics. This was the reason for the nationalization of the pension system in Hungary and Poland. The mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy is proposed. It is argued that the objects of this mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the economy of Ukraine are the budgetary and tax systems, and the subjects - the state, represented by bodies and services that apply the methods and instruments of fiscal regulation. The main tasks of this mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy are outlined: balancing of budget indicators; assistance in reducing public debt; optimization of tax burden; control over the impact on GDP growth. The principles of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy are highlighted: scientific validity; systematic; legislative regulation; continuity; efficiency; reconciliation of interests; adaptation; complexity.

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Mirkov, Andjelka, et Zeljka Manic. « Perceptions of the fairness of income distribution in Serbia : A comparative perspective ». Sociologija 63, n^o 2 (2021) : 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2102203m.

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The paper examines perceptions of the fairness of income distribution in Serbia from a comparative perspective. The analysis is based on data collected under Round 9 of the European Social Survey in 2018/2019. Perceptions of the fairness of personal income in Serbia are compared with those from three post- Yugoslav countries (Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia) and three developed capitalist countries (Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The research findings indicate that the vast majority of Serbian citizens perceive their personal income (gross and net pay, pensions and social benefits) as being unfairly low. From a comparative perspective, it is noticeable that the perceived fairness of income distribution is influenced by a contextual variable that combines the effects of economic development, degree of income inequality and path dependency. Income from work (gross and net pay) is more often perceived as unfairly low in the post-Yugoslav countries of the Western Balkans (Serbia and Montenegro) than in the post-Yugoslav countries that are members of the European Union (Croatia and Slovenia). When it comes to perceptions of the fairness of pensions and social benefits, the two groups of the post-Yugoslav countries do not differ from each other. All types of income are more likely to be perceived as unfairly low in the Western Balkan states than in the developed capitalist countries.

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Gorlin, Y. M., A. A. Salmina et V. Y. Lyashok. « Empirical pension indicators : Cross-country comparisons and methodology for Russia ». Journal of the New Economic Association 52, n^o 4 (2021) : 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-52-4-5.

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The article proposes a system of empirical indicators for Russia, taking into account the analysis of foreign and Russian approaches to assessing the adequacy of the level of pension provision. One group of the indicators, designed for crosscountry comparisons, is based on the methodology of the European Commission. The results of calculations of the proposed indicators on Russian data are presented, which made it possible to compare the level of pensions in Russia and European Union countries. The article defines the limitations of indicators for cross-country comparisons in terms of assessing the level of pension payments within the Russian system of compulsory pension insurance. For more adequate assessment of the adequacy of payments, the second group of indicators was developed that take into account the particularities of the Russian pension system. A distinctive feature of the proposed approach to the assessment of empirical indicators is that they are focused primarily on assessing the adequacy of the actual pension payments in terms of fulfilling the functions assigned to them - protection from poverty, compensation (replacement) of wages and ensuring the balance of income. The authors propose to evaluate these indicators not only on the data of population surveys, as is most common in foreign practice, but also on the administrative data of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

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Lakotová, Lenka. « Long-term Sustainability of Pension Systems of European Union Countries ». Politická ekonomie 69, n^o 1 (5 mars 2021) : 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1307.

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Dovhan, Zhanna, et Igor Kravchuk. « MODERN TRENDS OF PRIVATE PENSION INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Economic Analysis, n^o 27(4) (2017) : 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.04.124.

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Introduction. Current demographic trends and social and economic models initiate the challenges regarding the possibility of adequate pension provision of the population in many European countries. International organizations forecasts confirm the need to diversify the sources of pension benefits to the population by accelerating the development of private pension institutions. At the same time effective regulation environment of pension assets management should be provided. It must be done because of their important social value and interrelationship with financial markets, in particular in the aspect of their stable functioning. Purpose. The article aims to identify the key elements of the financial institutions functioning regarding pension assets managing in the European market. They can be determinants of the intensification of regulation modernization of private pension sector in terms of social and financial stability. Method (methodology). Structural and dynamics and correlation analysis of the private pension institutions activities in the European financial market have been considered in this research. Results. The features of EU private pension systems modern trends have been determined. They indicate an increase in financial fragility (in some countries) through the predominance of structures with a defined benefit among occupational pension programs. They also show a growth of share of more risky investments in the instruments of collective investment institutions in the structure of pension investment portfolios, high concentration of cross-border pension assets, sensitivity to cross-border contagion, taking into consideration the low values of home bias and the strategies homogeneity. Low levels of private pension programs coverage of the population, as well as a minor role in the economy (the ratio of pension assets to GDP) in many EU countries demonstrate the feasibility of stimulation the financial industry development. The key characteristics determine the necessity of development of prudential regulations (reduction of pension systems fragility), and stimulation regulations (standards implementation for the development of pan-European personal pension products, which will be standardized by main characteristics).

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Attia, Nicole, et Valérie Bérenger. « European integration and social convergence : A qualitative appraisal ». Panoeconomicus 56, n^o 1 (2009) : 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0901003a.

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Although with the Maastricht Treaty, European construction took a remarkable step forward, the robust pillar of the single currency started to shake the other one: the social welfare systems. The main goal of this contribution is to study the evolution of Social Protection in Europe by questioning the existence of a convergence between the different social welfare systems and the impact of the Treaty of Maastricht on this process. The evolution of the social protection concept in Europe, the reforms implemented in the most important domains of social protection: pensions, health and employment are analyzed. A common philosophy clearly appears. The welfare State is receding, calling more and more upon market mechanisms. Furthermore, the traditional binary typology is changing and countries are becoming more similar in their financing methods. We can thus say that a process of social convergence seems well and truly underway in the European Union.

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Blikhar, Mariia, Tamara Mazur, Iryna Yevkhutych et Oksana Onyshko. « ECONOMIC AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF ENSURING GENDER EQUALITY IN UKRAINE AND THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 4, n^o 45 (5 septembre 2022) : 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.4.45.2022.3837.

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The purpose of the article is to study the economic and legal foundations of ensuring gender equality in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. In the process of the research, it is established that the strengthening of the processes of globalization and reformatting of the world economic order lead to the need to ensure gender equality in the context of international human rights activities. The problem of equalizing the rights and opportunities of men and women for a long time has been the object of legal regulation, as there are processes of strengthening gender asymmetry, manifested in gender violence, significant gender gaps in the labor market, in terms of wages and pensions, gender segregation, a significant level of gender inequality in the economy and critical in politics, as well as in individual inconsistencies in the legal provision of countries with European norms. It is found that highly developed countries have a better potential to ensure high indicators of gender equality, as evidenced by the high values of the Global Gender Gap Index, while countries with a lower level of development are able to ensure a minimal gender gap in access to education and health care, and in relation to women's participation in economic life and politics, there are significant problems and obstacles. It is found that the current legislation of Ukraine needs improvement in terms of strengthening criminal liability for committing gender-based violence, and at the European level, the need to find and justify effective methods of ensuring gender equality regarding women's access to political life is noted. In order to identify common features of ensuring gender equality in the countries of the European Union and distinguish Ukraine's place among them according to the Global Gender Gap Index, it is proposed to conduct a cluster analysis, the results of which indicate the division of the countries of the European Union into three groups depending on the level of gender equality in them: countries with high level, medium level countries and low-level countries. Indicators of gender equality in Ukraine showed that it belongs to the third group, which indicates the deepening of the problems of gender inequality.

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Vukovic, Drenka. « Social implication of demographic changes in the European Union countries ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n^o 121 (2006) : 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0621423v.

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The process of demographic changes in European countries is characterized by greater and greater ageing of the population, as a result of the decline in the rate of natural increase and the rise in life expectancy. Europeans have less and less children, they live longer and face the problems how to ensure a safe old age. Noticed trends of change will be intensified till the middle of the new millennium (2050), when the following situation is expected: the decline in the number of children (0-14 years) for almost 20% and the active-working population (15-64), while there will be more "old persons" (65-79) for more than 44%, and "the oldest" persons (80 or more) for even 180%. Ageing of the population characterizes all regions, but is specially pronounced in the countries in the south and countries in transition. Faced with the challenges of the disturbances in the demographic structure, the members of the European Union (25) developed an entire spectrum of measures and activities to prevent the negative social-economic consequences. Creation of "the policy of ageing" at the Union level develops within the co-ordination (OMC) of the process of modernization of the social security system (old-age pension insurance, health insurance, social and child protection); it also implies the creation of conditions for "the active old age" (increase in employment and staying as long as possible on the job market), the development of "the new forms of solidarity" between generations (as a consequence of the increase of the coefficient of dependency between active working and supported population), preventing poverty and social exclusion, etc. Strategic documents, directions and national action-plans determined the concrete measures needed to face the demographic challenges.

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Leppik, Lauri. « Co-Ordination of Pensions in the European Union : The Case of Mandatory Defined-Contribution Schemes in the Central and Eastern European Countries ». European Journal of Social Security 8, n^o 1 (mars 2006) : 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270600800103.

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Bonea, Georgiana Virginia. « Analiza sociodemografică a fenomenului îmbătrânirii populației cu implicații asupra sistemului românesc de pensii ». Sociologie Romaneasca 19, n^o 1 (31 mai 2021) : 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/sr.19.1.5.

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The first part of the study has as it’s main objective to expose a brief socio-demographic analysis on the problem of aging population, both in Romania and in other European Union countries. The second part of the study follows the implications that the aging population phenomenon has on the Romanian state pension system. Also, the paper proposes an investigation of the risks to which the population aged 65 years and over is exposed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on specific comorbidities. To form an overview of these aspects, it will be used secondary data research, with information from public institutions such as: the National Institute of Statistics; Ministry of Internal Affairs; National House of Public Pensions; The Government of Romania; Financial Supervisory Authority; Eurostat; World Health Organization; United Nations Organization; Organization for Economic Co-operationand Development; as well as specific legislation and updated specialized literature. The last part of the study offers a series of conclusions which will result in several general solutions to the aging population problem.

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Holzmann, Robert. « Starting Over in Pensions : The Challenges Facing Central and Eastern Europe1 ». Journal of Public Policy 17, n^o 2 (mai 1997) : 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00003548.

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ABSTRACTAll countries in Central and Eastern Europe require rapid and drastic restructuring of their public pension schemes for macro- and microeconomic reasons. While initial considerations were geared towards streamlining the unfunded scheme, reducing many distortions and making it financially sound, some transition economies initiated reform plans for a move from unfunded to funded retirement income provision. The paper reviews the need for reform and surveys the discussion and current plans before addressing three central open questions: How to structure the first and unfunded tier? How to finance the transition toward the second and funded tier? What are the minimum financial sector requirements before funded provisions can be initiated? The success of the current pension reform efforts in Central Europe will have an important bearing on developments throughout Europe. A failure in one transition economy caused by bad design, unprojected deficits, or insufficient financial market preparation could discredit a funded pension system in the whole region; a successful move towards an unfunded-funded multi-tier pension scheme in Eastern Europe could positively stimulate the discussion of pension reform in the European Union.

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Almakaeva, Anna, et Veronika Kostenko. « Portability of Pension Rights in the EurAsEC Countries and the European Union ». Journal of Economic Sociology 15, n^o 4 (2014) : 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2014-4-53-67.

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Darvas, Zsolt. « Economic growth and income distribution implications of public spending and tax decisions ». Society and Economy 42, n^o 4 (20 novembre 2020) : 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00025.

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AbstractBoth the level and composition of public expenditures and revenues have implications for economic development, as argued by the ‘fiscal multiplier’ and the ‘quality of public finance’ literature. Public finance decisions also influence the distribution of income. By reviewing the literature, I argue for a fair distribution of income as reflected in low income inequality, not particularly because of the impact of income inequality on long-term growth (which is a controversial issue), but primarily because income inequality typically implies inequality of opportunity. European Union countries have very diverse public finance structures and different levels of effectiveness, and there is room for improvement in growth and equality impacts in all countries. A general guideline would be that the most effective approach comprises progressive taxes and inheritance taxes, spending on education, health and public infrastructure, and better government effectiveness. At the height of the 2008 global and the subsequent European financial and economic crises, the fiscal consolidation strategies of EU countries largely relied on cutting public investment and social spending (except pensions), which is the opposite of what is suggested in the literature. Better fiscal rules and good fiscal institutions are needed to safeguard growth- and distribution friendly expenditures in a crisis.

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Wilkie, A. D. « Notes for a Discussion on the European Single Currency ». British Actuarial Journal 3, n^o 2 (1 juin 1997) : 277–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700004979.

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ABSTRACTThis paper forms notes for discussions about the European single currency at the Institute of Actuaries and the Faculty of Actuaries. The author assumes (and hopes) that the single currency will start on time in 1999, with most of the Member States of the European Union included. The key dates are 1 January 1999, when the exchange rates between currencies will become irrevocably locked and become conversion rates, and 2002, when euro notes and coins will be introduced, and the retail banking sector will convert to euros. The advantages of a single currency are potentially very great; the costs are also considerable. Governments of Member States will no longer be able to get a competitive advantage by devaluing their currency, or be able to choose an inflation rate that is different from that of the E.U. as a whole. The key document is the Maastricht Treaty, and the conversion criteria included therein are discussed. The author concludes that, if governments choose to interpret the criteria leniently, all countries, except possibly Greece, will be included in 1999, with Greece joining a year or two later. Some of the practical considerations for actuaries, including life insurance, general insurance, pensions, banking and investment are mentioned. The paper is not comprehensive, and is a personal contribution to stimulate discussion.

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HEISIG, JAN PAUL, BRAM LANCEE et JONAS RADL. « Ethnic inequality in retirement income : a comparative analysis of immigrant–native gaps in Western Europe ». Ageing and Society 38, n^o 10 (4 mai 2017) : 1963–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000332.

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ABSTRACTPrevious research unequivocally shows that immigrants are less successful in the labour market than the native-born population. However, little is known about whether ethnic inequality persists after retirement. We use data on 16 Western European countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004–2013) to provide the first comparative study of ethnic inequalities among the population aged 65 and older. We focus on the retirement income gap (RIG) between immigrants from non-European Union countries and relate its magnitude to country differences in welfare state arrangements. Ethnic inequality after retirement is substantial: after adjusting for key characteristics including age, education and occupational status, the average immigrant penalty across the 16 countries is 28 per cent for men and 29 per cent for women. Country-level regressions show that income gaps are smaller in countries where the pension system is more redistributive. We also find that easy access to long-term residence is associated with larger RIGs, at least for men. There is no clear evidence that immigrants’ access to social security programmes, welfare state transfers to working-age households or the strictness of employment protection legislation affect the size of the RIG.

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Jimon, Ștefania Amalia, Nicolae Balteș et Florin Cornel Dumiter. « Empirical Approaches Upon Pension Systems in Central and Eastern European Countries. Triangle Assessment : Free Movement of People, Labor Market and Population Health Features ». Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 30, n^o 1 (1 mars 2020) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2020-0001.

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AbstractNowadays, around the world, it can be noticed an important trend towards the pension system reforms. The creation of the European fiscal space, the effects of globalization and the movement of the labour force are important vectors towards creating a new type of social economy. The labour force is constantly moving around the countries that gathered important amounts of capital, especially in industrialized countries. Moreover, the lower levels of the birth rate combined with the increasing level of death rate unbalance the labour market. The entire European continent undergoes a demographical transition period, highlighted by aging and intensive migration. This phenomenon is registered both outside and inside the European Union, especially upon the highest industrialized Western countries. In this context, the human capital role and quality gain an important topic throughout the social and economic developments. In this article, we tackle some important aspects regarding the correlation between the actual status quo of population structure and some important features of future pension systems.

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Daykin, C. D., et D. Lewis. « A Crisis of Longer Life : Reforming Pension Systems ». British Actuarial Journal 5, n^o 1 (1 avril 1999) : 55–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700000404.

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ABSTRACTSocial security pension schemes around the world are facing a number of problems, of which demographic ageing is the most commonly discussed. This paper provides an overview of expected future demographic developments in European Union and some other OECD countries, and evaluates some of the range of solutions which have been, or are being, considered to address this and other problems facing social security in the late 1990s, drawing on examples from OECD countries, from Latin America and from central and eastern Europe. Consideration is given to the possibilities for increasing the level of funding in social security pension schemes or developing funded complementary pension schemes.

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Rakhmonov, Dilshodjon Alidjonovich. « Improvement of the Pension System in Uzbekistan : Through the Experience of the European Union Countries ». Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance 4, n^o 1 (2016) : 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2016.04.01.006.

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MICLE, Ionel-Calin, Corina-Florina TĂTAR, Marcu Simion STAȘAC, Marius I. STUPARIU, Liviu BUCUR, Vasile GRAMA, Gyula NAGY et Cezar MORAR. « PERSPECTIVES OVER THE ECONOMIC TRANSITION AND DEMOGRAPHIC AGING IN EASTERN EUROPE ». Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie 32, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/auog.31322106-893.

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The countries of Eastern Europe represent a particular case from the demographic and economic point of view, as their demographic transition overlapped the economic development process. This represents a major challenge for the sustainability of their health and pension systems and has resulted in reforms and measures to support economic growth and increase the birth rate. Two categories of countries from Eastern Europe were analysed, Romania and Poland as representatives of the ex-Communist countries that joined the European Union and the Russian Federation as representative of the former Soviet Union. The Russian Federation experienced the most profound changes after 1990, being the only country in the Eastern bloc that is close to the generational replacement threshold, the only country with a positive migration balance, but also the only country with the lowest life expectancy.

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BRIDGEN, PAUL, et TRAUTE MEYER. « Divided citizenship : how retirement in the host country affects the financial status of intra-European Union migrants ». Ageing and Society 39, n^o 3 (16 octobre 2017) : 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000927.

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AbstractSince European Union (EU) enlargement in 2003, labour migration from East to West and South to North has increased. It is to be expected that a share of these workers will want to retire in their host countries. According to the academic literature, EU legislation protects such mobility well by allowing the transfer of rights accrued in any EU country to another. However, such research has focused on legislation, not outcomes. We know little about how migration will affect the financial status of retired migrants in their host country and their ability to sustain a life there, should they stay after retirement. Using migration, wage and pension policy data (Eurostat, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), this paper projects the post-retirement incomes of a range of hypothetical EU migrants, selected in relation to the most common migratory flows since 2003. After having worked in their home countries (Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy) for at least ten years, these people move to richer countries (Italy, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom) and work there for at least 30 years. To determine whether they can remain settled after decades of labour force participation in the host country, the paper adds their pension entitlements from home and host countries and compares this income with the relative poverty line of the host countries. This shows that good portability of entitlements matters little when these are very low because of a large wage gap between home and host country. Thus, after at least 30 years of enjoying all citizenship rights as workers, most of these individuals are projected to receive incomes below the relative poverty line of their host countries and thus experience a sharp drop in this status. Their citizenship is diminished. The paper concludes by considering policies that could avoid such an outcome.

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Tholl, Johannes, Tobias Basse, Samira Meier et Miguel Rodriguez Gonzalez. « Risk premia and the European government bond market : new empirical evidence and some thoughts from the perspective of the life insurance industry ». Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 110, n^o 1 (février 2021) : 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12297-021-00503-2.

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AbstractWe study yield spreads between government bonds in the European Monetary Union. This segment of the global fixed income market is of particular importance for insurance companies in Europe. Our empirical research strategy is inspired by Gunay (2020) who has analyzed the relationship between credit and liquidity risk in the United States using Granger causality tests. More specifically, we employ the procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) to test for Granger causality among yield spreads in five different member countries of the European Monetary Union (namely Austria, Belgium, France, Italy and Ireland) relative to Germany. We examine interest rate data from bonds with three different maturities (5, 10 and 30 years). Given the importance of long-term bonds as asset class for European life insurers and pension funds, the empirical results from the often ignored market for government bonds with a maturity of 30 years should be of interest. With regard to long-term sovereign debt, there is no evidence for Granger causality among the time series examined here. Consequently, the risk premia required by investors to hold government bonds of one specific member country of the EMU do not help to forecast the risk premia that have to be paid by other countries. Given the structure of their liabilities, this empirical finding should be of high relevance for portfolio and risk managers in the European life insurance industry and in pension funds. With regard to the yield spreads to be observed in the market for 10-year government bonds, there seems to be no clear picture. Focusing on fixed income securities with a maturity of 5 years, there is one very interesting empirical finding. The test results reported here seem to imply that there is unidirectional Granger causality running from the yield spreads in all other four countries to Austria. Given that Austria is a comparably small country which is assumed to be in a fiscally stable position, this result could be interpreted as evidence for credit risk premia as being helpful to forecast liquidity risk premia in the market for medium-term government bonds issued by member states of the European Monetary Union.

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Shuba, Maryna V., et Vladyslava R. Frolova. « The Population Aging in the European Union : Features and Socioeconomic Consequences ». Business Inform 7, n^o 534 (2022) : 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-7-11-17.

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The article is aimed at determining the characteristics and socioeconomic consequences of the population aging for the countries of the European Union. The article presents the proportion of the population over 65 years of age of the total population of the EU for the period 2011-2021, identifies the EU countries with the largest and smallest proportion of the elderly population in the total population, as well as changes in this indicator in 2021 compared to 2011. It is determined that the main reasons for the increase in the relative proportion of older people in the EU are an increase in life expectancy and a consistently low birth rate over the years. The data as to life expectancy at birth along with the dynamics of birth rate in the EU are provided. The coefficient of demographic load of the elderly population in the EU is considered. The correlation coefficient between the elderly population and GDP, as well as between the elderly population and household consumer spending, is computed. The result indicates a close relationship between these indicators. Among the main socioeconomic consequences of the population aging are the reduction of supply in the labor market, the impact on the rate of economic growth, changes in the amount of savings in the financial system, the budget deficit of pension systems, the growing burden on the bodies of health care system, etc. Three options for the influence of the EU Member States on the current situation are given: encourage marriages or cohabitation and the birth of children; carry out additional activities to attract immigrants of working age; develop new social policy measures aimed at mitigating the negative effects of the population aging. One of the main instruments to overcome the negative consequences of the aging process of the population be the effective realization of the resource potential of the older generation. Measures to increase the size of the workforce, such as lifelong learning and employment policies for the elderly, are also defined as important.

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Lee, Da Yeun. « Hilary Appel and Mitchell A. Orenstein : From Triumph to Crisis : Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries ». Czech Journal of International Relations 54, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2019) : 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/mv.1647.

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The postcommunist countries were amongst the most fervent and committed adopters of neoliberal economic reforms. Not only did they manage to overcome the anticipated domestic opposition to 'shock therapy' and Washington Consensus reforms, but many fulfilled the membership requirements of the European Union and even adopted avant-garde neoliberal reforms like the flat tax and pension privatization. Neoliberalism in the postcommunist countries went farther and lasted longer than expected, but why? Unlike pre-existing theories based on domestic political-economic struggles, this book focuses on the imperatives of re-insertion into the international economy. Appel and Orenstein show how countries engaged in 'competitive signaling', enacting reforms in order to attract foreign investment. This signaling process explains the endurance and intensification of neoliberal reform in these countries for almost two decades, from 1989–2008, and its decline thereafter, when inflows of capital into the region suddenly dried up. This book will interest students of political economy and Eastern European and Eurasian politics.

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Nykolaieva, Valentyna, Natalia Malyarchuk et Lidiia Ovcharova. « MODELS OF SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WORK IN THE EUROPEAN UNION : FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS ». Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, n^o 2021-4 (4 décembre 2021) : 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2021-4-17.

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The article analyzes the range of European models of social policy and highlights some features for further consideration concerning the implementation of the EU social standards in the social work system of Ukraine. The following research methods were used to clarify the current state of the problem: analysis, comparison and generalization of data from scientific and educational literature and periodicals, etc. It is proved that in the works of Ukrainian researchers the main emphasis is placed on the correlation between social policy and social work. Different classifications of social policy models, social protection and social services are given by features: the role of the state, the basics of distribution, the correspondence of economic and social policy in the implementation of an effective social work system. Basic models of social protection in the countries with industrialized economy are given according to E. Andersen: liberal, conservative and social-democratic. According to R. Titmuss’s classification, there are 3 models: residual, institutional-redistributive, industrial achievements / action. Various pension systems according to the classification of J. Paime are revealed: institutional, residual, for merits at work, civil. Quite an interesting distribution of models of social protection, among which the lion's share belongs to European countries, can be traced in the works of S. Leibfried and R. Mishra, where in addition to the residual and institutional models, there is also a "socialist" model. The research of the Slovak scholar M. Beblavy, who made an attempt to typologize the model of the welfare state of Central and Eastern Europe, deserves attention. A. Antonnen and J. Sipila are noted; they classify the models of social services in European countries according to the level of development of various social services and from the view of institutional subjects. Another effective model of the welfare state is described – it is a social investment welfare state. Thus, extensive experience in implementing social policy and social work in the European Union has shown that these countries have gone from charity in social support to the formation of a "welfare state" that guarantees its citizens an optimal system of social security and social protection.

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Čović, Ana. « The influence of judicial practice on the legislation in the sphere of LGBT community rights ». Socioloski pregled 55, n^o 3 (2021) : 690–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg55-32553.

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In the light of the announced adoption of the Law on Same-Sex Unions, the question arises whether the draft law is in accordance with the Constitution, especially after the announcements that the law will not be signed. Although the Constitution specifies that marriage is a union of a man and a woman, experts point out that in this case it is not a law on marriage and family, nor does it provide for the possibility of adoption of children by same-sex couples, but that it regulates property, health, pension and other legal relationships of same-sex partners living in the union. At the same time, many public figures have invited traditional religious communities to react in order to defend the "right to freedom and future of the people", emphasizing that contentious issues related to the regulation of mutual rights and obligations of same-sex couples could be resolved by amending the existing laws in those areas. In the countries where similar laws exist, case law has played a significant role, just as various medical and psychological associations. The European case law is not uniform, and cases often end before the European Court of Human Rights, while in the United States at the federal level, all anti-homosexual laws are repealed by a Supreme Court decision (Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 [2003]). Nevertheless, there is no single law in this area and the rights of same-sex couples vary from country to country. The paper will provide an overview of significant court decisions in this area in European countries, as well as the decisions of the US Supreme Court, which may lead us to think about the possible legal consequences of (non)adoption of the disputed Law on Same-Sex Unions, about procedures that could be initiated if partners decided to request judicial protection for the purpose of recognizing their guaranteed human rights, as well as the content and significance of such court judgments.

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Formosa, Marvin, et Charles Scerri. « Punching Above its Weight : Current and Future Aging Policy in Malta ». Gerontologist 60, n^o 8 (4 septembre 2020) : 1384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa120.

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Abstract Malta has been at the forefront in aging policy and healthy aging development. It was the first country to highlight the need of a United Nations-led international action plan aimed at meeting the needs of an emerging global aging population. Through a number of initiatives, Malta has managed to put aging as a top priority on its national policy agenda. The country boasts of the longest life span spent in good health among all European Union countries with its inhabitants expected to live a significant portion of their life free of disability. Malta’s ranking in the Active Ageing Index experienced consistent improvements in the past decade, registering the sharpest progress in the European Union. In response to an increase in individuals with dementia, Malta was also among the first countries to adopt a national strategic policy for dementia. Notwithstanding such significant progress, Malta still lags behind in developing policy directions addressing gender inequalities and minority groups’ interests among its older population. Similar to other Southern European countries, Malta’s accelerated rate of population aging raises concerns with regard to economic growth, sustainability of effective health care and pension systems, and the well-being of older persons. Gender will also feature prominently in the future planning of long-term care policy as older women are projected to increase threefold in the foreseeable years with the high risk of poverty associated with older single and widowed women, implying that a few would be able to opt for private care.

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Nicolae, Balteş, et Jimon Ştefania Amalia. « Study Regarding the Effects of Demographic Transition on Labor Market and Public Pension System in Central and Eastern Europe ». Studies in Business and Economics 15, n^o 1 (1 avril 2020) : 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0013.

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AbstractPopulation and the quality of labor force are the “strengths” features’ that ensure socio-economic development of a country. The last decades can be characterized as a transitional period, in which countries of European Union and especially the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are facing a demographic decline. Reduced birth rate, ageing and migration are factors’ which create a lot of pressure, both on labor market and public pension systems, items correlated with the population structure. In this paper we have presented the demographic situation and the size of migration in five countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The direct linkage between population structure, labor market and public pension systems represents, in transitional context, a threat to budget sustainability, especially in Romania. We consider that the reformation has to be adjusted with the new socio-economic conditions, finding new solutions for increasing birth rate, decreasing the “exodus” of young population and stimulating economic activities.

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Jerić, Marijana. « Suvremeno iseljavanje Hrvata : kakva je budućnost Republike Hrvatske ? » Oeconomica Jadertina 9, n^o 2 (18 décembre 2019) : 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/oec.2906.

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The Republic of Croatia has seen several large emigration waves throughout history. The last wave of emigration began with the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union in 2013 and continues today. Developed European Union countries such as Germany, Austria and Ireland have become a major destination for Croatian expatriates in search of a better life. The aim of this research is to determine the actual status of the number of Croat emigrants from the Republic of Croatia, to compare the data with the official statistics of the Republic of Croatia and to conclude on the possible consequences of emigration. The results of the research show that the emigration of Croatian citizens cannot be monitored according to the official data of the Central Bureau of Statistics because they are not harmonized with the statistics of the emigration countries, i.e. the number of reported Croatian immigrants is on average 62% higher than the official data of the Republic of Croatia. Forecasts of future migration of Croatian citizens indicate that 20% of the population will lose over the next 30 years, which is why it is already necessary to develop new economic, pension, education and other policies that affect demographic change.

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Rochell, Janina, Thomas Cauthorn, André Höck et Bernhard Zwergel. « Drivers of Socially Responsible Investments Across Europe ». Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital : Volume 53, Issue 4 53, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2020) : 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.53.4.493.

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The European Union wants to foster the sustainable growth of the economy by using the financial markets as an intermediary. Thus, politicians need to know which factors account for differences in socially responsible investments (SRI) between countries to create an efficient framework, which supports SRI across Europe. This study aims to provide important insights about the drivers of SRI markets for politicians as well as academics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that provides quantitative evidence on the framework established by Scholtens/Sievänen (2013) using a comparatively large data sample comprising 13 European countries during a period from 2005 to 2015. Our results can be summarized as follows: Firstly, we show that economic wealth and the size of the pension market of a country influence the size of the SRI market per capita. In particular, it seems that countries need a certain level of wealth and pension market size to start adopting basic sustainability strategies like negative screening. Secondly, we provide evidence that the differences in national SRI evolvement stem from the individual cultural characteristics of a nation. For example, masculinity, as seen by the revenue orientation of a country, prevents the emergence of more advanced SRI strategies, like engagement or integration. However, femininity, which relates to a more societal and environmental orientation, drives the emergence of more advanced SRI strategies. In this context, the recommendation to European policymakers is to opt for a minimum standard for the integration of more advanced SRI strategies, so that non-feminine countries also implement a deep-rooted sustainable investment behavior.

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Vasilescu, Maria Denisa, Simona Andreea Apostu, Eva Militaru et Eglantina Hysa. « Public Opinion on European Health Policy, Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 8 (15 avril 2022) : 4813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084813.

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Often, global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, bring to light crucial weaknesses in political, economic, social and health systems. First, there are governments who formulate and implement policies and, second, there are the citizens who support them, thus contributing a great deal to their success. Our paper investigates the European citizens’ opinion on health policy, focusing on their preference for European health policy during the coronavirus pandemic. The paper uses bibliometric analysis, descriptive statistics, and logistic regression to discuss the public opinion on health policy, the factors of influence, the change in perspectives between 2020 and 2021, and the socio-demographic profile of those favorable for the development of a European health policy in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Our findings show that citizens from southern and central European countries are more likely to prioritize the development of a European health policy, as compared to Nordic countries. Between 2020 and 2021, pro-European health policy citizens profile changes and becomes clearer, from pensioners to young working age males with medium education. In general, people prioritizing a European health policy value health as the most important issue at a national level are generally satisfied with the European Union and do not trust their national government.

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Holzmann, Robert, et Jacques Wels. « The portability of social rights of the United Kingdom with the European Union : Facts, issues, and prospects ». European Journal of Social Security 20, n^o 4 (décembre 2018) : 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262718819514.

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The portability of social benefits – such as the state pension, child allowances and unemployment benefits – for international migrants is regulated by social security agreements concluded between countries or at supra-national level, such as within the European Economic Area (EEA). Focusing on the United Kingdom, this article aims at capturing the main issues that have been recently raised by such agreements, with particular emphasis on the case of migration between the UK and Europe. The first part of the paper summarises the main consideration researchers and policy makers should bear in mind in looking at portability. Using data from the 2013 World Bank migration matrix, the second part of the paper compares the stock of British migrants residing abroad and the stock of foreigners living in the United Kingdom. The third part of the paper summarises the main issues that were raised in relation to the EEA multilateral agreement including the notion of residence, the state pension, family allowances, and the portability of health care benefits. The conclusions highlight the main concerns and options that lie ahead following the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union.

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Jaroslava Rajchlová, Ing, et Ing Veronika Svatoaová. « Benchmarking study on the venture capital market in the Czech Republic, Hungary and the Netherlands ». Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, n^o 3 (23 septembre 2016) : 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-1).2016.05.

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The main aim of paper is seen at two levels: the first level to assess the situation on the venture capital market in the Czech Republic based on the results of a comparative study of selected countries of European Union is the area of venture capital financing. The second level is, then, to propose measures, whose implications could increase the effectiveness of venture capital to the business sector in the Czech Republic. The main purpose of the paper is to identify internally homogeneous groups of the EU states regarding the situation on the venture capital market in the European Union Member States. The aim of this article is supported by relevant statistical data for the period 2008-2013 to assess the legislative framework of venture capital market in the Czech Republic and other selected European countries. Based on the results of cluster analysis, EU countries were identified, Hungary and the Netherlands, in which legislative conditions with venture capital market were subsequently analyzed and the results were compared with the situation in the Czech Republic. The Netherlands as a representative of the countries with developed market risk capital, Hungary as a representative of CEE countries. The problem of undeveloped VC market in the Czech Republic is not in demand for venture capital, but in its supply. Pension funds and insurance companies cannot invest more than 5% in risky assets. In the Czech Republic, there are no tax incentives to attract investors and even government programs that could complement the missing investors and support the creation of venture capital funds. This low level of venture capital usage for the development of enterprises could also be seen in misunderstanding and ignorance of this form of financing, the inability of management to prepare a business plan and to attract a potential investor, fears of administrative burdens arising from an investor and finally questionable return on investment when, for example, public offering of shares, which achieves a high appreciation, is in the Czech Republic underused. Keywords: venture capital, benchmarking, cluster analysis, Ward’s method, CEE countries, EU countries, Czech Republic, Hungary, Netherlands. JEL Classification: G32, M21

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Berezina, T. N., N. N. Rybtsova, S. A. Rybtsov et G. V. Fatianov. « Individually-personal factors of pension stress in representatives of the intellectual type of professions ». Современная зарубежная психология 9, n^o 1 (2020) : 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2020090101.

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The article introduces data from the study of the severity of social anxiety caused by the expectation of retirement and subsequent retirement; highlights signs of retirement stress: acceleration of biological aging, the discrepancy of psychological and biological age. It also regards individual-personal factors of biopsychological aging. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the biopsychological age of people – Russians by origin – pursuing intel-lectual professions and living in the European Union and in Russia. All the participants were continuing their research activity and were aged from 32 to 70 years, both living in Russia (n=101, women, 62), and having migrated to the European Union countries (n=101, women 56). Methods of assessing biological age with regard on health indicators, subjective psychological age, as well as the questionnaire of life path were applied. The results showed that in Russian sample the signs of retirement stress are more pronounced: the subjects have an acceleration of biological aging at the age of 51–65 years. The personal strategies for preventing retirement stress and maintaining relative juvenility, typical for the intellectual occupation professionals, were singled out: for men — democratic working conditions, positive attitude, collaborative non-ambitious non-aggressive behaviour; and for women — wellbeing, respectful partnership in the couple, friendly working conditions; multiple changes of place of residence. However, the difference in relative juvenility strategy for residents in Russian and EU was also observed.

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Habchak, N. F., et L. F. Dubis. « Labour migration of the population of Ukraine to the countries of the European Union : factors and risks of influence ». Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, n^o 1 (18 avril 2019) : 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111907.

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Nowadays the migration of the population plays an important role in the development of a country, a region, a town and it is the result of socio-economic changes. The population of Ukraine and its regions is decreasing in recent years due to three main reasons: 1) the demographic crisis; 2) the activation of migration processes; 3) the military conflict in the east of the country. If the demographic component is a natural process that is covering European countries more than one year, then the others point out a lot of unfavorable factors that has been formed inside Ukraine and «push» the population into the international migration processes. The problem of labour migration is complex, systematic and its solution must be based on the improvement of socioeconomic policies of the country or region. Migration processes at the world-wide European and Ukrainian levels are investigated by such domestic scientists as O.A. Malynovska, Y.M. Pakhomov, A.O. Nadtochiy, D.V. Chekushyna, S.O. Zapadnyuk, V.P. Miklovoda, M.I. Pityulych, N.A. Syrochuk, V.S. Morokhovych and others. In the structure of migration flows of Ukraine foreign labour migration takes the first place, which has acquired a large-scale nature and has absorbed a significant number of economically active population of the country at the age of 20-34 years over the past 10 years. In particular, in 2016 the number of men who left Ukraine at the age of 20-24 was 3897 people; at the age of 25-29 years – 2360 people, at the age of 30-34 – 1086 people. As forwomen, their number varies in two age categories: 20-24 years old – 1487 people and 25-29 years old – 1226 people. The dynamics of the migration movement of the population in the regions of Ukraine is divided into four regions of Ukraine, which are «the leaders» according to the number of those who went abroad, namely: Dnipro region (2300 people), Transcarpathian region (1519 people), Odesa region (2126 people) and Kharkiv region (3291 people). According to the State Statistics Committee in Ukraine there are 16 million economically active citizens, 12.8 million of them officially work. Taking these numbers into consideration, the problems with the pension system will arise first and foremost. Nowadays 10 working Ukrainians account for 15 pensioners. If the pace of migration remains, then the ratio will change to 8 for 15. Analysts warn that according to the outflow of labour resources, Ukraine is losing about 40 billion UAH annually. Moreover, the shortage of workforce is putting back the development of some sectors of industry, agriculture, hospitality industry and leads to the decline of regions. It should be noted that unemployment is a major factor in the activation of labour migration in researches. The decline of the Ukrainian economy increased the unemployment level of the population. Although the pace of recovery of economic activity shows a positive dynamics, we have not succeeded yet in reaching the employment level of at least the pre-crisis period. The main reason for the unemployment increase was the fall of the economy and the corresponding decline in finances of enterprises. An analysis of the unemployment rate shows a significant disproportion in employment in the regions of Ukraine in January 2017. We distinguish such reasons: 1) different socio-economic level of development of regions; 2) lack of jobs; 3) political instability; 4) military actions in the east of the country. The best employment situation is observed in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odesa, Lviv, Dnipro regions and the worst – in Luhansk, Donetsk, Volyn, Ternopil and Kirovograd regions. These important arguments prove the inevitability of the intensification of labour migration flowsinto the countries of the European Union and the European vector of labour migration for Ukrainians remains crucial not only today but also in the long run. The dynamics of labour migration from Ukraine is as follows: in 2008 the number of labour migrants from our country reached 1.2 million people and according to the ranking Russia, Italy, Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary were chosen; in 2012 the number of migrant workers has not changed (1.2 million), but the vectors of the countries, that migrants chose, have changed – Russia, Poland, Italy, the Czech Republic, Spain; in comparison with previous years in 2017 the number of migrant workers increased to 1.3 million people who settled in Poland, Russia, Italy, the Czech Republic and the USA. There is a slightlydifferent spatial picture of the migrants’ movement of Ukraine directly with the countries that it borders. We witness an abrupt increase in the numbers from 2012 till 2017 in Poland (up to 10 million people), in Hungary (up to 3 million people), Romania and Slovakia (1.5 million people). The departure of Ukrainian citizens to Russia has decreased, in particular, in 2013 the number was the largest and reached more than 6 million people. In the next period of 2014-2016, due to military actions in eastern Ukraine, the number decreased to 4 million people and only in 2017 began to increase to 5 million people again. It should be noted that 60% of them are labour migrants. The situation that has appeared in the field of labour migration requires the government of the country totake steps in regulating labour migration at the legislative level and to implement a number of measures, as follows:- the protection of the rights of labour migrants, the legalization of their employment;- the development of special regional programs for stimulating self-employment of those migrants who have returned from abroad after labour migration;- the assistance from public authorities in launching businesses, small businesses, farming by the labourers who returned;- to give them the opportunity to take refresher courses and retraining in different fields, etc.Thus, the analysis of new trends in labour migration both in Ukraine and in Transcarpathian region requires the intensification of the international cooperation with the member countries of the European Union in creating favorable conditions for the legalization of Ukrainian labour migrants, cooperation in the field of border control, the promotion of reverse migration, the raising the socio-economic standard of living in Ukraine, because the risks of labour migration are assessed as alarming.

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Cooke, Martin. « Policy Changes and the Labour Force Participation of Older Workers : Evidence from Six Countries ». Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 25, n^o 4 (2006) : 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2007.0015.

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ABSTRACTIn response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.

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Fedotenkov, Igor, et Pavel Derkachev. « Gender longevity gap and socioeconomic indicators in developed countries ». International Journal of Social Economics 47, n^o 1 (20 décembre 2019) : 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2019-0082.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain relations between socioeconomic factors and gender longevity gap and to test a number of contradicting theories. Design/methodology/approach Fixed effects models are used for cross-country panel data analysis. Findings The authors show that in developed countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and European Union) a lower gender longevity gap is associated with a higher real GDP per capita, a higher level of urbanization, lower income inequality, lower per capita alcohol consumption and a better ecological environment. An increase in women’s aggregate unemployment rate and a decline in men’s unemployment are associated with a higher gap in life expectancies. There is also some evidence that the effect of the share of women in parliaments has a U-shape; it has a better descriptive efficiency if taken with a four-year lag, which approximately corresponds to the length of political cycles. Research limitations/implications Findings are valid only for developed countries. Practical implications The findings are important for policy discussions, such as designs of pension schemes, gender-based taxation, ecological, urban, health and labor policy. Social implications The factors that increase male and female longevities also reduce the gender longevity gap. Originality/value The results contradict to a number of studies for developing countries, which show that lower economic development and greater women discrimination result in a lower gender longevity gap. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2019-0082

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