Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Penale economia »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Penale economia"
1
Naranjo Gómez, Vladimir, Elvys de la Caridad Alonso Betancourt et Juan Carlos Mendoza Pérez. « El principio de oportunidad : una experiencia cubana ». Revista Jurídica Piélagus 17, no 1 (25 juin 2018) : 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25054/16576799.1817.
Texte intégralRésumé :
El trabajo parte de argumentar la necesidad de perfeccionar y ampliar la aplicación del principio de oportunidad como parte del humanismo que caracteriza al derecho penal cubano. Se analiza la experiencia en la aplicación del principio de oportunidad en cuba, en particular en la legislación sustantiva y adjetiva del proceso penal militar, sin dejar de señalar su implementación en otras leyes penales como el Código Penal y la Ley de Protección de la Independencia Nacional y la Economía de cuba. Es una reflexión sobre el estudio de la realidad cubana y la búsqueda en las experiencias de soluciones viables a la extensión de la aplicación del principio de oportunidad.
2
Silva Hernández, Francisca, et Germán Martínez Prats. « Dimensiones sociales y económicas del recurso hídrico ». Pensamiento Americano 14, no 27 (1 mai 2021) : 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21803/penamer.14.27.319.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introducción: el agua es un recurso natural, que hoy día al ser un vital líquido limitado resulta ser de interés de seguridad nacional y mundial, suscitando conflicto de interés en su reserva, uso, gestión y distribución. Objetivo: describir un panorama de las dimensiones sociales y económicas del recurso hídrico a partir de su uso. Materiales y Métodos: está estructurado con base a una metodología cualitativa de tipo documental, a partir de la consulta de libros, artículos científicos en bases de datos virtuales, informes, instrumentos normativos internos e internacionales que permitieron desarrollar un alcance descriptivo e interpretativo del recurso hídrico. Resultados: el valor agregado a un recurso natural como el agua, ha creado transformación y adaptación a procesos de su uso, gestión, reserva, escasez, mantenimiento y distribución, en el cual, el interés o visión respecto al agua ha configurado los sistemas sociales y económicos de las diversas sociedades. Conclusiones: las dimensiones expuestas otorgan un panorama en diversas categorías del agua como vital líquido limitado que antepone a sociedades en situación de estrés hídrico, en estado de vulnerabilidad del derecho a la vida de forma individual y colectiva, transgrediendo el estado de bienestar sostenible en el que los diversos sectores de la sociedad se encuentran por asegurar el acceso y garantía del mínimo vital líquido
3
Pasquariello, Domenico. « La penalitŕ nella crisi economica : white collar, no crime ? » QUESTIONE GIUSTIZIA, no 5 (décembre 2011) : 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qg2011-005004.
Texte intégral
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Mongillo, Vincenzo. « Imprese multinazionali, criminalità transfrontaliera ed estensione della giurisdizione penale nazionale : efficienza e garanzie "prese sul serio" ». GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no 170 (août 2021) : 179–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2021-170002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In un mondo in cui l'attività economica si è globalizzata e la dimensione transfrontaliera del crimine di impresa è esponenzialmente cresciuta, il tema dell'estensione spaziale delle leggi penali nazionali assume rilievo centrale. La parcellizzazione della produzione in gruppi societari, joint venture e catene di approvvigionamento globali, oltre a fomentare reati e violazioni di diritti umani da parte delle imprese multinazionali o transnazionali, erode la capacità di enforcement degli Stati. Il saggio si concentra, così, sulle nuove forme di giurisdizione extraterritoriale - sia autentiche che "mimetizzate" sotto una nozione di territorialità dilatata all'estremo - da una duplice prospettiva: efficacia della risposta punitiva e tutela dei diritti fondamentali dei soggetti (individui e società) sottoposti a procedimento penale da parte di molteplici autorità nazionali, nell'ottica di un equilibrio ragionevole.
5
Almeida de Lima, Mariana, Helen Lucia De Barros Silva et Carlos Pinto de Almeida Júnior. « CRIME DE INSIDER TRADING EM PORTUGAL E NO BRASIL ». Revista de Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais - IURJ 2, no 1 (9 avril 2021) : 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47595/cjsiurj.v2i1.29.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A regulação dos mercados financeiros contribui diretamente para o desempenho da economia. Certo é que a defesa do patrimônio público e privado é uma das funções primordiais do Estado que, além de assegurar o funcionamento eficiente dos mercados, de modo a garantir a equilibrada concorrência entre as empresas, deve contrariar as formas de organização monopolistas e reprimir os abusos de posição dominante, entre outras práticas lesivas ao interesse geral. É nesse cenário que germina a Comissão de Mercados de Valores Mobiliários, com vistas a fiscalizar e disciplinar o mercado de valores mobiliários, aplicando punições àqueles que descumprem as regras estabelecidas. Nesse contexto, o Direito Penal Econômico não deve se restringir mais ao simples papel de reprimir fatos criminosos, principalmente no que tange à figura do insider trading, mas, constitui-se como um novo protótipo de ordenamento jurídico: o surgimento de uma proposta essencialmente preventiva, na qual a ação reguladora estatal passa a impor ao particular deveres com vistas a evitar os riscos penais. Assim, o criminal compliance pode ser entendido como o elemento responsável por questões penais insertas em um programa de compliance genérico, visando, desta forma garantir a observância da norma legal, especificamente a jurídico-penal, de modo a abrandar riscos penais existentes no incremento da atividade empresarial.
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Bonnet, François. « Spiegare le variazioni della politica sociale e penale con il principio di less eligibility ». SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no 163 (août 2022) : 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2022-163001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Il welfare (politica sociale) e la punizione (politica penale) variano notevolmente nel tempo e nello spazio, con la politica sociale più o meno generosa e la punizione più o meno barbara. Cosa determina la generosità delle politiche sociali e l'umanità delle politiche penali? Il principio di less eligibility sostiene che in ogni società l'assistenza sarà resa meno attraente del lavoro a basso salario e la punizione renderà il crimine meno attraente dell'assistenza. Io sostengo che il principio di less eligibility determina il mix di assistenza e punizione che viene attuato per governare e gestire la povertà in una data società.
7
Garcés, Carlos Alberto. « La liturgia penal en la justicia colonial ». Allpanchis 40, no 71 (14 juin 2008) : 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.36901/allpanchis.v40i71.441.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En sus ceremonias penales la justicia colonial procede según un orden litúrgico, un ritual preestablecido, cuasi religioso, canonizado por una tradición social particular. El orden litúrgico se sigue como regla lógica en el procedimiento punitivo: frente al quebrantamiento de una norma, la justicia, como su antagonista, reprime el hecho a través del castigo. Es la oposición fundamentel del derecho penal: crimen y castigo. El fundamento último de la potestad de aplicar castigos reside en la transgresión cuya delimitación está taxativamente prefijada. El ritual de la justicia colonial sigue entonces un orden litúrgico que pauta los tiempos y los espacios de modo tal que cobren sentido para la sociedad. En este trabajo se analizan dichos rituales, que establecen una serie de secuencias o pasos desde la captura del trasgresos hasta la aplicación final del castigo. Se estudiarán los componentes materiales y simbólicos y la secuencia discursiva del ritual penal.
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Coronel-Jiménez, Zulay E., Bolívar J. Motoche-Peñafiel et Gabriel Y. Suqui-Romero. « Mapa de Riesgos Penales como parte estructural o no de un Criminal Compliance en la actividad minera empresarial ». Dominio de las Ciencias 5, no 1 (25 janvier 2019) : 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.23857/dc.v5i1.859.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">La actividad minera que además de compleja resulta de por sí riesgosa, constituye un importante sector productivo en la economía ecuatoriana. La Constitución de la República del Ecuador, al reconocer a la naturaleza en la que se desarrolla esta actividad, como <em>sujeto de derechos</em>, le otorga también un conjunto sistemático de leyes que la protegen, entre ellas, la penal. Esta actividad que puede ser desarrollada tanto por personas naturales individualizadas, como por empresas de cualquier tamaño y en pequeña, mediana o alta escala, requiere para su funcionamiento la observancia de regulaciones administrativas, que de incumplírselas pueden desembocar en sanciones penales a título de responsabilidad penal o no. En este sentido, el COIP, tipifica dos conductas delictuales propias que regulan la actividad y el financiamiento o suministro de maquinarias ilícitos para la extracción de recursos mineros, respectivamente. Por su parte, y pese a que la regulación ecuatoriana sobre la responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica, no contempla al <em>compliance</em> como eximente o atenuante de esa responsabilidad, este trabajo prevé la importancia de que el sector empresarial, cuente al menos con un <em>Mapa de Riesgos Penales</em>, que le permita en ejercicio del correcto actuar empresarial, contar con un instrumento de detección, valoración y prevención de conductas delictivas, propias y asociadas a la actividad minera, con miras por una parte a evitar la comisión de potenciales delitos, y por otra, a ejercitar la <em>cultura de cumplimiento</em> de la Ley penal. Luego del análisis documental de información especializada y de la normativa ecuatoriana, ensayamos como parte del <em>Mapa de Riesgos </em>un catálogo de potenciales delitos propios o conexos de la actividad minera, así como las respectivas medidas preventivas a adoptare.</p>
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Pastana, Debora Regina, et Danler Garcia Silva. « A LÓGICA ECONÔMICO-PUNITIVA EM MUTAÇÃO : DO SUJEITO COMO MÃO-DE-OBRA AO NÃO-SUJEITO COMO MATÉRIA-PRIMA ». Revista de Direito Brasileira 18, no 7 (1 décembre 2017) : 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2358-1352/2017.v18i7.3110.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este trabalho possui como escopo investigar a correlação existente no binômio controle penal/economia quando comparamos os arquétipos moderno e contemporâneo. Possuindo como alicerce os estudos de Rusche e Kirchheimer, Melossi, Pavarini, Wacquant, Giorgi entre outros, assevera-se a pertinência da temática para o debate crítico concernente aos sistemas penais e seus mecanismos de punição atrelados à estruturas político-econômicas. No mesmo sentido, e em real destaque, observamos a alocação e significação dos sujeitos inseridos nestas ordens, transmutando-se de um sujeito como mão-de-obra em um período moderno, à um não sujeito como matéria-prima em um momento contemporâneo.
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Marcellino Jr., Julio Cesar. « O movimento Law and Economics e a eficiência como critério de justiça : incompatibilidades entre direito, economia e democracia ». Unisul de Fato e de Direito : revista jurídica da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina 1, no 1 (1 juillet 2010) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/ufd.v1e1201093-102.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O presente artigo trata sobre a teoria da Análise Econômica do Direito, também conhecida por Law and Economics. Disserta sobre seu surgimento nos Estados Unidos da América, mostrando que inicialmente tal teoria estava ligada ao direito concorrencial, direito de marcas e patentes, leis antitruste, e posteriormente, passou a se relacionar com outros ramos do Direito, a exemplo, o direito de família, o direito penal, o direito processual penal e civil, o direito administrativo, e o direito constitucional. Tal teoria desde então tem ocupado importante espaço no universo jurídico, trazendo novas implicações ao direito latino-americano. A Law and Economics trabalha com um novo conceito de justiça, equiparando-o a eficiência, pautando, assim, todo o Direito pela busca da maximização de riquezas e criando um parâmetro normativo ligado a lógica do custo-benefício. Entende-se que a visão economicista do Direito se apresenta como incompatível com a tradição jurídica e democrática ocidental e com o perfil constitucional brasileiro.
Thèses sur le sujet "Penale economia"
1
SEGALA, GLORIA. « Il principio di economia processuale ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/52354.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Il presente lavoro prende in esame il tema dell'economia processuale, avendo come scopo, da un lato, quello di fornire una definizione chiara e puntuale del principio, evidenziandone, in particolare, l'autonomia di significato e individuandone la sua collocazione nella scala gerarchica delle fonti normative, dall'altro, quello di verificarne in concreto l'operatività e il funzionamento. Punto di partenza dell'analisi, scandita in tre capitoli, è la direttiva, che veniva a dettarsi per il legislatore delegato, della "massima semplificazione nello svolgimento del processo con eliminazione di ogni atto o attività non essenziale". Sulla base di tale fonte normativa, l'analisi affronta, dapprima, le problematiche concernenti l'individuazione delle risorse endoprocedimentali, concentrando successivamente l'attenzione sul concetto di essenzialità: economizzare significa, infatti, espungere dal procedimento ogni atto o attività non essenziale per il conseguimento degli scopi istituzionali del procedimento medesimo. L'analisi non manca di affrontare il difficile rapporto tra economia processuale e garanzie, suggerendo possibili soluzioni per scongiurare i pericolosi effetti distorsivi derivanti da impliciti incoraggiamenti ad una sorta di giustizia sommaria.
2
D'ALTILIA, LETIZIA. « Il "nuovo" reato di false comunicazioni sociali : aspetti di criticità e profili di comparazione ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241233.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Il sistema di incriminazione delle false comunicazioni sociali, come configurato dalla legge n. 69 del 2015, è caratterizzato da un elevato grado di indeterminatezza, in quanto molteplici elementi sono affidati alla valutazione discrezionale del giudice, come la questione delle valutazioni ha immediatamente dimostrato.
Nel tentativo di analizzare al meglio i contenuti della riforma, è condotta una ricognizione storica riguardo all’evoluzione dell’attuale figura di reato, a cui segue un confronto con altri ordinamenti, di civil law e di common law. L’esito è sconcertante. In particolare, si può constatare come, rispetto alla riforma del 2002, la normativa introdotta dalla riforma del 2015 rappresenti più che un progresso, piuttosto un regresso; sembrerebbe che le modifiche recentemente apportate alle fattispecie di reato in esame, abbiano reso la normativa nazionale “più vicina” a quella degli altri Paesi capitalistici, ma dal punto di vista sistematico, anche sotto questo versante, restano le perplessità e le aporie derivanti dalla vaghezza del requisito del “materiality” (come mostrato proprio dall’esperienza anglosassone), dalla scomparsa dell’elemento del danno dalla fattispecie generale (artt. 2621 e 2622 c.c.) e dalla ricomparsa nelle fattispecie “minori” di cui agli artt. 2621-bis e 2621-ter c.c. e, più in generale, dalla eventuale relegazione ad una dimensione puramente pubblicistica degli interessi offesi dal reato, anziché alla sfera patrimoniale individuale dei soggetti destinatari della falsità.
In un quadro del genere, l'unica prospettiva possibile è quella della lettura rigorosa che assegna al dato normativo il significato più rigido possibile, come suggerito dal ruolo preminente della legalità formale all’interno del nostro sistema penale.The reformed system of criminalisation of false accounting, as configured by law n. 69 of 2015, is characterised by a high degree of indeterminacy, as multiple elements are entrusted to the judge’s discretionary assessment, as the problem of evaluations has immediately revealed. With the aim of trying to better analyze the contents of the reform, the thesis begins with a historical survey regarding the evolution of the crime figure in Italian legal framework, followed by a comparison with other systems, of civil law and common law. The result is disconcerting. In particular, it can be seen that, as compared to the 2002 reform, the law introduced by the 2015 reform represents more than a progress, rather a regression; moreover, it would seem that the changes recently made to the type of crime in question have made the national legislation “nearest” to that of other capitalist countries, but from the systematic point of view, even under this aspect, remains the doubts deriving from the vagueness of the concept of “materiality” (as shown by the Anglo-Saxon experience), the disappearance of the element of the damage from the general case of crime (articles 2621 e 2622 c.c.) and the reappearance in the “minor” cases referred to in articles 2621-bis and 2621-ter c.c. and, more generally, from the possible relegation to a purely publicistic dimension of the interests offended by the crime, rather than to the individual patrimonial sphere of the recipients of falsehood. In such a context, the only possible prospect is that of a rigorous reading assigning to the normative data the strictest meaning possible, as suggested by the preeminent role of formal legality within Italian criminal system.
3
Escresa, Guillermo Laarni <1974>. « Reexamining the Role of Incarceration and Stigma in Criminal Law ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4241/1/escresa_guillermo_laarni_tesi.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the ways by which the legal system has responded to different sets of problems is the blurring of the traditional boundaries of criminal law, both procedural and substantive. This study aims to explore under what conditions does this trend lead to the improvement of society's welfare by focusing on two distinguishing sanctions in criminal law, incarceration and social stigma.
In analyzing how incarceration affects the incentive to an individual to violate a legal standard, we considered the crucial role of the time constraint. This aspect has not been fully explored in the literature on law and economics, especially with respect to the analysis of the beneficiality of imposing either a fine or a prison term. We observed that that when individuals are heterogeneous with respect to wealth and wage income, and when the level of activity can be considered a normal good, only the middle wage and middle income groups can be adequately deterred by a fixed fines alone regime. The existing literature only considers the case of the very poor, deemed as judgment proof. However, since imprisonment is a socially costly way to deprive individuals of their time, other alternatives may be sought such as the imposition of discriminatory monetary fine, partial incapacitation and other alternative sanctions.
According to traditional legal theory, the reason why criminal law is obeyed is not mainly due to the monetary sanctions but to the stigma arising from the community’s moral condemnation that accompanies conviction or merely suspicion. However, it is not sufficiently clear whether social stigma always accompanies a criminal conviction. We addressed this issue by identifying the circumstances wherein a criminal conviction carries an additional social stigma. Our results show that social stigma is seen to accompany a conviction under the following conditions: first, when the law coincides with the society's social norms; and second, when the prohibited act provides information on an unobservable attribute or trait of an individual -- crucial in establishing or maintaining social relationships beyond mere economic relationships. Thus, even if the social planner does not impose the social sanction directly, the impact of social stigma can still be influenced by the probability of conviction and the level of the monetary fine imposed as well as the varying degree of correlation between the legal standard violated and the social traits or attributes of the individual.
In this respect, criminal law serves as an institution that facilitates cognitive efficiency in the process of imposing the social sanction to the extent that the rest of society is boundedly rational and use judgment heuristics. Paradoxically, using criminal law in order to invoke stigma for the violation of a legal standard may also serve to undermine its strength.
To sum, the results of our analysis reveal that the scope of criminal law is narrow both for the purposes of deterrence and cognitive efficiency. While there are certain conditions where the enforcement of criminal law may lead to an increase in social welfare, particularly with respect to incarceration and stigma, we have also identified the channels through which they could affect behavior. Since such mechanisms can be replicated in less costly ways, society should first try or seek to employ these legal institutions before turning to criminal law as a last resort.
4
Escresa, Guillermo Laarni <1974>. « Reexamining the Role of Incarceration and Stigma in Criminal Law ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4241/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the ways by which the legal system has responded to different sets of problems is the blurring of the traditional boundaries of criminal law, both procedural and substantive. This study aims to explore under what conditions does this trend lead to the improvement of society's welfare by focusing on two distinguishing sanctions in criminal law, incarceration and social stigma.
In analyzing how incarceration affects the incentive to an individual to violate a legal standard, we considered the crucial role of the time constraint. This aspect has not been fully explored in the literature on law and economics, especially with respect to the analysis of the beneficiality of imposing either a fine or a prison term. We observed that that when individuals are heterogeneous with respect to wealth and wage income, and when the level of activity can be considered a normal good, only the middle wage and middle income groups can be adequately deterred by a fixed fines alone regime. The existing literature only considers the case of the very poor, deemed as judgment proof. However, since imprisonment is a socially costly way to deprive individuals of their time, other alternatives may be sought such as the imposition of discriminatory monetary fine, partial incapacitation and other alternative sanctions.
According to traditional legal theory, the reason why criminal law is obeyed is not mainly due to the monetary sanctions but to the stigma arising from the community’s moral condemnation that accompanies conviction or merely suspicion. However, it is not sufficiently clear whether social stigma always accompanies a criminal conviction. We addressed this issue by identifying the circumstances wherein a criminal conviction carries an additional social stigma. Our results show that social stigma is seen to accompany a conviction under the following conditions: first, when the law coincides with the society's social norms; and second, when the prohibited act provides information on an unobservable attribute or trait of an individual -- crucial in establishing or maintaining social relationships beyond mere economic relationships. Thus, even if the social planner does not impose the social sanction directly, the impact of social stigma can still be influenced by the probability of conviction and the level of the monetary fine imposed as well as the varying degree of correlation between the legal standard violated and the social traits or attributes of the individual.
In this respect, criminal law serves as an institution that facilitates cognitive efficiency in the process of imposing the social sanction to the extent that the rest of society is boundedly rational and use judgment heuristics. Paradoxically, using criminal law in order to invoke stigma for the violation of a legal standard may also serve to undermine its strength.
To sum, the results of our analysis reveal that the scope of criminal law is narrow both for the purposes of deterrence and cognitive efficiency. While there are certain conditions where the enforcement of criminal law may lead to an increase in social welfare, particularly with respect to incarceration and stigma, we have also identified the channels through which they could affect behavior. Since such mechanisms can be replicated in less costly ways, society should first try or seek to employ these legal institutions before turning to criminal law as a last resort.
5
DELL'OSSO, ALAIN MARIA. « Il contrasto alla circolazione di capitali illeciti : potenzialità e limiti dello strumento penale ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1230.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La ricerca muove dalla ricognizione della complessa fenomenologia del riciclaggio e, più in generale, delle problematiche connesse alla circolazione di capitali illeciti. Si individuano anzitutto i reati maggiormente significativi quali fonti di “denaro sporco”; si indagano, quindi, le tecniche di riciclaggio e le dimensioni dell’economia illecita. Ci si interroga sulle esigenze di contrasto e sugli strumenti a tal fine più opportuni. Si ravvisa l’esigenza di una strategia che si articoli su più piani, affiancando alle fattispecie di reato ulteriori strumenti, quali un’efficace normativa preventiva e uno stringente sistema di sanzioni patrimoniali. Si passa dunque ad una valutazione della normativa vigente. Dapprima si esamina la disciplina internazionale e sovranazionale; si prendono poi a modello le opzioni normative adottate negli Stati Uniti e in Spagna. Si analizza infine nel dettaglio la legislazione italiana. Vengono espresse perplessità circa l’attuale disciplina codicistica (artt. 648-bis c.p.; 648-ter c.p.). Entrambe le norme meriterebbero una serie di riforme, così da risultare maggiormente aderenti alle esigenze di tutela delle quali devono farsi carico. Si analizza nel dettaglio la questione dell’ “auto-riciclaggio” e l’opportunità di mantenere un’esenzione di pena per l’autore del reato dal quale provengono le utilità riciclate. Si esamina la normativa cd. complementare (disciplina preventiva, sanzioni patrimoniali e responsabilità amministrativa degli enti) e se ne evidenziano punti di forza e debolezza quali strumenti di contrasto ai capitali illeciti.Money-laundering is an extremely wide and complex phenomenon. Indeed, the first part of the work is focused on the analysis of how money is laundered: which are the most relevant predicate offenses; the techniques used to make money appear legal; the attempts to measure how much money is laundered; the impacts of money-laundering on economy. It’s clear the importance of a strong reaction against money-laundering to prevent the damages coming from it. The problem is understanding the role that criminal law has to play in such struggle. Criminalization can’t be the only solution; it’s rather prominent the use - inter alia - of preventive measures (such as reporting suspicious transactions)and seizure. The second part of the work recalls international efforts to combat money-laundering: multilateral conventions, FATF Recommendations, etc. After that, the attention is focused on American and Spanish legislation, taken as specific examples of how to criminalize money-laundering. The third part of the research concerns Italian law: the offences of money-laundering, the so called preventive law (i.e. d.lgs. 231/2007) and the law of seizure. Some proposals of review are given for each kind of section.
6
DELL'OSSO, ALAIN MARIA. « Il contrasto alla circolazione di capitali illeciti : potenzialità e limiti dello strumento penale ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1230.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La ricerca muove dalla ricognizione della complessa fenomenologia del riciclaggio e, più in generale, delle problematiche connesse alla circolazione di capitali illeciti. Si individuano anzitutto i reati maggiormente significativi quali fonti di “denaro sporco”; si indagano, quindi, le tecniche di riciclaggio e le dimensioni dell’economia illecita. Ci si interroga sulle esigenze di contrasto e sugli strumenti a tal fine più opportuni. Si ravvisa l’esigenza di una strategia che si articoli su più piani, affiancando alle fattispecie di reato ulteriori strumenti, quali un’efficace normativa preventiva e uno stringente sistema di sanzioni patrimoniali. Si passa dunque ad una valutazione della normativa vigente. Dapprima si esamina la disciplina internazionale e sovranazionale; si prendono poi a modello le opzioni normative adottate negli Stati Uniti e in Spagna. Si analizza infine nel dettaglio la legislazione italiana. Vengono espresse perplessità circa l’attuale disciplina codicistica (artt. 648-bis c.p.; 648-ter c.p.). Entrambe le norme meriterebbero una serie di riforme, così da risultare maggiormente aderenti alle esigenze di tutela delle quali devono farsi carico. Si analizza nel dettaglio la questione dell’ “auto-riciclaggio” e l’opportunità di mantenere un’esenzione di pena per l’autore del reato dal quale provengono le utilità riciclate. Si esamina la normativa cd. complementare (disciplina preventiva, sanzioni patrimoniali e responsabilità amministrativa degli enti) e se ne evidenziano punti di forza e debolezza quali strumenti di contrasto ai capitali illeciti.Money-laundering is an extremely wide and complex phenomenon. Indeed, the first part of the work is focused on the analysis of how money is laundered: which are the most relevant predicate offenses; the techniques used to make money appear legal; the attempts to measure how much money is laundered; the impacts of money-laundering on economy. It’s clear the importance of a strong reaction against money-laundering to prevent the damages coming from it. The problem is understanding the role that criminal law has to play in such struggle. Criminalization can’t be the only solution; it’s rather prominent the use - inter alia - of preventive measures (such as reporting suspicious transactions)and seizure. The second part of the work recalls international efforts to combat money-laundering: multilateral conventions, FATF Recommendations, etc. After that, the attention is focused on American and Spanish legislation, taken as specific examples of how to criminalize money-laundering. The third part of the research concerns Italian law: the offences of money-laundering, the so called preventive law (i.e. d.lgs. 231/2007) and the law of seizure. Some proposals of review are given for each kind of section.
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Marinello, Eva <1988>. « I vizi di bilancio : dall'invalidità delle delibere di approvazione del bilancio alle false comunicazioni sociali. I postulati di chiarezza, veridicità e correttezza in bilico tra la tutela civilistica e quella penale, i nuovi orizzonti sulla trasparenza societaria e gli auspicabili interventi legislativi ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2185.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Vengono esposti nella parte introduttivi i principi contabili sanciti nell'ordinamento italiano ed elaborati dalla prassi professionale. L'analisi si focalizza sui postulati fondamentali ex art. 2423 C.C. secondo i quali il bilancio d'esercizio deve rappresentare la situazione patrimoniale, finanziaria ed economica in modo chiaro, veritiero e corretto. Ripercorse le norme sulla formazione del bilancio si approfondisce successivamente la disciplina dell'invalidità delle delibere dell'assemblea dei soci, con particolare attenzione a quelle con cui viene approvato il bilancio, ovvero le ipotesi di annullabilità e nullità contenute nell'art. 2434-bis C.C., causate rispettivamente da vizi meramente procedimentali ed vizi sostanziali, afferenti al contenuto del bilancio. Dalla disciplina civilistica delle alterazioni contabili si esamina la normazione penal-societaria del c.d. falso in bilancio. Gli articoli 2621 e 2622 C.C., riguardanti le false comunicazioni sociali e le false comunicazioni sociali in danno della società, dei soci e dei creditori sono gli articoli di riferimento su cui viene sviluppato lo studio dottrinale e giurisprudenziale della materia. Individuate le possibili cause alla base degli artifizi contabili, siano essi indirizzati ad un miglioramento della rappresentazione, piuttosto che un metodo di evasione d'imposta, si esamina un caso pratico nel quale sono stati individuati alcuni vizi di contenuto degli schemi tipici del bilancio.
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DI, BUCCIO STEFANIA. « LA BONIFICA DELL¿AGEVOLAZIONE MAFIOSA NEL CAMPO IMPRENDITORIALE ATTRAVERSO I MODELLI DELLA PREVENZIONE MITE.IL METODO DELLA 'PROFILASSI ANTIMAFIA BY DESIGN' ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/860306.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The PHD thesis entitled: Soft prevention models as a remediation tool for mafia facilitation in the entrepreneurial field. The method of "antimafia compliance by design" analyzes the networks between mafia and economy, trying to identify the mimetic forms of adaptation of the mafia entrepreneur in the area of the legal economy.
The selected qualitative research method is based on sociological-legal analysis, that was used to investigate the tools of patrimonial aggression of criminal assets created by Italian legislation to counter the infiltration of the mafia into the economy.
The prevention tools of articles 34 and 34 bis of the Anti-Mafia Code were selected, among all criminal and administrative instruments, because they were considered the most suitable to operate on the criminal contamination of the company in a surgical manner, protecting the work and the value of the healthy companies.
The sociological-legal effectiveness of these tools was analyzed through the study of 16 cases sampled based on the geographic survey and on the variables of the reference economic sector.
At the end of the analysis, the author proposes a “compliance by design model” dedicated to the prevention of mafia infiltration into the economy, according to the canons of business ethics.
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Termine, Anna. « La rilevanza penale delle cd. condotte neutrali degli operatori economici nell’ordinamento domestico e nell’ambito della giustizia penale internazionale ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11379/568737.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La presente trattazione si propone di analizzare la responsabilità degli attori economici in posizione apicale nelle società per il loro coinvolgimento nella commissione di crimini internazionali, mediante condotte “neutrali”, all’interno dell’ordinamento domestico.
A tal fine, verrà, dapprima, valutata la loro responsabilità nel contesto della giustizia penale internazionale e, più in particolare, dello Statuto della Corte penale internazionale. Nel fare ciò, si andranno a studiare i procedimenti intervenuti subito dopo la Seconda Guerra mondiale, in cui per la prima volta dei vertici di società sono stati processati per la perpetrazione di gravi violazioni dei diritti umani, e i più importanti procedimenti domestici, penali o civili, intervenuti in anni più recenti in alcuni Stati rispetto alle condotte degli operatori economici. A questo punto, verranno analizzate le principali modalità di attribuzione della responsabilità predisposte dallo Statuto di Roma al fine di vagliare quale, tra queste, sia quella più idonea a fronteggiare la responsabilità degli apicali per le loro condotte “neutrali”.
Successivamente, la medesima responsabilità sarà inquadrata nell’ordinamento domestico. Dopo aver vagliato se nello stesso vi siano stati o siano in corso procedimenti diretti ad accertare la complicità degli attori economici in crimini internazionali, verrà approfondito il tema delle condotte “neutrali”. A questo scopo, si studierà la prassi giurisprudenziale che nel corso degli anni si è occupata delle più diffuse manifestazioni relative alle condotte “professionali” o “quotidiane”, sia in termini di favoreggiamento, sia sotto il profilo della partecipazione concorsuale, e le impostazioni ermeneutiche avanzate dalla dottrina domestica, valutando le possibili problematicità delle stesse e indagando quale tra queste sia quella più appropriata nel contesto di cui ci occupiamo.
Infine, si analizzerà se e in che modo le categorie così elaborate nell’ambito dell’ordinamento interno siano adeguate ad inquadrare la responsabilità degli apicali di un contesto societario per il loro coinvolgimento nei crimini internazionali.This work aims at analyzing the individual responsibility of businessmen as a result of their involvement in international crimes, through the so called neutral acts, under domestic criminal law. For this purpose, at first, their liability will be evaluated in the framework of international criminal justice and, in particular, in the context of the Statute of the International Criminal Court. In doing so, the proceedings occurred after the Second World War will be studied, where a number of businessmen were prosecuted for various forms of involvement in gross human rights violations, together with the most important judgments before domestic civil and criminal courts, concerning the conducts of economic actors and occurred during the most recent years in some countries. Then, the main modes of liability under the Rome Statute will be analyzed in order to investigate the most suitable one to address businessmen responsibility for their “neutral acts”. Later, this responsibility will be considered within the national legal system. After having examined whether proceedings involving the complicity of economic actors in international crimes occurred or are taking place in the domestic jurisdiction, the topic of “neutral acts” will be investigated. For this purpose, it will be studied the case-law, that during the years has dealt with the different forms of “professional” or “daily” conducts, both in terms of aiding and abetting and complicity, and the opinions put forth by domestic law scholars, evaluating their problems and the most appropriate tool in the context with which we are dealing. In the end, it will be analyzed whether and how the legal categories elaborated in the domestic legal system are suitable to address the responsibility of businessmen for their involvement in international crimes.
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TORTORELLI, Monica. « Cause di non punibilità e reati economici ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/66254.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto lo studio del concreto modo di operare della categoria generale della (non) punibilità in relazione alle principali figure criminose presenti nel sistema penale economico. L’obiettivo della ricerca è fondamentalmente quello di mettere in luce come le tecniche normative, utilizzate dal legislatore in ordine specificatamente alla previsione dei limiti alla punibilità, si coordinano con le ragioni di politica criminale.
Viene, dunque, delineato un percorso teso ad esaminare i singoli elementi selettivi della rilevanza penale con particolare riferimento a determinate categorie di reati economici: quelli tributari, societari (avuto precipuo riguardo per le false comunicazioni sociali) e fallimentari. Se ne approfondisce la disciplina specifica, unitamente all’analisi del loro effettivo funzionamento e delle problematiche applicative che, giocoforza, li caratterizzano.
Il lavoro si concentra, poi, sulla disamina del fenomeno della selezione dei fatti punibili in altri ambiti del diritto penale economico, inteso stavolta in senso ampio, al fine di tracciare un quadro generale sul ruolo della punibilità nei settori strategici del sistema economico-penale, con specifico riferimento al settore della sicurezza nei luoghi di lavoro e a quello della tutela ambientale.
Successivamente, allo scopo di offrire, in ordine al tema trattato, una riflessione più ampia rispetto a quella incentrata sulle valutazioni concernenti precipuamente il nostro ordinamento, viene delineata un’analisi comparatistica di alcuni istituti per valutarne le specifiche e diverse modalità di disciplina in altri sistemi giuridici (in particolare, quello tedesco e quello anglosassone).
Si tenta, infine, di inquadrare la normativa vigente sotto il profilo dell’efficacia e della coerenza sistematica, prospettando dei possibili correttivi ai casi di mancato coordinamento tra le tecniche di incriminazione, le esigenze di tutela sottese alle fattispecie criminose e le regole generali che tradizionalmente governano la disciplina degli strumenti di volta in volta utilizzati per escludere o attenuare la punibilità.The present essay investigates the actual operational way of the general category of impunity, in relation to the main offenses of the Italian criminal economic system. The goal of the present research is to elucidate on the degree to what the law-making method used by the legislator regarding the extent of impunity is tailored around the objectives of criminal policy. Then, the single elements of criminal significance are scrutinized as regards some categories of economic offenses, such as tax, corporate – in particular false accounting – and bankruptcy offenses. The exact regulation, together with the actual functioning and application of the above offenses will be analyzed. The essay then singles out the punishable facts in other and more general areas of the economic criminal law, with a view to describing impunity in strategic domains of the criminal-economic system, such as in the safety of workplace and environmental protection. Successively, in order to offer a more ample description of the institution of impunity, a comparative analysis with the German and Anglo-Saxon will be outlined, in particular with regard to the different ways of disciplining the phenomenon. Finally, an attempt to describe both the effectiveness and systemic coherence of the current regulation will be made, and possible corrections to the hypotheses of lack of coordination among indictment techniques, the need for protection underlying the criminal offenses at stake, and the general rules governing the exclusion or limitation of punishment will be drafted.
Livres sur le sujet "Penale economia"
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Righi, Esteban. Derecho penal economico comparado. Madrid : Editorial Revista de Derecho Privado, 1991.
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Socio-Economic & Environmental Research Institute (Pinang). Penang economic outlook, 2010. [Penang], Pulau Pinang, Malaysia : Socio-Economic & Environment Research Institute with support from the State Government of Penang, 2010.
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Socio-Economic & Environmental Research Institute (Pinang). Penang economic outlook, 2010. [Penang], Pulau Pinang, Malaysia : Socio-Economic & Environment Research Institute with support from the State Government of Penang, 2010.
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Penang Economic Outlook Seminar (2001). Penang Economic Outlook Seminar, 29 November 2001, Cititel, Penang. [Penang] : Socio-Economic & Environmental Research Institute, 2001.
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Congreso Internacional Derecho Penal y Economía (2007). Derecho penal y economía : Memoria del congreso internacional. México, D.F : Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Penales, 2009.
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G, Elzinga Kenneth, dir. Antitrust penalty reform : An economic analysis. Washington, D.C : American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1986.
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Armenia), Taller de Análisis del Código Penal Ecuatoriano (1989 Casa de Retiro La. Mujer y derecho penal : Taller de Análisis del Código Penal Ecuatoriano : memorias. Quito : Centro Ecuatoriano para la Promoción y Acción de la Mujer, 1991.
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Beng, Ooi Kee, Goh Ban Lee, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies et Socio-Economic & Environmental Research Institute (Pinang), dir. Pilot studies for a new Penang. Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010.
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Meng, Tan Teck, et Nanyang Technological University, dir. Business opportunities in Penang, Malaysia. Singapore : Prentice Hall, 1996.
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author, Seow Jeffery, dir. Through turbulent terrain : Trade of the Straits Port Of Penang. [Kuala Lumpur] : Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2018.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Penale economia"
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Donohue, John J. « Death Penalty ». Dans Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 530–40. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_21.
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Donohue, John J. « Death Penalty ». Dans Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–13. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_21-1.
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Toth, Zoltan J. « Economic Considerations ». Dans Changing Attitudes Towards the Death Penalty, 55–60. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47557-4_7.
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Shumilina, Vera, et Roman Chibizov. « THE DEATH PENALTY AS A FORM OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT ». Dans Socio-economic and legal problems of modern society, 131–40. au : AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_61e7f12aa038a9.17390228.
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This paper looks at trends in how the death penalty is applied. Statistics are given on how popular the death penalty is around the world and how it has been combated throughout human existence. It analyses Russian legislation which has set out to eradicate the death penalty and explains why this form of punishment should not exist in principle
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Marschak, Thomas, et Dong Wei. « Technical Change and the Decentralization Penalty ». Dans Studies in Economic Design, 11–33. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93809-7_2.
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Mannheim, Hermann. « The Role of the Economic Factor in Penal History ». Dans The Dilemma of Penal Reform, 33–59. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003204909-3.
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Cox, Amanda K. « Death Penalty and the Poor ». Dans Routledge Handbook of Social, Economic, and Criminal Justice, 52–57. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, [2018] : Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351002707-6.
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Mannheim, Hermann. « The Economic Implications of the Principle of Less Eligibility for Penal Policy of To-Day ». Dans The Dilemma of Penal Reform, 60–101. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003204909-4.
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Rea, Samuel A. « Penalty Doctrine in Contract Law ». Dans The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 1423–27. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_271.
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Koloch, Grzegorz, et Tomasz Szapiro. « Penalty Rules in Multicriteria Genetic Search ». Dans Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 91–102. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19695-9_8.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Penale economia"
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Ziane, Ismail, Farid Benhamida, Amel Graa et Yacine Salhi. « Combined economic emission dispatch with new price penalty factors ». Dans 2015 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intee.2015.7416864.
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Afandi, A. N., I. Fadlika et Yunis Sulistyorini. « Solution of dynamic economic dispatch considered dynamic penalty factor ». Dans 2016 3rd Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICPERE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpere.2016.7904870.
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Aleksandrova, E. A. « Ensuring Economic Security Of The Ussr Penal System In The 20th Century ». Dans International Conference on Finance, Entrepreneurship and Technologies in Digital Economy. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.03.9.
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Karakehya, Hakan. « Usury by Using Credit Card as an Increasing Unlawful Economic Activity in Turkey ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00731.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Usury is regulated in article 241 of the Turkish Penal Code as a crime in the field of the economy, industry and trade. The state aims with the regulation to protect continuation of the economic order in the country. Usury by using credit card is one of the most common committing methods of the usury crime in Turkey. Due to this crime, there are many people in the economic difficulties and too much tax losing for the state, recent years in Turkey. Nevertheless usury by the credit card is getting increase with each passing day, because of the easiness, profitability, being risk-free of the action. Increasing controls and reduction to more reasonable levels of the prescribed interest for the credit card debts will be effective in the fight against the crime.
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Rozah, Umi, et Jaco Barkhuizen. « Penal Policy in Undertaking Transnational Crime ». Dans Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Law, Economics and Governance, IWLEG 2022, 27 July 2022, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.27-7-2022.2326253.
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Arslan, Çetin, et Didar Özdemir. « The Protection of Confidential Business Information by Criminal Law ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01824.
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The Turkish Penal Code (TPC) no.5237 embodies “the reveal of confidential business information and documents” as a crime. However, neither article 6 of the TPC titled “definitions” nor the legal justification of the article contains the definition of the confidential business information or commercial secret. The abrogated Turkish Commercial Code no.6762 disposes the reveal of this kind of information as an act of unfair competition. In a similar vein, the current Turkish Commercial Code no.6102 assumes the illegal acquisition and the reveal of business secrets as acts of unfair competition and subjects them to criminal sanction. Also the article 562 of the TCC no.6102 disposes that if the auditors reveal the confidential business information of the auditee company, they are punished according to the article 239 of the TPC. The Proposal of Code on Business, Bank and Client Secrets refers to the article 239 of the TPC in case of the violation of the confidentiality obligation. Finally, the Act of the Protection of Competition no.4054 brings a confidentiality obligation for the Council and staff members. In this study, we will try to explain first the notion of confidential business information or commercial secret, then the penal norms about the confidential business information and the confidentiality obligation and last, the elements of the crime disposed in the article 239 of the TPC which is referred by most of the other penal norms in this respect.
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Radchenko, E. P. « Public-Private Partnership Projects In Increasing Efficiency Of Penal Institutions Production Sector ». Dans International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.03.50.
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Abdiyeva, Raziya. « Social Norms and Tax Culture in Transition Countries : Case of Kyrgyzstan ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02011.
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Taxes are the main financial resource of government. Performance of tax system depends on the willingness of taxpayers to pay taxes or tax morale. Government can use deterrence instruments as tax penalty and size of detection. But socio-psychological factors as attitudes of community towards tax behavior of social norms related taxation can manage and regulate tax compliance more effectively than deterrence instruments.
In transition economies as Kyrgyzstan government needs more financial resources to implement economic and social reforms, to decrease poverty and achieve sustainable development. Nowadays government seeks ways to increase tax revenue. Also in the project of the Conception of Fiscal Policy in Kyrgyz Republic for 2015-2020 developed by Ministry of Economy increasing tax morale, tax awareness and consciousness is stated one of the main tasks. Tax morale and tax compliance of taxpayers’ influenced by attitude of community, family and occupational group to taxes. Negative attitude of society to tax evasion can effectively regulate tax evasion and stimulate tax compliance. The aim of this research is to reveal social norms in Kyrgyzstan and to analyze how they influence on tax behavior.
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Arslan, Çetin, et Didar Özdemir. « The Protection of Bank and Customer Secrets by Criminal Law ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01988.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Turkish Penal Code (TPC) no.5237 embodies “the reveal of bank and customer secrets” as a crime. However, neither article 6 of the TPC titled “definitions” nor the legal justification of the article contains the definition of the bank or customer secret. On the other hand, the bank or customer secrets are under guarantee of four different codes. These dispositions can be counted as the article 239 of the TPC, the articles 35 and 68/II/a of the Turkish Republic Central Bank Code dated 14.01.1970 and numbered 1211, the articles 73 and 159 of the Banking Code dated 19.10.2005 and numbered 5411 and also the articles 8, 23 and 31 of the Bank Cards and Credit Cards Code dated 23.02.2006 and numbered 5464. Though, these two special codes do not make a connection to the article 239 of the TPC which constitutes the general norm nor the TPC makes a reference to those dispositions. In this study, we will try to explain first the notions of bank and customer secrets, then the penal norms protecting the bank and customer secrets and last, the elements of the crime disposed in the article 239 of the TPC.
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Zhao, Qianyun, et Enze Ma. « Analysis of PDG, Penalty-BFGS and KKT in Economic Dispatch Problems ». Dans 2020 5th International Conference on Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmcce51767.2020.00488.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Penale economia"
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Megersa, Kelbesa. Tax Transparency for an Effective Tax System. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.070.
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This rapid review examines evidence on the transparency in the tax system and its benefits; e.g. rising revenue, strengthen citizen/state relationship, and rule of law. Improvements in tax transparency can help in strengthening public finances in developing countries that are adversely affected by COVID-19. The current context (i.e. a global pandemic, widespread economic slowdown/recessions, and declining tax revenues) engenders the urgency of improving domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) and the fight against illicit financial flows (IFFs). Even before the advent of COVID-19, developing countries’ tax systems were facing several challenges, including weak tax administrations, low taxpayer morale and “hard-to-tax” sectors. The presence of informational asymmetry (i.e. low tax transparency) between taxpayers and tax authorities generates loopholes for abuse of the tax system. It allows the hiding of wealth abroad with a limited risk of being caught. Cases of such behaviour that are exposed without proper penalty may result in a decline in the morale of citizens and a lower level of voluntary compliance with tax legislation. A number of high-profile tax leaks and scandals have undermined public confidence in the fairness of tax systems and generated a strong demand for effective counteraction and tax transparency. One of the key contributing factors to lower tax revenues in developing countries (that is linked to low tax transparency) is a high level of IFFs. These flows, including international tax evasion and the laundering of corruption proceeds, build a major obstacle to successful DRM efforts. Research has also identified an association between organisational transparency (e.g. transparency by businesses and tax authorities) and stakeholder trust (e.g. between citizens and the state). However, the evidence is mixed as to how transparency in particular influences trust and perceptions of trustworthiness.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation : A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.
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Multiple Engine Faults Detection Using Variational Mode Decomposition and GA-K-means. SAE International, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0616.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As a critical power source, the diesel engine is widely used in various situations. Diesel engine failure may lead to serious property losses and even accidents. Fault detection can improve the safety of diesel engines and reduce economic loss. Surface vibration signal is often used in non-disassembly fault diagnosis because of its convenient measurement and stability. This paper proposed a novel method for engine fault detection based on vibration signals using variational mode decomposition (VMD), K-means, and genetic algorithm. The mode number of VMD dramatically affects the accuracy of extracting signal components. Therefore, a method based on spectral energy distribution is proposed to determine the parameter, and the quadratic penalty term is optimized according to SNR. The results show that the optimized VMD can adaptively extract the vibration signal components of the diesel engine. In the actual fault diagnosis case, it is difficult to obtain the data with labels. The clustering algorithm can complete the classification without labeled data, but it is limited by the low accuracy. In this paper, the optimized VMD is used to decompose and standardize the vibration signal. Then the correlation-based feature selection method is implemented to obtain the feature results after dimensionality reduction. Finally, the results are input into the classifier combined by K-means and genetic algorithm (GA). By introducing and optimizing the genetic algorithm, the number of classes can be selected automatically, and the accuracy is significantly improved. This method can carry out adaptive multiple fault detection of a diesel engine without labeled data. Compared with many supervised learning algorithms, the proposed method also has high accuracy.