Thèses : « Pecuniarie »

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MARINO, Giuseppe. « Inadempimento e mora debendi nelle obbligazioni pecuniarie tra diritto europeo ed interno ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/91196.

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Il lavoro di tesi muove dall’idea di ricostruire, analizzando le attuali linee di tendenza del diritto comunitario e interno in materia di obbligazioni aventi ad oggetto una somma di denaro, il sistema che governa la vicenda patologica che si schiude con il ritardo nel pagamento. Infatti, una serie di disposizioni di matrice europea e municipale contribuiscono a revocare in dubbio la tradizionale unitarietà del pagamento eseguito con pezzi monetari, cui si è venuto affiancando, anche sulla spinta della prassi, un paradigma nuovo di adempimento dell’obbligazione pecuniaria, che può definirsi “necessariamente intermediato”. In esso risulta indefettibile, per volontà della legge o dei privati, l’interposizione di uno o più soggetti, altri ri-spetto al debitore e al creditore parti originarie del rapporto obbligatorio, con funzioni ausiliarie del pagamento: elemento che incide in maniera significativa sulla vicenda solutoria. Il pagamento diviene, in altri termini, fattispecie a formazione progressiva, procedimento lungo il quale si rende necessario individuare il momento e l’atto ai quali ricollegare l’effetto solutorio, la liberazione del debitore e l’estinzione dell’obbligazione pecuniaria. E da cui emergono, in via antitetica, l’inadempimento e la responsabilità del debitore. L’indagine si volge a verificare, nella dialettica tra diritto “primo” e diritto “secondo” e tenendo conto dell’elaborazione maturata anche in esperienze straniere come quella germanica e anglosassone, le regole che definiscono quando l’adempimento possa dirsi esatto, in specie con riguardo al profilo soggettivo, al tempo e al luogo, facendole “reagire” con le più rilevanti fattispecie di ritardo nell’adempimento e di responsabilità per inadempimento del debitore che emergono nella disciplina recente, tra cui spicca la normativa in tema di mora debendi nelle obbligazioni pecuniarie da transazione commerciale.Il rilievo assunto dal concetto di disponibilità giuridica o monetaria nell’ambito delle obbligazioni pecuniarie schiude un ulteriore versante dell’indagine, volto a scrutinare, alla luce del diritto interno e comunitario in materia di adempimento delle obbligazioni pecuniarie, la tenuta della visione “intellettuale” del denaro, da intendersi quale ideal unit, astratta unità monetaria creata dallo Stato, e dunque come valore che vive in una dimensione essenzialmente funzionale.

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FONZO, GIUSEPPA. « La disciplina degli interessi e degli interessi sugli interessi ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/170833.

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L’elaborato si prefigge di analizzare la disciplina degli interessi nelle obbligazioni pecuniarie, soprattutto alla luce delle recenti interpretazioni giurisprudenziali che hanno interessato il settore. Data l'importanza socio-economica che ricopre l'attività creditizia delle banche, oggetto dello studio è, in particolare, il fenomeno dell'anatocismo bancario, oggetto negli ultimi anni di ripetuti interventi sia normativi sia giurisprudenziali che hanno contribuito a ravvivare dibattiti mai sopiti. Il fenomeno, analizzato anche nei suoi sviluppi fattuali, presenta un quadro giuridico complesso e talvolta contraddittorio, che si cerca di analizzare nel dettaglio. La ricerca ha inizio con l'analisi della diffusa prassi bancaria di inserire nei contratti clausole anatocistiche: si vede come negli ultimi cinquant'anni la possibilità di deroga dell'articolo 1283 del codice civile è stata costantemente invocata dagli istituti di credito per legittimare la pratica anatocistica di capitalizzazione trimestrale degli interessi. Si riteneva dunque legittima la capitalizzazione trimestrale degli interessi sul presupposto che la consuetudine bancaria di inserire le relative clausole nei contratti fosse espressione degli "usi contrari" di cui all'articolo 1283 del codice civile. Si passa poi ad analizzare le pronunce della Cassazione n. 2374 del 16 marzo 1999 e n. 3069 del 30 marzo 1999, che hanno segnato un vero e proprio mutamento di orientamento della Suprema Corte: gli "usi contrari" di cui all'articolo 1283 del codice civile sono da ricondursi agli usi normativi e, al contrario, la consuetudine di inserire clausole anatocistiche configurava un mero uso negoziale e non normativo. Ci si sofferma quindi in particolare su due importanti pronunce delle Sezioni Unite della Suprema Corte di Cassazione: (i) la sentenza n. 21095 del 14 novembre 2004 con cui è stata precisata l'efficacia retroattiva della riconosciuta natura negoziale degli usi anatocistici bancari, e conseguentemente è stata dichiarata la nullità delle clausole di capitalizzazione trimestrale degli interessi stipulate anteriormente al revirement giurisprudenziale della Cassazione, avvenuto nel marzo del 1999; e (ii) la sentenza n. 24418 del 2 dicembre 2010 con cui è stato individuato il dies a quo per la decorrenza del termine della prescrizione nella chiusura del rapporto contrattuale o nel pagamento solutorio. Quest'ultima decisione non ha tuttavia segnato l'epilogo della tormentata vicenda dell'anatocismo bancario: sono oggetto di ricerca anche le pronunce successive nonché i successivi interventi legislativi, fino ad arrivare alla l. 27 dicembre 2013, n. 147 che all'art. 629 ha modificato l'articolo 120, comma 2, del Testo unico bancario, demandando al Comitato Interministeriale per il Credito e il Risparmio il compito di stabilire modalità e criteri per la produzione di interessi nelle operazioni poste in essere nell'esercizio dell'attività bancaria. Dopo un ulteriore intervento legislativo nel febbraio 2016 (decreto legge 14 febbraio 2016 n. 18 – convertito nella legge 8 aprile 2016 n. 49 – che, all’articolo 17-bis ha nuovamente emendato l'art. 120, comma 2, del Testo unico bancario), si passa ad analizzare la tanto attesa delibera approvata dal Comitato Interministeriale per il Credito e il Risparmio in data 3 agosto 2016, che detta le disposizioni applicative del comma 2 dell’articolo 120 del Testo unico bancario. Nell’ambito dell’elaborato, ci si prefigge altresì di affrontare i riflessi penalistici del fenomeno anatocistico, analizzando il rapporto tra l'anatocismo e l'usura. A quanto sopra sarà da ultimo aggiunta una trattazione sotto il profilo comparatistico della disciplina degli interessi nelle obbligazioni pecuniarie, mettendo a confronto l’ordinamento italiano con quello inglese.
The thesis analyses the regulation of interests in payment obligations, especially in light of the recent judicial decisions which have affected the topic. In particular, given the social and economic importance of the credit activity carried out by the banks, the aim of the thesis is the so called “anatocismo bancario” (i.e., the capitalisation of interests applied by the banks) subject to frequent interventions in law and by courts during the last years. The set of rules providing for the “anatocismo bancario”, which I am determined to analyse in details also including its factual aspects, is very complicated and sometimes inconsistent. The thesis starts with the analysis of the common practice of the banks to include in the financial contracts clauses setting out the quarterly capitalisation of interests: in the last fifty years the possibility to waive article 1283 of the Italian civil code has been frequently recalled by the financial institutions to legitimate the above common practice. Therefore, the quarterly capitalization of interests was deemed legitimated on the basis that such banks’ common practice represents the so called "usi contrari" (contrary practice) under article 1283 of the Italian civil code. The thesis then proceeds analysing the Supreme Court’s decisions No. 2374 of 16 March 1999 and No. 3069 of 30 March 1999 which have marked a real change in the Supreme Court’s case law: the "usi contrari" (contrary practice) under article 1283 of the Italian civil code are to be intended as “usi normativi” (regulatory practice) and, on the contrary, the practice to include capitalisation clauses represented an “uso negoziale” and not an “uso normativo”. In particular, two important decisions of the Supreme Court have been analysed: (i) the decision No. 21095 of 14 Novemebr 2004 specifying the retroactive validity of the nature of the banks’ common practice as “usi negoziali” and therefore the clauses on the quarterly capitalization of interests executed before the new Supreme Court’s case law of 1999 have been declared null and void; and (ii) the decision No. 24418 of 2 December 2010 specifying that the effective date of the limitation period starts from the termination of the contract or from the settlement payment. Also the following decisions have been analysed as well as the following regulatory interventions till the Italian Law No. 147 of 27 December 2013 which has modified article 120, paragraph 2, of the Banking Law, requiring the Interdepartmental Committee for Credit and Savings (Comitato Interministeriale per il Credito e il Risparmio) to provide for terms and criteria of interests accruing in banking transactions. Following further regulatory interventions in February 2016 (Law Decree 14 February 2016 No. 18 which has further amended article 120, paragraph 2, of the Banking Law), the thesis analyses the expected resolution of the Interdepartmental Committee for Credit and Savings (Comitato Interministeriale per il Credito e il Risparmio) dated 3 August 2016. Moreover, the thesis analyses the criminal law aspects of compounding interests taking into account the relationship between capitalisation and usury. Also, the thesis sets out a comparison between the Italian regulation of interests in payment obligations and the English regulation.

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MECCA, Virgilio. « L’ADEMPIMENTO DELL’OBBLIGAZIONE PECUNIARIA : IL PAGAMENTO CON STRUMENTI ALTERNATIVI AL DENARO CONTANTE ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388924.

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Money is whatever is generally accepted in Exchange for goods and represents a temporary adobe of purchasing power to be used for buyng still other goods and service. the coming of the checkless and cashless society will involve a shift from the check or document system to an electronic system. The order will be transmitted via electronic impulse initiated at a terminal in the merchant's establishment. The merchant will be paid at the instant of the cardholder's order transmittal by means of a credit to his account: the cardholder's account will be debited at the same time. In Italian civil code art. 1277 there is nominalistic principle that applies to fluctuations in the value of money , that means if an obligation to pay one euro was incurred in 2010 but payable in 2020, it remains an obligation to pay one euro. This paper analyze the evolution of concept of money and the consequences about nominalistic principle, paying attention to different way to perform the duties of money obligation.

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Fernández, Cartagena Julio. « Actualización de deudas pecuniarias-Implicancias civiles ». THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108346.

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Sandoval, Parra Victoria. « Manera de galardón : merced pecuniaria y extranjería en el siglo XVII ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116778.

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La merced es una institución jurídica situada tradicionalmente en una frontera entre la manifestación de la voluntad política del rey y la manifestación de su voluntad jurídica. Durante la Edad Moderna, a raíz de la construcción de una maquinaria burocrática caracterizada por el sistema de Consejos, la merced se articula en virtud de un procedimiento administrativo caracterizado por una regularización jurídica que la constituye como una forma de expresión, paralela y próxima a la administración de justicia, de la decisión del soberano. La merced es una vía de gobierno que además resultamente extremadamente útil para la defensa de los intereses políticos y religiosos de la Monarquía católica en su funcionamiento exterior. Este trabajo pretende analizar concretamente, además de la dimensión conceptual de la institución, los distintos aspectos del funcionamiento práctico de la merced, atendiendo a una naturaleza y a un problema concreto: la naturaleza fundamentalmente pecuniaria de las mercedes concedidas a los extranjeros, y el problema de la acogida de aquellos expatriados que buscan el amparo de la Monarquía católica por razones de distinto cariz, pero fundamentalmente religiosas, fundamentalmente en la primera mitad del siglo XVII.
“Merced”, favor is a juridical institution traditionally situated across from manifestation of the political authority of the King and his legal authority. During Modern Age, conformed the construction of a bureaucratic machine, it characterized by the “Consejos”, favor is articulated to a juridical regulation that constitutes it like a expression form, parallel and close to the administration of justice, according to the decision of sovereign. Favor is a government way that also is useful for the defense of political and religious interests of Catholic Monarchy in its foreign operating. This research expects to analyze specifically, as well the conceptual dimension of institution, various aspects of the practice operating of favor, following a nature and a concrete problem: nature especially pecuniary of favors conceded to foreigners, and the problem of the reception of those expatriates that seek the protection of Catholic Monarchy for different reasons, religious fundamentally, mainly in the first half of seventeenth century.

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Bell, Andrew James. « Damages for non-pecuniary loss in the tort of negligence : a reconceptualisation ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8460/.

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This thesis' core aim is to develop a coherent conceptual framework for non-pecuniary loss damages in the tort of negligence. This requires an analysis of existing theoretical frameworks, a redevelopment of the 'nonpecuniary loss' concept, and the development of a new basis for the assessment of damages awards. The thesis argues that it is a mistake to preconceive of damages awards as compensatory and analogise to pecuniary losses; the different nature of non-pecuniary losses gives rises to conceptual problems and tensions with practice where this is attempted. This thesis instead separates the identification of non-pecuniary losses from the aims and assessment of damages awards, arguing that the former must be analysed first and independently. A replacement 'personal loss' concept is developed, free from the deficiencies identified and centred on binary events which raise, for a notional observer, detrimental implications about the victim's personal interests. The thesis proposes that a damages assessment based on vindication, whereby awards serve as counterstatements to those detrimental implications, can then coherently engage that personal loss concept to produce damages awards. The resulting theory is uniquely capable of justifying and providing a defensible theoretical framework for recovery for non-financial losses.

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Schwarz, Lukas Marinus. « Pecuniary Externalities in Labor Markets and Questions in Macroeconomics and International Trade ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493425.

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I analyze how various types of structural change including labor market reform, trade liberalization, product market reform and technological progress affect labor markets in closed and open economies. In order to do this, I propose a model of labor markets which captures frictions and pecuniary externalities as well as different types of labor market reform in a very general way. Embedding this framework into general equilibrium models with imperfect competition in product markets and endogenous entry I find that the strength of pecuniary externalities in labor markets is absolutely crucial: In closed economies sufficiently strong pecuniary externalities in labor markets require “supply-side approaches” to labor market reform to raise aggregate employment, while “demand-side approaches” are required otherwise. Product market deregulation and technological progress raise aggregate employment in closed economies only if pecuniary externalities in labor markets are sufficiently strong. Similar results hold in open economies although terms-of-trade-effects may slightly change the picture depending on their strength. Further, distributional conflicts both within and across countries may arise from those effects, but they can be avoided by means of multilateral coordination. Trade liberalization increases aggregate employment only if pecuniary externalities in labor markets are sufficiently strong. Firm heterogeneity amplifies both gains and losses from trade liberalization. Sufficiently strong pecuniary externalities in labor markets also make positive international spill-overs of unilateral structural change more likely. I present my results in terms of threshold-rules for the strength of pecuniary externalities in labor markets and I provide careful analyses of what determines the size of the threshold for each question I address: Generally, the strengths of product-variety-effects and of a mark-ups-channel working through product markets as well as the importance of the extensive margin of production play a central role, but both the importance of network production structures and of international trade matter, too.
Economics

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Simons, Gary. « "Show Me the Money!" : A Pecuniary Explication of William Makepeace Thackeray's Critical Journalism ». Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3347.

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Scholars have heretofore under-examined William Makepeace Thackeray's early critical essays despite their potential for illuminating Victorian manners and life. Further, these essays' treatments of aesthetics, class, society, history, and politics are all influenced by the pecuniary aspects of periodical journalism and frequently expose socio-economic attitudes and realities. This study explicates the circumstances, contents, and cultural implications of Thackeray's critical essays. Compensatory payments Thackeray received are reconciled with his bibliographic record, questions regarding Thackeray's interactions with periodicals such as Punch and Fraser's Magazine answered, and a database of the payment practices of early Victorian periodicals established. Thackeray's contributions to leading London newspapers, the Times and the Morning Chronicle, address history, travel, art, literature, religion, and international affairs. Based upon biblio-economic payment records, cross-references, and other information, Thackeray's previously skeletal newspaper bibliographic record is fleshed out with twenty-eight new attributions. With this new information in hand, Thackeray's views on colonial emigration and imperialism, international affairs, religion, medievalism, Ireland, the East, and English middle-class identity are clarified. Further, Thackeray wrote a series of social and political "London" letters for an Indian newspaper, the Calcutta Star. This dissertation establishes that Thackeray's letters were answered in print by "colonial" letters written by James Hume, editor of the Calcutta Star; their mutual correspondence thus constitutes a revealing cosmopolitan - colonial discourse. The particulars of Thackeray's Calcutta Star writings are established, insights into the personalities and viewpoints of both men provided, and societal aspects of their correspondence analyzed. In his many newspaper art exhibition reviews Thackeray popularized serious painting and shaped middle-class taste. The nature and timing of Thackeray's art essays are assessed, espoused values characterized and earlier analyses critiqued, and Thackeray's role introducing middle-class readers to contemporary Victorian art explored. Other Thackeray newspaper reviews addressed literature; indeed, Thackeray's grounding of literature in economic realities demonstrably carried over from his critical thesiss to his subsequent work as a novelist, creating a unity of theme, style, and subject between his early and late writings. Literary pathways originating in Thackeray's critical reviews are shown to offer new insights into Thackeray novels Catherine, Vanity Fair, Henry Esmond, and Pendennis.

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Konar, Avishek. « The Importance of Non-Pecuniary Factors and Heterogeneity of Farmers in Tillage Choices ». The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420719287.

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Kontrimas, Albertas. « Draudimo išmoka dėl neturtinės žalos : teorinės ir praktinės problemos ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152335-93257.

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Šiame darbe nagrinėsime teorines ir praktines problemas, kurios atsiranda, kai neturtinė žala padaroma draudiminio įvykio metu ir turėtų būti pilnai ar iš dalies atlyginama draudimo įmonės. Ši tema aktuali tuo, kad plečiantis draudimo įmonių veiklai, atsirandant vis daugiau privalomojo draudimo rūšių, dėl to, iš kitos pusės visuomenei intensyviai vykdant ekonominę veiklą, atsitinka vis daugiau draudiminių įvykių, kuriuose nuostuolius padengti turi draudimo įmonės, savaime suprantama, kad tai kelia nemažai problemų, nes visos draudimo sritys yra pakankamai naujos ir yra nedaug praktikos susijusios su tokių išmokų priteisimu, be to, pats neturtinės žalos įvertinimas ir jos priteisimas Lietuvos teismų sistemoje nėra nusistovėjęs ir sistemiškai aiškiai suformuluotas. Atsiranda daug neturtinės žalos įvertinimo sunkumų, nes tokia žala sunkiai pamatuojama, nes neturtinė žala, tai tokie praradimai, kurie negali būti įvertinti pinigais, galime kalbėti tik apie galimą kompensaciją. Be to, dauguma draudimo įmonių linkę vertinti savo draudimo paslaugas kaip turto draudimą ir neturtinę žalą atlygina labai nenoriai, neatlygina visai arba atlygina nepakankamai, skiriasi civilinio draudimo sąlygos įvairiose veiklos srityse. Taigi, iš vienos pusės plečiant Lietuvoje neturtinės žalos atlyginimo atvejų sąrašą ir didinant priteistinos neturtinės žalos dydžius, savaime suprantama, kad visuomenėje iškyla poreikis apsidrausti nuo galimų nuostuolių, taip pat ir nuo nuostolių atlyginimo padarius žalą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Long ago people recognized non-pecuniary damage, as wel as pecuniary losses, which are stemming from physical injuries, death or emotional trauma. All these kinds of damages are hard to estimate and determine though. Despite the fact that some lawyers argue for abolition of compansation for non-pecuniary damage, this sort of damage still seem to be significant dealing with defence of a plaintiff under this rubric in defferent European countries. By the means of legal practice of non-pecuniary nature the person could claim damages for physical and emotional suffering, nervousness, grief, anxiety and ambarrasment. However, non-pecuniary damage should not be identified with pecuniary losses. At this point, the apprehension of non-pecuniary damage is supposed to be linked to the compensation instead of fine. In order to clarify this statement, the most important is that the compensation of non-pecuniary damage, first of all, serves as damage rewarding or as a kind of civil remedy and protection. Although, some voises said that pain and suffering awardas are hard to estimate due to the fact that the damage valuation of these kinds of losses sometimes we just can not figure out properly. Nowadays, under legal regulation, courts determine and estimate the value on non-pecuniary damage bearing in mind all significant circumstanses. Consequently, courts could change the value on non-pecuniary damage in two ways: lower or higher the compensation for these losses. Moreover, courts... [to full text]

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León, Hilario Leysser L. « Spamming y responsabilidad civil. Compensación pecuniaria y protección resarcitoria ordinaria en el régimen jurídico del correo electrónico comercial no solicitado ». THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2005. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107519.

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¿Cansado de recibir correos electrónicos publicitarios que llenan su bandeja de entrada? Al parecer nuestros congresistas también lo estaban...En este entretenido artículo, el autor analiza la recientemente promulgada Ley 28493 (“Ley que regula el uso del correo electrónico comercial no solicitado”) demostrándonos quea fin de crear una norma válida y útil para la sociedad no basta con regular un tema novedoso, pues, resulta indispensable realizar un cuidadoso análisis al respecto.En éste sedeben tomar en consideración los intereses afectados buscando la solución más adecuada para el problema en cuestión dentro de nuestra sociedad, ya que, en caso contrario, se corre el serio riesgo de crear una norma que no genere beneficio alguno.El autor aborda el tema desde diferentes perspectivas como son la del Derecho comparado y la responsabilidad civil. Quedando establecido, una vez más, que la calidad de una ley no siempre guarda correspondencia con la primera impresión que de ella se genera.

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Matthews, Alexandra. « Integration of embodied conversational agents and pecuniary traits in usability design for financial services applications ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15286.

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Rebolledo, López Sofía Paz. « Sanciones pecuniarias a la luz del derecho penal y el derecho administrativo sancionador en materia ambiental ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/171114.

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Memoria de prueba para optar al grado de licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
El presente trabajo analiza las penas pecuniarias que existen a luz del Derecho Penal y del Derecho Administrativo en materia ambiental. Para ello, se hará una recopilación de todas las sanciones de multa que puedan existir al respecto, analizando tanto la normativa interna como la internacional. Una vez hecha esta recopilación se hará mención a los bienes jurídicos protegidos por diferentes ramas del derecho que se relacionan con el medio ambiente, para así lograr conocer la diferencia que existe entre ellos o, a contrario sensu, la similitud entre aquellos. Y, finalmente, se hará mención, entre otras cosas, a los fines que el poder punitivo estatal pretende cumplir con la imposición de estas multas, para comprender si con ellas es o no posible reparar el medio ambiente dañado

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Mion, Giordano. « Essays in spatial economics ». Université catholique de Louvain, 2004. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-12172004-112215/.

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The New Economic Geography literature has experienced an impressive success in economic theory. At the same time, the empirical evidence about the forces and mechanisms emphasized by this literature is growing. Nevertheless, there is still much to be gained from empirical analysis. The main objective of this work is thus to help mind this gap by providing further evidence on the relevance of agglomeration forces for the distribution of economic activities. We address this task from an eclectic perspective using both descriptive and structural approaches. We also pay particular attention to plants' heterogeneity and its interaction with spatial externalities. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that pecuniary externalities stemming from final consumption and input-output linkages play an important role in location choice. Furthermore, while big plants are more sensitive to very localized externalities, small units display a stronger spatial correlation pattern and can be found more easily close to big consumers' markets.

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Ruiz, de Castilla Ponce de León Francisco J. « Los efectos de la inflación en el pago de las obligaciones dinerarias en situación de mora del deudor ». Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1991. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/7237.

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Latinoamerica es una de las regiones que en los últimos tiempos viebe padeciendo los estragos que produce la inflación. En particular, el Perú ha registmdlo recientemente uno de los mayores índices de inflación a nivel mundial. Por ejemplo en 1990 los prcrios se incrementaron en un prmnedio de 7649.7% Este dato nos puede dar una idea sobre la magnitud de la depreciación del valor real de nues1tra moneda nacional. En las obligaciones pecuniarias sucede que cuanto mayor es el lapso que demora el deudor en cumplir con la prestación a su cargo, entonces resulta más seria la pérdida del poder adquisltvo del dinero que se emplea en el pago, con el consiguiente perjuicio para el acreedor común y corriente. ¿Cómo ha reaccionado el Derecho frente a este problema? La doctrina y jurisprudencia vienen desarrollando fórmulas de solución bastante polémicas que han alcanzado ribetes verdaderamente brillantes sobretodo en Argentina. Sin embargo, la inflación y la mora del deudor configuran un tema riquísimo en cuanto a posibilidades de investigación se refiere, muchas de las cuales todavía no han tnerecido tma debida atención. En virtud de esta última consideración nuestro trabajo pretende explorar ciertos puntos de vista que nos parecen verdaderamente medulares para contprender a cabalidad el problema planteado. Sabemos que a lo largo de esta obra hemos discurrido por los oscuros límites que separan al Derecho Civil de otras ramas del Derecho en general. En efecto he, nos abordado la perspectiva de la Fllosofia del Derecho, Derecho Constitucional, Derecho Comparado y Derecho Monetario con el propósito de enriquecer la visión de conjunto con relación al tema central de nuestro análisis. Al final puede constatarse una suerte de retroalimentación entre todas estas áreas del quehacer jurídico y que viene a constituir una expresión más del carácter dinámico, complementario y creativo que tiene todo sistenta jurídico para dilucidar los problemas económicos y sociales que se deben regular.
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Matthews, A. « The role of embodied conversational agents in financial services applications and customer segmentation via the pecuniary questionnaire ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.657450.

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This work takes a psychological perspective on HCI and the user-centred nature of the user interfaces and systems under investigation. The research presented here provides empirical evidence or the thesis that Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) represent a highly effective tool for human-computer interactions in future financial services applications, particularly when their product portrays match the pecuniary traits of the customer. ECAs can provide a personal and effective platform for everyday banking enquiries whilst utilising and realising an effective customer targeting tool. A practical metric is presented with which financial institutions can segment customers and predict which products certain groups would be likely to consider purchasing by assessing consumer’s pecuniary attitudes and behaviours. Companies can utilise data derived from such metrics to strengthen the customer-company relationship and to increase customer satisfaction, thereby improving the processes for recruiting, retaining and maintaining customers.

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Žilinskas, Rolandas. « Lietuvos ir Latvijos teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių darbuotojų materialinę atsakomybę, lyginamoji analizė ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140623_193032-28182.

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LIETUVOS IR LATVIJOS TEISĖS AKTŲ, REGLAMENTUOJANČIŲ DARBUOTOJŲ MATERIALINĘ ATSAKOMYBĘ, LYGINAMOJI ANALIZĖ Šiame magistro darbe išsamiai atliekama Lietuvos ir Latvijos teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių darbuotojų materialinę atsakomybę, lyginamoji analizė. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Lietuva ir Latvija yra artimos savo teisine sistema, aiškinantis kuo skiriasi ir kuo panašios minėtų valstybių įstatymų leidėjų pozicijos darbuotojų ir darbdavių žalos atlyginimo klausimais, šių dviejų valstybių teisės aktų analizė gali padėti atrasti geresnį tam tikro klausimo reglamentavimą. Darbuotojų materialinės atsakomybės instituto paskirtis yra kompensuoti darbdaviui atsiradusią žalą dėl darbuotojo neteisėtų veiksmų ar pareigų neatlikimo, suderinant skirtingus šios atsakomybės subjektų – darbuotojo ir darbdavio – interesus. Lyginamuoju metodu tiriamas minėto instituto reglamentavimas Lietuvos ir Latvijos Respublikose, jo atsiradimo prielaidos, ypatumai, taikymo sąlygos, analizuojamos darbuotojų materialinės atsakomybės rūšys bei subjektų požymiai. Šiame darbe siekiama nustatyti darbuotojų materialinės atsakomybės reglamentavimo ir taikymo netikslumus ir problemas, nurodyti įstatymų leidėjo galimas klaidas bei pasiūlyti būdus, kaip pašalinti spragas ir patobulinti teisės aktus.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LITHUANIA’S AND LATVIA’S LAW INSTRUMENTS WHICH REGULATE EMPLOYEE’S PECUNIARY LIABILITY The topic of this article is to make circumstantial and comparative analysis of Lithuania’s and Latvia’s law instruments which regulate employee’s pecuniary liability. It’s important that Lithuania’s and Latvia’s juridical system is close to each other. Taking this fact into account, it is easier to find similarities and differences in the legislation, which regulate pecuniary liability between employee and employer. The analysis of law instruments may help to find a better regulation in confusing situations. The purpose of employees’ pecuniary liability institute is to compensate damage to an employer, which was caused due to unlawful actions or breach of duty by an employee. According to this it is important to coordinate interests of employee and employer. The regulation of this institute was researched using a comparative method. It is also researched the origin of this institute, it’s singularity, the circumstances of it’s usage; the types of employee’s pecuniary liability and subject’s features are examined. It was aspired to identify problems in legislation and practical application of employee’s pecuniary liability issues, as well as to present proposals regarding corrections of legal deficiencies and improvement of legislation to the legislator in the present graduation work.

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Pareigytė, Lina. « Neturtinė žala kaip viena civilinės teisės pažeidimu padarytų žalos rūšių ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060505_182757-99079.

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The subject matter of this work is a non-pecuniary damage which is a specific type of damage. The author scrutinises the features of the non-pecuniary damage, which also have impact on the peculiarities of the compensation for this type of damage. The specific nature of a non-pecuniary damage may also be revealed through the aims of this damage, which, in the author’s point of view, are compensation and prevention. The author both analyses the concept of non-pecuniary damage and fundamental principles and aspects of its compensation. The author doubts about the constitutional background of a so-called exclusive regulation of non-pecuniary damage’s compensation, and states that the compensatory amount of a non-pecuniary damage shall not be restricted by either minimum or maximum limits.

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Ankomah, Augustine Kwabena. « The sexual behaviour of young women in Cape Coast, Ghana : the pecuniary consideration involved and implications for AIDS ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332089.

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Weston, Tracie Amos. « Non-Pecuniary Factors Impacting the Retention of New Teachers at the Secondary Level in One Virginia School Division ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51761.

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The purpose of this study was to measure the influence of teacher preparation experiences, collegial support, and principal support on new teachers' decisions to remain in the teaching profession. Quantitative research was conducted using data from an electronic survey to examine the impact the three predictor variables had on the likelihood of a new teacher remaining in the profession beyond five years. Research explored the precipitating theory based on scholarly literature, that teachers who are well prepared with practical experiences, and who feel supported and valued by their colleagues and principals, reflect the highest level of job satisfaction and potential to remain in the teaching profession. Five findings emerged from this study. Two findings indicated that collegial support and principal support, both had a statistically significant influence on new teacher retention. In addition, the study found that nearly 75% of new teachers showed some level of job satisfaction with the teaching profession. Participants in the survey included one hundred and eighty-four teachers with 0-5 years experience, representing teachers from 21 secondary schools within one school district. Participants were asked to respond to questions based on their personal experiences and feelings related to the teaching profession and their overall satisfaction level.
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Dupont, Alain. « Non-Pecuniary loss in commercial contracts : with special emphasis on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4601.

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Kuktienė, Asta. « Ar įmanoma prisiteisti neturtinę žalą Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame procese ? » Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080807_143445-90899.

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Pagrindiniu nuostolių atlyginimo tikslu pripažįstamas siekis grąžinti asmenį į tą padėtį, kurioje jis būtų buvęs, jei žala nebūtų buvusi padaryta. Valstybė yra konstituciškai įpareigota teisinėmis, materialinėmis, organizacinėmis priemonėmis užtikrinti žmogaus teisių ir laisvių gynimą nuo neteisėto kėsinimosi ar ribojimo, nustatyti pakankamas žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apsaugos ir gynimo priemones. Teismas, nustatydamas neturtinės žalos dydį, privalo atsižvelgti į jos pasekmes, šią žalą padariusio asmens kaltę, jo turtinę padėtį, padarytos turtinės žalos dydį bei kitas turinčias reikšmės bylai aplinkybes, taip pat į sąžiningumo, teisingumo ir protingumo kriterijus. Be to, teismai, nustatin��dami neturtinės žalos dydį, privalo vadovautis ne tik išvardytais kriterijais, bet atsižvelgti ir į specifinius dėl nusikalstamos veikos atsiradusius turtinius ir neturtinius padarinius, galimus pasikeitimus įvairiose nukentėjusiojo asmens gyvenimo srityse ir kitas aplinkybes, turinčias tiesioginę įtaką fizinių ir dvasinių išgyvenimų mastui ir stiprumui.
Non-pecuniary damages are compensated in all ways when the harm is done by criminal offense for person’s health or for killing somebody. The legislator does not give the finite list of ways when non-pecuniary damages could be awarded. The right of decision is given to the court and it has to evaluate the circumstances in each particular case. Moreover, the court, while assessing the size of non-pecuniary damages, has to consider the after-effect of the harm done, the fault of the person who did this harm and his interest and other circumstances that are important to the case. On the other hand, if non-pecuniary damages are not rewarded for the person voluntarily, he (she) has a right to give a civil claim in criminal case. Honesty, justice and reasonableness are the most important criterions in evaluation for non-pecuniary damages.

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Wilhelm, Markus [Verfasser], et Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Maennig. « Selected Issues Concerning Life Satisfaction : Measuring Non-Pecuniary Gains and Losses with Panel Data of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) / Markus Wilhelm. Betreuer : Wolfgang Maennig ». Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071370197/34.

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Karūžaitė, Eglė. « Neturtinės žalos atlyginimo objektas : lyginamieji aspektai ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100224_104440-36462.

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Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjami neturtinės žalos atlyginimo objektai bei jų teoriniai ir praktiniai skirtumai Lietuvos, Italijos, Didžiosios Britanijos, JAV, Vokietijos bei Prancūzijos teisinėse sistemose. Bandoma parodyti, kad teisė į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą, pažeidus asmens neturtines vertybes tiek bipolinėse, tiek singuliarinėse valstybėse yra plečiama, grindžiant žmogaus teisių doktrinos idėja ir siekiu įgyvendinti visiško žalos atlyginimo principą, nors, kita vertus, pripažįstama, jog pilnai pritaikyti restitutio in integrum neturtinės žalos atlyginimo srityje dėl prarastos vertybės specifiškumo nėra įmanoma. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išnagrinėti neturtinės žalos atlyginimo objektus, jų raidos bei taikymo teisminėje praktikoje tendencijas, atskleisti kiekvieno objekto pažeidimo atveju keliamus reikalavimus ir taikomus neturtinės žalos atlyginimo apribojimus. Todėl lyginamojo, istorinio, loginio, sisteminio bei kitų metodų pagalba analizuojama pasirinktų šalių teisinė patirtis, bandoma įžvelgti ne tik panašumų, bet ir atskleisti tam tikrus skirtumus, sutinkamus teisės į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą įgyvendinimo procese. Darbą sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas bei santrauka. Pirmojo skyriaus tikslas yra atskleisti tam tikrus teorinius neturtinės žalos atlyginimo aspektus, aptariant neturtinės žalos atlyginimo funkcijas bei sąvoką, įtvirtintą įvairių valstybių teisės aktuose. Antrojoje darbo dalyje yra apibūdinami neturtinės žalos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The objects of non-pecuniary damage and their theoretical and practical differencies in Lithunian, Italian, Great Britain, American, German and French legal systems are analysed in this Master work. It is attempted to show, that a right to non-pecuniary damage redress after infringement of non-economical values is being expanded both - in singular and bipolar countries, as a result of the concept of human rights doctrine and aspiration to entirely implement the principle of damage compensation, though accepting the impossibility of restitutio in integrum in the field of non-pecuniary damage because of the specificity of the lost value. The primary aim of this work is to explore the objects of non-pecuniary damage, the trends of their development and application in judicial practice, to reveal the requirements, raised in every case of the infringement of the object, and the restrictions applied to the redress of non-pecuniary damage. Therefore, with the help of comparative, historical, logical, systemic and other methods, the experience of chosen countries is analysed, trying to envisage not only some similarities, but also to reveal the diferrencies, applied in the implementation process of the right to non-pecuniary damage. The work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusions, the list of literature and summary. Tha aim of the first chapter is to disclose particular theoretical aspects of non-pecuniary damage, such as the functions of non-pecuniary damage redress... [to full text]

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DI, MAGGIO Evelyna. « IL IUS IURANDUM IN IURE DELATUM NEL PROCESSO FORMULARE ROMANO ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/90928.

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Esping, Emma. « Kränkningsersättning vid våldtäkt utan fällande brottmålsdom : en jämförelse mellan Sverige och Norge : Non-Pecuniary damages to victims of rape when there is no conviction of the crime – a comparison between Sweden and Norway ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373145.

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Sipos, Christer. « ideellt skadestånd till närstående vid psykiska besvär ». Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11030.

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Ofta rapporterar massmedia om brott som t.ex. mord, våldtäkt och misshandel. Den ena gärningen är brutalare än den andra. Denna uppsats behandlar ideellt skadestånd för sveda och värk som under vissa omständigheter kan tilldömas den som åsamkas psykiska besvär, till följd av underrättelsen om att en nära anhörig uppsåtligen har berövats livet. Effekterna av det psykiska lidande som närstående till ett brottsoffer tvingas utstå vid grova brott är ofta påtagliga för den som drabbas, varför skadestånd ev. kan bli aktuellt. En välkänd princip inom skadeståndsrätten är att s.k. tredjemansskador inte ersätts. Principen är normalt sett ett hinder för att tillerkännas ersättning i ett sådant fall. Sambandet mellan tredjemansskadan och gärningsmannens handling kan anses vara otillräckligt för att grunda ersättning. Principen har emellertid sitt väsentliga tillämpningsområde i situationer då tredje man drabbas av allmän förmögenhetsskada till följd av att någon annan har lidit en fysisk skada. Numera har det skett en utveckling på området genom att principen, i vissa fall, inte utesluter att ersättning för psykiska besvär kan utgå till den som har fått en underrättelse om att en nära anhörig bragts om livet.

Författaren presenterar här den rättsliga utvecklingen gällande sveda- och värkersättningen vars beloppsnivåer tenderar att höjas, och tar därefter ställning till bl.a. frågorna om var gränsen bör dras för skadeståndsansvar de lege ferenda samt vem som bör vara ersättningsberättigad.

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Usačiovas, Jurijus. « Draudimo išmoka dėl neturtinės žalos : teorinės ir praktinės problemos ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152327-17410.

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Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjamos civilinės atsakomybės už neturtinę žalą draudimo ir draudimo išmokos dėl neturtinės žalos instituto taikymo teorinės ir praktinės problemos. Aptariamas objektyvaus neturtinės žalos įvertinimo realumas esant teismo diskrecijai apskaičiuoti neturtinės žalos dydį, neturtinės žalos atlyginimo įstatyminėms riboms bei konkretaus dydžio įstatymo nustatytai neturtinės žalos atlyginimo sumai. Analizuojant objektyvaus neturtinės žalos atlyginimo dydžio nustatymo realumą prieinama prie išvados, kad neturtinės žalos atlyginimo sumos neįmanoma kiekvieną kartą objektyviai įvertinti pinigais, todėl interesas, susijęs su neturtinės žalos atlyginimu, pagrįstai negali būti traktuojamas kaip draudimo santykių specifiką atitinkantis draudimo interesas. Nagrinėjant civilinės atsakomybės už neturtinę žalą draudimo instituto taikymo praktikoje dažnai sutinkamas problemas, dėl socialinės jų svarbos ir neabejotino viešo intereso apsaugos poreikio šiose srityse, aptariami transporto priemonių savininkų ir valdytojų civilinės atsakomybės privalomasis draudimas ir sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų civilinės atsakomybės privalomasis draudimas. Aptariant šių rūšių civilinės atsakomybės už neturtinę žalą draudimą bandoma parodyti, kaip transporto priemonių savininkų ir valdytojų civilinės atsakomybės privalomajame draudime ir sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų civilinės atsakomybės privalomajame draudime yra derinami draudikų, draudėjų ir draudiminio įvykio metu nukentėjusių asmenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
This research work contains the analysis of theoretical and practical problems of application of the institute of civil liability for non-pecuniary damage, and insurance benefits. It discusses the objective reality of non-pecuniary damage assessment in the event of the discretion of the court to calculate the amount of non-pecuniary damages, legislative limits of non-pecuniary damages, and specific amount of non-pecuniary damages established by the law. After the analysis of objective determination of the amount of non-pecuniary damages, the conclusion is made that it is not possible to determine the amount of non-pecuniary damages in money each time and objectively, therefore the interest related to the compensation for non-pecuniary damage can not reasonably be regarded as the insurance interest corresponding the specifics of the insurance relationships. While examining the most common problems in the practice of application of the institute of civil liability for non-pecuniary damage, their social importance and the certainty of the need to safeguard the public interest in these areas, the work contains a discussion of the on the issues of civil liability insurance of vehicle owners' and holders, and the civil liability insurance of health care institutions. While discussing these types of civil liability insurance for non-pecuniary damage, the work attempts to demonstrate how the interests of insurers, policyholders and victims who suffered during the insured event are... [to full text]

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Velardocchio-Flores, Dominique. « Les accords extra-statutaires entre associés ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX32009.

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Les associes choisissent souvent de conclure des conventions exterieures au contrat de societe pour regler leurs relations au sein de la societe. Il fallait donc les recenser et essayer de definir leur place dans le droit des societes. Les accords entre associes sont de forme et de nature tres diverses : certains portent sur la structure meme des societes, protocole accompagnant la creation de filiale commune ou de holding, reglement interieur des societes, conventions modifiant les regles legales de fonctionnement des organes sociaux etc. . . , d'autres affectent les droits des associes, droit d'information, droit aux resultats, droit de vote (convention de vote), droit de ceder (pactes de preemption de preference, clause d'inalienabilite promesses d'achat ou de cession). Ces conventions font aujourd'hui partie des techniques juridico-financieres utilisees pour acquerir des societes, les gerer, les controler, financer leur croissance. Cette diversite pouvait faire craindre un regime juridique eclate. Il n'en est rien. La recherche des regles generales applicables a tous les accords entre associes permettant une prevision sur leur validite et sur leur efficacite montre, qu'au-dela du necessaire respect des regles imperatives du droit des societes et de la primaute des status, on doit revenir au droit commun des obligations
Partners often decide to enter into agrements distinct from the articles of incorporation in order to regulate their realtions within the company. It was therefore necessary to inventory them and to try to define theirpplace in company law. Agreements between partners may be of very different forms and character : some deal with corporate structure itself, such as a protocol which accompanies the setting up of a joint subsidiary or a holding company, company by-laws, agreements modifying the legal rules for the functioning of corporate bodies etc. . . , others affect partners rights, such os the right to information, rights to corporate profits, voting rights (voting agreement), or transfer rights (preferential preemption agrrements, inalienability clauses, a promise to buy or to sell). These agreements now form part of the legal and financial techniques used to acquire companies, to run them, to audit them, and to finance their development. This diversity could give rise to fears of a fragmented legal system. This is not the case. The search for general rules applicable to all agreements between partners, whose validity and efficiency may thus be anticipated, shows that, beyond the necessary observance of the imperative rules of company law and the primacy of the articles of incorporation, we must refer to the common law of bonds and obligations

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Bourdeau-Guilbert, Marie. « L'objectif économique du contrat : contribution à l'étude de l'intérêt commun ». Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10044.

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Suggérée à l'analyse de la jurisprudence rendue sur le thème de la flexibilité du contrat, la théorie générale de l'objectif économique du contrat a pour point de départ l'identification d'un premier objectif : l'exploitation commune de clientèle. Parce que le caractère commun de l'exploitation traduit l'existence d'objectifs identiques aux parties, cet objectif de nature économique s'inscrit, en effet, comme celui du contrat, support juridique de sa réalisation. Présent au sein de conventions diverses, il n'est, du reste, pas isolé. La mise en évidence d'autres types d'objectifs économiques construits sur ce même modèle permet ainsi une conceptualisation de la notion. La réalité de l'objectif économique du contrat laisse alors présager de sa possible réception par le Droit. Sa reconnaissance demeure toutefois subordonnée à sa disponibilité, d'une part et à son utilité, d'autre part. Distinct sans pour autant être autonome des conditions de validité que sont la cause et l'objet, l'objectif économique ne saurait davantage s'identifier à l'économie de la convention. Apte à siéger aux côtés de ces notions, l'objectif offre, en outre, de nouvelles perspectives. Indissociable de la notion d'intérêt commun économique, il en constitue le révélateur, justifiant ainsi que tous les contrats marqués par sa présence soient reconnus comme étant d'intérêt commun. Fondement d'une ouverture du domaine de l'intérêt commun, l'objectif permet encore d'étendre le bénéfice du droit à une indemnité compensatrice et de reconnaître l'existence implicite des obligations d'adaptation et de renégociation hors la sphère du mandat d'intérêt commun. La notion aurait donc sa place en Droit positif
The analysis of the case law relating to the flexibility in contract suggests the general theory of the economic goal of the contract. This theory comes from the identification of a first objective: the common exploitation of a clientele. Since the common nature of exploitation conveys the existence of identical objectives for the parties, this economic goal becomes the objective of the contract, legal mean of its fulfillment. This goal can be found in many agreements and is not isolated. The presentation of other types of economic goals built on the same pattern allows a conceptualization of the notion. The existence of the economic goal of the contract suggests its possible receipt by the Law. However its recognition is conditioned both by its transferability and utility. The economic goal must be distinguished from the validity conditions such as consideration and subject matter, although it is not independent from these conditions. This goal is also different from the economy of the convention. Besides these notions, the economic goal offers new perspectives. Profoundly linked to the notion of common economic interest, it appears as its revealing and justifies that each contract should be qualified as a common interest contract. The economic goal is the ground for the opening of the scope of common interest and enables to extend the benefit of a right to a pecuniary relief and to acknowledge the implicit existence of obligations to adapt and renegotiate, apart from the common interest mandate. This notion should thus find its place in positive law

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MANINETTI, PIERANGELO. « IL DANNO NON PATRIMONIALE DA INADEMPIMENTO : PROFILI DI COMPARAZIONE ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/173516.

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A crucial issue in current private law is the progress of claims for non pecuniary losses in the event of a breach of contract. This comparative analysis attemps to investigate on how and to what extent such damages are awarded in order to compensate the injured contractual party. Among common law legal systems, UK, the U.S.A., Canada and Australia jurisdictions have been considered, while as far as civil law systems are concerned the Italian legal system has been investigated . The present research examines the expanding range of interests protected by contract law in the different examined jurisdictions, being the phenomenon of contractualisation of social life closely connected to the recognition of the awarding of non pecuniary damages. As a result, it seems that the law in action appears to be the same in common law countries as well as in Italy (in the sense that these damages might be awarded given certain condition), while the differences still remaining in the blank letter law are under a sooth process of harmonisation. The explanation to this result seems to be that the law in action as well as the European Private Law stimulate the reversal of the traditional relation rule/exception adopted in common law (that it: refuse compensation apart from some specific type of contracts). But the main argument put forward at the end of the present research is that the criterion of patrimoniality might not be the right one in order to evaluate the recognition of damages. A monocentric approach to the awarding of damages for breach of contract might, on the contrary, solve in a better manner the problem both of the nature and of the evaluation of non pecuniary losses for breach of contract.

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Pusvaškytė, Evelina. « Neturtinės žalos dydžio nustatymo problematika ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080130_092747-37833.

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Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe autorė analizuoja svarbiausią neturtinės žalos atlyginimo instituto aspektą – kompensacijos dydį. Tyrimas pradedamas „neturtinės žalos“ sąvokos analize, kuri atskleidžia prieštaringą šio instituto prigimtį, taip pat aptariami kiti probleminiai aspektai, tokie kaip piniginio įvertinimo galimybė, santykis su restitutio in integrum principu, istorinė evoliucija, galimybė unifikuoti šį institutą Europos Sąjungos lygiu. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjamas neturtinės žalos atlyginimas kaip procesas, ieškoma atsakymo į klausimus, kas galėtų vertinti neturtinės žalos dydį, kokie būdai ir kriterijai padėtų tai padaryti teisingai. Analizuojamas neturtinės žalos dydžio įrodinėjimo aspektas, aptariama prezumcijos įtvirtinimo galimybė, paneigiama įstatymų leidėjo galimybė riboti neturtinės žalos dydį, nustatant maksimalius limitus. Trečiasis šio magistro baigiamojo darbo skyrius yra skirtas Lietuvos teismų praktikos analizei: atskleidžiamos pagrindinės problemos, pateikiami nevienareikšmiško vertinimo pavyzdžiai, galimi problemų sprendimo variantai.
The matter in question of the current master thesis is the most important aspect of compensation of non pecuniary damage - the size of compensation. The master thesis begins at the analysis of concept of "non pecuniary damage", which displays controversial nature of current institute, as well as other problematic aspects are being analysed, such as possibility of pecuniary valuation, relation to restitutio in integrum principle, historic evolution and opportunities of unification of the institute in the European Union. In the second chapter the compensation of non pecuniary damage as a process is being analysed, problems of subjects, which are able to value the size of compensation of non pecuniary damage, as well as methods and criterion that may assist, are being examined. The proving of size of non pecuniary damage is being analysed, possibility of fixing a presumption is being disputed as well as the right of a legislator to limit the size of non pecuniary damage while fixing maximum limits is being denied. The third chapter is based on practice of Lithuanian courts: pricipal problems are being highlighted as well as the examples of ambiguous estimation and the possible solutions are given.
Autor der Arbeit analisiert die wichtigste Frage des Ersatzes des immateriellen Schadens – die Hőhe der Genugtuung. Im ersten Abschnitt der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Konzeption des immateriellen Schadens, die die widerspruchsvolle Natur dieses Institutes zeigt, verhandelt man die andere Probleme: Geld als Mittel der Genugtuung, das Verhaltnis mit dem Prinzip restitutio integrum, historische Entwicklung, die Mőglichkeit der Vereinheitlichung in der EU. In dem zweiten Abschnitt wird der Ersatz des immateriellen Schadens wie der Prozess behandelt. Es handelt um die Subjekten, Weise und Kriterien der Feststellung der Hőhe des immateriellen Schadens, die gerechte Genugtuung garantieren kőnnte. Auch wird das Problem der Beweisung analisiert, behandelt man die Mőglichkeit der Presumtion, widerlegt man die Fähigkeit des Gesetzgebers, die Hőhe des immateriellen Schadens zu beschränken. Im dritten Abschnitt werden einzelne Probleme der Feststellung der Hőhe des immateriellen Schadens in der Rechtsprechung analisiert: einige Beispiele der unterschiedlichen Bemessung werden vorgebracht, die mőglichen Lősungen gezeigt.

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Urbaitytė, Simona. « Darbuotojų materilinės atsakomybės reglamentavimas ES valstybėse narėse (lyginamoji analizė) ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060315_111508-65792.

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This scientific research has been made on the regulation of similar institute to material liability of the employees in the national law of five old European Union member states (Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Sweden and Germany), comparing it to the regulation of material liability of the employees in Lithuania. It is very important as this is one of first more detailed researches in Lithuania made on this issue. The similarities and the differences of the regulation are being pointed out through the analysis of the main questions of material liability of the employees such as conception, sources of law, applying conditions, limitation of the liability, and the cases when unlimited liability of the employees is being applied.

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Carvalho, Luís Fernando de Lima. « As funções da responsabilidade civil : as indenizações pecuniárias e a adoção de outros meios reparatórios ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6241.

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The advancement of relations between men in the world today involved new analyzes of law. It became an indipensable measure to review institutes that for long centuries followed the initial format developed by the Romans. Among the reasons that required the review of contemporary legal systems, respect for human dignity is presented as the main one. In societies formed by humans, nobody respects the human being. Damage is caused daily, minute by minute, second by second. The result is a natural reaction of private law, as it serves to regulate the relations between men. In the field of private law was then the reanalysis of the civil liability. Occurring damages, this system should worry about restoring the previous situation of the offender and the victim. But the liability can not only serve to repair damages. It also has to punish those who practice them and also ensure that they will no longer occur. Therefore, the purposes of liability becomes compensation, punishment and prevention, or caution, depending on how damages to be avoided are seen. The liability has distinct functions: one directed exclusively to the victim and the to damage that was caused (reparative function); another directed to the offending agent, mainly the intensity of his guilt and punishment that should imposed to him (punitive function); and the last related to the prevention of damages that may occur in the future and, therefore, is independent of the occurrence of the damage. Taking this into consideration, the effective application of civil liability, ie the means of redress, can not be exhausted in just pecuniary compensation. Each function of liability should have its mean of redress. The scope of this work is the presentation of these other means of redress
O avanço das relações mantidas entre os homens no mundo atual implicou novas análises do direito. A revisão de institutos que por longos séculos seguiram, apenas com pequenos ajustes, a formatação inicial desenvolvida pelos romanos, se tornou providência indispensável. Dentre as razões que demandaram a reanálise dos sistemas jurídicos contemporâneos, o respeito à dignidade humana se apresentou como a principal. Nas sociedades formadas por seres humanos ninguém respeita o ser humano. Danos são causados diariamente, minuto a minuto, segundo a segundo. A consequência disso é a reação natural do direito privado, já que serve para regular as relações entre os homens. No campo do direito privado houve, então, a revisitação da responsabilidade civil. Ocorrendo danos, deve esse sistema preocupar-se em restabelecer o estado em que se encontravam antes o ofensor e a vítima. Mas a responsabilidade civil não pode servir apenas para reparar danos, há de punir quem os pratica e também zelar para que eles não mais ocorram. Passam, portanto, a ser escopos da responsabilidade civil, a reparação, a punição e a prevenção, ou precaução, dependendo de como são vistos os danos que se pretende evitar. A responsabilidade civil possui funções distintas: uma voltada à vítima, exclusivamente, e ao dano que no presente lhe foi causado (função reparatória); outra relativa ao agente ofensor, principalmente, à intensidade de sua culpa e à sanção que no presente lhe deve ser imposta (função punitiva); e a última correspondente à prevenção dos danos que podem ocorrer no futuro e que, por assim considerar, diz-se que independe da ocorrência do dano. Ora, diante disso, os instrumentos de efetiva atuação da responsabilidade civil, isto é, os meios reparatórios, não se podem exaurir apenas nas indenizações pecuniárias. Cada função deve ter o seu meio reparatório. É a apresentação desses outros meios de reparação o escopo do presente trabalho

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Machado, Bruno Mangini de Paula. « O condomínio edilício e o condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-02122013-083142/.

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A presente dissertação aborda a temática do condomínio edilício, examinando questões importantes e elementares deste especial instituto jurídico, e do condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial. Para tanto, exige-se uma robusta análise do direito de propriedade e da função social, como seu elemento transformador, na medida em que esta, ao lado da peculiar estrutura jurídica do condomínio edilício, que conjuga áreas de propriedade exclusiva com áreas de propriedade comum, somada ao próprio ordenamento jurídico pátrio, impõe ao titular de unidade autônoma o cumprimento de deveres de observância obrigatória, não só para com os demais condôminos, mas principalmente em favor de toda coletividade. Tais deveres, uma vez descumpridos, ensejam a aplicação de medidas jurídicas sancionatórias gradativas em face do infrator, a iniciar por penas pecuniárias, até final expulsão da seara condominial, que poderá ocorrer na medida em que sejam reiteradas as atividades nocivas por ele desempenhadas, gerando incompatibilidade de convivência com os demais condôminos, e na hipótese de as multas aplicadas mostrarem-se inócuas como meio de interrompê-las. A expulsão do condômino antissocial do condomínio edilício pode afigurar-se, a princípio, uma radical sanção, contudo extremamente necessária como último recurso não só para a manutenção do equilíbrio psíquico, econômico e social na copropriedade, mas para assegurar a função social que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro impõe ao direito proprietário, no qual também está inserida a propriedade em unidade autônoma condominial.
This dissertation addresses the theme of condominium building, examining important issues and this legal institute special elementary, and condominium member with repeated antisocial behavior. Therefore, it requires a robust analysis of property rights and social function, as its transforming element, insofar as the social function, along with the peculiar legal structure of the condominium building, which combines exclusive proprietary areas with common property areas, in addition to its own legal system, imposes on the holder of the autonomous unit compliance with mandatory observance duties, not only with the other joint owners, but mostly in favor of the whole collectivity. Once breached such duties, it inspires the application of piecemeal legal sanctions measures in face of the offender, that starts from monetary penalties until the final expulsion of the harvest condominium, which may occur as the harmful activities are repeated by him performed, generating coexistence incompatibility with the other condominium members, and assuming that the fines shows up innocuous as a way to stop them. The expulsion of antisocial condominium member from the condominium building can seem, at first, a radical penalty, but extremely necessary as a last resort not only to maintain psychic equilibrium, social and economical in co-ownership, but to ensure the social function that the Brazilian legal system imposes on the proprietary right, which is also inserted into the stand-alone unit condominium property

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Queiroz, Ana Alice Lima de. « Retenção pecuniária e autotutela nos contratos empresariais ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/19977.

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O trabalho investiga as hipóteses de retenção pecuniária e o exercício de autotutela presentes nos contratos interempresariais através de pesquisa dos diversos institutos utilizados e expressos nas disposições contratuais acordadas entre as partes. Para este fim, considera retenção pecuniária as hipóteses de suspensão ou glosa, temporária ou definitiva, parcial ou integral, do pagamento de valores devidos pela contratante à contratada. O mecanismo é bastante utilizado nos contratos interempresariais e espelha em sua forma e conteúdo a experiência destes atores. É postulado como uma das soluções para redimir a mora e o inadimplemento das partes, e, na maioria dos casos, permite a continuidade regular do contrato, com benefícios aos envolvidos, aos terceiros e à sociedade. O estudo avalia a aderência destas postulações à legislação e aos princípios informadores dos contratos, tendo em conta sua adequação ao objeto desejado pelas partes. A autotutela das contratantes deste mecanismo se passa na maioria dos casos à margem da lei, mas se pauta pela intepretação dos tribunais. Em sua primeira parte, o trabalho define os recortes da pesquisa empírica pervasiva e da metodologia utilizada. Na sequência, descreve os mecanismos usuais de retenção divididos em quatro capítulos – retenção determinada por previsão legal; retenção como garantia de cumprimento do contrato; retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação contratual e retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação extracontratual – detalhando as práticas, o enquadramento jurídico das condutas encontradas e sugerindo alguns ajustes que facilitem sua sustentação em sede judicial. Na conclusão são retomados os principais aspectos das práticas usuais, sua fundamentação jurídica, identificados os pontos de atenção e feitas algumas recomendações para o uso deste mecanismo nos contratos interempresariais, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma referência para aqueles que trabalham na elaboração destas minutas.
This paper investigates correlation between pecuniary retention hypothesis and self-help dispositions, as found in most corporate agreements. It is based on research of several mechanisms, as generally used and expressed by the contractual terms agreed between the parties. For such purpose, the definition of pecuniary retention would be suspending or withholding, temporarily or definitely, in whole or in part, the payment of amounts due by the contracting party to the contracted party. This resource is widely used within corporate agreements. Format and contents thereof are generally expressing past situations, as experienced by stakeholders, who use them as alternative solutions for preventing delays or reducing breach of contractual obligations by the parties and, in most cases, ensuring the continuity and completion of the contract as desired originally, benefitting the contracting parties, third parties and the society at large. The paper evaluates the adequacy of these practices in light of Brazilian legislation and of contractual law principles, taking into consideration their matching with the utmost object, as agreed between the parties. These self-help mechanisms are regularly practiced among contractors, and although not usually disputed, are designed according to courts interpretations. The first part of the paper defines the pervasive empirical survey details and methodology. Follows a description of the usual pecuniary retention mechanisms, divided into four chapters – withholding by legal provision; withholding as guarantee for contract completion, withholding as a result of infringement of contractual obligations and withholding for preventing default of extra contractual obligations – describing in detail the practices, the applicable legislation and suggesting a few adjustments, to help sustain their exercise in case of a court judgment. The conclusion reviews the relevant aspects of the usual practices, their legal basis and key points, followed by a few recommendations on how to use such mechanism in corporate agreements, with the purpose of providing reference for those who are in charge of drafting these contracts.

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Zubrickas, Robertas. « Essays on contracts and social preferences ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2009. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/788.htm.

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Söderström, Gustaf, et Anton Pettersson. « What does it cost to be green ? : An empirical investigation of the European green bond market ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414387.

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The green bond market offers investors the opportunity to take an explicit focus on sustainable investment projects. However, it is yet to be determined whether this novel asset class offers attractive yields compared to non-green bonds. To address this question, we study European green bonds and how they diverge from conventional bonds in terms of yields. Using a dataset of 88 matched pairs of European green bonds between 2015 and 2019, we document a significant negative green bond premium of -12 bps on average in the secondary market. The green bond premium is defined as the yield differential between a green and a conventional bond while controlling for liquidity. The results suggest that European investors accept a lower financial return in exchange for receiving non-pecuniary benefits and thus challenging the assumptions of classical asset pricing models. Furthermore, we use a matching method and two-step regression to control for liquidity and identify the determinants of the green bond premium. The results show that the negative green bond premium is less pronounced for lower-rated bonds. Moreover, we find support for variations in the green bond premium across different business sectors. Government-related green bonds experience a greater negative green bond premium than green bonds related to financials and industrial corporates.

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Hernandez, Fernanda Guimarães. « Compensação financeira pela exploração de recursos minerais : regra matriz de incidência ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-08072011-134753/.

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Os recursos minerais são considerados bens públicos dominicais por serem estes os únicos passíveis de exploração econômica para geração de receitas pelo Estado, em razão de não estarem afetados a uma destinação específica do Estado e, tampouco, poderem ser livremente utilizados pela coletividade. A Constituição Federal autoriza a concessão da lavra dos recursos minerais, incidindo sobre o faturamento líquido advindo da exploração destes bens a denominada Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais (CFEM), receita originária patrimonial da União, cujo regime jurídico encontra-se delimitado pela Constituição Federal, nos seus artigos 5o, II; 20, IX, e § 1o; 176; 37; 155, X, b e 225, § 2o. A competência para legislar sobre a CFEM é privativa da União Federal. Tem-se como inconstitucionais, em consequência, leis de Estados e do Distrito Federal que disponham sobre a CFEM, por não se incluírem nos casos de exercício da competência concorrente. É do DNPM a competência para fiscalização e arrecadação da CFEM e é da Procuradoria Federal junto à autarquia, a inscrição do débito em dívida ativa e o ajuizamento da competente execução. São dedutíveis, para efeito de apuração da base de cálculo da CFEM, todas as despesas pagas ou incorridas pelo minerador, relativas ao transporte e ao seguro, desde a extração da substância mineral até a entrega do produto mineral comercializado, bem como o valor integral do ICMS destacado nas notas fiscais (incidido), e não apenas do montante recolhido ao Estado (apurado e pago); e o IOF, devido em razão das vendas da mencionada substância mineral como ativo financeiro. No caso de mora no pagamento da CFEM são devidos os juros, na forma estabelecida no artigo 406 do Código Civil, no período em que inexistente lei específica acerca do assunto. Entre julho de 2000 e janeiro de 2001, os juros são aqueles fixados em lei especial a respeito do tema: a Lei nº 9.993/00. E, no pertinente a fatos geradores ocorridos após o início da vigência e eficácia da Lei nº 11.941/09, deve ser observada a legislação aplicável aos tributos federais, qual seja, a Lei nº 9.430/96, que determina a incidência da taxa SELIC, acrescido o percentual de 1% no mês do efetivo recolhimento. Tem-se como legítima a inscrição do devedor de CFEM no CADIN, contanto que este cadastro seja visto como veículo meramente informativo e não constitua sanção política a compelir o particular ao pagamento de importâncias, não podendo caracterizar-se como modo indireto de cobrança, à margem do devido processo legal. O prazo de decadência para que o DNPM constituía créditos de CFEM é de cinco anos. Em que pese a CFEM constituir obrigação pecuniária de natureza não tributária, sua cobrança obedecerá ao rito estabelecido na Lei nº 6.830/80, por se tratar de receita financeira de autarquia federal DNPM.
Mineral resources are considered to be assets belonging to the public domain, once they are the only ones that may be economically exploited by the State to obtain revenues, since they are not affected by a specific destination given by the State, nor may they be freely used by society. The Federal Constitution allows the granting of mining permits, exacting the so-called Financial Compensation for the Exploitation of Mineral Resources (CFEM, local acronym) which is levied over the net revenues obtained from the exploitation of these assets. This income is paid into the coffers of the Federal Union, the legal regime whereof has been delimited by the Federal Constitution (articles 5, II, 20, IX, and § 1, 176, 37, 155, X, b and 225, § 2). The competence to enact laws regarding the CFEM pecuniary obligation befalls exclusively upon the Federal Union. As result, any laws enacted by the individual States, by the Federal District and the Districts regarding said CFEM are construed to be unconstitutional, since they cannot be handled by competing supplementary competence. The DNPM has the necessary competence to inspect and collect the CFEM pecuniary obligation, while the Attorney Generals Office, responsible for controlling said quasi-government company, must post the debt into the active debts roster, as well as bringing suit the appropriate lawsuit to collect it. In order to compute the CFEM, all expenses paid or incurred into by the mining concern pertaining to transportation and freight, from the extraction to the delivery of the product, are deductible from the basis of calculation of the CFEM. This deduction also includes the full amount of the ICMS which is highlighted on the invoices and not of the amount determined and paid to the individual State. There is also the IOF tax which falls due as result of the sale of gold since they are considered to be financial assets. In case of arrears in the payment of the CFEM, arrears interest is charged pursuant to article 406 of the Civil Code, covering the period when no specific laws governing the matter were in effect. Between July, 2000 and January, 2001, interest rates were established by special law governing the matter (Law 9.993/00). And, as regards the tax triggering events that took place after the enactment and the effectiveness of Law 11.941/09, the legislation applying to federal taxes became the supervening law (Law 9.430/96) which determines the usage of the SELIC rate, accreted of a percentage of 1% per month, dunned until the date of its effective payment. The enrollment of the CFEM debtor in the CADIN roster is considered to be legitimate, provided this roster is used for informative purposes only and provided it is not used as a political sanction to compel the company to pay. The CFEM may not be characterized as a kind of indirect dunning of the contribution which falls out of due process. The timeframe of prescription for the DNPM to include the CFEM in the debtors roster is of five years. Since said CFEM is a pecuniary obligation that does not have the characteristics of a tax, its exaction is to comply with the rite set forth in Law 6.830/80 since it constitutes financial revenues of a quasi-government owned company (DNPM).

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Stanczak, Romain. « Les promesses de payer : essai de théorie générale ». Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR1006.

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Les promesses de payer sont des contrats par lesquels une personne s’engage envers un créancier à payer ce qui lui est dû. De tels actes sont courants ; leurs applications sont variées. Le cautionnement, l’acceptation d’une lettre de change, la promesse d’exécuter une obligation naturelle, l’engagement du délégué envers le délégataire, le constitut, la garantie autonome, la souscription d’un billet à ordre, etc., sont des promesses de payer. Plus précisément, ces actes sont des applications diverses d’une même figure juridique : la promesse de payer. Cette dernière, déshabillée des particularités propres à chacune de ses applications spéciales, se présente comme une figure juridique unitaire, pourvue d’une nature et de caractères permanents. Ayant pour objet un paiement, elle suppose toujours l’existence d’une dette à acquitter. Cette dette, ou « obligation principale », constitue sa cause objective. Contrairement à une simple reconnaissance de dette, la promesse ne se borne pas à déclarer l’existence de celle-ci. En tant qu’engagement d’exécution, elle donne naissance à une nouvelle obligation, l’ « obligation de règlement », venant s’adjoindre à la première en vue de son paiement. L’obligation de règlement, à ce titre, constitue l’accessoire de l’obligation principale. Son régime, de sa naissance à son extinction, sera donc plus ou moins lié à celui de cette dernière
Promises to pay are contracts by which a person commits to pay to a creditor what is owed to him. Such acts are as common as they are various. For instance, bond, acceptance of a bill of exchange, promise to perform a natural obligation, commitment of the delegate to the delegatee, autonomous guarantee, subscription of a promissory note, etc. are promises to pay. In fact, such acts are different applications of a single legal figure : the promise to pay. Apart from the specificities of each of its applications, the promise to pay reveals itself as a uniform legal act with a permanent nature. Because its subject consists in a payment, the promise to pay always presupposes the existence of a debt. Such debt, or “primary obligation”, is the “objective cause” of the promise. Unlike a simple “IOU”, a promise to pay is not limited to declare the existence of the primary obligation. As a commitment, it also produces a new obligation, the “obligation to pay”, which coexists with the primary obligation. The obligation to pay, as such, is ancillary to the primary obligation. Its legal status, from its birth to its expiration, will be closely linked to that of the primary obligation

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CHEN, HAN. « Fatti ingiusti contro la persona nella prospettiva storico-comparativa : alcuni spunti di riflessione per diritto cinese ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/751.

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La ricerca è divisa in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo riguarda il tema dei fatti ingiusti contro la persona nel diritto romano. Si tratta di quattro argomenti: la disciplina decemvirale, l’actio iniuriarum, il damnum sorta nell’ambito della lex Aquila, e la pena privata. Con questo capitolo si spiega l’evoluzione della responsabilità extracontrattuale e la bipartizione tra danno e offesa. Il secondo capitolo è concentrato nell’art. 2059 c.c.. Qui si spiega come è formulato storicamente tale articolo e come è stata superata la limitazione della riparazione al danno non patrimoniale. Con il danno biologico e il danno esistenziale, il diritto italiano segna un’espansione del concetto di danno non patrimoniale. Il terzo capitolo parla del diritto tradizionale cinese. Influenzata dal diritto sovietico, la legge sui principi generali del diritto civile del 1987 non ha una posizione chiara sulla riparabilità al danno morale. Con gli interventi della Corte Suprema e con la promulgazione di nuove leggi di settore, il danno morale è finalmente stato accettato dal diritto cinese. Nel corso della elaborazione di una legge sulla responsabilità sono sorti molti dibattiti: uno più discusso è la personalizzazione nella liquidazione del danno alla persona. Con una prospettiva storico-comparatistica, la tutela della persona nell’ambito della responsabilità extracontrattuale segna un’espansione dei valori meritevoli di tutela. Questo richiede anche un sistema aperto della responsabilità extracontrattuale.
The research is divided into three chapters. The first chapter concerns the Personal Injury in Roman law. There are four topics: discipline decemvirale, l’actio iniuriarum, damnum of the lex Aquila, and the private penalty. in this chapter which explains the evolution of the civil liability and the bi-partition of damage and offense in the roman law. The second chapter is concentrated on art. 2059 c.c. which can be explained as a limitation of reparation to nonpecuniary damage. With the danno biologico (biological damage) and danno esistenziale (the damage existential), the Italian law marks an expansion of the concept of non-pecuniary damage. The third chapter concerns the Chinese law which starts from traditional Chinese law. Influenced by Soviet law, the general principles of civil law of 1987 does not have a clear position on the question of repairing the moral damage. With the interpretations provided by the Supreme Court and the new laws of sectors, the concept of moral damage is finally accepted by Chinese law. In the course of drawing up a law on civil liability, many debates have been arisen: one of the most discussed is the customization in the liquidation of personal damages. With a historical- comparatistica perspective, the protection of person marks an expansion of values worthy of protection. This also requires an open system of non-contractual liability.

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Narijauskaitė, Milda. « Juridinio asmens dalykinės reputacijos apsauga ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110705_130415-70655.

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Šiame darbe atskleistas juridinio asmens dalykinės reputacijos apsaugos reglamentavimas, praktinis įgyvendinimas bei pagrindinės jo problemos. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje buvo siekiama atskleisti juridinio asmens dalykinės reputacijos sąvoką, analizuojant ne tik teisės, bet ir kitų socialinių mokslų kontekste. Buvo prieita prie išvados, kad Lietuvos teisėje juridinio asmens dalykinė reputacija yra siejama su nematerialiuoju turtu ir ieškovai, norėdami sėkmingai apginti savo dalykinę reputaciją, turi įrodyti realų faktinį jos sumenkėjimą. Antroji darbo dalis buvo skirta išanalizuoti visas galimas dalykinės reputacijos gynimo procedūras ir būdus. Jų yra įvairių, todėl juridiniai asmenys gali pasirinkti jiems priimtiniausią ir efektyviausią gynybos būdą. Trečiojoje dalyje buvo nagrinėjamas juridinio asmens dalykinės reputacijos ir saviraiškos laisvės santykis. Buvo siekiama atskleisti problemas ir galimus sprendimus ieškant šių vertybių balanso. Ketvirtoji dalis skirta išanalizuoti neturtinės žalos kompensavimo galimybę pažeidus juridinio asmens dalykinę reputaciją ir kylančias problemas. Šiame darbe buvo analizuojamas juridinio asmens dalykinės reputacijos ir teisės į jos apsaugą reglamentavimas ir detaliai nagrinėjamas praktinis įgyvendinimas.
This paper analyses protection of corporate reputation and it‘s regulation, practical implementation and the main problems. In the first part it is discussed the concept of corporate reputation in law as well as other social sciences. The conclusion is that corporate reputation is an intangible property and if the claimants want to succeed in defending their corporate reputation, the real factual harm must be proven. In the second part it is analysed all the possible procedures and ways to defend corporate reputation. The are various possibilities to protect corporate reputation and legal entities may choose the most reasonable and effective one. In the third part it was discussed the relation between corporate reputation and freedom of self-expression. The aim was to reveal problems and possible solutions to find the balance between them. In the last part it was analysed possibilities to compensate non-pecuniary damages when corporate reputation is damaged. It was also revealed the main problems. This paper thoroughly analysed regulation of protection of corporate reputation as well as implementation in practise.

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Penha, Marcos Bueno Brandão da. « Sanções não pecuniárias no Direito Tributário em razão do descumprimento de obrigação principal:análise crítica da doutrina e da jurisprudência acerca das denominadas sanções políticas ». Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9047.

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Em que pese o papel fundamental da tributação no âmbito de um Estado Democrático de Direito (Estado Fiscal), no qual o dever de pagar tributos é considerado um dever fundamental, persistem na doutrina e jurisprudência nacionais posicionamentos que associam aos tributos um caráter odioso. Essa repulsa aos tributos decorre de uma ideologia ultraliberal que não se justifica à luz do sistema de direitos e garantias desenhado em nossa Constituição. Essa disseminada postura ideológica influencia de forma equivocada a interpretação e a aplicação de inúmeros institutos e normas tributárias, como ocorre em relação às sanções administrativas não pecuniárias (restritivas de direitos) utilizadas para punir o inadimplemento de uma obrigação tributária principal, denominadas de sanções políticas, morais ou indiretas. A presente dissertação busca analisar de forma crítica como a doutrina nacional e a jurisprudência histórica e atual dos nossos tribunais superiores vêm se posicionando acerca da constitucionalidade dessas sanções, de modo a apontar a inconsistência teórica do entendimento ainda prevalecente, seja à luz da teoria da sanção, seja à luz do neoconstitucionalismo, demonstrando ser juridicamente injustificável considerar inconstitucional de plano uma sanção tributária pelo só fato de ser não pecuniária, já que esse juízo demanda uma análise específica da proporcionalidade em cada caso, atentando-se para os princípios e circunstâncias envolvidos. Além de importantes julgados sobre o tema e posições de renomados autores, são analisadas separadamente as ADIs n. 5.135 e 5.161, que tratam, respectivamente, das polêmicas questões do protesto das Certidões da Dívida Ativa e da vedação da distribuição de lucros e bonificações em empresas com débito em aberto junto à União Federal.

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Wilhelmsson, Maja. « Markägaren, allemansrätten och invasionen : En diskussion om ansvaret för skador på marken när kommersiella aktörer nyttjar mark med stöd av allemansrätten. Eller : Vad händer om en kommersiell bärplockare startar en skogsbrand ? » Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Rätt och rättsfilosofi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64724.

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Under senare tid har allt fler företag börjat utöva verksamhet där mark nyttjas för olika aktiviteter med stöd av allemansrätten. HD har bedömt att sådant nyttjande; kanalisering, är tillåtet med stöd av allemansrätten, men uttalade i NJA 1996 s. 495 (”Forsränningsmålet”) samtidigt att nyttjandet bara är tillåtet så länge marken inte skadas. Eftersom skadeståndsfrågan aldrig har prövats i samband med allemansrätten har föremålet för denna uppsats varit att utreda möjligheterna att utfå ersättning för skador via allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga regler, skadestånds- och avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken samt för intrång i äganderätten via expropriationslagen och möjligheten att få ersättning ur en försäkring. Expropriationsalternativet kan inte användas idag, eftersom marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten är ett icke ersättningsgillt intrång i äganderätten. Möjligheterna till att betrakta en skada på marken som en sakskada är stora. Det finns emellertid omständigheter som skapar komplikationer för båda skadeståndsansvarsformerna. En allmän skadeståndstalan kräver att culpa hos skadevållaren kan bevisas, vilket kan vara svårt när många människor vistas på en plats samtidigt. Kanalisatören kan betraktas som culpös enligt principerna om kumulativ eller anonym culpa, enligt vilka en principal blir ansvarig, trots att de individer han ansvarar för inte, var och en för sig, varit culpösa. Det miljörättsliga skadeståndsansvaret bygger på ersättning för störningar som inte är orts- eller allmänvanliga. När det gäller allemansrättsligt nyttjande torde många störningar betraktas som just orts- eller allmänvanliga. Avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken bygger på ersättning för miljöfarlig verksamhet, och det är tveksamt om det kan tillämpas på kanalisatörens verksamhet. Expropriationsersättning på grund av allemansrättsligt nyttjande tillerkänns inte markägaren enligt gällande rätt, vilket kan tyckas märkligt eftersom många nyttjandeformer som påminner om allemansrätten, t.ex. servitut, medför sådan ersättningsrätt. Det finns vissa möjligheter att ersätta markskador ur försäkringar. Dock är de flesta skador följden av invasionsproblematik, som är mycket svårt försäkra. Samtliga ersättningsformer har visat sig otillräckliga för att ersätta skador som är estetiska och ideella, eftersom sådana skador inte kan beräknas i pengar. Beroende på hur marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten betraktas har man olika åsikt om i vad mån kanalisatören borde ersätta markägaren för skador på marken. Om nyttjandet uppfattas som någonting som finns vid sidan av markäganderätten är endast konkreta skador ersättningsgilla. Om man anser att nyttjandet är ett intrång i äganderätten och en förmögenhetsöverföring från markägaren till kanalisatören bör emellertid redan rätten att nyttja marken föranleda ersättning. Den ersättningsform som bäst tillgodoser markägarens intresse av att få skador på marken åtgärdade och få ersättning för ekonomisk förlust är avhjälpandeansvaret. Endast det ansvaret reparerar till fullo skador på miljön. Det krävs emellertid ett domstolsavgörande för att slutligen klargöra avhjälpandeansvarets tillämplighet.
Recently, more and more companies have come to exercise activities under the right of public access on land that belongs to whomever. The High Court has assessed that such use of land; channeling, is permitted, but in NJA 1996 s. 495 (“The Rafting Case”) also announced that this use is only allowed as long as the land remains unharmed. Since the question of damages in the context of the right of public access has not yet been treated in jurisprudence, the object of this thesis has been to investigate the possibilities to obtain restitution for damages via tort law, liability under the environment act as well as for proprietary intrusions under the expropriation act and restitution via insurance. Expropriation, however, cannot currently be made use of, since the right of public access is an intrusion which does not entail restitution. There are extensive possibilities for considering damage to the land as damage to property. However, there are ramifications for both the legal options for damages: the tort law and the environmental act. The tort law requires tortuous behaviour from the tortfeasor to be established, which is difficult when several persons stay at one place simultaneously. The canalizer may be considered tortuous under the principle of vicarious liability and cumulative or anonymous tort. According to these principles, the canalizer is responsible for the actions of certain individuals, even though they have not, individually, been negligent. The environmental liability for damage is based on restitution for disturbances that are not common to the place nor to the general public. This fact is difficult to establish in the context of the right of public access. The remedial responsibility of the environmental act is constructed for operations that are harmful to the environment, which is why it is dubious whether the responsibility is applicable to the canalizer’s activities. Currently, compensation for expropriation cannot result of use of land under the right of public access. This is peculiar, since many usufructs reminiscent of the right of public access, i.e. the easement, result in such compensation. Some forms of damage to the land can be insured. Although, most damage in this context arise from invasion, a cause of damage which is nearly impossible to insure. All forms of restitution have proven insufficient for compensating damage that is esthetic or otherwise non-pecuniary. Depending on if the right of public access is regarded as proprietary intrusion or something that exists alongside the right to property, one comes to different conclusions about the extent of compensation for damage. In the former case, only substantial damage is compensable. In the latter case, even the right to use the land occasions compensation. The liability which best meets the needs of the proprietor: compensation and restoration of damage to his property, is the remedial responsibility of the environmental code. This responsibility alone fully restores harm to the environment. However, the applicability of the remedial responsibility needs to be established in jurisprudence.

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Etienne, Audrey. « Trois essais sur l'auto-sélection des salariés ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0589.

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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'effet de l'auto-sélection des salariés sur l'estimation de la productivité, des différentiels de salaires et de qualité du travail entre les secteurs. Afin de prendre en compte l'auto-sélection des employés dans l'estimation des différentiels le long de la distribution des salaires, nous construisons une approche innovante composée de trois caractéristiques: (i) nous nous intéressons aux effets par quantile inconditionnel; (ii) nous incorporons des effets fixes spécifiques à chaque quantile; (iii) nous proposons une méthode de correction de l'incidental parameter bias. Cette approche permet de produire des résultats exploitables en terme de politiques publiques. Nous montrons dans un premier temps que la sélection positive dans le secteur public tend à se dégrader. Elle disparaît totalement en haut de la distribution des salaires dans la période récente, suggérant un effet négatif du gel des salaires nominaux. Dans notre deuxième article, nous mettons en évidence une sélection négative substantielle dans le secteur informel concernant les hommes et les bas salaires. Cette sélection négative apparaît à la suite de la Grande Récession, indiquant une réallocation des salariés les moins productifs vers le secteur informel. Dans le dernier article, nous montrons pour la période récente que le niveau de productivité des SCOP n'est pas significativement différent de celui des autres entreprises. Nous confirmons l'hypothèse selon laquelle les motivations non-pécunières des employés expliquent une partie importante de la productivité des SCOP dans deux des secteurs étudiés (secteur manufacturier et secteur des transports)
This PhD thesis studies the effect of workers' self-selection when estimating productivity, wages and job quality differentials between sectors. In order to account for the self-selection of employees in the estimation of differentials along the wage distribution, we develop an innovative approach comprising three features: (i) we rely on unconditional quantile effects ; (ii) we incorporate quantile-specific fixed effects; (iii) we suggest a treatment of the incidental parameter bias. This method allows to provide public policies relevant comparisons. We show first that the positive selection into public jobs tends to decline. It totally disappears among top earners in the recent period, suggesting the detrimental effect of nominal wage freeze. In the second paper, we unveil that there is a substantial negative selection into informal salary work for men on average and particularly at low wages. It arises in the wake of the Great Recession, pointing to a shakeout of less productive workers in the formal sector. In the last paper, we account for employees' non-pecuniary motives in our comparison of the productivity of labour-managed firms and other for-profits company. We confirm for the recent period and on a large scale that the SCOP total factor productivity level is not significantly different from the other firms'. We find also results that support the hypothesis that employees non-pecuniary motives accounts for a substantial part of French labour-managed firms productivity in two of the three industries studied (manufacturing and transports)

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Терехов, Є. В. « Удосконалення механізму формування вартості земель техногенного походження (в умовах відкритої розробки родовища) ». Thesis, Видавництво НГУ, 2011. http://ir.nmu.org.ua/handle/123456789/171.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.06 – економіка природокористування та охорони навколишнього середовища. – Державний вищий навчальний заклад „Національний гірничий університет”, Дніпропетровськ, 2011
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата экономических наук по специальности 08.00.06 – экономика природопользования и охраны окружающей среды. – Государственное высшее учебное заведение „Национальный горный университет”, Днепропетровск, 2011
The thesis of obtaining the degree of a Candidate of Economic Sciences. The speciality code is 08.08.01 – „Economy of the Nature Management and the Environ- ment Protection”. State Higner Educational Institution „National Mining University”, Dnipropetrovs’k. 2011.
Узагальнено та вдосконалено науково-методичні основи ціноутворення земель, відтворених в умовах відкритих гірничих робіт. Подано методику визначення грошової оцінки земель техногенного походження, виходячи із закономірностей формування їх потенціалу дохідності протягом післяпромислового використання. Обґрунтовано складові грошової оцінки рекультивованої землі як методичної основи визначення рівня її відтворення і розроблено рекомендації відносно економіко-організаційного забезпечення формування грошової оцінки техногенних угідь. Зображено наукові підходи до активізації господарського освоєння рекультивованих земель на основі удосконалення механізму їх ціноутворення. Результати дослідження прийнято до використання у Нікопольському районному відділі Держкомзему України у Дніпропетровській області та в Інституті проблем природокористування та екології НАН України.
The scientific and methodical bases of pricing of the lands having been reclamated in the conditions of open cost mining are generalised and developed. The methodology of cost formation of the lands of technogenic origin based on the mechanism of their profitability potential formation is introduced during post-industrial use. The components of vegtayed land pricing as the methodological base of their recovery are reasoned and the recommendations for economical and organisational maintenance of reclamated land pricing were developed. The scientific approaches to technological lands developing activisation on the base of pricing mechanism improving are considered. The results of investigation are used by the Department of Derzhkomzem (State Committee for Resources of Land) of Ukraine in the Nikopol’ district of Dnipropetrovs’k region and the Institute for Nature Management and Ecology of the Ministry of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Крижановський, М. В., et M. V. Kryzhanovskyi. « Заходи кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб : сутність і форми : дисертація ». Thesis, Харків : Харківський національний університет внутрішніх справ, 2020. https://youtu.be/lxC7k3XvLwo.

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Крижановський, М. В. Заходи кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб: сутність і форми : дис. ... д-ра філос.: 081, 08 / М. В. Крижановський; МВС України, Харків. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2020. - 231 с.
Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню сутності та форм заходів кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб, у результаті якого розроблено науково обґрунтовані пропозиції та рекомендації щодо вдосконалення законодавства України стосовно нормативної регламентації окремих положень розділу XIV-I Загальної частини КК України, порядку застосування і виконання заходів кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб.
The dissertation is about the complex research into the nature and forms of criminal in relation to legal entities which resulted in the development of scientifically substantiated proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation of Ukraine in the part of the normative regulation of certain provisions of the section XIV-I of the General part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the order of the using and fulfilling criminal and law measures in relation to legal entities.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию сущности и форм мер уголовно-правового характера в отношении юридических лиц, в результате которого разработаны научно обоснованные предложения и рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства Украины о нормативной регламентации отдельных положений раздела XIV-I Общей части УК Украины, порядка применения и выполнения мероприятий уголовно правового характера в отношении юридических лиц.

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Wu, Yi-Jung, et 吳依蓉. « Compensation for Non-pecuniary Loss inMedical Liability ». Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47695117782195755339.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
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The damages discussed start from compensation for non-pecuniary loss in medical liability. In the medical incident, the deliberate practice apply on considering factors and the amount of gold given how the amount of the specific application. Besides, there is any difference between on the amount of gold given in medical events and in traffic incident or not. In research methods, considering factors and the amount of gold given were discussed in this thesis. At beginning, discuss practices in specific cases about what considering factors to determine the final amount of the judgment and make recommendations on this some scholars about the considering factors. Secondly, Discuss reasons for the amount of medical events consolation given is significantly lower, and we have to think whether the results towards the objective, tabular in order to save judicial proceedings resources, giving the parties in assessing whether to seek the basis litigation. One factor is deliberate false. Second is the amount of fixed amount is significantly lower. Although these two issues were discussed separately, but there were also closely. In short, in order to find out the root causes, we still return to considering factors problems. The thesis put forward questions that medical practice has always been deliberate event consolation payments "personal status, economic status and degree of injury both sides" whether all considering factors and the amount of gold are related or not. Besides, judges and the parties need so spend much time and cost to debate. In addition, to further deliberate on the practice of medical events for cases of "special physical victim, the contributory negligence, the offender’s negligence and medical characteristics of the ", whether are all in cases considered? Why do we need to consider factors such reasons deliberate? Whether these factors and consolation given the amount of gold is closely related? Why such deliberate references to specific factors specific cases, but not cited in other cases? The paper believes that there are two main problems in the medical event gold operation consolation in the current practice. Therefore, judges should simplify as "the parties in family status, age and degree of injury victims," other factors are considered in accordance into consideration case by case, but whether and how deliberate judgment should be attached detailed reasons. The main reasons are as follows. Firstly, from among "the plural right person," observed the complex economic situation, education, occupational status is different. However, people get the same amount of gold in the medical judgment. Access to detailed information on the parties in the court of the form, and as a basis for judgment, in essence, the verdict seems to be no impact on the amount of consolation in the different position of the parties in status. Besides, from the "different types of events," observed the medical events obligor''s financial position is strong, compared with the right people in the economic conditions, the obligor''s financial viability property is clearly higher than the rights holders. Compared with the traffic incident, the obligor''s economic situation is clearly better in most medical events, regardless of the legal interest in the infringement life or physical health of legal interest from the terms of the verdict, and the verdict was not therefore a higher amount of discretion. Finally, from the "plural obligor" observation, it does not seem differ among the obligor large hospitals, small clinics or individual practitioner. We cannot interpret the funding of the obligor level would affect the rights of the person to whom compensation amount from the verdict. Secondly, compared practical cases with other civil event types Germany and Japan, people get the right amount is significantly lower. The main reason is that the court deliberate "defendant’s fault", and the number of judgments are not a minority. In other words, the court held that "the defendant was unintentional" as the reason for the amount of gold consolation reduce it. In addition, the court found due to higher medical risk when the damage occurred to blame the medical staff. We should reduce the responsibility of defendants. Finally, the judges think negligence in patients with special physical causes to lessen the responsibility of defendants. These aggravating factors are not a minority practice. This article takes a conservative view. Whether the amount of the form is to be established in the future, the purpose is to avoid the subjective arbitrary and to assist the parties in assessing the results of litigation and litigation costs. However, about the decision of the amount of gold in medical liability, in distinguishing "the Supreme Court established deliberate Factors" and "Supreme Court of deliberate non-factors", we only consider the "family status", "the degree of injury," and "age" by streamlining the considering factors in the former, by the way we also can achieve the target of saving resources. Besides, judges’ subjective choice and considering factors are unrelated, with objective, external attributes, namely, needless to worry the judge’s arbitrary. On the contrary, considering factors in the latter relate to the value of the judge. Judges should theoretically rigorous use, attaching the specific details of the reasons for taking or not. Therefore, we could seek the equilibrium point between consolation gold objectively and judges of arbitrary.

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Chang, Hui-Min, et 張惠閔. « Compensation for Non-pecuniary Damage of Reputation RightsInfringement ». Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74047747907516392208.

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Liang, Ya-Chun, et 梁雅君. « Application of Pecuniary Trust on Taiwan’s Property Management System ». Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99241487343214164044.

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Résumé :

碩士
國立屏東商業技術學院
國際企業所
98
In line with the rapid economic development, the transformation and change of social pattern and the alteration of financial environment, trusteeship, from the original property management system, has gradually evolved diversified functions including managing money, facilitating economic construction, maintaining social security and promoting public welfare and so on. The global financial crisis not only triggered the worldwide economic earthquake but also resulted in the reorganization of most people's wealth, even from zero. Further to the change of era and the advancement of society, the application of trust has developed diversified models to meet public demands. By using the approach of questionnaire and taking different proprietary classes as respondents, this study explored the desire of different gender, age groups in establishing trust property after experiencing the financial crisis. The findings showed that most of the respondents, despite of sex, age, proprietary class, agreed that trust had the function of safeguarding assets and trusteeship could help businesses or individuals to transfer assets. Ultimately, after concluding current social problems, this study put forward the suggestion that future trusteeship can be applied to disadvantaged groups or even the support and care of elderly people.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Pecuniarie »

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