Articles de revues : « Payment – European Union countries »

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Pumpure, Elizabete, Elina Ozola et Ronalds Mačuks. « Costs of medical manipulations and funding of medical staff across the Europe ». International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, n^o 1 (20 décembre 2016) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20164629.

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The Clinical University hospitals in European Union, including those from new European countries, are providing medical services according to high quality standards; however there are significant differences in medical service payment from the government. There are also differences in the amount of the payment for in- and outpatient services. According to World Bank’s assessment several of new European Union members are ranked as high-income countries alongside to old European member countries, but the payment gap of medical services between these countries is very relevant. Health insurance costs vary a lot across the European Union countries, with the highest percentage in Germany (15.5%) and the lowest in France (100 Euro per year). In most countries the government finances the costs of surgical manipulations, but by contrast in Latvia patients have to pay fixed payment of EUR 43 for treatment even in case of malignancy and additional payments for staying in hospital. The salary of surgeons in field of gynecological oncology for the full workload ranges from 500 Euro in Macedonia to 4000 Euro in Denmark per month after the taxes. Reward from government varies a lot for the same manipulations in different countries. Despite the fact World Bank ranks new European countries as high-income countries there is tremendous difference in the manipulation costs covered by government and payment of medical stuff.

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Idzik, Marcin, et Krzysztof Sobczak. « Development of the payment cards market in Poland in comparison with other European Union countries ». Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, n^o 1 (29 janvier 2018) : 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0616.

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The aim of this article is to identify and project trends in the development of the non-cash payment market in Poland in terms of the payment cards use. The study was carried out on the basis of data from the European Central Bank (ECB) for EU countries for the years 2000—2014. The space-time analogy method was used. In Poland, the dynamics of payments by card at POS terminals (in commercial outlets) is higher than the EU average. However, in terms of such measures as the number of payment cards per capita as well as the number of POS terminals and ATMs per 1 million inhabitants, the gap between Poland and the EU average is over 10 years. In Poland, market was similar to 20 EU countries and will maintain development trends at least until 2020.

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Cornea, Delia. « Credit card payments : do cultural values matter ? Evidence from the European Union ». Managerial Finance 47, n^o 8 (29 mars 2021) : 1128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-06-2020-0336.

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PurposeThis study analyzes how cultural and social values shape specific attitudes toward credit cards and indebtedness and consumption behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a panel dataset for a selection of European Union countries from 2003 to 2016. The relation between credit card use and social and cultural attitudes is constructed by controlling for past habits in payment behavior and cross-substitution with alternative payment instruments by employing a dynamic panel data analysis based on the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator.FindingsThe total value of credit card payments positively correlated with values emphasizing risk-taking attitudes. When analyzing the propensity of using these instruments for larger purchases, the level of trust is the most relevant predictor. However, the results seemed region-specific with some variables correlating consumption behavior with credit card usage depending on the political and the economic background of the country. Moreover, risk-taking attitudes prevail when they are related to the extent to which countries rely on cash as a preferred payment instrument. Also, credit card usage is mainly explained by past habits and the economic context.Originality/valueThe model expands on previous credit card transaction research by including an additional set of cultural values able to account for the complex nature of payment instruments and their effects on indebtedness and consumption behavior.

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Obeng, Isaac Kwame Essien. « Delaying Payments after the Financial Crisis : Evidence from EU Companies ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, n^o 2 (2017) : 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020447.

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The paper investigates economic impact of delayed payments caused by liquidity crisis in the European Union. Using micro data sets on financial statements of 54,277 firms for the period of 2005 to 2014 inclusive, we perform panel data analysis by estimating fixed effects regression models with selected macroeconomic shocks. The results show high variability of late payments during financial crisis compare to period of relative stable economic situations and late payments is significantly evident across countries under different economic conditions. Additionally, we identify positive relationship between the response variable, late payments, and firm profitability measured with returns on assets, but negative relationship with firm total assets as it depends on the speed of collections from receivables. The results suggest delays in payment of invoices beyond the given credit period across the different European Union member countries.

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Sadłowski, Adrian. « TARGETING THE REDISTRIBUTIVE PAYMENT IN SELECTED NEW EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES ». Journal of Business Economics and Management 23, n^o 2 (8 février 2022) : 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2022.16238.

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The most important element in the recent reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, which is intended to reduce the concentration of aid distributed under the direct support system, is the so-called redistributive payment. The redistributive effects of this instrument depend on its specific form implemented at the national level, the level of funding, and the area structure of holdings in a given country. The objective of this paper is to compare the targeting of the support distributed under the redistributive payment in the three new Member States of the European Union – Bulgaria, Lithuania and Poland. In order to achieve this objective, it was established which area groups of holdings benefit from (and which lose out on) the application of the redistributive payment in each country. In addition, the average amount of support for a holding per hectare of agricultural area, and the percentage change in this support due to the introduction of the redistributive payment, depending on the size of the holding, in individual countries, are shown as a function. The source material was the data made available by the ministries of agriculture of the countries under analysis, relating to 2018.

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Burgold, Peter, et Sebastian Voll. « Begrenzung von TARGET2-Risiken – ein kritischer Überblick ». Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 13, Supplement (mai 2012) : 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2516.2012.00395.x.

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AbstractSince 2011 the trans-European payment system TARGET2 has been heavily criticised. TARGET2 is argued to create automatic financial risks for the economically stronger core countries of the European Monetary Union. TARGET2 risks only materialise in case of a country leaving the Monetary Union. We show that a sound analysis of these risks has to explicitely consider the Community’s bank note traffic. So far, four substantial suggestions have been made to reform TARGET2. These suggestios aim at limiting the core countries’ risks relating to the payment system. We discuss the consequences of these reforms and conclude that they are no meaningful options in the present crisis.

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Hanson, Aaron. « Assessing the redistributive impact of the 2013 CAP reforms : an EU-wide panel study ». European Review of Agricultural Economics 48, n^o 2 (1 février 2021) : 338–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab006.

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Abstract This paper analyses the effects of the 2013 Common Agricultural Policy reforms on the distribution of direct payments across the European Union (EU) member states. The differential implementation of two key redistributive policies across countries from 2014 onwards enables the use of a generalised difference-in-differences strategy to estimate their distributional effects. Using data on EU-wide direct payment recipients reveals a substantial negative impact on the largest payment recipients and significant redistribution towards smaller farmers. A disaggregated analysis suggests that of the two instruments, capping, though still an attractive option for policymakers, is less effective at redistributing subsidies towards smaller farmers than the Redistributive Payment Scheme.

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CALLADO-MUÑOZ, Francisco J., Jana HROMCOVÁ et Natalia UTRERO-GONZÁLEZ. « Effects of institutional environment and technology development on payment choice ». Technological and Economic Development of Economy 24, n^o 1 (11 septembre 2015) : 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1074952.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the combination of institutional factors and technology advances as determinants for the choice of payment instruments. The theoretical set up suggests that countries that enter into a new institutional environment adopt the attitudes of the accepting group towards the payment choices as a consequence of institutional pressure and technology development. We apply the results of the model to the European Union enlargement process of 2004. Our findings confirm the relevance of both institutional environment and technology development in retail payment choice decisions particular to Central and Eastern European Countries.

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Boinon, J. P., J. C. Kroll, D. Lepicier, A. Leseigneur et J. B. Viallon. « Enforcement of the 2003 CAP reform in 5 countries of the West European Union : Consequences on land rent and land market ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 4 (7 janvier 2008) : 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/860-agricecon.

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This paper analyses the enforcement of the 2003 CAP reform in 5 countries of the West European Union: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom. The reform gives multiple possibilities of adaptation at a national or regional level. Two standard strategies are foreseen: that of the States which mobilized to the maximum the innovations that the reform allowed, and that of the States which have chosen the option of a minimal application, to limit the effects of reorientation of the productions (maximum sectors remain coupled) or of the redistribution of the payments (historical references). The great diversity of the conditions of agricultural production is one of the main explanations of the differences of enforcement of the reform. We analyse the first impacts of the reform. One can generally expect that the market of entitlements will be a priori limited, because of the links of the entitlements to land. The regionalisation of the calculation of the entitlements is incontestably the mechanism, which introduces the most redistributive effects, compared to the individual historical references. We examine also the consequences of the Single Payment System (SPS) on land rent and land market.

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Zdioruk, Serhiy I. « Socio-religious relations in Ukrainian realities and European Union policy ». Ukrainian Religious Studies, n^o 50 (10 mars 2009) : 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2009.50.2028.

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The problems of the functioning of religion in the countries of the European Union (EU) are extremely complex and ambiguous. The EU is primarily political and economic. It is in these areas that active intra-integration processes are observed: introduction of a single currency, single payment system, actual “blurring” of borders between member states, development of the Constitutional Treaty, orientation towards the creation of a common market, a common transport network, harmonization of educational systems, etc.

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Shapoval, Roman Volodymyrovych, Ruslan Orlovskyi, Maksym Sykal et Stanislav Zlyvko. « Counteraction to offenses committed with the use of electronic payment systems : new challenges and problems ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, n^o 44 (29 septembre 2021) : 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.44.08.25.

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Legal, organizational and technical issues of the current state of crime prevention in the field of electronic payment systems in different countries and in Ukraine are considered. The following methods were used in the article: dialectical, documentary analysis, analytical analysis of documents and observations. Identified and analyzed current trends and risks associated with the use of electronic payment systems by legal entities. Electronic payments have been found to be a progressive and convenient innovation on the one hand, which has greatly accelerated the ability of individuals to engage in day-to-day market relations, and on the other, to be unlawfully encroached upon and systematically improved by criminals. Based on this, emphasis is placed on the urgent need for proper protection of payment systems. It is noted that examples of global counteraction to crimes and various offenses committed in the field of electronic payments are developed countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Singapore, as well as the European Union, especially France and Germany. As a result of the study, it has been noted that the above countries have all the opportunities to provide Ukraine and its citizens, as well as government officials with the necessary guidelines, technical and legal assistance to create an effective mechanism to combat offenses in the use of electronic payment systems.

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Pešić, Ivana V., et Gajo M. Vanka. « EU Crises Multiplier - From One Crisis To Another ». Economic Themes 52, n^o 2 (1 juin 2014) : 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2014-0015.

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Abstract Since the wide spreading of the European Union (EU) crisis begun, the research papers have been providing different definitions such as currency crisis, competitiveness crisis, banking crisis, balance of payment crisis, but the most frequent notion of EU crises is the sovereign debt crisis. In this paper, the researchers agree that the current European crisis can be identified as sovereign debt crises at its surface, but in order to search for solutions of EU problems, we must look deeper into the sources of this crisis. Through this paper, the multiplication of crisis is explained, whereby it is being concluded that one type of crisis led to another, while staying on the point that the Eurozone current crisis is basically a combination of two core crisis: balance of payment crisis and banking crisis. In order to support the hypothesis that sovereign debt crisis is deeply connected with balance of payment crisis, we have analysed the trade and capital flows of European countries. It was discovered that periphery countries mostly financed their current account deficit, trade deficits and public deficit through external borrowing from creditor countries. Further, the periphery countries have been cumulating not only trade deficit in trade activity with other European partners, but also in trade with the rest of the world. The key source of imbalances between the European countries seems to be a different level of competitiveness caused by different level of productivity. As the second face of EU crises, we recognised a banking crisis. We found that sovereign debt crisis and banking crisis are interconnected but banking crisis usually precedes the debt crisis. With the fast growth of international capital flows, financial integration was strongly regionally concentrated and became especially important within the EU. Through the analysis of the international investment position of creditor countries, it was concluded that these countries are more integrated within the euro area through financial flows than through real economic flows. Additionally, it was discovered that creditor countries’ banks were among the biggest investors in bonds of periphery countries such as Greece. In other periphery countries such as Ireland, banking crisis and subsequent measures for the rescuing of banking system led to the increase of public debt. In the other countries, banks were faced with solvency problems due to bad debt holdings. Having in mind that we found interconnection of the debt crisis with balance of payment crisis on the one side, and with the banking crisis on the other side, the conclusion is that sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone is a result of two-core crisis: balance of payment crisis and bank crisis. Reckoning on the European Union history where each crisis usually led to the stronger integration, maybe the current crisis is a step further towards better and deeper integration.

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Stan, Sabina, et Roland Erne. « Bringing society back into our understanding of European cross-border care ». Journal of European Social Policy 31, n^o 4 (octobre 2021) : 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09589287211031815.

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We are pleased to discuss our study on the European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) and the redistributive effects of EHIC-related east–west patient and payment flows across regions and social classes. Our critics confirm our key finding: EHIC patient outflows from Eastern European (EE) to Western European (WE) countries result in a much higher relative burden for the budgets of EE states than outflows from WE to EE do for WE countries. Starting from what they see as the true mission of social security coordination, however, they also tell us that we should never have studied the redistributive impact of EHIC patient and payment flows in the first place. In this response, we therefore explicate the differences between our empirical sociological perspective and our critics’ normative legal approach. This is important, especially when social facts contradict normative legal assumptions as in our case. The EU laws that govern EHIC patient and payment flows are indeed based on the free movement provisions of the EU’s internal market project, but our empirical findings show that the promise of ‘economic, social and territorial cohesion, and solidarity among Member States’ contained in Article 3.3 of the Treaty of the European Union is not realized in practice in the case of east–west EHIC payment flows and patient mobility.

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Martins Pacheco, Renata. « Carbon and Biodiversity Policies ». U.Porto Journal of Engineering 8, n^o 4 (8 juillet 2022) : 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_008.004_0005.

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Wildfires are a concern in many European countries, and they might occur more frequently given climate change. Carbon sequestration is an ecosystem service provided by forests that is affected by fires and is neglected in traditional markets. Recently, the European Union (EU) has created environmental policies that address climate change, wildfires, and biodiversity conservation through payment for ecosystem services schemes. This study aims to estimate the monetary carbon savings of avoiding wildfires in five Mediterranean countries using historical wildfire emissions data and the auction prices in the EU Carbon Market. Portugal is further studied since the country has a new ecosystem services payment policy. The results indicate that, by avoiding fires, the countries could have annual benefits in the order of millions of euros. For Portugal, the value of the policy incentive is inferior to the value of the carbon sequestration service provided by avoiding fires and could be reexamined.

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Lucarelli, Bill. « Intra-eurozone Payments Imbalances : Implications for the TARGET2 Payments System ». Review of Radical Political Economics 49, n^o 3 (17 juillet 2017) : 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613417703972.

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In the wake of the recent European debt crisis, there have emerged serious payments imbalances between the core/surplus countries and the peripheral/deficit countries, which threaten the internal cohesion of the eurozone. In the absence of political union or fiscal federalism, these centrifugal dynamics appear to be irreversible. This article examines the role performed by the TARGET2 (Trans-European Automated Real Time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System) payments system and the very real possibility of default by the indebted, peripheral countries as a result of the imposition of austerity policies by the European Central Bank (ECB)/European Union (EU)/International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Troika). It is proposed that the current, neoliberal path toward austerity and wage repression (or internal devaluation) is ultimately unsustainable and, indeed, self-defeating. JEL Classification: B5, B14, B16, B23

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Artemov, N. M., et A. A. Sitnik. « Countering Anti-Russian Sanctions in Payment and Currency Fields ». Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, n^o 6 (21 mai 2022) : 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.139.6.048-062.

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The paper is devoted to the study of anti-Russian sanctions imposed by the United States of America and foreign states and international organizations that have joined them, as well as the analysis of measures aimed at countering unfriendly actions undertaken against the monetary system of the Russian Federation. The paper examines the historical aspects of the anti-Russian policy of Western countries, analyzes provisions of regulatory legal acts and other official documents adopted by the United States and the countries of the European Union, aimed at destabilizing payment and currency relations in Russia. The authors investigate the counter-sanctions policy and measures aimed at ensuring the stability of the Russian monetary system in general and the national payment system in particular. It is concluded that the use of the dollar and the euro as a weapon of sanctions war, the practice of confiscating reserves and assets of countries pursuing policies that do not correspond to the interests of the United States and dependent states, restricting access of financial institutions of “rogue countries” to American and European financial resources, disconnecting credit institutions from SWIFT, and other sanctions inevitably lead to the formation of a parallel international financial system, of which a fundamentally new international monetary system will become a part.

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Navickas, Valentinas, Mykolas Navickas et Marcel Kordoš. « Corruption effect on foreign direct investments in European Union countries ». Verslas : teorija ir praktika 17, n^o 4 (30 novembre 2016) : 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.17.10863.

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The authors of the article analyze the effect of corruption on foreign direct investments in most corrupt European Union countries. Corruption in the context of the analysis is understood as an act where government officials enter into an agreement with a foreign investors against the interest of society. It takes place when illegal payments for government are made. Such payments acts as an additional tax on investments in foreign country, thus decreasing attractiveness of investment for foreign investors. There are various types of corruption, but most common classification include grand corruption, petty corruption and public sector corruption. However, this article focuses on the effect of grand corruption, because it directly affects FDI inflows in particular country. Results of the research made by the authors shows that corruption has adverse effect on FDI inflows, however particular corrupt actions may postively effect FDI inflows. In order to determine corruption effect on FDI in corrupt EU countries statistical analysis of 2000–2014 period has been implemented and conceptual model of effect on FDI created.

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Єлагін Віктор Павлович et Мартиненко Наталія Василівна. « АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ ПЕНСІЙНИХ ВНЕСКІВ В КРАЇНАХ – ЧЛЕНАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ : ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ ». International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, n^o 2(44) (28 février 2020) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/28022020/6910.

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The article analyzes the state management of pension systems for the organization of the exercise of powers to administer pension contributions in the countries − members of the European Union. The models of organization of administration of pension contributions are investigated. As suggestions for priority areas of modernizing the pension system of Ukraine on the example of the experience of countries − members of the European Union, the following are highlighted: attracting employees to participate in financing the pension system; the introduction of mandatory funded pensions with the payment of additional contributions by employees in excess of the unified social contribution to compulsory state pension insurance and the transition to a conditional savings system; differentiation of the unified social contribution rate for compulsory state pension insurance taking into account the state of economic development of the regions (high, medium, below average).

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А.С., Луценко. « Моделювання ефективного фіскального регулювання економіки України в умовах євроінтеграції ». Economics and Management, n^o 86(1) (28 février 2020) : 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36919/2312-7812.1.2020.45.

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The experience of fiscal regulation in the countries of the Visegrad Group (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia), which are relatively new members of the European Union, have carried out quite large-scale consolidation of budgets under the influence of supranational fiscal regulation of the European Union. Specific features of fiscal regulation in the Visegrad Group countries and Ukraine have been identified, namely: low level of social security (compared to EU Member States with developed economies); lower level of budget expenditures to GDP of countries (compared to EU Member States with developed economies); more developed indirect taxation than developed countries. The toolkit of consolidation of budgets in the countries of the European Union is specified: measures of increase of budget revenues (increase of tax rates, expansion of the tax base, refusal of privileges and others); measures to reduce budget expenditures (reduction of public sector consumption through wage cuts and others); measures aimed at changing the pension regime (increasing the retirement age, reducing the payment of pensions); measures aimed at reforming social transfers (reduction of payments, abolition of benefits and bonuses). It is found that two approaches are usually used to determine the budgetary consolidation period of the Visegrad Group countries: a quantitative one that operates on a set of indicators that characterize the volume of fiscal impulse; narrative that relies on monitoring regulatory documents. It was determined that one of the main tools for increasing the budget revenues of the Visegrad Group countries was social payments, which are the most stable sources, which are almost independent of macroeconomic dynamics. This was the reason for the nationalization of the pension system in Hungary and Poland. The mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy is proposed. It is argued that the objects of this mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the economy of Ukraine are the budgetary and tax systems, and the subjects - the state, represented by bodies and services that apply the methods and instruments of fiscal regulation. The main tasks of this mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy are outlined: balancing of budget indicators; assistance in reducing public debt; optimization of tax burden; control over the impact on GDP growth. The principles of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy are highlighted: scientific validity; systematic; legislative regulation; continuity; efficiency; reconciliation of interests; adaptation; complexity.

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Brajkovic, Lucia. « Croatia’s New Linear Tuition System : Students’ Friend or Foe ? » International Higher Education, n^o 79 (1 janvier 2015) : 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.79.5849.

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A unique political situation predating Croatia’s ascension to the European Union, along with countrywide student protests, led to the adoption of a linear tuition model in which students are exempt from any tuition payment during their first year of college. After the first year, they are charged tuition according to merit-based criteria. This article discusses the benefits and potential unintended consequences of this policy, as well as the possible adoption of this model by other countries.

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Kissné Nagy, Csilla. « Agri-environmental schemes in the European Union ». Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n^o 58 (8 avril 2014) : 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/58/1982.

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Some details on agri-environmental measures in EU have been presented in this paper. Territorial, financial and regulation-specific aspects have been investigated based on statistics from EUROSTAT and ENFRD reports. It has been concluded, that AES shows a much diversified picture in the EU. For example, by 2009 the old members and new member states of EU had different proportions of agricultural area (25% and 10%, respectively), where AES had been introduced. Differences in AES are remarkable both at the level of member states as well as in the amounts of payments per hectare. The reasons behind this are the different national conditions and approaches on AES as well as differences in time these measures had been introduced in member countries. The final conclusion is that further increases may be expected in the coming years regarding the area involved in different agri-environmental measures and the total amount of AES payments in the EU.

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Binda, Jacek. « Cryptocurrencies – problems of the high-risk instrument definition ». Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, n^o 1 (27 mars 2020) : 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(1).2020.20.

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Money is a widely accepted commodity, which enables us to determine the economic value of purchased goods and services and make payments. The dynamic development of technology and social expectations has expanded the spectrum of available types of payment instruments, including e-money and cryptocurrencies. Among dematerialized means of payment, cryptocurrencies began to play an important role due to their independence from central financial institutions and a highly effective form of saving money. The paper aims to present legal authorization, referring to cryptocurrencies, in countries of the European Union and prove that bitcoin is a high-riskу financial instrument. The methodology of the study was based on the review of available legal acts and literature (regarding the nature and function of money) and Value at Risk (VaR) model on the example of risk assessment of cryptocurrencies with respect to investing in the selected currencies. The outcomes showed several discrepancies in the definition of cryptocurrencies. They indicated that bitcoin, as one of the best-known cryptocurrencies, does not fulfill the functions of money formulated in economic theory (in relation to e-money). Besides, cryptocurrencies have been shown to be high-risky instruments.

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Lekarenko, Oksana G. « The Crisis of the Bretton Woods Monetary System and the Beginning of European Monetary Cooperation ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n^o 466 (2021) : 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/466/12.

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The article aims to identify the impact of the crisis of the Bretton Woods monetary system on the beginning of European monetary cooperation. Russian scholars' publications on European monetary integration usually examine in detail the internal prerequisites for the emergence of the Werner Plan and only sketch the external environment. Drawing on available European and American sources, this research provides a more nuanced picture of the origins of European monetary cooperation in the context of a general collapse of the post-war international monetary order. The article begins with the characteristic of the main features of the Bretton Woods monetary system. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the intrinsic contradictions of the Bretton Woods mechanism, such as the problem of liquidity, confidence in the key currencies, and the adjustment mechanism, generated numerous monetary crises. All efforts to reform the international monetary system stalled because of disagreements between countries with surplus and deficit payment balances. The research also focuses on the US monetary policy. As the US dollar was the main reserve currency, the stability of the entire monetary system depended on its position. Since the late 1960s, conflicts over monetary issues developed between the United States and Western European countries, culminating in the Nixon administration's unilateral decision to abolish the gold standard in August 1971. Monetary crises and the weakness of the dollar pushed the countries of the European Economic Community to develop their own currency grouping. The article analyses the Werner Plan of 1970 that proposed the creation of an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) with a single European currency as the ultimate goal. Based on fixed exchange rates between European currencies, the EMU represented a regional replica of the Bretton Woods system. The single European currency was seen by Europeans as an alternative to the dollar and the unpredictable American policy. The author concludes that the end of transatlantic monetary cooperation gave an additional impetus to the development of European monetary integration. Although first European efforts to create the EMU had failed because of the different approaches of France and the Federal Republic of Germany as well as the economic crisis of the early 1970s, the Werner Plan marked a crucial phase in the history of European integration. The Werner Report became a blueprint for the European Monetary System (EMS) of the late 1970s. The success of the EMS paved the way for the creation of the European Monetary Union envisaged in the Maastricht Treaty of 1991 establishing the European Union and the adoption of a single European currency - the euro.

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Kuzmin, V. N. « Experience in supporting viticulture in the European Union ». Horticulture and viticulture, n^o 1 (20 avril 2020) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-1-49-57.

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In connection with the creation of the subprogram for the development of viticulture in the framework of the Federal scientific and technical program for the development of agriculture for 2017-2025 the analysis of foreign experience in supporting this sub-sector is relevant. The countries of the European Union (EU) are collectively the main producers, consumers and exporters of grape wine in the world. The goal of the EU viticulture support system is to bring the wine-growing and wine-making sector to structural change that are protected from a permanent market crisis. Each EU member-state has a budget set by the EU and can choose from the eight areas of support provided (promotion of wine products within the EU and in third-country markets – up to 50 % of regulated expenses; restructuring and rearrangement of wine yards – up to 50-75%; investment in tangible or intangible fixed assets, processing plants, wine infrastructure, marketing structures and tools for the production or sale of wine products – up to 40-75 %; innovation – supports material or non-material investments aimed at developing new products, procedures and technologies that improve the marketing and competitiveness of EU wine products – up to 50-75 % of regulated costs; distillation of by-products of wine in order to eliminate them and thus improve the quality of wines; “green” harvest-destruction of part or complete destruction of unripe grapes in a certain area-up to 50 % of the direct costs of destruction plus loss of income associated with destruction or disposal; mutual funds – for farmers who want to insure against market fluctuations; crop insurance), which must be applied within the framework of national programs to support agricultural industries for a period of five years. Goals, planned results, the range of organizations that can receive this support, the application procedure, eligibility criteria, subsidized and non-subsidized expenses, standard (normative) unit costs, the procedure for selecting applications, priority criteria and appropriate weighting, the timing of payment of subsidies, and advances are defined for each support area.

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Voronko, Oleksii. « APPLICATION OF ASTRENT UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND RUSSIA ». Scientific and Informational Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law Named after King Danylo Halytskyi, n^o 8 (26 décembre 2019) : 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2019.8.20.127-134.

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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the content and comparative analysis of the mechanisms for the use of asthma in France, the Benelux countries, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Russia, as well as its regulation by EU legislation. Method. The methodology involves a comprehensive analysis and generalization of available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The study used the principles of objectivity and integrity, as well as general scientific, special legal and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge: induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis. Comparative, functional and legal. Results: The study found that an asthma was a means of influencing a debtor to fulfill his obligations voluntarily. This remedy is based on the idea that the prospect of paying a higher sum than that arising from the obligation should force the debtor to execute the decision without delay. Over time, the use of astringent has proven to be particularly effective in enforcing binding decisions and in taking action to secure a claim or evidence. An asterant is an indirect way of enforcing a judgment and acts as an influence or pressure on the obliged party to enforce the court decision. In this case, the payment of the asthma does not release the debtor from the obligation, which is confirmed by the executive document. Scientific novelty. Analyzing the international experience, it is argued that it is advisable to use the astringent procedure in the Ukrainian civil law. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-enforcement and law-enforcement activities in the investigation of crimes related to financial misconduct.

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Kocur-Bera, Katarzyna. « Farm holdings and the owner’s residence location in the aspect of direct payments from the EU : A case study in nine regions in Poland ». Acta geographica Slovenica 60, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2020) : 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ags.6836.

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Instruments promoting rural development have been implemented by many countries. Areabased payments for farmers allocated under the Common Agricultural Policy constitute one of such instruments in the European Union. The support system for rural areas, including the size of the declared reference parcels, is monitored as part of the cross-compliance mechanism. Parcels with unfavorable landuse patterns are more difficult to farm. According to estimates, more than 30% of agricultural farms in Poland fall into this category. This study proposes a universal algorithm for controlling the information submitted by farmers in payment applications. More than 76,000 applications were analyzed, and farms with the defective spatial structure of land were randomly selected. The results show that most errors occur in the case of land parcels situated the farthest from a farm holding (declared in the application), but the analysis revealed no strong correlation in this respect.

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Pishchik, Victor Ya, et Peter V. Alekseev. « Cybercrime as a Key Operational Risk of the Payment and Settlement Infrastructure of the Global Financial System and Approaches to Its Regulation in the Eurasian Economic Union ». Financial Journal 13, n^o 3 (juin 2021) : 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-3-54-66.

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One of the key areas in the formation of a single financial market within the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter, EAEU or Union) is the development of a single payment space (SPS) of the Union. In the context of growth and transformation of the risks of the payment and settlement infrastructure (PSI) of the global financial system (GFS) (sanctions, systemic, operational and other risks), the problem of effectively neutralizing their impact on the PSI of the EAEU countries is highly topical. The article clarifies the conceptual apparatus associated with the transformation of risks for the PSI of the GFS, and carries out their systematization. Sources of operational risk of the GFS’s PSI, including the threat of an increase in cybercrime, are analyzed. The authors assert that the main type of operational risk for the PSI of the GFS in the future will evidently be cyberattacks using trojans, ransomware viruses and phishing, as well as blocking user access to Internet sites using DDoS attacks. Nowadays, the number of DDoS attacks in Russia has been growing for several years in a row, and this growth may intensify in 2021 due to a number of factors set out in the article. It is indicated that, in Russia and other EAEU countries, growth in cybercrime is one of the main threats to the stable functioning of the national PSI as well as credit and financial systems in general. In this regard, the article substantiates the need to develop regional cooperation on cybersecurity issues within the EAEU using the experience of the European Union, where this issue is paid very serious attention. Besides, it is advisable to build up international cooperation between the countries of the world within the UN in order to enhance the cybersecurity of the GFS’s PSI and ensure the successful development of the SPS in the EAEU.

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Борзенко, Олександра. « ЗАОХОЧЕННЯ ЯК МЕХАНІЗМ ВПЛИВУ НА ПРОФЕСІЙНЕ САМОВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ВИКЛАДАЧІВ ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ КРАЇН ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ ». Педагогічні науки : теорія, історія, інноваційні технології, n^o 7(101) (28 septembre 2020) : 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24139/2312-5993/2020.07/219-228.

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Recently, the importance of international cooperation in education, the use of the best practices of higher education institutions in the European Union, the development of pedagogical skills and professional activities to organize the process of foreign language teaching has been growing, so the issue of encouragement as a mechanism of influence on the professional development of foreign language teachers is relevant. It is noted that organization of higher education in the European Union has both much in common and in different. It is stated that the professional development of foreign language teachers in the European Union is a dynamic and continuous process that lasts throughout their activities. An important place is given to the motivation of teachers to self-improvement in order to achieve the highest level of professionalism. Teachers’ self-improvement allows them to deepen their professional competence by understanding the social and cultural dimensions of education, based on their own needs and requirements of society. It is determined that any culture finds its unique reflection in the language, as well as in the study of the cultural heritage of the people, which is enshrined in their language as a reflection of the spiritual world of humans and their culture. It is emphasized that an important role in the motivational process of encouragement as a mechanism for influencing the professional selfimprovement of foreign language teachers is played by the current system of encouragements in each European Union country. Encouragement systems reflect both the professional activity of an individual and the historical development of the country. Encouragement is a positive stimulating effect on the needs, interests, consciousness, will, behavior of foreign language teachers, as well as on the results of their work. Encouragement arouses the interest of the individual in obtaining certain social benefits and is used in cases of achieving results in own professional activities. Encouragement is used for successful performance of professional duties, important tasks, long-term work and is a mechanism of influence on the development of professional self-improvement. The analysis of scientific works on the problem under research shows that in the European Union countries national educational traditions are combined, that the motivational process for self-improvement depends on individual characteristics, age, pedagogical experience, scientific degree, position and is encouraged by the relevant stimulating moral (expression of gratitude, rewarding with certificate of appreciation, etc.) and material (rewarding with a gift, additional payments, financial awards, grants, etc.) systems of payment for work. The system of additional payments is non-uniform not only in the universities of different European Union countries, but also within a specific higher education institution. Teachers can be nominated for state awards for outstanding merit to the country. State awards are the highest form of recognition for high merit in the development of education, science, economy, culture. State awards are established exclusively by the laws of each country.

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Brkic, Luka. « European Union : From social integration to social state ». Medjunarodni problemi 56, n^o 4 (2004) : 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0404447b.

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This paper analyzes recent free trade arrangements from a positive political economy perspective. In contrast to most other literature, which fails to take into account geographical factors, it is argued here that proximity and transportation costs play an important role in trade arrangements. Another important also largely neglected factor is the degree of social cohesion in terms of labor standards among potential trading partners. Accepting social integration might also be a condition for admitting those countries to the agreement. Changes of trade policy over time can therefore be explained by changes in the relative political influence of the sectors considered. The other important factors are, of course, a change in the degree of retaliation, leading to lower tariffs under higher retaliation, and a leveling of social standards. Redistribution across countries could also considerably change the optimal rate of tariff. The EU with its regional cohesion funds might be a good example of how those are used as a side-payment for diminishing the social divergence in the member countries. Countries with higher standards should only be willing to integrate when others raise their social standards as well. The negotiations about the social protocol in the EU indicate that this is in fact the case. More than 40 years of European integration have led to an habituation of thinking of the European Community as something ideologically neutral, which transcends normal political debate. European issues, it seems, do not fit the structure of the usual right-left ideological controversy. The only open fault-line in European politics is between advocates of "more" and those of "less" integration. The paper explores the potential cognitive and political gains of a change of perspective. It argues that the issue of more or less integration is often not interesting in itself but only to the degree that it influences the content of policies. It further shows that the policies at stake are normally such, that they can be usefully debated in the right-left framework. The decision about the site of policy control - national or European - is often only the guise in which a decision about the redrawing of the boundary between market and state, between the sphere of competitive allocation and the sphere of political coordination, materializes. This paper aimed at stressing the fundamental differences between conventional and contractarian constitutional orders. To achieve it, we have used the concept of common knowledge and have related it to its political philosophy background, especially with regard to communication and induction. The former generates a spontaneous social order - it is an evolutionist view that belongs to the Hume - Menger - Hayek tradition. The latter produces a contractarian vision shared by the Brennan-Buchanan-Tullock tradition. We consider here a basic distinction between institutions and conventions. An institution is considered as a formal, explicit rule, while a convention appears to be a tacit, implicit agreement. The former can be associated with contractarian constitutionalism, whereas the latter is related to evolutionism. In this context, institutions should not be understood as formalized conventions (such as law in Hayek). They are rather the expression of a voluntary and deliberate agreement, of a covenant. The application describes features relevant to the development of a European constitution and the corresponding unified legal system. It requires a clear vision of what a European "state" is meant to be or become. Then, once a constitutional setting is chosen, one must address the question of legal organization, in particular the nature of administrative law. Two different acceptation of law are thus associated with the two concepts of convention and contractarian institution. The former can be regarded as customary rule a kind of common knowledge that emerges from tradition and sympathy. By contrast, the latter is the place of explicitly created common knowledge. If it is to become more integrated, Europe will have to tackle this constitutional question, either in an evolutionary or in a contractarian way.

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Kasumović, Merim, et Erna Heric. « Nominal and Real Convergence as a Determinant for Joining the European Monetary Union ». ECONOMICS 5, n^o 1 (1 juin 2017) : 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eoik-2017-0011.

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Summary The thematic framework of this work is the nominal and real convergence as a determinant for joining the European monetary union. The focus of the work is to prove that realising the criteria of the convergence affects the stability of the European monetary union, that is, that the cause of destabilisation is exactly the fact that certain member nations have not realised the assigned convergence criteria. The financial integration is an important question because it contributes to the economic growth affecting free exchange with the goal of a more efficient allocation of capital; it is the result of the economic theory and the empirical research. Introducing the Euro as a single payment method while losing the monetary sovereignty of the countries which have accepted it is the main reason for forming the European Central Bank. The mission of the European Central Bank is to define and conduct a single monetary policy within the Eurozone. Because of the already mentioned facts, the challenges of conducting the fiscal policy within the Eurozone as well as the key aspects of the monetary unification of Europe have been analysed. The results of this analysis should point out the stability of the EMU by the convergence degree of the member nations from a single monetary area.

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Roman, Teodora, Nicu Marcu, Valentina Diana Rusu, Erika Maria Doacă et Adelina Andreea Siriteanu. « Tax Payment and the Performance of SMEs : A Longitudinal Analysis on EU Countries ». Sustainability 15, n^o 2 (4 janvier 2023) : 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15020927.

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Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are considered the engine of any economy and actively contribute to the economic growth of countries. For this reason, there are concerns regarding the identification of the factors that influence the activity of SMEs and, in particular, how they manage to adapt and obtain better performance in a constantly changing economic environment. The tax burden is high and discouraging for many enterprises, so we aimed to analyse the relationship between the taxes imposed on SMEs and their performance. Thus, the main purpose of our study was to analyse the relationship between the taxes paid by SMEs and their performance. The period of analysis consisted of the 14 years between 2008 and 2021. The analysed sample comprised the 27 member countries of the European Union. To test the relationship, we used panel data methods, and we considered two indicators that measure the performance of SMEs as dependent variables and indicators that measure the taxes paid by businesses as independent variables. For a more in-depth analysis, we used clusters of countries. The main results show that the taxes that SMEs have to pay are seen as obstacles in the way of improving performance. Moreover, the relationship between taxes and the performance of SMEs depends on the specifics of the economy of the country.

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Shavaleev, B. E. « CRIMINAL LEGAL COUNTERACTION TO FRAUDULENT USE OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT FACILITIES IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD ». Vektor nauki Tol’attinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seria Uridicheskie nauki, n^o 4 (2020) : 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2220-7457-2020-4-48-53.

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Modern trends indicate an annual increase in the number of registered facts of fraud using electronic payment facilities, as well as the amount of damage associated with it, both in foreign countries and in the Russian Federation. This fact puts on the agenda the problem of improving measures of counteracting this type of crime. A significant element of combating crime is the optimization of criminal legislation, which determines the relevance of this study. The author carried out a comparative legal study of the criminal legislation peculiarities of Russia and foreign countries in terms of combating fraud using electronic payment facilities, notes special features of the conceptual apparatus and legal technique used in domestic and foreign criminal laws. The paper investigates the legal penalization of the above act, the legal technique of formulating the disposition of the corpus delicti providing for liability for fraud using electronic means of payment. The author highlights the wide use of restitution in the criminal legislation of the European Union states. Based on the results of the study, the author determined the features of criminal-legal counteraction to fraud using electronic payment facilities in Russia and abroad, formulated the proposals to improve the criminal legislation in terms of combating fraud using electronic means of payment. More precisely, the author suggested a draft article of the RF Criminal Code establishing liability for illegal use of electronic payment facilities bringing to the uniformity of the law enforcement practice and implementation of the principle of justice of punishment.

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Alfaro-Navarro, Jose Luis, Jose Mondejar-Jimenez, Manuel Vargas-Vargas, Juan Carlos Gazquez-Abad et Jose Felipe Jimenez- Guerrero. « The Effects Of The Distribution Of Agricultural Direct Payments ». Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 15, n^o 5 (28 septembre 2011) : 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v15i5.6015.

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The Common Agricultural Policy (the CAP) is the most important common policy of the European Union, for which reason it traditionally monopolizes a large part of the European Union budget. Without doubt, the aids that farms receive from this policy are the pillar on which it sustains the battered agricultural sectors. Among CAP aid, direct payments are particularly important, in 2008 accounting for about 37% of the total EU budget. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the effects that the distribution of the CAP direct payments have on the agrarian economy. Specifically, we have analysed the equality level in distribution of CAP direct aid in the countries of the European Union using a concentration index. In this way, we have examined the fairness of distribution of CAP direct aid in the agricultural sector.

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Sehl, Annika, Richard Fletcher et Robert G. Picard. « Crowding out : Is there evidence that public service media harm markets ? A cross-national comparative analysis of commercial television and online news providers ». European Journal of Communication 35, n^o 4 (28 février 2020) : 389–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323120903688.

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The impact of public service media (PSM) on media competition has become a topic of debate in many European countries. Some argue that PSM could starve commercial media, or discourage them from entering markets in the first place because they shrink commercial audiences, lowering both advertising income for free commercial television and willingness to pay for commercial products. Despite its prevalence as a policy argument, there has been limited research about the crowding out concept – and almost no research that is independent, comparative, and considers broadcasting as well as online markets. This article addresses these shortcomings by examining whether there is any evidence to support the crowding out argument by analysing national broadcast and online markets in all 28 European Union countries. More specifically, we focus on data on market resources, audience performance and payment for digital news. The analysis reveals little to no support for the crowding out argument for broadcasting and related online markets.

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Slav’yuk, Rostyslav, et Nataliia Slaviuk. « Government debt management : challenges and perspectives ». Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, n^o 3 (16 août 2018) : 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(3).2018.12.

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The article examines the current tendencies of the government indebtedness in the world. It proves the rapid growth of the government debt in the different countries around the world after the 2008–2009 financial crisis and analyzes the reasons for government debt increase in particular countries and its consequences. The study is devoted to the research of the government debt in developed and developing countries. Particular attention is paid to the government debt of Japan, the USA, the European Union countries. In the article, the government debt of Ukraine, its tendencies, and consequences for the economy are analyzed. The state borrowings in Ukraine are often used for financing the servicing and payment of the existing debt. Government debt can be an important investment source and used for the development of the economies. But in the conditions of its rapid and unlimited growth, government indebtedness can be a burden for the economy.

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Trombert-Paviot, Beatrice, Alan Rector, Robert Baud, Pieter Zanstra, Caroline Martin, Egbert van der Haring, Lucienne Clavel et Jean Marie Rodrigues. « The Development of CCAM : The New French Coding System of Clinical Procedures ». Health Information Management 31, n^o 1 (mars 2003) : 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335830303100103.

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A new French coding system of clinical procedures, the Classification Commune Des Actes Medicaux (CCAM), has been developed at the turn of the millennium (between 1996 and 2001). Two methodologies were used: a traditional domain-experts consensus method, and an artificial-intelligence-based semantic representation. An economic evaluation of clinical procedures was also undertaken for the rating for fee-for-service payment. We present the methodologies used and stress how the European Union research project, ‘European Consortium, Generalised Architecture for Languages, Encyclopaedias and Nomenclatures in Medicine’ (GALEN), facilitated the sharing and maintaining of consistent medical knowledge. This country case study highlights the significant cost to individual countries in developing their own classifications in isolation. It also demonstrates the benefits of contributing to international efforts such as GALEN that enable harmonisation, yet still allow for diversity.

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Nazarova, Varvara. « Analysis of the effectiveness of healthcare M&A transactions in developed countries ». Panoeconomicus, n^o 00 (2020) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180203021n.

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The healthcare industry is a large and fast-growing segment of the corporate world, especially in developed countries. In the face of growing competition, healthcare companies inevitably resort to mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in order to accelerate their development. The objective of this study is to identify the creation of additional value for M&A deal participants in the healthcare industry in the United States and the European Union in 2008-2017. In this paper, we propose the following thesis statement: can healthcare companies expect excess returns from M&A deals? On average, M&A deals in the healthcare industry in developed countries create positive abnormal returns for acquiring companies and are efficient; a positive, significant impact on abnormal returns was found in the deal value of M&A deals, a negative significant impact was observed for deals conducted with the shares payment method and for acquiring companies with a larger number of employees.

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Kot, Sebastian, et Beata Ślusarczyk. « A Comparison of Usage Costs of Roads in Selected EU Countries ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (décembre 2014) : 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.125.

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At present member states of the European Union apply a few different systems of collection of fares for riding individual types of roads. In spite of the fact that systems of collection of payments in each of member states are working on the same provisions included in Directive 1999/62/EC, amount of rates for riding roads in individual states develops on different level and is being determined on every state’s domestic legislation or regulations of individual roads’ private operators. In this article Authors presented cost analysis of using road infrastructure in chosen member states of the European Community creating a cost map of using road infrastructure in European road transport of goods.

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Gáspár, Andrea. « A magyar adórendszer egyszerűsítésének okai és lehetséges hatásai ». Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, n^o 3-4 (1 janvier 2009) : 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.133-137.

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There are nearly 50 different tax categories in an effect currently in Hungary. These request a different acknowledgement, in payment deadline doing the dirty of the taxpayers. Hungary occupies the 111. place in a hierarchy classifying the simplicity of the taxation according to the study of tax payment with 2009 titles prepared by IFC between the exam-ined 181 countries. I examined it in my analysis in our taxation ensued changes. The changes complicated our fiscal system in some cases. But there is a tax category like that pi. personal income tax, where 4,6, there were 2 tax brackets in validity then. It continued with "Eva", "Ekho" introduction then simplification, which all of them are until the today's day continuously on an agenda, yes. International - European Union ensued in his member states mainly - examining tendencies it adapting opportunity and I deducted my inferences analyzing its possible effects onto the Hungarian tax brackets and tax categories.

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Postuła, Marta, Wojciech Chmielewski, Piotr Puczyński et Rafał Cieślik. « The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on Energy Poverty and Unemployment in Selected European Union Countries ». Energies 14, n^o 19 (25 septembre 2021) : 6110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196110.

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The accelerated development of information and communication technologies (ICT) over the last three decades has encouraged researchers to analyse the impact of this phenomenon on the labour market. The potential decline in employment resulting from the proliferation of ICT may reduce access to basic energy services and even lead to energy poverty in the form of inability to heat the apartment as needed, allocating a significant part of revenues to expenses related to heating or problems with the timely payment of energy bills. Because access to energy is of fundamental importance for improving the quality of life and is crucial from the point of view of economic development, it is justified to verify the hypothesis that the accelerated development of ICT in EU countries may contribute to an increase in unemployment and, consequently, translate into a higher level of energy poverty. The described research results were obtained thanks to a comparative factor analysis based on secondary data. The analysis showed that in the period 2009–2019, the use of ICT had a limited impact on the unemployment rate in the EU and had a significant impact on reducing the level of energy poverty in EU Member States. As regards the impact of ICT factors on the level of energy poverty, only IP traffic showed a significant impact in this area. When it comes to the labour market, it was found that employment is chiefly influenced by economic factors such as labour costs.

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Zawiślińska, Izabela ,. Piotr Cirin, et Piotr Cirin. « Występowanie deficytów bliźniaczych w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce w latach 2009–2018 ». Przegląd Europejski, n^o 1-2021 (14 avril 2021) : 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.21.9.

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The aim of the article is to determine the degree, direction and strength of impact of the studied variables, i.e. the state budget balance and the current account balance as part of Poland's balance of payments in the years 2009-2018 against the background of selected European Union (EU) countries. The main research questions focus on determining the type of relationships connecting the studied deficits in the light of previous studies dedicated to the twin deficits hypothesis. The methodology used is based on integrated correlation analysis, linear regression and an analysis of the coefficient of variation. As a result of the study, a strong correlation was found between the cumulative values of the studied deficits, which confirms the existence of the twin deficits hypothesis in Poland in the examined period and means that the budget deficit affects the current account balance. A change in the cumulative balance of the budget by 1% leads to a change in the cumulative balance of the current account of the balance of payments by 0.89%. It can be presumed that the problem of budget deficits and the related debt crisis as well as balance of payments balances under the dichotomy of "surplus north" and "deficit south" in the next decade will be one of the most conflicting and disintegrative for the EU. Thus, the search for a path to budget (internal) balance and balance of payments (external) is one of the key challenges for maintaining cohesion and maintaining sustainable development both in Poland and the entire EU.

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Makowska, Marta, et Łukasz Jasiński. « The importance of “disclosure” in relationships between physicians and pharmaceutical companies ». Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, n^o 5 (22 mars 2018) : 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.5.07.

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The article raises issues of transparency in relationships between doctors and drug manufacturers. It indicates how important it is as a way for physicians and the pharmaceutical industry to regain public trust. The manuscript will define the concept of disclosure. It will discuss in detail The Physician Payment Sunshine Act from the U.S., which imposes a legal obligation on pharmaceutical companies to disclose their relationships with doctors and university hospitals. The article will also show the diverse regulation of disclosure in different countries of the European Union. The situation in Poland will be also described. In the summary, there will be a discussion about the importance of disclosure for patients and the advantages and disadvantages of such regulations for physicians and drug manufacturers.

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Sadat, S. Abdul Wahid. « EVALUATION OF LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES IN TURKEY ». SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 7, n^o 32 (15 juillet 2022) : 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.659.

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In order for the crypto money tax to be collected, it must first be regulated by law. The first thing to do is to legalize cryptocurrencies as assets and money and then tax them accordingly. We will first examine the attitudes of some states towards cryptocurrencies and then touch on tax issues in the next step. A study of attitudes in the European Union (EU) shows that only four EU countries guarantee cryptocurrencies (EU). In the statement of the Bank of Turkey Regulation and Supervision Agency dated 25 November 2013 and numbered 2013/32; According to the Law No. 6493 on Payment and Securities Payment Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions, bitcoin cannot be issued as digital money, and there is no accreditation and inspection requirement within the scope of this decree. In transactions with Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies, there is no risk of accessing the personal information of the buyers, the use of virtual money for illegal activities and theft or loss of market equivalent currency. Due to some similar risks, such as the use of electronic packages or unauthorized use of transactions or irreversible transactions, citizens who deposit funds need to be careful. In this study, it was tried to examine the crypto money tax in Turkey.

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Porte, Caroline De La, Trine P. Larsen et Dorota Szelewa. « A Gender Equalizing Regulatory Welfare State ? Enacting the EU’s Work-Life Balance Directive in Denmark and Poland ». ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 691, n^o 1 (septembre 2020) : 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220956910.

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This article examines the implementation of the European Union’s (EU) work-life balance directive in Denmark and Poland through examining the earmarking of paid parental leave. This enables us to assess whether the EU could be emerging as a gender equalizing regulatory welfare state (RWS). Our analysis points to tensions arising when regulatory decisions are made at a higher level of governance but require implementation and funding at lower levels of governance. In both countries, there are similar parental leave schemes ex-ante, and major actors had similar initial stances on parental leave, favoring stagnation. Yet the plans to implement show how the actors’ positions changed, and the likely result is extended parental leave, with payment (known as double expansion) and more gender-equal participation (degenderization) in parental leave. Although in two different institutional settings, the similar outcome suggests that these changes are due to the European Union acting as an emerging RWS, which influences Member States’ regulatory instruments with fiscal elements.

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Chuvakhina, Larisa G. « CONSEQUENCES OF THE SANCTIONS POLICY ON THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF RUSSIA FOR THE US AND EU ECONOMIСS ». Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, n^o 107-108 (2022) : 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2022-107-108-03.

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The article is devoted to the sanctions policy of the USA and the countries of the European Union in relation to the Russian oil and gas sector. The restrictive measures taken by Western countries in order to change the gas and oil geopolitics in Europe are considered. It is emphasized that the formal renunciation of Russian oil does not mean the final cessation of purchases of Russian oil and oil products. American and European companies intend to continue buying Russian oil using workarounds. As a retaliatory measure of Russia, the Russian banking scheme of payment for export gas supplies to the EU countries is given. It has been proven that the ban on the import of hydrocarbons from Russia has a negative impact on the economic performance of the United States and EU countries. The inability of the US and EU countries to deprive Russia of markets for energy resources through sanctions was emphasized. The reorientation of Russian oil and gas supplies from the European to the Asian market is substantiated, where China and India act as the main buyers of Russian energy resources, acquiring Russian oil at low prices and receiving additional income from the sale of petroleum products produced from Russian oil and entering the markets of Europe and USA. It is concluded that the goal of the US sanctions policy is not only to weaken Russia, but also to weaken the EU economy, which will lead to an outflow of financial capital from Europe to the United States in the near future.

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Niedźwiedzka, Ewa. « Trends in the Market of Payment Instruments in Poland on the Background of Other European Union Countries in the Years 2005–2015 ». Problemy Zarzadzania 16, n^o 1(72) (27 février 2018) : 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.72.6.

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Finke, Daniel, et Stefanie Bailer. « Crisis bargaining in the European Union : Formal rules or market pressure ? » European Union Politics 20, n^o 1 (25 décembre 2018) : 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116518814949.

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To what extent did the European Monetary Union crisis alter the logic of European Union decision making? We analyze the relevance of asymmetric market pressures as compared to that of formal voting and agenda setting rules by applying three established bargaining models to the ‘EMU Positions’ data. Accounting for the interdependence between issues and agreements, we locate actors’ positions on three reform dimensions, namely the level of fiscal discipline, transfer payments and institutionalization. We find that market pressure during the height of the Eurozone crisis was particularly relevant, and that debtor countries were weakened by their difficulty in refinancing their public debt. Our finding shows that formal rules determining agenda setting and veto rights remain relevant even in times of crisis.

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Zander, K., H. Nieberg et F. Offermann. « Financial relevance of organic farming payments for Western and Eastern European organic farms ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, n^o 1 (25 février 2008) : 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507002050.

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AbstractOrganic farming in the European Union has been supported widely since 1994. Against the background of discussions concerning the design and level of organic farming support, and the relevance of organic payments for the economic success of organic farms, the question emerges as to the impact of support payments on the sustainable development of organic farming in Europe. Different databases and methodological approaches have been chosen to demonstrate the role of organic farming payments for the viability of organic farms for selected Western and Eastern European study countries. Economic analyses are based on national Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) in the Western European countries and on ‘typical farms’ in the Eastern European group. As a supplement to the modeling analyses, a detailed survey of 50 organic farms was carried out in each of the study countries. Organic farming payments were assessed to be ‘important’ or ‘very important’ to the economic situation on farms by the majority of the farmers surveyed. The outcome of the economic analyses shows that organic farming payments contribute on average 4–6% of gross output in the Western European countries and 4–19% in the Eastern European countries studied. The results put the level of specific support for organic farming into perspective, as other support payments and market returns contribute larger shares of total farm revenue in all the countries analyzed. Organic farming payments account for 10–30% of family farm income plus wages in Western European study countries and—after EU accession—up to three-quarters in some of the Eastern European countries, thus highlighting the considerable vulnerability of organic farms to changes in organic farming policy. As a general trend in both the West and the East, it can be observed that the policy dependency of farms has increased over recent years. Changes in organic area support, which are actually under discussion in some countries, must be carried out with a sense of proportion, since support payments will continue to play an important role in the profitability of organic farms. Nevertheless, in order to reduce dependency on area payments, organic farming support should follow an integrated approach, using a mix of support measures including, e.g., the improvement of processing and marketing facilities, support for farm cooperation and activities designed to enhance demand.

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Jovančević, Radmila, Tomislav Globan et Vedran Recher. « Does the Cohesion Policy Decrease Economic Inequalities in the European Union ? » Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 18, n^o 2 (1 novembre 2015) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zireb-2015-0006.

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Abstract This paper examines the impact of the EU Cohesion Policy on the relative development of EU countries as well as on the development of NUTS-2 regions within member states. The main hypothesis is that the Cohesion Fund payments are reducing inequalities between member states, while failing to decrease the regional inequalities within member states in the European Union. The basic conclusion is that Cohesion funds should not be viewed as the only solution for the problem of regional inequalities in the EU, but rather as a complementary policy instrument to national regional policies. However, the problem of creating institutional capacity for the withdrawal of the Cohesion resources remains emphasized, especially in new member states with lower real GDP growth, in order to compete for projects of highest multiplicative effects on the economy.

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Petrović, Gordana, Darjan Karabašević, Svetlana Vukotić et Vuk Mirčetić. « An overview of the tourism economic effect in the European Union Member states ». Turizam 24, n^o 4 (2020) : 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/turizam24-26469.

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Tourism has a notable role in the economies of many countries, and particularly in the countries of the European Union, which are still one of the world's most recognized and visited tourist destinations. The paper aims to analyze the impact of the tourism industry on the economy of the European Union. In this context, the paper is based on research and literature review, in particular, statistics data of Eurostat and the World Travel and Tourism Council. The results achieved by the tourism industry are reflected through certain economic indicators: GDP, employment rate, income, the balance of payments, turnover and consumption. The research area is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world, which generates significant tourist turnover and justifies the status of an extremely important determinant of economic development. The well managed tourism industry complements other economic activities and increases the income of each EU Member State, and the tourism industry has direct and indirect, positive and negative economic effects.

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