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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Patent licenses – Germany – History »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Patent licenses – Germany – History"

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Link, Albert N. « Technology transfer at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology ». Science and Public Policy 46, no 6 (4 août 2019) : 906–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz038.

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Abstract This article analyzes the interrelationship among technology transfer mechanisms using data specific to the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). An overview of the history of NIST and US policies that emphasize the economic importance of technology transfer are discussed. The empirical analysis focuses on NIST investments in research and development (R&D) and the cascading impact of those investments on new inventions disclosed, new patent applications, new patents issued and new patent licenses; and accounting for the effects of R&D on these three investments, an overall estimate of the R&D elasticity of new patent licenses is calculated to be 0.7976. The article concludes with a policy-focused summary of the implications of the empirical findings, and a suggested road map for future research related to technology transfer from US federal laboratories.
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Komatani, Takeshi S. « The German Federal Supreme Court also granted a compulsory patent license for the first time in its history ». Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst 6, no 6 (novembre 2017) : 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/ppa-2017-0033.

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Sasykin, K. Yu. « Compulsory Licensing in the Pharmaceutical Market : History and Practice ». Siberian Law Review 19, no 3 (22 août 2022) : 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2022-19-3-267-280.

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In the pharmaceutical industry, the development of a new invention – a drug, the acquisition of a patent and the introduction into civil circulation by the developers spend significant resources in material and time. In this regard, drugs are attractive for falsification, and attempts are also being made to reproduce the imitation of original drugs, which requires special attention to the protection of the rights of patent holders. Obtaining a patent for an invention provides an exclusive right to its owner, being a kind of state gratitude for ensuring innovative progress, and, on the other hand, carries significant threats due to the possible dishonesty of patent owners, which, according to the Author, taking into account the latest challenges of the time, requires no less attention in terms of providing protective mechanisms against abuse. Since the availability of medicines is one of the main tasks of national health care, the Author raised the actual problem of applying one of these mechanisms in domestic law, namely the mechanism for issuing compulsory licenses for medicines as inventions (compulsory licensing). The article contains a brief historical outline of the foreign application of such institutions, analyzes domestic regulation and law enforcement practice, on the basis of which theses are put forward on the need for additional legal regulation.
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Shim, Mi-Rang. « A study on the characteristics of patent licenses in the biohealth industry ». Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 28 (31 décembre 2022) : 393–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/bml.2022.28.393.

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The biohealth industry is directly related to human life and national health, and has important characteristics of publicity such as securing accessibility and fair distribution. Accordingly, issues such as exemption from the obligation to protect intellectual property rights, such as the COVID-19 vaccine, activation of the compulsory license system, and free sharing of biotechnology have been steadily raised. However, there are many negative opinions that technology sharing and the weakening of monopoly rights over intellectual property rights in the biohealth industry, which requires long-term mass investment, hinders incentives for technological innovation from the point of view of companies. Therefore, it is necessary to think about ways to maintain the role of motivating technological innovation while promoting fair and open licensing by analyzing the characteristics of patent licenses in the biohealth field. In this article, we analyzed patent licensing models and cases that are actually being carried out in the field of biohealth to derive problems and shortcomings of the current system, and searched for ways to achieve efficient technology transfer and open innovation. For this purpose, the scope of the biohealth industry is first specified, and the specificity of the biohealth industry and patent licenses in that industry is analyzed. Next, areas requiring improvement were derived through investigation and analysis of representative license models and cases in the biohealth field. Through this process, institutional and policy countermeasures were proposed to promote technological innovation along with efficient technology transfer and technology securing in the biohealth industry.
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Matzdorff, Axel C., Gabriele Arnold, Abdulgabar Salama, Helmut Ostermann et Simone Hummler. « Therapy for Chronic ITP in Germany - A Patient Survey. » Blood 114, no 22 (20 novembre 2009) : 4471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4471.4471.

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Abstract Abstract 4471 Background Guidelines recommend glucocorticoids and splenectomy as standard 1st and 2nd line treatments for chronic ITP. We sought to find out how German ITP-patients are treated in respect of these guidelines. Methods Members of a patient support association >18 y with self-reported history of chronic ITP (>6 mo) were surveyed. A questionnaire was developed from literature review with clinician and patient input, and administered on-line. Results 123 questionnaires were evaluated. Age (median 51 years) and gender distribution (38% m, 62% f) are comparable to surveys from other countries. 70% of patients had chronic ITP for more than 5 years and 50% a “usual” platelet count of < 50.000/μl (20% < 30.000/μl). 69% had hematomas or petechiae within the last 12 months, 45% had oropharyngeal bleeds, and 11% had been admitted to a hospital within this year. 88% had received or receive glucocorticoids, 28% were splenectomized. IVIg was given to 55%, rituximab to 22%, anti-D to 11%, cyclosporine to 7%. Complementary and alternative medical treatments had been used by 36%. 38 women were under the age of 50 and 14 (36%) reported that they had been advised not to become pregnant. 23 became pregnant and 10 (44%) required ITP-treatment during their pregnancy. Conclusion Glucocorticoids are the most common therapy for chronic ITP but complementary and alternative treatments already come second and less than 1/3 of the patients are splenectomized. This and the frequent use of complementary medicines suggests dissatisfaction with conventional therapeutic approaches. Many patients receive off-label therapies (rituximab, anti-D, cyclosporine are not licensed for ITP in Germany). There is a major need for adequate counseling and care for pregnant ITP-patients. Disclosures: Matzdorff: GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AMGEN: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Baxter: Consultancy, Honoraria. Off Label Use: Rituximab for chronic ITP Complementary medicines for ITP. Hummler:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment.
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Schmidt, Ariadne, Roos Van Oosten et Astrid Theerens. « To Be Led Astray ? » TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 19, no 3 (13 décembre 2022) : 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52024/tseg.12890.

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The Dutch Drankwet (hereinafter: Liquor Act) of 1881, the result of decades of temperance activism, was met with much criticism — little had come of the national legislation’s aim to reduce the consumption of alcohol. Even so, did this also mean that little changed in the sale of alcohol? This article examines how the Liquor Act was implemented locally in Leiden and what impact this had on the sale of alcohol there. To this end, both city council minutes and patent registers are analyzed. Patent registers served as compulsory patent taxes and as licenses for liquor stores and drinking establishments. They provide valuable insight into the variation within the sector for alcohol sales in Leiden throughout the nineteenth century. Our examination shows that, contrary to the criticism of the law, the Liquor Act had both short- and long-term effects on Leiden’s pubscape. It led to a limited decrease in the number of public houses and primarily affected the smallest public houses, often owned by women.
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Burhop, Carsten, et Nikolaus Wolf. « The German Market for Patents during the “Second Industrialization,” 1884–1913 : A Gravity Approach ». Business History Review 87, no 1 (2013) : 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680513000147.

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Using newly collected patent assignment data for late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and a standard econometric approach from the international trade literature—the gravity model—we demonstrate the existence of border effects on a historical technology market. We show that the geographic distance between assignor and assignee negatively affected the probability of patent assignments, as well as the fact that a state or international border separated the two contracting parties. Surprisingly, we show that the effect of a state border within Germany was nearly as large as the effect of an international border.
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Khan, B. Zorina. « Selling Ideas : An International Perspective on Patenting and Markets for Technological Innovations, 1790–1930 ». Business History Review 87, no 1 (2013) : 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680513000135.

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An extensive global market in patents and innovations developed after the middle of the nineteenth century. I employ data from the United States, Britain, Germany, Canada, New South Wales, Spain, and Japan during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to assess the evolution of transfers in patent-property rights across these countries. The empirical analysis examines the factors that affected patterns in patent assignments and foreign patenting for these countries. It sheds further light on cross-sectional variation in foreign patenting and transfers to corporations, based on a panel data set of patent grants and assignments at issue in the United States during the Second Industrial Revolution. The results indicate that, just as inventive activity responded to incentives, the patterns of market exchange in patent rights varied in accordance with legal, economic, and institutional parameters. The analysis is consistent with the position that developing countries today might benefit from tailoring their patent institutions to individual circumstances rather than adhering to harmonized standards.
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SLAUGHTER, JOSEPH P. « Harmony in Business : Christian Communal Capitalism in the Early Republic ». Enterprise & ; Society 21, no 3 (2 mars 2020) : 716–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.49.

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Scholars increasingly acknowledge the contingent, varied, complex nature of capitalism, yet overlook a viable vision of the early nineteenth-century United States: communal capitalism. Communal societies proliferated in the early United States as a way to regulate the market. The most industrious, materially successful model of this approach was George Rapp’s Harmony Society, established in 1805. Rapp was a radical Pietist, immigrating with his followers from Württemberg in order to establish a purified community that would persevere into the millennium he predicted was imminent. Despite a ban on private property, the Harmonists embraced the market, building textile factories and conducting market activity under the moniker “Rapp & Associates.” Technologically innovative, shrewd in business, and dogged in pursuit of a “divine economy,” the example of the Harmony Society helps us better understand how religious businesses helped shape the early American capitalist system and, specifically, the contributions of German Pietism to economic thought in the Atlantic world. Ultimately, we discover how the Harmonists’ communal capitalism forsook wages and private property, while embracing stocks, bonds, leases, mortgages, patents, trademarks, licenses, litigation, and contracts as they built an incredibly successful and wealthy manufacturing community in the then-western United States, even as George Rapp’s authoritarian leadership style created tensions within his workforce of immigrant women, men, and children.
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A. Shah, Radhika, Kalpana G. Patel et Purvi Shah. « Comparative overview of enhancing Drug pricing transparency in India and USA ». International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 10, no 1 (16 mars 2022) : 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v10i1.508.

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The United States and other different countries, drug prices are out of control. In that the prescription drug prices increasingly the medical costs and other different healthcare costs. The branded drugs are launched with high prices that increase by double percentage over year. So, many states and countries are focusing on new ways or new approaches to drug pricing problems using different ways and clarity about drug price transparency are mainly that the study about drug transparency and identify the cost key drivers. India is one of the world's developing countries. The ability to obtain health-related services at a reasonable cost is a major worry for them. As a result, medical costs are a determining element for health-care facilities, particularly when it comes to price management of health-care institutions with a greater budget. NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority) and DPCO (Department of Pharmaceutical Pricing and Control) are two Indian regulatory bodies that oversee pharmaceutical pricing (Drug Pricing control order). Despite the establishment of the DPCO, significant price fluctuation is observed between goods containing the same API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient), and various reasons are responsible for this. TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) offers Compulsory Licenses for which drugs have a distinctive function to play in the affordability of medicines to minimize the stated problem and govern the trade practice by patent holder/brand maker. Essential medicine is a basic requirement of the health-care system in order to serve its consumers, and as a result, an effective and overt price restriction on drugs is currently required.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Patent licenses – Germany – History"

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GILGEN, David Alexander. « Entstehung und Wirkung des deutschen Patentsystems im Kaiserreich :eine neoinstitutionalistische Analyse ». Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5763.

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Defence date: 8 May 2003
Examining board: Werner Abelshauser (Universität Bielefeld) ; Peter Becker (European University Institute) ; Jürgen Kocka (ZVGE FU Berlin) ; Alan Milward (European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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(10789695), Adriana Catalina Garcia Acevedo. « AUTISTIC ADULTS AND THEIR INTERSECTIONS : AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CULTURAL CONCEPTIONS OF DISABILITY IN INDIGENOUS, CAMPESINOS AND URBAN FAMILIES IN COLOMBIA ». Thesis, 2021.

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This ethnographic project delves into the spheres of life of three autistic adults and their families. This thesis analyzes their experiences, current routines, and personal and family narratives about what it means to be an autistic adult across different identities and geographies. This thesis also identifies forms of knowledge that arise in these life experiences and shape strategies, decisions, or attitudes taken to navigate through life or overcome possible difficulties in their present and futures. This research takes place in Colombia, a diverse country and engages with anthropology of the everyday, sensory anthropology and disability studies.

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Livres sur le sujet "Patent licenses – Germany – History"

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Employees' inventions in Germany : A handbook for international businesses. Alphen aan den Rijn : Kluwer Law International, 2009.

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Privilegii︠a︡, patent, avtorskoe svidetelʹstvo v Rossii : Monografii︠a︡. 2e éd. Moskva : Izdatelʹstvo "I︠U︡rlitinform", 2012.

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Rechtsfragen des Patentlizenzvertrages im deutsch-spanischen Wirtschaftsverkehr. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1994.

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Thyberg, Johan. The Bactiguard fairy tale : A doubtful Swedish-American venture in the medical field. Stockholm : GML Förlag, 2013.

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Das Patentrecht im Krieg. Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2009.

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France. Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'élaboration de la constitution du 4 octobre 1958. Paris : La Documentation Française, 1988.

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France. Codes et textes de loi usuels 1986 : 12 codes, 102 textes de loi ; précédés de, Dictionnaire juridique, consultations juridiques rapides ; suivis de, Modèles d'actes, guide alphabétique, table chronologique. [Paris] : Prat-Europa, 1986.

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France. Lois et décrets : Texte intégral, analyses et commentaires, résumés. [Lyon] : Hermès, 1998.

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France. Recueil des actes de Louis VI, roi de France (1108-1137). Paris : Diffusion de Boccard, 1992.

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France. Recueil des actes de Louis VI, roi de France (1108-1137). Paris : Diffusion de Boccard, 1993.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Patent licenses – Germany – History"

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Grubb, Philip W., Peter R. Thomsen, Tom Hoxie et Gordon Wright. « The Nature and Origins of Patent Rights ». Dans Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684731.003.0002.

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This chapter begins by setting out the definition of a patent, covering issues such as exclusionary right, property right, and limited duration. It then traces the early history of patents in England. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, monopolies in commodities such as salt, coal, playing cards, and many others were frequently granted by letters patent either to raise revenue, or to reward royal favourites at the public expense. The first English patent granted to an inventor in the modern sense of the word appears to have been that to Giacopo Acontio in 1565 for a new type of furnace. The remainder of the chapter discusses the early histories of patents in Continental Europe (Venice, Germany, France, and the Netherlands) and North America.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Patent licenses – Germany – History"

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Feinhals, J., A. Kelch et V. Kunze. « Removal : An Alternative to Clearance ». Dans The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7079.

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This presentation shows the differences between the application of clearance and removal, both being procedures for materials leaving radiation protection areas permanently. The differentiation will be done on the basis of the German legislation but may be also applicable for other national legislation. For clearance in Germany two basic requirements must be given, i.e. that the materials are activated or contaminated and that they result from the licensed use or can be assigned to the scope of the license. Clearance needs not to be applied to objects in Germany which are to be removed only temporarily from controlled areas with the purpose of repair or reuse in other controlled areas. In these cases only the requirements of contamination control apply. In the case of removal it must either be proved by measurements that the relevant materials are neither activated nor contaminated or that the materials result from areas where activation or contamination is impossible due to the operational history considering operational procedures and events. If the material is considered neither activated nor contaminated there is no need for a clearance procedure. Therefore, these materials can be removed from radiation protection areas and the removal is in the responsibility of the licencee. Nevertheless, the removal procedure and the measuring techniques to be applied for the different types of materials need an agreement from the competent authority. In Germany a maximum value of 10% of the clearance values has been established in different licenses as a criterion for the application of removal. As approximately 2/3 of the total mass of a nuclear power plant is not expected to be contaminated or activated there is a need for such a procedure of removal for this non contaminated material without any regulatory control especially in the case of decommissioning. A remarkable example is NPP Stade where in the last three years more than 8600 Mg were disposed of by removal and only 315 Mg were released by clearance, even before the decommissioning licensing procedure was finished.
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