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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Patent laws and legislation – European Union countries »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Patent laws and legislation – European Union countries"

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Κοζαμάνη (Alexandra Kozamani), Αλεξάνδρα. « Ευθανασία : Πρακτικές που εφαρμόζουν οι χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ». Bioethica 5, no 1 (15 juillet 2019) : 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.20837.

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Euthanasia is one of the issues that bioethics deals with, which is one of the outmost importance. Furthermore it is very up-to-date. In Greece and in most countries of the European Union euthanasia has not been subject to specialized legislation. It is only occasionally debated, resulting in tension and conflict. On one hand, people have the right to self determination, so the end of life should be among them. On the other hand, life is considered to be of the highest value and it is the duty of healthcare personnel to guard and preserve it by any means, using their expertise and knowledge.In this paper, a brief report is made to the practices used across countries in the European Union regarding the end of life. Most countries are opposed to euthanasia while acknowledging the right of a patient to refuse or receive treatment. Only three countries have passed bills that legalize euthanasia under strict conditions. The rest, due to sensitivity in this matter, have not yet proceeded in reforming their laws accordingly. It seems that society does not have the necessary reassurances so that they can engulf that issue guarding the true will of a person.
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Kiseļova, Olga, Baiba Mauriņa, Venta Šidlovska et Jānis Zvejnieks. « The Extent of Extemporaneous Preparation and Regulatory Framework of Extemporaneous Compounding in Latvia ». Medicina 55, no 9 (26 août 2019) : 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090531.

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Background and objectives: Extemporaneous preparations are pharmaceutical preparations individually prepared for a specific patient or patient group, but also high-risk products accompanied by doubts regarding their safety and quality. Legislation regulating the compounding of extemporaneous preparations is not harmonized among European countries. This problem is partially resolved by Resolution CM/Res(2016)1 on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. In order to understand the relevance of extemporaneous compounding in Latvia and the fulfillment of the abovementioned resolution’s requirements, it is essential to get information about the volume and breakdown of sales of extemporaneous medicinal products in community pharmacies. The purpose of this survey is to identify the sales volume of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies in Latvia in 2017 by analyzing unpublished data of the State Agency of Medicines (SAM), as well as comparing Latvian laws with the requirements of the resolution. Materials and Methods: A separate Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was prepared for each statistical region in order to summarize the unpublished information of SAM on the turnover of extemporaneous preparations in 2017 in all Latvian statistical regions. In order to compare the regulatory framework in Latvia with the resolution, the Latvian Pharmaceutical Law and the Cabinet of Ministers Regulations regulating prescription, compounding and control of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies were analyzed. Results: Only 280 of 384 pharmacies submitted a report of sales of extemporaneous preparations for 2017 to the SAM. These pharmacies represented all Latvian statistical regions. Extemporaneous preparations were mostly sold in Riga (78.93%). The Latvian regulation does not include all paragraphs of the resolution. Most of the paragraphs of the resolution are described in Latvian regulatory enactments only partially. Conclusions: The total number of compounding pharmacies evidence that the service is needed. Latvian example highlights a necessity for European Union countries to compare their national legislation with the requirements of the resolution’s last version and, if necessary, implement relevant amendments.
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Monedero, Pablo José Abascal. « Family Laws in the European Union ». Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 19 (16 septembre 2019) : 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2019.13.

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EU social policies should be complemented by contributing to a harmonious development of society, by reducing structural and regional imbalances, developing a balance between the a localized community and the national society, and improving the living standards of citizens and families of member states (Garrido 2002). Such important social policy principles as freedom and justice are addressed and represented in family laws in the EU regulations introduced during the period of 2000–2016. In this article, we studied the EU’s legal solutions in reference to national (Spain) laws on these matters: children and parental responsibility (adoption, child abduction, family benefits) and couples (matrimonial, regimes, prenuptial agreements, provisional measures). This legislation is necessary in the face of the proliferation of families whose members have different nationalities, and even in the mobilization of residences. Cooperation has intensified between national judicial authorities to ensure that legal decisions taken in one EU country are recognized and implemented in any other. This is highly important in civil cases, such as divorce, child custody, maintenance claims, or even bankruptcy and unpaid bills, when the individuals involved live in different countries. The development of family laws is one of the most important factors of family welfare in European countries.
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Jessurun d’Oliveira, Hans Ulrich. « Iberian Nationality Legislation and Sephardic Jews ». European Constitutional Law Review 11, no 01 (mai 2015) : 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019615000036.

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Proposal to grant Spanish nationality to Sephardic Jews – History of Sephardic Jews in Iberia – Sephardim and the Portuguese nationality code – The EU and the nationality laws of the member states – Impact of Union law on the acquisition of Iberian nationalities by Sephardic Jews – European Convention on Nationality – Sephardim from third countries –Micheletti – Nottebohm
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Anderson, Leah Seppanen. « European Union Gender Regulations in the East : The Czech and Polish Accession Process ». East European Politics and Societies : and Cultures 20, no 1 (février 2006) : 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325405284314.

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This article explains, first, why there was a uniform emergence of equal opportunities legislation across East Central European states in the late 1990s and early 2000s and, second, why the speed of adoption varied across countries. The author deviates from a traditional comparative focus on domestic factors and instead treats her two case studies—Poland and the Czech Republic—as part of an international system in which external actors can exert a simultaneous but differential effect on domestic policies. The author argues that the European Union (EU) accession process prompted equal opportunities legislation in both countries but domestic actors mediated this influence in different ways. In Poland, legislation was delayed due to an organized opposition to EU gender equity laws and its close ties to parties of the Right in government, two factors absent from the Czech case where laws passed earlier. The author also suggests that the EU's financial and political resources may enable it to reshape these domestic actors in the future.
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Ekmekci, Perihan Elif. « Patients’ Rights in Cross-border Healthcare (Directive 2011/24/eu) and How It Applies to Turkey as a Negotiating Candidate Country ». European Journal of Health Law 24, no 4 (19 octobre 2017) : 432–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341423.

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Abstract Cross-border healthcare and patient mobility across European Union Member States has been on the agenda of eu Commission for the last decade. Directive 2011/24/eu on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare went into force in 2013. The Directive mainly addresses the responsibilities of Member States in cross-border healthcare, regulates reimbursement procedure, and coordinates European reference networks and health technology assessment in the eu. The Directive has direct and indirect implications on Turkish health system. In this article, first an overview of Directive 2011/24/eu is addressed with special attention to its relation to patient rights and other eu legislations. Then, Turkish citizens’ position in the scope of eu legislation on patient rights is considered. Finally, the ethical implications of the Directive, conceptualisation of cross-border patient mobility, and Turkey’s particular position among other candidate countries regarding cross-border healthcare is discussed.
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Busardò, Francesco Paolo, Matteo Gulino, Simona Napoletano, Simona Zaami et Paola Frati. « The Evolution of Legislation in the Field of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Embryo Stem Cell Research in European Union Members ». BioMed Research International 2014 (2014) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307160.

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Medically Assisted Reproduction (MAR), involving in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and research on embryos have created expectation to many people affected by infertility; at the same time it has generated a surplus of laws and ethical and social debates. Undoubtedly, MAR represents a rather new medical field and constant developments in medicine and new opportunities continue to defy the attempt to respond to those questions. In this paper, the authors reviewed the current legislation in the 28 EU member states trying to evaluate the different legislation paths adopted over the last 15 years and highlighting those EU countries with no specific legislation in place and MAR is covered by a general health Law and those countries in which there are no laws in this field but only “guidelines.” The second aim of this work has been to compare MAR legislation and embryo research in EU countries, which derive from different origins ranging from an extremely prohibitive approach versus a liberal one, going through a cautious regulatory approach.
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Adamiec, Danuta, Justyna Branna, Dobromir Dziewulak, Natalia Firlej, Kamila Groszkowska, Marta Karkowska et Łukasz Żołądek. « Informacja na temat legislacji dotyczącej systemu cyberbezpieczeństwa w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej (Belgia, Czechy, Estonia, Francja, Holandia, Niemcy, Szwecja) ». Zeszyty Prawnicze Biura Analiz Sejmowych 3, no 71 (2021) : 280–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/zpbas.2021.61.

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The study presents information on the legislation on the cybersecurity system in selected European Union countries. The discussed laws in force in individual countries implement the NIS Directive concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. The NIS Directive specifies the institutions that should be established in all Member States; it regulates cooperation at the European level and imposes obligations in the field of network and information systems security, including the duty to adopt a national strategy on the security of network and information systems.
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TSYMBALIUK, O. « The right to information and the right from information : institutional relationship in the legislation of individual countries of the European Union ». INFORMATION AND LAW, no 3(12) (23 décembre 2014) : 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2014.3(12).272570.

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The paper offered to the individual institutional position and relationship of the right to information and the right to information on the example displayed in the legislation of some countries of the European Union and the determination of their appropriateness in the codification of the laws of Ukraine on information.
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Marchuk, M., et L. Gudz. « Local elections in the European Union and Ukraine : comparative characteristics ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law, no 70 (18 juin 2022) : 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.16.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the electoral legislation of the EU countries and Ukraine at the local level and on the basis of this analysis, the proposals to improve the electoral legislation of Ukraine take into account the experience of the European Union. The main forms of direct democracy in most EU member countries and Ukraine are fixed at the constitutional level, and the procedure of preparing and holding elections is regulated by special election laws. Domestic electoral legislation is overloaded with detailed norms of procedural aspects, unlike the legislation of EU countries, in which much more attention is paid to the issues of transparency of party financial funds and transparency of election campaign financing, as well as protection of national minorities’ interests. The main ways of exercising the right to vote not at the place of inclusion in the voter lists in the EU member states were characterized: voting by absentee ballots at specially designated polling stations, voting on the territory of diplomatic and consular missions, voting by mail, proxy voting, mobile voting, voting via the Internet, distance voting. It is noted that the norms in which the institution of a cash deposit is enshrined are discriminatory since they violate the principle of equality of suffrage and create a situation in which candidates are excluded from the political arena on the basis of the property criterion. Relevant for EU countries is the adoption of measures to create appropriate conditions for the full implementation of the principle of equality of citizens before the law, in particular, to overcome the actual inequality of opportunities between women and men. In order to bring Ukrainian legislation in line with international standards set by the European Union, we propose: to grant the right to vote in local elections to citizens of other states or stateless persons who permanently reside on the territory of the respective territorial community and permanently pay local taxes and fees have common local interests related to everyday life, infrastructure, communication, recreation; to introduce electronic voting; not to apply the institution of cash deposit at the local level; to introduce individual (party) gender quotas, following the French example.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Patent laws and legislation – European Union countries"

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ENRIGHT, Sarah Ryan. « Disability discrimination and the European Union : the impact of the framework employment directive 2000/78/EC ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5564.

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Award date: 1 December 2005
Supervisor: M. A. Moreau
In this thesis I propose to examine the effectiveness of the non-discrimination legislative framework now in place at the European level as a tool for achieving fairness and a decent standard of living for people with disabilities. With this aim in mind, the first section of the thesis will examine what factors led the Union to frame its work in the promotion of disability rights and how current anti-discrimination legislation emerged as a result. Section two goes on to examine the relationship between equality and disability and how the notion of equality can be applied to disability discrimination. Section three is dedicated to an analysis of the Framework Directive and its effectiveness in ensuring protection and rights for people with disabilities in the labour market. Finally section four examines the potential of the most innovative part of the Directive for people with disabilities, the concept of reasonable accommodation, which has been introduced to EU law for the first time by Article 5 of the Directive.
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Lu, Lu. « Anti-dumping actions against China : a comparison of European Community and Indian laws and policies ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1951584.

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Thebaud, Edern. « Les produits-frontière dans la législation alimentaire de l'Union européenne : émergence d'une santé alimentaire entre logique du marché intérieur et exigences de sécurité ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209577.

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Si le droit connaît les médicaments et les denrées alimentaires, il ne reconnaît pas les alicaments. Or, ces dernières années ont vu l’apparition et le développement, sur le marché de l’Union européenne, de « produits-frontière » c'est-à-dire de produits se trouvant à la frontière entre les médicaments et les aliments. Confrontées à un vaste conflit de qualification causé par l’ambivalence conceptuelle des « produits-frontière », les institutions de l’Union ont, au nom de la libre circulation des marchandises ainsi que de la nécessité d’une protection accrue des consommateurs et de la santé publique, entamé, dès le début des années 2000, une large harmonisation des dispositions nationales relatives à ces produits. Considérés comme aliments, leur nature particulière nécessite cependant une approche adaptative de la part du législateur européen. Cette nouvelle approche de l’aliment par le droit, favorable à la reconnaissance d’une santé alimentaire, tant convoitée par la société contemporaine, ne résout toutefois pas l’ambiguïté quant à la place à accorder aux « produits-frontière » dans le corpus juridique de l’Union européenne.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Van, den Haute Erik. « Harmonisation européenne du crédit hypothécaire : perspectives de droit comparé, de droit international privé et de droit européen ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210458.

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La réalisation du marché intérieur européen par une meilleure intégration des marchés financiers est aujourd’hui devenue une réalité. L'objectif est toutefois loin d'être atteint en matière de crédit hypothécaire, nonobstant de nombreuses initiatives européennes. Compte tenu de ces difficultés et du postulat selon lequel il serait impossible d'harmoniser le droit des suretés immobilières en raison de leur ancrage culturel et national, une proposition alternative consistant dans la création d'une sûreté immobilière commune (euro-hypothèque), venant se superposer aux systèmes nationaux, a été formulée depuis un certain nombre d'années. La recherche analyse dans un premier temps la réalité du postulat précité à la lumière du droit comparé et conclut qu'en réalité, les différents systèmes trouvent non seulement leur origine dans un modèle identique, fondé sur le caractère accessoire de la sûreté, mais ont en outre connu une évolution similaire au cours de ces dernières années. Il apparaît que ce modèle constitue la meilleure base pour toute harmonisation européenne. Après avoir examiné l'interaction avec le droit international privé, sous l'angle de la protection du consommateur, et le droit européen, sous l'angle de la question de la compétence communautaire et du principe de subsidiarité, des pistes sont proposés pour opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales relatives au crédit hypothécaire. La proposition consiste à intégrer dans un seul instrument juridique contraignant (une directive européenne) les différentes propositions permettant d'opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales à trois niveaux :celui de la sûreté immobilière et de la publicité foncier, celui du contrat de prêt et enfin, celui relatif à la procédure de réalisation de l'immeuble.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Vannes, Viviane. « Concilier le droit à l'action collective et les autres droit fondamentaux : recours au principe de proportion ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210492.

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Concilier le droit à l'action collective et les autres droits fondamentaux :recours au principe de proportionnalité ?

Difficile équilibre entre efficacité du droit de grève et respect des autres droits fondamentaux

Viviane Vannes

L’objet de la thèse est de vérifier si le principe de proportionnalité, entouré de certains critères fixes et cohérents, permet au juge de justifier de manière plus rationnelle une décision portant sur l’exercice du droit de grève. La proportionnalité est en effet de plus en plus invoquée dans la matière des conflits collectifs du travail soit pour admettre son exercice soit pour le limiter voire le sanctionner.

La première partie de la thèse entend identifier le concept de proportionnalité: notion, champ d’application, critères, limites, avantages et inconvénients. Elle est, aujourd’hui, l’instrument de référence comme mode de résolution des conflits de droit, à un point tel qu’elle est érigée au rang des principes de droit. C’est, la raison pour laquelle nous avons voulu déterminer les tenants et aboutissants du concept. Son inconvénient majeur est de s’appuyer, le plus souvent, sur des critères subjectifs :le raisonnable en droit, l’éthique du comportement et la morale sociale. Nous avons, alors, recherché des critères plus objectifs qui seraient susceptibles d’écarter le risque de subjectivité du juge. Nous avons observé qu’en droit européen, la Cour de Justice apprécie la validité d’un acte communautaire ou d’une mesure nationale en vérifiant s’il répond des critères précis :l’aptitude de l’acte à atteindre l’objectif poursuivi, la nécessité de l’acte en vue de l’atteindre et la proportionnalité intrinsèque de l’acte analysée dans ses rapports à l’égard de son ou ses destinataires. Ces critères sont également appliqués par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme dans la matière portant sur l’application de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. L’analyse de cette jurisprudence permet d’affirmer qu’ils présentent une meilleure cohérence et plus d’objectivité que le raisonnable en droit.

La deuxième partie de la thèse s’attache à fixer le statut du droit de grève en Belgique. Compte tenu de l’absence de réglementation générale belge, nous avons, d’abord, pris en considération le droit international et européen. Nous en avons retiré des lignes directives de l’exercice normal du droit de grève. L’analyse de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence belge a, ensuite, permis de fixer les éléments suivants du droit de grève :notion, contours, conditions d’existence, de légalité, de légitimité; compétence du juge du fond et des référés en cas de litige portant sur l’exercice du droit de grève.

La troisième partie de la thèse identifie, dans la matière des conflits collectifs du travail, les droits susceptibles d’être soumis au raisonnement de proportionnalité et ceux qui ne le sont pas. Car, la proportionnalité ne résout pas tous les conflits. Elle ne s’applique pas lorsqu’il s’agit de juger de la légalité de la grève, de sa régularité et dans les situations de grève spontanée déclenchée en réaction aux violations par l’employeur de ses propres obligations. Elle concerne celles où le juge est amené à juger de la légitimité du moment de sa mise en œuvre, des buts poursuivis ou des atteintes que ses modalités causent aux droits subjectifs d’autrui. C’est, alors, le conflit entre des droits de même valeur juridique qui met en œuvre le jugement de proportionnalité :droit de grève et droit de propriété et liberté d’industrie des employeurs ;droit au travail des travailleurs non grévistes ;liberté d’industrie des tiers en relation commerciale avec l’entreprise en grève, fournisseurs, clients, usagers, d’exercer leur commerce, leur industrie ;liberté d’aller et venir des usagers d’un service public.

Dans les situations où elle s’applique, la thèse propose d’inviter le juge à appliquer des critères précis pour juger de la proportionnalité de la grève. Les demandes actuelles du justiciable de rationalité et de compréhension de la décision de justice l’exigent. C’est, dans son application comme mode de résolution des conflits de droit, que notre questionnement est de savoir si, les critères contenus dans le principe de proportionnalité de droit communautaire de l’aptitude, de la nécessité et la proportionnalité de l’acte, peuvent fixer une ligne de conduite destinée à établir les règles de l’exercice normal de la grève ?La réponse donnée est, selon nous, positive.

La thèse n’entend nullement porter atteinte au droit de grève. Il appartient au socle des droits sociaux fondamentaux. La reconnaissance du droit de grève aux travailleurs ou à leurs organisations syndicales est l’un des attributs essentiels des régimes démocratiques. Il n’est donc pas question de remettre en cause un droit fondamental durement acquis. Toutefois, l’essence même d’une société démocratique repose sur le respect d’autres droits, l’intérêt général, la sécurité, la propriété, la liberté au travail, la liberté d’entreprendre. C’est la raison pour laquelle, la thèse s’attache à la difficile question de la conciliation entre, d’une part, droit de grève et efficacité de la grève et, d’autre part, droits d’autrui.


Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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SZREDER, Katarzyna Marita. « The European approach to the antitrust-patent intersection through the prism of innovation : in search of more balanced results ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/47204.

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Defence date: 7 July 2017
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, EUI (EUI Supervisor); Professor Hans-W. Micklitz, EUI; Dr Albertina Albors-Llorens, St John's College, University of Cambridge; Prof. Dr. Rupprecht Podszun, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition
This thesis addresses a topical issue of management of the antitrust-patent intersection, looking at the problem from an innovation perspective. It contributes to the field, first, by showing that from the innovation perspective the problem of biases present in both antitrust and patent decision-making might be a matter of concern in managing the antitrust-patent intersection. The question of pro-competition bias is explored through an analysis of novel issues recently considered by antitrust authorities. The analysed case studies concern reverse payment settlements, abuse of the patent system, availability of injunctions in the standard essential patent context and the treatment of the antitrust-patent intersection in the pharmaceutical sector inquiry Report prepared by the Commission. The corresponding risk of a pro-patent bias, already visible in the case studies, is examined in detail through an analysis of the design of the forthcoming Unitary Patent Court. Second, this thesis offers an examination of a signalling mechanism as a way of addressing the problem of biases. While observing that antitrust cases picked up by the Commission might serve as a signalling device for the patent system intended to prompt an alternative solution to the problem at hand, ways of developing further a communication by signalling outside the realm of enforcement are explored in an attempt to combat the risk of biases and to ensure an effective division of tasks. By adapting a signalling approach this thesis advocates an interdisciplinary approach to antitrust-patent intersection. It also seeks to combine the economic and a regulatory aspect of the treatment of the antitrust-patent intersection, thus giving it an EU-specific angle. The signalling justification for antitrust involvement in patent matters is based on the perception of the inadequacies of the alternative solutions as offered by the patent system, making an antitrust response grounded in the underlying regulatory system.
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HAWATMEH, Barbara A. « Pass back the parmesan ! : the United States/European Union clash over geographical indication protection ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5541.

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LOWRY, Marie-Louise. « Of mice and genes : ethics and European patent law on biotechnological inventions ». Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5453.

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LUNDQVIST, Björn. « Joint research and development and patent pools under the antitrust laws of the USA and the competition rules of the European Union ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14524.

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Defence Date: 10 May 2010
Examining Board: Professor Hanns Ullrich, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Steven Anderman, University of Essex; Professor Gustavo Ghidini, Luiss Guido Carli University; Professor Hans-W. Micklitz, EUI
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Great prosperity is derived from innovation, which in turn prospers in an environment with a large public domain of free knowledge, property rights and unfettered competition. Generally, this was the basic theory for prosperity under the antitrust laws with reference to joint R&D, technology transfer and technology standardization in the US and Europe for many years. This perspective was slowly abandoned in the 1980s and 1990s, replaced by a belief that the greatest wealth was derived from innovators having large resources to perform R&D, the ability to cooperate with competitors and the possibility of jointly protect and exploit newly discovered knowledge through intellectual property rights, technology standardization agreements and joint licensing schemes. The antitrust policies on both sides of the Atlantic have closely and swiftly been adapted to mirror this change of theory. The thesis illustrates this transformation by analyzing the modifications and amendments made to legal acts and guidelines, and the slow shift in the scant case-law detected both under the antitrust laws of the USA and the Competition Rules of the EU. The thesis shows that the prevailing antitrust policies towards R&D collaborations, technology standardization agreements and patent pools are very similar in the US and EU and they both mirror a lenient or even supportive attitude towards collaboration between competitors in reference to creating innovation.
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NANNERY, Aoife. « The 'conscience of Europe' in the European sovereign debt crisis : an analysis of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights on austerity measures ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/39046.

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Award date: 30 November 2015
Supervisor: Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute
This thesis is an analysis of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights arising from austerity measures in the European sovereign debt crisis. The thesis considers the protection afforded to socio-economic interests under the two systems, and how this protection has been tested by the challenges arising from the economic crisis. The first chapter is an analysis of the social Euro-crisis cases. Brought under Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the ECHR the measures enacted to reduce government spending were an alleged violation of the right to property. Almost all of the social Euro-crisis cases were held to be inadmissible by the Court, which cited the gravity of the economic crisis in the respondent states and the executive’s margin of appreciation in matters of social and economic policy. The second chapter places the social Euro-crisis cases in context temporally and thematically, in considering two previous lines of case law developed by Strasbourg: financial and economic stability, and emergency and exceptional circumstances. The ECtHR decisions focus on the severity of the crisis, determining that the margin of appreciation is broader in such circumstances. The ECtHR section concludes that it does not appear that the European sovereign debt crisis has seen Strasbourg develop any definitive crisis approach to ensure that Convention rights are protected in times of economic instability. The third chapter examines the case law generated by the European Committee of Social Rights during the same period. This section serves to act as a counterpart to the ECtHR section. The Committee emphasised that times of crisis require socio-economic rights to be protected, and finds many of the challenged austerity measures incompatible with the European Social Charter.
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Livres sur le sujet "Patent laws and legislation – European Union countries"

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Zimmer, Franz-Josef. Protecting and enforcing life science inventions in Europe under EPC and EU law : From antibodies to zebrafish. 2e éd. München, Germany : C.H. Beck, 2015.

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Intellectual property, antitrust and cumulative innovation in the EU and the US. Oxford : Hart Pub., 2012.

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Benyamini, Amiram. Patent infringement in the European community. Weinheim : New York, NY, 1993.

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Law of the European Union social chapter. Oxford : Hart Publishing, 1998.

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Pamela, Meadows, et European Commission, dir. Beyond employment : Changes in work and the future of labour law in Europe. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Dietz, Adolf. Protection of intellectual property in Central and Eastern European countries : The legal situation in Bulgaria, CSFR, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Paris, France : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995.

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New governance and the European employment strategy. New York, NY : Routledge, 2010.

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1961-, Shaw Jo, et Wallace Chloë J, dir. Economic and social law of the European Union. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

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Frank, Hendrickx, et Castro Catarina, dir. Employment privacy law in the European Union. Antwerpen : Intersentia, 2002.

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1970-, Vos Marc de, et Barnard Catherine, dir. European Union internal market and labour law : Friends or foes ? Antwerp : Intersentia, 2009.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Patent laws and legislation – European Union countries"

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Malacka, Michal. « Sharia – Conflict of Law and Culture in the European Context ». Dans Universal, Regional, National – Ways of the Development of Private International Law in 21st Century, 54–80. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9497-2019-3.

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Sharia and its conflict with the private law within the EU is one of the most current problems in the conflict of laws. In accordance with the doctrine of ordre public, a foreign law that is otherwise applicable is disregarded if its application would violate some fundamental interest, basic policy, general principle of justice, or prevailing concept of good morals in the forum state. This doctrine is used and followed by judicial procedures not only at “the old continent” but also in Islamic countries. This article shows the basic aspects of Sharia, Islamic legal tradition and the reflection of all the connected aspects in European Union private law and legislation. Some selected chapters analyse the most important differences in the legislation and judicial practice in the EU member states.
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Broom, Donald M. « EU regulations and the current position of animal welfare. » Dans The economics of farm animal welfare : theory, evidence and policy, 147–55. Wallingford : CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0147.

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Abstract In most countries of the world, sustainability issues are viewed by the public as of increasing importance and animal welfare is perceived to be both a public good and a key aspect of these issues. European Union animal welfare policy and legislation on animal welfare has helped animals, has had much positive influence in the world and has improved the public image of the EU. Health is a key part of welfare and the one-health and one-welfare approaches emphasize that these terms mean the same for humans and non-humans. The animals that humans use are described as sentient beings in EU legislation. Scientific information about animal welfare, like that produced by EFSA, is used in the formulation of the wide range of EU animal welfare laws. The European Commission has an animal welfare strategy including the Animal Welfare Platform. However, most kinds of animals kept in the EU are not covered by legislation, and they are subject to some of the worst animal welfare problems, so a general animal welfare law and specific laws on several species are needed. Animal sentience and welfare should be mentioned, using accurate scientific terminology, in many trade-related laws as well as in animal-specific laws.
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Grubb, Philip W., Peter R. Thomsen, Tom Hoxie et Gordon Wright. « Patents and Competition Law—United Kingdom and European Union ». Dans Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684731.003.0029.

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This chapter focuses on competition law in the UK and EU. Most countries, as well as the EU, have developed a body of competition law to provide countermeasures against what are regarded as abuses of monopoly by patentees. Abuse of monopoly is the use of a patent simply to exclude others, while not working the invention oneself. Provisions of the Paris Convention enable compulsory licences to be granted if the patent is not worked within a certain time. In the UK, they may also be granted if the patentee is preventing the working of a dependent patent by refusing to grant a licence. In the EU, competition law for the internal common market is within the exclusive competence of EU institutions; the national governments of member states only assist these institutions when it comes to implementation of the legislation. The remainder of the chapter explains EU patent licence agreements.
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Hajnal, Zsolt. « The Emergence of Member States’ Characteristics in European and National Consumer Law ». Dans The Policies of the European Union from a Central European Perspective, 173–95. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.aojb.poeucep_9.

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European legislation often has a significant impact on private laws in the Member States, especially consumer legislation. In the absence of national, strong consumer protection traditions, consumer protection legisla- tion in Central and Eastern European countries has been largely defined by European consumer law. In the chapter, I am looking for answers as to the specificities of these countries, their ability to enforce these in the EU’s main legislative trends, and how these countries have contributed to European Union consumer law.
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Karan, Ulaş. « The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Turkish Legal System ». Dans The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries, 115–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.003.0006.

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This chapter explores whether the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) produces any impact on the Turkish legal system and, if so, its possible underlying causes. Protection of intellectual, industrial, and commercial property rights, competition, trade defence instruments, government procurement, direct and indirect taxation have been regarded as the main areas of ‘approximation of legislation’. Accordingly, laws adopted mostly in the past three decades show that the influence of EU law is valid only in certain fields of law, such as intellectual property law, labour law, and competition law, and this is also where we find most CJEU citations. This influence forms part of the EU accession process, which requires Turkey to harmonize its laws with the acquis. According to the research, despite the existence of a long-standing accession process and legislation based on the acquis in certain fields of law, on the whole, the Turkish judiciary does not seem committed to follow EU law in general or CJEU jurisprudence in particular.
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Elek, Balázs. « Criminal Judicial Cooperation from a Central and Eastern European Perspective ». Dans The Policies of the European Union from a Central European Perspective, 259–79. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.aojb.poeucep_13.

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Today, the European Union and EU law influence essentially all areas of the law in Member States. Criminal and criminal procedural law are no exception. The European Union can require Member States to criminalize certain defined behaviors, determine the opinion on criminal sanctions that will punish perpetrators, and oblige the states to apply measures in certain areas of criminal law and laws on criminal procedure. As such, the harmonization of substantive and procedural norms in the Member States’ criminal law falls in the EU’s scope of authority. After the accession of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the European Union, the harmonization of criminal and criminal procedural law throughout the European Union has been taken to a new level. There were also previously trust-based agreements on criminal co-operation between East and Central European countries, so mutual trust in EU cooperation was not entirely new in these countries. The harmonization has also been facilitated by the fact that there have historically been many similarities between Member States’ legal systems. One of the best examples of this is the habeas corpus principle. The harmonization of criminal procedure rules has already been developed with the countries of East and Central Europe. However, the case law of the European Court of Justice regularly shows that in former Western European countries there is a greater distrust of the legislation of the East-Central European countries and that the new East–Central Member States often approach a legal issue quite differently.
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Rossel, Lucia, Brigitte Unger, Jason Batchelor et Jan van Koningsveld. « The Implications of Making Tax Crimes a Predicate Crime for Money Laundering in the EU ». Dans Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators, 236–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854722.003.0013.

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This chapter sheds light on the divergence of tax crimes and money laundering laws across Europe after the implementation of the 4th Anti Money Laundering Directive. Laws are a crucial part of the tax environment as they are one of the rules under which the tax ecosystem operates. Taxpayers should pay their taxes following the law, and tax experts should advise them within the realm of it. The chapter sees the 4th AMLD as a shock that put money laundering regulation inside the tax ecosystem, and the way that countries implement this in their regulation is the response to this shock; it uses an innovative comparative approach that involves the analysis of tax evasion through an empirical legal lens. The chapter includes a dataset built by the authors with the legislation of all European Union countries regarding tax crimes and money laundering, as well as other relevant legal variables.
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Donikë, Qerimi. « Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.4 Europe : Coordinated by Thomas Kadner Graziano, 52 Western Balkans : Western Balkans Perspectives on the Hague Principles ». Dans Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198840107.003.0052.

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This chapter presents Western Balkans perspectives on the Hague Principles. The term ‘Western Balkans’ is used to denominate the countries of the Balkan peninsula which are not member of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia. The countries of the Western Balkans have had a rather troubled past and the beginning of this century found them (re)building their countries, including their legislation. Given the urgency of other areas of law, Private International Law (PIL) was not in the focus of most of these countries’ reforms, academia, or court practice until recently. Unlike the EU regulations and Hague Conventions, the Hague Principles are not listed among the ‘inspirations’ of any of the current draft laws in the region. Experts who helped in drafting the ongoing reforms, however, have testified to the vast collection of international instruments and PIL codifications of other European countries that were used as inspiration when preparing these drafts. These preparations might have included the Hague Principles as well.
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Miheș, Cristian Dumitru. « Romania : National Regulations in the Shadow of a Common Past ». Dans Criminal Legal Studies : European Challenges and Central European Responses in the Criminal Science of the 21st Century, 125–55. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.evcs.cls_5.

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The rule of law is very difficult to enforce during periods of dictatorship or war. We can have a justice system that functions, as we had before 1989, but that system was confined to upholding the regime in power. Romania experienced a dictatorship for a very long period of time. In the first phase, there was a royal dictatorship from 1938, then a military one, followed by the communist regime until the end of 1989. Since 1945, Romania has been a part of the world where the communist system imposed by the Soviet Union left its mark on criminal justice. The authors of the 1968 Penal Code considered that code to have been adopted “with the purpose of solving uniformly the vast problematic of pre- venting and punishing the crimes.” In a practical regard, the entire legislation was a tool to ensure the success of the regime of communist oppression. In these circumstances, the events that took place in 1989 liberated the spirit of freedom; meanwhile, the consequences of those events took the citizens of the Central and East European countries by surprise, and they were unprepared for the struggle toward democracy and the rule of law. This was the case in Romania when, finally, in 2014, the process of enforcing all fundamental codes was established. In fact, the reform was deeper than the adoption of a new Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Law on the Execution of Sentences, Educational Measures, and Judicial Measures during Criminal Proceedings. This study presents the main principles, legal institutions, and operational characteristics of the new laws.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Patent laws and legislation – European Union countries"

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Mihai, Ioan cosmin. « STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CYBERCRIME FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPROMISED ELEARNING SYSTEMS ». Dans eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-227.

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The phenomenon of cybercrime is becoming more hostile and confrontational as both individuals and organized criminal groups take advantage of new criminal opportunities from the cyber environment. Many cyber-attacks are used to compromise eLearning systems, to change the student’s grades and results, to steal the information available only for trainers and professors, or to infect all the users that are using the platforms. The role of legislation in preventing and combating the cybercrime phenomenon against eLearning systems is very important. Legal measures are needed in all the fields, including investigative measures, procedural powers, jurisdiction, and international cooperation. In a globalized and connected world, the law consists of a collection of national and international legal systems. Sometimes provisions can contradict each other, resulting to collisions of law, because of the interactions between these legal systems. The main goal of the international law is to obtain harmonization of national laws. In the last decade many significant developments were made for the promulgation of multilateral instruments in the field of cybercrime. This paper analyses the collections of regional and international instruments developed in the context of the Council of Europe or the European Union, tools that can help the investigations of compromised online systems. Legal frameworks for the investigation of cybercrime acts in the field of eLearning require a clear scope of application of the power, in order to guarantee the legal actions. Most of the countries have introduced new investigative powers specially created for obtaining electronic evidence which can be used in cases of compromised eLearning systems.
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