Thèses sur le sujet « Participation du public à la recherche scientifique »
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Baytok, Hazal. « Participation in Citizen Science : Motivational and Contextual Factors ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASI001.
Texte intégralCitizen science is the participation of people who are not scientists in research processes such as data collection and analysis. Citizen science provides various benefits like faster and easier data collection, investigation of environmental challenges from biodiversity to climate change, as well as contributing to astronomy research and leading to collaboration between the scientists and the public.Realising the potential benefits of citizen science depends on understanding the perspectives of participants. In this study, I examine different ways of participation in citizen science and how the motivations of participants, the design of the platforms, and other factors are associated with these. The thesis contributes to our understanding of the key ingredients in designing citizen science programs so as to increase the engagement of the public.In the first part, I carried out a literature survey by bibliometric analysis. This part focuses on challenges, success factors, and motivations in citizen science. The rest of the thesis is composed of one qualitative and another quantitative study by focusing on three citizen science platforms that are actively used in the field of ornithology in two countries, Turkey and France, which are Faune-France from France, Trakuş and eKuşbank (eBird Turkey) from Turkey.In the qualitative part, through semi-structured in-depth interviews, I examine the actors, different ways of participation, motivations, and negative externalities that may arise using the Multi-Sided Platforms (MSPs) and knowledge commons literature.The results of this part helped us identify four roles in the platforms: birdwatcher, bird photographer, scientist, and hunter, interacting with each other and creating externalities.I also found two types of participation: active and passive. Regarding motivations, the findings suggested similarities in the previous studies. However, as different from previous work, I highlighted the need to distinguish motivations for engagement in the platform on the one hand and motivations for the subject matter (birds in our case) on the other.In the second part, by conducting a large-scale survey targeted at the participants of the three platforms and an econometric analysis, I examined how motivations are associated with participation, as well as the negative externalities and values created by the platform. In this part, I draw upon the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), Multi-Sided Platforms (MSPs), and negative externalities concept from the commons literature.The findings in the second part suggest that the two types of motivations identified in the first part (motivation for the subject and motivation for platform engagement) are positively associated with active and passive participation. Also, values offered by the platform and platforms' ways of addressing negative externalities have different impacts on active and passive participation based on the context, such as the participants' perceived importance of competitions positively affecting their active participation in France, whereas not having a significant impact in Turkey. Similarly, participants' perceived importance of the protection of sensitive data by the platform has a negative association with passive participation in France while being positively associated with it in Turkey. These results are important to understand the participants and to better design successful citizen science platforms
Vilkas, Catherine. « L'art de gouverner la science dans le système public français, le cas du CNRS : représentation, évaluation, direction de quatre disciplines ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0006.
Texte intégralFortier, Charles. « L'organisation de la liberté de la recherche en France : étude de droit public ». Dijon, 2004. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c802052b-3e19-4d26-84d8-074eaf9be803.
Texte intégralThis study concerns the dialectical relationship that has been instituted in France between the intervention of public authorities in the field of research, and the principle of freedom which is the catalyst of the production of scientific knowledge. For more thant fifty years, the State has, as in many other developed countries, taken the role of a major participant in the realm of research which is considered an essential medium of economic and social transformation. The State's involvement in the sphere of science tends to stimulate and orient research ; it brings forth specific questions in France, because the government's actions can be felt - directly or indirectly - through public institutions, by public researchers, within the framework of public law. Through the ethical supervision of certain scientific activities and through the regulations which determine how the results of research can be exploited, the State also concerns itself with limiting the potential misuses or abuses which are liable to accompany the advance of knowledge. The commitment of public authorities to scientific development has led them to handle the organization of scientific freedom, considered to be a fundamental guarantee of its efficiency. The freedom prevalent in how scientific research is conducted, is expressed as much through the legal status of public researchers as through the rules for running public research institutions (i. E. Universities and research institutes) [summary of the author]
Gozlan, Clémentine. « Réinventer le jugement scientifique : l'évaluation de la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales à l’AERES ». Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0020/document.
Texte intégralThis dissertation studies research assessment in the Humanities and Social Sciences, in a French evaluation agency (AERES) created in 2007. Based on interviews, ethnographic observations and archives, it approaches the elaboration and the uses of evaluative instruments close to the actors who conceive and implement them. At the crossroad of public policy analysis, sociology of science and sociology of professions, I show that the definition of scientific “good practices” is manufactured through intra-professional alliances and conflicts, rather than it would reflect top down reforms imposed to the profession. Studying a routine activity in the academic world – the scientific assessment – in the critical moments when its rules are reshaped, allows apprehending the contemporary reforms that affect the scientific sector. If those reforms might erode the professional power, in the case I study, the scientists remain at the heart of the evaluative system. The AERES appears then as a microcosm where conflicts within the academic profession can be seized. The construction of the evaluative instruments is nourished by competing scientific knowledge, and those instruments might be abandoned when they become controversial in the profession. Hence, the position of the AERES with respect to the other academic institution has to be questioned, in order to understand under what conditions those instruments redefine the legitimate research and assessment practices
Ndiaye, Cheikh. « Stratégies et comportements de communication scientifique de chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales face à l’évaluation de la recherche publique ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 3, 2023. https://ged.scdi-montpellier.fr/florabium45//jsp/nnt.jsp?nnt=2023MON30038.
Texte intégralThis thesis delves into the issues of communication and evaluation in the field of Information and Communication Sciences (ICS) research.Starting from the idea that science contributes to the progress of society by addressing its concerns - such as health, economy, etc. - various industrialized countries like France invest significant sums to foster its growth. These investments, in turn, lead to prescriptions aimed at ensuring efficient management and impact alignment with development objectives. Thus, the evaluation of public research and its valorization have been institutionalized. Their increasing importance has had disruptive effects on the scientific landscape, including university governance, their missions, relationships with the business world, and knowledge production. At the core of these changes, evaluation influences research policy directions, particularly the choice of thematic priorities and distribution of funding. It instigates a need for individual valorization, seemingly obligating researchers to incorporate the constructed quest for authority and scientific recognition more into their activities.Having always served as a regulator of competition among scholars and a means of disseminating their produced knowledge, has scientific communication become a strategic tool ? The aim of this research is to answer this question. Grounded in a psychosocial model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, it seeks to examine the construction of this possible behavioral change, based on motivation, attitude, perceptions of social norms, and the capacity to drive change and behavioral intention. It also aims to explore the links between these variables and the intention to adapt to evaluation, or even the final adopted behavior.The first part of the study lays the conceptual groundwork for the thesis by examining the relationships between the Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH), the scientific sphere, the economy, and public policies. It explores the duality between SSH and exact sciences, as well as the impact of digital technology on research. The second part focuses on the researcher as a communicator and subject of evaluation. It discusses various means of scientific communication, including publications, social media, and alternative media, as well as the social implications of communication in the academic domain. The third and final part examines the researcher as a central actor in research. On one hand, it delves into research evaluation aspects, including bibliometrics and university rankings. On the other hand, it presents theories of human behavior, the theoretical model, and research methodology. This enables the presentation of survey results obtained from researchers.In conclusion, the study highlights a constraining perception of scientific evaluation beyond the incentive to publish. It appears as a professional obligation, non-compliance with which can have adverse effects on one’s career. Researchers in SSH generally have a favorable attitude towards change, and the perceived social norms encourage them, while they have confidence in their ability to integrate prescriptions into their communication strategy. Consequently, SSH researchers intend to adapt by constructing adaptive communication, selecting prescriptions that suit them. Ultimately, their adopted behavior consists of formulating a case-by-case strategy based on peer-reviewed publication to obtain various benefits : scientific visibility and recognition, social integration, access to media and political authorities, access to administrative or scientific responsibilities
Blanchet, Édouard-Julien. « La participation des Premières nations à la gestion des forêts québécoises : l'exemple du Comité scientifique et d'aménagement de la Forêt Montmorency ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25998.
Texte intégralLe présent mémoire traite de la participation des Premières nations à un processus de participation multi-acteurs dans le milieu forestier québécois. Il s’intéressera plus particulièrement au rôle joué par l’organisation sociale informelle, c’est-à-dire la pensée institutionnelle et les positions institutionnelles, sur la participation d’un acteur au sein d’un processus de participation publique. En s’appuyant sur une perspective interactionniste, cette recherche postule que l’action d’un acteur au sein d’un processus de participation publique ne peut être comprise qu’en étant resituée dans son contexte, dont l’organisation sociale informelle est constituante. Cette analyse des différentes dynamiques liées à la participation publique repose sur une étude de cas ethnographique, c’est-à-dire la participation de la Nation huronne-wendat au Comité scientifique et d’aménagement de la Forêt Montmorency. Forêt d’enseignement et de recherche de l’Université Laval, la Forêt Montmorency revêt également un caractère exemplaire au Québec puisqu’elle désire être un modèle pour la gestion du territoire forestier québécois. Il s’agissait donc d’un choix de terrain tout indiqué dans le cadre de cette recherche. Mots clefs : participation publique, Premières nations, analyse des positions institutionnelles, Forêt Montmorency, étude de cas ethnographique.
First Nations' Participation in the Management of Quebec's Forests: The Case of the Scientific and Planning Committee of the Forêt Montmorency. This study analyzes the participation of First Nations in a multi-stakeholder participation process in Quebec's public forest. In particular, it addresses the role played by informal social organization, that is to say, institutional thinking and institutional positions, on an actor's involvement in a public participation process. Drawing upon the interactionist approach, this study postulates that an actor's actions in a public participation process cannot be fully understood without reference to the contextual dynamics of an informal social organisation. This analysis of different dynamics related to public participation is based on an ethnographic case study: the Huron-Wendat Nation's participation in the Scientific and Planning Committee of the Forêt Montmorency. This study will therefore analyse the various components of informal social organizations, such as reciprocity, interdependence and inter-actor confidence, and the role that they can play in a flexible institutional framework process. Keywords: Public participation, First Nations, positional analysis, Forêt Montmorency, ethnographic case study.
Bolduc, Carolyne. « Cadrer la beauté : recherche-action par l'art, engagement et agentivité dans l'espace public de Limoilou ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33938.
Texte intégralThis master’s thesis reports on an arts-based action research implemented in the public space of Limoilou, a Quebec City neighborhood. In recent decades, major economic and social transformations have led to a gentrification process in Limoilou. However, unlike many other neighborhoods in contemporary Western cities which are going through similar processes, Limoilou is the scene of many civil and community activities, demonstrations and protests. Analyzing them highlights the commitment and agency of a community of new residents struggling for power over urban space. The aim of their struggles is to remain the initiators of the projects and to keep the power over the development of the Limoilou public space. Implemented with the residents of this community, the process of creating two projects (one artistic and the other one based on tactical urbanism) has made visible a common imaginary translated into collective action. In a critical theoretical perspective, our analysis also uncovered the effects of global structural dimensions on local action while demonstrating the community's creative adaptations to them. This research therefore proposes avenues for reflection to address new forms of urban public space initiatives. Keywords: Limoilou, Urban anthropology, Arts based action-research, Public space, Agency, Civic engagement, Public art, Tactical urban planning, Gentrification.
Houlstan-Hasaerts, Rafaella. « Le tournant esthétique de la participation urbaine à l'épreuve de la société civile : Une recherche en terrains bruxellois ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/283956.
Texte intégralThis thesis is about the connections between aesthetics and politics in urban participation and, more particularly, about the political promises of an urban participation that seemingly gives priority to expression, figuration, imagination and creation as well to the embodied, sensitive, attached, affective and emotional dimensions of our relations to the city. It would therefore seem that ‘aesthetic’ engagements and interests can promote empowerment and emancipation; democratic inclusion and the symmetrization of power; renewed ways of living together and creating collectively. Such promises are at the heart of what I propose to call an aesthetic turn of institutional urban participation, i.e. the passage from a deliberative conception of participation, conceived following the model of the “forum”, to an aesthetic conception of participation, conceived following the model of the “workshop”. And yet critical voices are already being raised. Some underline the risk of depoliticization that accompanies the aestheticization of urban participation and experience. Others, by contrast, emphasize the risk that aesthetics will be subordinated to democratic consensus and to ethics, at the expense of urban quality and of creative autonomy. Some highlight less the politico-aesthetic connection than external factors liable to jeopardize it. At issue, the usual suspects: the institutional framework and capitalism. The objective of this thesis is to take these critiques seriously without losing sight of the political demands of a participation in which the qualitative part of our urban experience would find a place. The proposal made here to achieve this objective is to decentre the gaze by not taking a direct interest in institutional mechanisms of participation. My first hypothesis, of a rather factual nature, posits that the political promises of the aesthetic turn of urban participation exceed its institutional facet, that they find their source in, among other things, mobilizations and initiatives taken by citizens, activists, engaged creators who, since the urban struggles of the 1960s, have marked the history of urban production. This hypothesis has “genealogical” implications, insofar as it encourages a rereading of the history of urban institutional participation not only in the context of its “aestheticization” but also by highlighting the at times direct relations between this aestheticization and participatory dynamics emanating from social movements and the counterculture. The second hypothesis is of a rather normative nature and has both evaluative and prospective implications. It posits that it is within the mobilizations and initiatives of civil society that the promises which also come with the aesthetic turn of institutional urban participation were best embodied, and that these provide levers of resistance against the critiques of which it is the target. Lastly, placed back to back, the two hypotheses invite us to question the extent to which the institutions have welcomed these attempts. Measuring the distances between these moments of live politics and their potential percolations to ulterior participatory dynamics makes it possible to understand how we inherited these mobilizations and initiatives from civil society and, possibly, how we could better inherit them.
Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Architecture)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bresson, Gillet Sylvie. « Participation citoyenne et agir communicationnel dans le cadre d'une création scientifique : étude des techniques et des processus de communication d'une médiation publique : le cas du débat public ITER en Provence ». Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE2014.
Texte intégralIn the realm of science and techniques, where relations between knowledge and power are polarized, what are being played out today are the conditions for a communicative action specific to our contemporary situation. This study looks into the relations between knowledge and power as they arise from socio-technical controversies and more specifically into how they are handled through hybrid procedures. The issue here is to highlight the dialogue-based dimension of the procedure of public consultation (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor in Provence) as the prime focus for interactions, representations, meanings and norms that are intended both to secure support for the decision reached on the project under discussion and to usher in a new code of communication between state and citizens. In the context of informational issues and of debate within the knowledge society, the Information and Communication Sciences shed light from many angles on the communicative action surrounding the French public consultation procedure where what is involved is the power to influence and the capacity to persuade. Moreover, this approach provides a split-level vision of the state in its actions and interactions in the context of the multiple factors at stake in dialogue: themes, stages, actors, and citizens’ new expectations of the state. This study makes it easier to decipher these forms of expression and the ways of associating traditional actors and citizens in public actions involving socio-technical choices and identifies their meanings. The choice of subject therefore reveals the surge in power of normative mechanisms and of practices ordering relations between laymen and experts and ultimately between citizen and state
Teyssedre, Rémy. « La pratique du design au service du territoire, conception de démarches et d’outils de médiations paysagères : Une recherche en immersion dans le parc naturel régional de l’Aubrac ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CYUN1244.
Texte intégralThis “project-based PhD” focuses on the approaches and tools of landscape mediation. The use and development of participation practices in landscape projects started in the 1960s. The French Landscape law, established in 1993, and the Council of Europe Landscape Convention in 2000 imposed the involvement of populations in development projects. This practice developed by landscape architects and researchers seeks the confrontation of inhabitants with the project through different situations. This method and tool are based on dialogue with the inhabitants and other actors of the territory: meeting, socializing, discussion between social groups, exchanges with decision-makers and professionals… The landscape mediation demands to understand the people's expectations and needs. The spatial, economic, climatic and landscapes transformations issues can be discussed. However, such approaches are poorly developed for public landscape and town planning policies. Local institutions perceive these approaches as an obstacle or a complication. This new method of project disrupts the habits, the regular process of public policy making. It requires specific knowledge and skills. The situations observed during my fieldwork: the Aubrac Natural Regional Park, a local institution with a team of technicians. In this territory, after an inventory of project situations, I investigated two themes: the structuration of a town-center development program and the “bandes boisées” (wooden patches) which are resinous tree-filled hedges specific to Aubrac.The first part of the work consisted in creating tools and mediation processes that would be tested during the field work. The territorial design and service design were user-centered methods chosen to build the tools. I was immersed in the territory, with the technical team, in the field, to create and test the tools and observe the effects and professional postures they create.This gave me the opportunity to observe how the technicians, the representatives and all the social actors appropriate and use the tools. This second part of the work aimed to identify the obstacles to their implementation. I observed how the tools took place in local development projects and Aubrac Natural Regional Park projects, how they transformed the project process and the relationships between agents, representatives and inhabitants. Finally, the objective is to model the tools to transmit them to other institutions and facilitate the use of tools by PNR agents
Yacine, Badiaa. « La science algérienne dans les années 1990 : une bibliométrique de la recherche universitaire à travers ses programmes, ses institutions et sa communauté universitaire de 1990 à 1999 ». Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716252.
Texte intégralBarbazo, Eric. « L' association des professeurs de mathématiques de l'enseignement public (A. P. M. E. P) : un acteur politique, scientifique, pédagogique de l'enseignement secondaire mathématique du 20e siècle en France ». Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0106.
Texte intégralThe « Association des professeurs de mathématiques de l'enseignement public », that is to say the state schools mathematics teacher association is a corporate body created in 1910 and made of Secondary education teachers i. E. , teachers who teach ailleveis from Year 7 groups to the preparation in mathematics and physics for the competitive entrance examination to French Engineering Schools. It was initially created to support the 1902 reform which was questioned by political power and it also acted as a union labour which was forbidden for civil servants in the inter wars years. In the meantime, it developed scientific and pedagogical communication between its members. In 1925, it fought against the implementation of the so-called scientific equality and gradually became the Mathematics teachers' official organisation in relation with the Ministry. After World War 2, the association played a part in the modifications which both the curriculum and teaching methods underwent, especially as regards the introduction of modern mathematics. It daims the creation of the « Instituts de recherches sur l'enseignement des mathématiques» (IREM). This PHD focuses on the study of some 300 notices, edited by the-Association since its creation, showing the evolution of the teaching of Mathematics in secondary schools between 1910 and 1975. To start with this PHD probes into the political ideology the association had in its early days. Then, it studies the •scientific and pedagogical stand which rose in the 1920s, both on the national and international level. Finally, it deals with 4 of the famous personalities which contributed to the introduction of modem mathematics from the end of World War 2 to the 1970s
Escobar, Juliana Lúcia. « Développement, culture et communication : liens et enjeux de la collaboration scientifique dans un cadre international, public-organisationnel et interculturel : une étude des relations personnelles : le point de vue des fonctionnaires de l'EMBRAPA et du CIRAD ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB199/document.
Texte intégralThis study points out the differences between the official and unofficial points of views of two agropastoral research institutions that develop activities in some African countries : the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), based in Brazil, and the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), based in France. As for data collection methods, besides a document analysis, this study includes questionaries and valuable semi-structured interviews of member of staff working for both institutions. As for the data analysis part, one adopted the constant comparative method and thematic analysis. The study then followed three thematic axes : 1 - science, progress and development; 2 - culture, quotidian and imaginary and 3 - Organizational, international and intercultural communication. The main question is: nowadays, do relations between Brazil/ France and France/Africa still reproduce the relationships sort of "dominating/ dominated" who was the model in the international relationships between the countries during Modernity ? Not only at a personal level but also in a professional context - say, organizational, scientific and public context. Throughout this study we may conclude that these relationships are far more complex and multi-faced than it can appear when we compare them with stereotypes are based on the dualist framing conveyed by the thought bequeathed on us by Modernity. Some typical traces of this simplistic and reductive views are still alive in the imaginary of social actors consulted as we could check in their own words
Estudo sobre as diferenças entre o a visão oficial e a visão oficiosa de duas instituições de pesquisa agropastoral que desenvolvem atividades, in loco, em países da África: a Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária), situada no Brasil, e o Cirad (Centro Internacional de Pesquisa Agronômica para o Desenvolvimento), situado na França. Além da pesquisa e da análise documental, o trabalho de campo foi concluído com a aplicação de questionários e a realização de entrevistas individuais, em profundidade e semi-dirigidas, com funcionários de ambas as instituições. Para a análise dos dados foi adotado o método comparativo constante e a análise temática. O estudo foi realizado tendo três eixos temáticos predefinidos: 1 - ciência, progresso e desenvolvimento; 2 - cultura, quotidiano e imáginario e 3 - Comunicação organizacional, internacional e intercultural. Durante a Modernidade, as relações internacionais foram marcadas pela divisão do mundo entre países considerados 'avançados' e os outros, vistos como 'atrasados'. A partir dessa premissa, nossa questão principal é : atualmente, do ponto de vista das relações pessoais, mas num contexto profissional, ao mesmo tempo, organizacional, científico e público, essa mentalidade dualista, tipicamente Moderna, ainda predomina, especificamente, quando se trata das relações binacionais estabelecidas entre o Brasil e a França com países da África ? Essa questão foi analisada do ponto de vista dos empregados da Embrapa e do Cirad. Concluímos que, embora tais relações sejam muito mais complexas e multifacetadas do que as ideias preconcebidas herdadas do pensamento tipicamente Moderno, vestígios do esquema simplista, dualista e redutor que caraciterizam essa cosmologia continuam a povoar o imaginário dos atores sociais consultados, uma vez que tais vestígios se fazem presentes em suas falas
Fraisse, Laurent. « Un parcours de recherche au coeur de la construction de l’économie sociale et solidaire : innovation, institutionnalisation et comparaison ». Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1265.
Texte intégralThis PhD in sociology through looks back onto a twenty-year professional research career. The first part describes my research journey, from three different angles : biographical, methodological, bibliographical. The second part of the thesis gives an overview of my research work (articles, chapters, studies) put into perspective with regard to the state of current knowledge. The first topic concerns the socio-political dimension of solidarity economy through an in-depth discussion of several concepts (local initiatives, local public spheres, the network organization of non-profit sector, conceptions of social change). In addition, social and solidarity economy as a specific object within public policies is studied at local and European levels. The second topic explores the transformations of the role of non-profit organizations in society. The current changes of contractualization and financing methods between associations and governments (public procurement and subsidies) have been the subject of qualitative and quantitative studies. The conceptual ambivalences of the notions of social utility and social innovation are highlighted. Historically claimed by non-profit representatives to emphasize the specificities of their economic activities, social utility has gradually become a criterion for extending the scope of social and solidarity economy in France. The last topic concerns early-years childcare and elderly care policies. The transition from home care for dependent elderly person to personal services is analyzed as a tangle of regulations that makes it problematic to build a quasi-market and questions the place and strategies of non-profit organizations as historical actors in the sector. The comparison, on a European scale, of local childcare systems provides additional insight into the typologies of care systems elaborated at a national level
Rifoe, Patrick Philippe. « Le management informationnel dans l'action publique d'urbanisation : dispositifs communicationnels des modèles français et d'Afrique francophone ». Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30007/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis of doctorate is about the communication in the urban projects. She is found on the international diffusion of the project logic as norm to make and to arrange the city. Diffusion that drive us to examine the communicational practice that the project allow. The norm project, today shared, does it imply some similarity in terms of communication? In a multipartenarial context, how does he organize the meeting apparatus? Until what point does to make the city imply him the involvement of the inhabitants? What are the issues of the communication that go with project? Two fields have been mobilized in a comparative perspective; the urban shutter of the Contract Getting out of Debt Contract Development (C2D) of Douala and the Big Urban Project (GPU) of Lille. 33 interviews, non participant observation, working papers and a significant corpus of press served to support a conceptual armature resting on the notions of apparatus and communication activity. The main results show a strong salience of communicational dissimilarity in the studied projects. These differences must be put in perspective with specific institutional contexts. Indeed, the communication in the C2D of Douala is minimal, implemented by internal actors to the Urban Community of Douala, but external to the team of project. In the case of the GPU, the implementation of the communication leans on outside operators to the project team, although the communicational activity is drived by the members of the aforesaid team. The place of the inhabitants deal to see a minimal involvement of the Douala casa whereas. In the Big Urban Project of Lille, we see an active continuum of the simple consultation to the coproduction of some facilities. Finally the accompaniment communication includes a strongsymbolic dimension in Lille whereas in Douala, it limits herself to evenementialisation who deserve of the Government Delegate close to the Douala Urban City Council
Lamy, Erwan. « La fragmentation de la science à l'épreuve des start-ups.Retour critique sur un constructivisme social au travers de l'étude des modes de coordination des pratiques scientifiques et marchandes lors des projets de création d'entreprise par des chercheurs du secteur public ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00104551.
Texte intégralVanderstocken, Alexis. « Fondements théoriques et conditions d’efficacité de la politique scientifique et technologique régionaleale. Une approche par l'évaluation appliquée en région Aquitaine : une approche par l’évaluation appliquée en Région Aquitaine ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0102/document.
Texte intégralIn the context of setting up clusters and the latest laws on decentralization (2004 and 2013), the regions saw their skills for economic development and innovation increased. That’s why they are more involved in the conduct of science and technology policies. Thus, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of science and technology policies (S&T) at the regional level. Indeed, the legitimacy of this level in the S&T policy could be challenged since the production of technology tend to be more and more globalized. Moreover, this regional legitimacy can be approached from the perspective of regional innovation systems (RIS), which constitute a theoretical framework suitable for the treatment of this issue. Considering the importance of regional level, especially in economic and technological policies, SRI is a framework which aims to analyze the links between science, industry and local governance. Faced to these challenges, the Aquitaine Region asks itself questions. Indeed, it has increased its S&T budget since the last ten years and today is the French region with the highest S&T budget per capita. Now the Aquitaine Region wants to know how effective its S&T policy is. Is this effort in terms of S&T necessary or justified? What is the consistency of regional policy over time? What is the result of such a policy a socio-economic point of view? These issues will be studied using of evaluation’s tools. Furthermore, we offer to synthetize the objectives of S&T and the means used by the Region and we develop a comparative approach to other regional experiences on differents dimensions of innovation
Rabieb, Prangtip. « Les droits et libertés face à la durabilité des ressources naturelles épuisables : recherche comparative des droits thaïlandais et français ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D027/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis highlights the significant role of the fundamental rights in the efficiency of the law that governs the preservation of natural resources. It will be organised around two axes: the first part will discuss the rivalry between rights and liberties and the objective of maintaining the durability of natural resources. The second part explores the guarantee of rights in determining an effective power sharing mechanism over these resources. The first part places an emphasis on the foundations of human rights, the primacy of the human person, also on the limiting function of the action of the sovereign power. In Thai law, the requirement of compliance with property law, freedom of enterprise and the right to subsistence form a significant obstacle in the regulation of this field. This comparative analysis unfolds instruments in French law that limit more powerfully the exercise of these rights and could inspire new developments in Thai law. The second part of this thesis argues that the guarantee of environmental rights marks the dawn of a partial transfer of power on natural resources from a State to its citizens, and makes citizens protectors of nature alongside the State. Apart from participatory rights and their accessories, the Thai constitution also guarantees to its citizens and local communities a right to conserve and exploit natural resources. This right renders citizens as the representatives of the environment. Its second component, the right to exploitation, inspires the principle of the equitable sharing of the nation's natural resources, put forward in the final chapter
Rabieb, Prangtip. « Les droits et libertés face à la durabilité des ressources naturelles épuisables : recherche comparative des droits thaïlandais et français ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D027.
Texte intégralThis thesis highlights the significant role of the fundamental rights in the efficiency of the law that governs the preservation of natural resources. It will be organised around two axes: the first part will discuss the rivalry between rights and liberties and the objective of maintaining the durability of natural resources. The second part explores the guarantee of rights in determining an effective power sharing mechanism over these resources. The first part places an emphasis on the foundations of human rights, the primacy of the human person, also on the limiting function of the action of the sovereign power. In Thai law, the requirement of compliance with property law, freedom of enterprise and the right to subsistence form a significant obstacle in the regulation of this field. This comparative analysis unfolds instruments in French law that limit more powerfully the exercise of these rights and could inspire new developments in Thai law. The second part of this thesis argues that the guarantee of environmental rights marks the dawn of a partial transfer of power on natural resources from a State to its citizens, and makes citizens protectors of nature alongside the State. Apart from participatory rights and their accessories, the Thai constitution also guarantees to its citizens and local communities a right to conserve and exploit natural resources. This right renders citizens as the representatives of the environment. Its second component, the right to exploitation, inspires the principle of the equitable sharing of the nation's natural resources, put forward in the final chapter
Andreetti, Katia. « A la croisée de l'anthropologie de la santé publique et des politiques publiques de la recherche : étude de cas des biotechnologies de la reproduction et de la bioéthique ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0002.
Texte intégralThis research provides a holistic overview of human reproduction, using a comparative approach in which the genetic and the social interpenetrate. We highlight the ways in which socio-cultural, political and biological conditions shape bioethics and the possibilities offered to reproductive health research. Using a transdisciplinary methodology, we incorporate this abject of study into the construction of public policies on population health and research. We demonstrate that human reproduction, and biotechnologies in particular, embody the paradoxes most intrinsic to our species, where tradition and modernity merge. Technologies and scientific progress have metamorphosed the quality of life and perfected the medical management of reproductive health. Research and reproduction are political issues, reflecting the social representations of each culture and the way in which power relations are governed from national to international levels. Our research lays the foundations for a global approach to bioethics and health
Landel, Pauline. « Participation et verrouillage technologique dans la transition écologique en agriculture. Le cas de l'Agriculture de Conservation en France et au Brésil ». Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0022/document.
Texte intégralIntensive use of pesticides in agriculture has environmental and sanitary impacts that led to the need for less harmful techniques. Policy makers are claiming for an “ecological transition” of the sector but they are facing technological lock-ins : pesticides-based solutions remain dominant because of institutional and cognitive factors that prevent the development of other alternatives (Cowan, Gunby, 1996; Vanloqueren, Baret, 2008…). In this context, the idea of enlarging the participation of new actors in technological decisions has gained success as it is supposed to enlarge the range of available evidence and lead to better and fairer technological choices (Barber, 1984; Callon et al., 2001; Elgert, 2010)This PhD research aims at questioning the idea of participation as a way to unlock technological lock-ins , using the case of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in France and Brazil, an innovation presented as based on participatory dynamics of R&D and a way to achieve sustainable agriculture, in spite of the dependence of some practices on an intensive use of herbicides. Data was collected from academic literature, documentary analysis, and semi directive or collective interviews with 51 actors both in France and Brazil. Results show the deep changes the regime of knowledge in agriculture has undergone in the last decades under the liberalization of the sector- and why referring to the idea of participation is unefficient to counterbalance these structural changes, or can even have perverse effects.Academic literature described the evolution of agricultural policies, at the international, European and French levels, analyzing the “environmental” turn of the 1980s and the “liberal” turn of the 1990s-2000s (Fouilleux, 2003; Muller, 2000; Trouvé, 2007). But few studies focused on the impacts these changes had on how decision makers and farmers have access to scientific and technical evidence to innovate and cope with new situations. This PhD research shows how the regime of knowledge in France evolved from the modernization period (1960s) - when access to reliable evidence was an issue of public concern and funding in the State administrations and extension services; to a turning point in the 2000s when the State progressively disengaged from the debate on the technological trajectory of the sector and private firms became more and more implicated. In the case of CA, the results of a policy networks analysis show the concentration of material resources to produce robust evidence (R&D, extension services, databases ) in the hands of private firms wishing to develop technological packages based on the use of pesticides. On the other hand, local farmers trying to reduce their consumption of pesticides lack resources to systematically evaluate the innovations they produce.In this context, the idea of participation refers to organizing big national consultations (as the Grenelle de l’Environnement) that rather aim at producing consensus than shedding light on existing controversies and alternatives. It is also used to discharge the responsibility for producing pesticide-less alternatives to different kinds of partnerships at a local level (sometimes associating private firms with commercial interests in selling pesticides).This research therefore shows that, besides other institutional and cognitive factors, the issue of accessing adequate evidence is of crucial importance to understand changes in policy making and the State and at the heart of great economic and socio-political conflicts. It also highlights the importance of taking into account structural determinants and evidence-related power games in order to evaluate the impacts of “participation” on improving technological choices
Liu, Zeting. « L’évolution des politiques du soutien l’innovation dans les PME en France : le cas de l'Anvar ». Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CNAM0780/document.
Texte intégralFrance, like other countries, seeks to promote its scientific excellence and to increase the competitiveness of its small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by taking full advantage of innovation to sustain economic growth and employment. In France as in other countries, there is no specific policy to support innovation in SMEs but both science and industrial research policies, especially for small businesses, and innovation policies, in which can be identified specific measures to promote technological development and innovation in SMEs. This study focuses on "how", in France, such public policies are defined and organized through different periods and it questions the effectiveness and impact of public interventions aimed at developing French SMEs’ innovation capacity. The study is divided in three parts, following a historical chronology corresponding to major stages of political evolution from the years 1960-1970 till now. These three analytical parts are enriched by a case analysis of the French National Agency for Valorisation of the Research (Anvar). At the end of this study, we suggest that France is now entering a critical phase in which structural reforms have to be undertaken in order to ensure French SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness
Liu, Zeting. « L’évolution des politiques du soutien l’innovation dans les PME en France : le cas de l'Anvar ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CNAM0780.
Texte intégralFrance, like other countries, seeks to promote its scientific excellence and to increase the competitiveness of its small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by taking full advantage of innovation to sustain economic growth and employment. In France as in other countries, there is no specific policy to support innovation in SMEs but both science and industrial research policies, especially for small businesses, and innovation policies, in which can be identified specific measures to promote technological development and innovation in SMEs. This study focuses on "how", in France, such public policies are defined and organized through different periods and it questions the effectiveness and impact of public interventions aimed at developing French SMEs’ innovation capacity. The study is divided in three parts, following a historical chronology corresponding to major stages of political evolution from the years 1960-1970 till now. These three analytical parts are enriched by a case analysis of the French National Agency for Valorisation of the Research (Anvar). At the end of this study, we suggest that France is now entering a critical phase in which structural reforms have to be undertaken in order to ensure French SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness
Combe, Marius. « Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux ». Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.
Texte intégralGathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework
Charland-Faucher, Mathieu. « Agir ensemble : itinéraire d'un projet concerté au lac Bromont ». Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3801/1/M11829.pdf.
Texte intégralLeBlanc, Camille. « Autonomie et consentement éclairé à la participation aux biobanques : entre fondements philosophiques de l’éthique de la recherche et de l'éthique de la santé publique ». Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25121.
Texte intégralThis master's thesis attempts to answer the following question: what is the value of autonomy in biomedical research, and more particularly in the context of biobanks? To answer this question, we will study the concept of autonomy in two areas of applied ethics: research ethics and public health ethics. Since the second half of the 20th century, respect for individual autonomy has been a programmatic principle of research ethics. However, many authors consider this conceptualization to be too individualistic to respond to the challenges that characterize health research today. In public health ethics, on the contrary, individual autonomy takes a less preponderant role and acknowledges some socio-political dimensions of autonomy that have been neglected by the field of research ethics. These dimensions highlight the role of institutions in promoting autonomy as well as the need for individuals to have the opportunity to participate in the development of health policies in order to achieve their autonomy. Finally, the case study of biobanks will provide an opportunity to apply these different conceptualizations of autonomy to a rapidly expanding field of research located at the crossroads between research ethics and public health.
Clémence, Bédu. « Quand une citadelle technique se (sou)met à l'épreuve de l'" impératif délibératif ".Récit et analyse pragmatique d'une procédure de type " mini public " dans le domaine de l'eau potable ». Phd thesis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593368.
Texte intégralSuárez, Herrera José Carlos. « L'intégration organisationnelle de la participation : des enjeux locaux pour une santé publique globale ». Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4543.
Texte intégralIn an age of the institutional globalization of modern societies, the confluence of a myriad of micro- and macro-contextual factors complicates the international socio-political arena. In this context, the integration of participatory values through the democratization processes of Public Health takes on the appearance of an organizational strategy promoting cohesion among a multitude of local and global initiatives. The constant renewal of intersectoral knowledge and the social perception of risk suggest an increased social awareness regarding the limits of technical competence of social and healthcare Systems. As a legitimate international actor in the management of modern health risks, Public Health creates participatory spaces that enable interaction of intersectoral actors and constantly changing and dynamic knowledge. It is indeed a strategy of the institutional “relocalisation” of collective action, aiming to restore trust in the level of reliability of international Public Health representatives who only partially meet the current needs of population security. In this context, Local Health Councils (LHC), implemented internationally as part of decentralized Primary Health Care (PHC) regional policies, represent participative spaces that involve countless paradoxical forces of tension. The LHC provides both an opportunity to examine the reciprocal relationship between an in-depth empirical analysis of specific participatory practices (PP), as well as a conceptual comprehension of the institutional globalization defining the general expansionist tendencies of modern societies. Using the organizational transition model (OTM), we postulate that the integration of PP into LHC governance is potentially associated with organizational change in creating both the conditions and the consequences of numerous strategic and systemic translations, which are essentially transformative. However, in order for this transformation to occur, relevant participative skills need to be developed. Consequently, this participative phenomenon takes on the shape of an organizational learning process allowing new forms of collective action and intervention to be accomplished. Our conceptual model offers a set of interesting and promising “epistemosocial” considerations for an in-depth examination of the dimensions essential for an organizational renewal of participation in the complex field of Global Health. Through the OTM, we conceive complex interventions as epistemic networks of participative practices (ENPP) composed of a wide range of actors organized around a double process of transcultural conceptualization of knowledge and inter-sector operationalization of action. This process is possible through a set of mechanisms of organizational instrumentation of learning. In this way, the OTM and the concept of ENPP allow for a better understanding of the unceasing transition between the local integration of PP in the governance of complex interventions in the field of health and social services – such as LCH – and the broader processes of democratic reorganization of Public Health in a global context of institutional globalization. This could certainly help us to collectively construct a reflexive and manifest expression of democratic values proposed in Alma-Ata Declaration published in 1978 during the first International Conference on PHC.