Articles de revues : « Parks – united states – finance »

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Mattson, Jeremy. « Relationships between Density and per Capita Municipal Spending in the United States ». Urban Science 5, n^o 3 (15 septembre 2021) : 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030069.

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The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between land use, particularly density, and per capita spending levels in cities across the United States. A model was developed using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances to estimate the impacts of population-weighted density and other factors on per capita municipal spending. This study focused on municipal spending for eight categories that theoretically could be influenced by land use development: fire protection, streets and highways, libraries, parks and recreation, police, sewer, solid waste management, and water. Density was found to be negatively associated with per capita municipal expenditures for the following cost categories: operational costs for fire protection, streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, solid waste management, and water; construction costs for streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, and water; and land and existing facility costs for police, sewer, and water. Results were insignificant for other cost categories, and a positive relationship was found for police operations costs. In general, results support the conclusion that increased density is associated with reduced per capita municipal spending for several cost categories.

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Krzymowski, Adam. « The importance of Ukraine’s political and economic relationship with the United Arab Emirates for the Lublin Triangle ». Economic Annals-ХХI 184, n^o 7-8 (10 septembre 2020) : 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v184-02.

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The presented research paper demonstrates the dynamic development of political and economic relations between Ukraine and the United Arab Emirates as well as their importance for projects involving the implementation of the Lublin Triangle. The results and findings of the research show that without taking into account the state-owned company from Dubai DP World, the success of the strategic cooperation between Ukraine, Poland, and Lithuania in transportation, as well as in the energy sector, will be limited. For this reason, it is necessary to include the Emirate company in some projects of the Lublin Triangle. Moreover, strategic alliances of the United Arab Emirates with states and international organizations of the Euro-Atlantic community, including the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, should be noted. In this context, the strategic importance of the UAE’s partnership with Central and Eastern Europe should be taken into account. Moreover, a close, deep alliance with the United Arab Emirates will contribute to increasing the impact of the Lublin Triangle states on transatlantic partners. In addition, the UAE, being an economic and trade hub where the interests of Europe, the United States of America, the Middle East, Africa and Asia intersect, can contribute to increasing the role of Central and Eastern Europe in the global dimension. The Emirati company DP World is one of the largest global corporations, with around 150 branches in the world and working for seaports, terminals, industrial parks, logistics and economic zones. So, this Emirati economic entity has great potential in ensuring Central and Eastern Europe an effective supply chain and stable development of trade in the upcoming increasingly aggressive economic wars.

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Yu, Hongyuan. « The U.S. Withdrawal From the Paris Agreement : Challenges and Opportunities for China ». China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, n^o 02 (janvier 2018) : 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740018500100.

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President Trump’s decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement on Climate Change is both a major reversal of the Obama administration’s climate policy and a huge blow to global climate governance. The comprehensive regression of President Trump’s climate policy manifests mainly in three aspects: abolition of the clean energy plan, exit from the Paris Agreement, and a return to traditional energy policies, which reflect the cyclical and volatile nature of the U.S. climate policy. With its lasting negative impact, the China-U.S. cooperative leadership in global climate governance is stranded. In this light, China should strive for a bigger role in leading global efforts to address climate change and enhance cooperation through various mechanisms. Under the current U.S. policy environment, China can still strengthen cooperation with the United States in such fields as traditional energy, infrastructure investment, global energy market, and green finance.

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Huggins, Anna, et Md Saiful Karim. « Shifting Traction : Differential Treatment and Substantive and Procedural Regard in the International Climate Change Regime ». Transnational Environmental Law 5, n^o 2 (octobre 2016) : 427–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000170.

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AbstractThe Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) signifies a shift in how the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) manifests in the international climate change regime. Unlike the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement does not enshrine differentiated substantive mitigation obligations for developed and developing countries. However, an increasingly proceduralized variant of the CBDR principle, which facilitates regard for the interests of developing countries with respect to treaty implementation yet does not guarantee favourable substantive outcomes for these states, is evident in the emerging regime. The experience of the International Maritime Organization’s climate change regime provides a cautionary tale with respect to procedurally oriented differentiation that is not reinforced by effective processes to ensure that developed states honour their finance and technology transfer commitments. Accordingly, this article posits that strong accountability mechanisms are required to transform opportunities for procedural differentiation in the Paris Agreement into a robust framework for procedural regard for the interests of developing states.

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Pyka, Irena, et Aleksandra Nocoń. « Banks’ Capital Requirements in Terms of Implementation of the Concept of Sustainable Finance ». Sustainability 13, n^o 6 (22 mars 2021) : 3499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063499.

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In 2015, the governments of 193 United Nations member states adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, followed by the Paris Agreement. Their detailed solutions assume the inclusion of the concept of sustainable finance into investment decision-making processes, including directing capital towards sustainable investments and stopping climate change. The main subject of the study is sustainable finance, which is one of the pillars of the sustainable development of the global economy, which has also become an important objective of the European Union, enshrined in the Treaty of Lisbon. The main aim of the paper is an extrapolation of risks appearing in the unstable environment of credit institutions, which are increasingly boldly directing their expectations on their inclusion in the sustainable finance concept implementation. The empirical research included in the first stage a questionnaire survey, while in the second one, a quantitative comparative analysis. The research was aimed at verifying the research hypothesis stating that after the global financial crisis, banks meet the new prudential capital regulations, however by their inclusion in the concept of green finance, they will increase a share of mitigation in the bank risk management strategy. The research, carried out in the Polish banking sector, has shown that domestic banks meet all prudential requirements resulting from the new capital norms. However, investment strategies, based on the composition of the portfolio in accordance with the principles of sustainable finance and on high rates of return in the long term, will change banks’ resilience to key risks from the perspective of sustainable development.

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Chai, Qimin, Sha Fu, Huaqing Xu, Weiran Li et Yan Zhong. « The gap report of global climate change mitigation, finance, and governance after the United States declared its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement ». Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 15, n^o 3 (3 juillet 2017) : 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2017.1365450.

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Zaring, David. « Enforcement against the Biggest Banks ». Journal of Financial Regulation 7, n^o 1 (mars 2021) : 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjab005.

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ABSTRACT Being a big bank means the regular payment of huge fines to a number of different regulators, paired with profuse apologies, and promises to do better next time. This article makes use of a hand-collected dataset to show how this enforcement worked in the United States after the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act. American regulators have tended to hunt the big banks in packs, with multiple regulators pursuing fines against financial institutions for the same misconduct. Regulators frequently enforce in a ‘viral’ manner: once they sanction one bank for a type of misconduct, the chances that they will sanction another bank for the same sort of misconduct increases. Some regulators like to bundle a variety of different unlawful actions by banks into one global settlement. Enforcement by the Department of Justice can result in spectacularly expensive settlements compared to the level of enforcement by primary banking regulatory agencies; overall, Department of Justice sanctions in dollars dwarf those of all other agencies policing part of what a bank does. American enforcement, despite suspicion to the contrary, does not appear to protect domestic banks and discriminate against foreign ones. Although this article’s primary goal is to make sense of the federal government’s overall enforcement practices, one recommendation is made: criminal prosecutors should consult with safety and soundness regulators before unveiling indictments and settlements against banks.

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Lazov, Lyubomir, Erika Teirumnieka, Edmunds Teirumnieks, Nedka Atanasova et Tsanko Karadzhov. « ON-LINE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR WORKERS WITH THE MOODLE SYSTEM TO IMPROVE PROFESSIONAL SKILLS IN GREEN CONSTRUCTIONS ». SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (21 mai 2019) : 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol5.3908.

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On the global agenda, environmental issues are becoming ever more pressing every moment. At present, it is not enough for individual countries to tackle global climate issues on their own. The time has come for a joint effort to mitigate climate change. The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, starting in the year 2020. The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, and to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, since this would substantially reduce the risks and effects of climate change. It is not enough for states to sign this type of act, they need to take active steps to implement them and achieve the set goals. Energy, green construction, resource saving, educating the population, new and advanced teaching methods - all that is required for any global setup to be locally addressed. Now, we are in a situation where the exchange of transnational experience and knowledge is an important stage in solving energy efficiency issues through the education prism. This article will provide an analysis of the experience of four countries in the field of green construction.

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Goncharov, A. I., D. E. Matytsin et T. V. Kokoreva. « Prospects for the development of «green banking» in Russia ». Journal of Law and Administration 17, n^o 3 (11 novembre 2021) : 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2021-3-60-17-26.

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Introduction. The article analyzes the prospects for the development of the green banking taxonomy in Russia, its goals and significance for solving environmental and social problems.The authors examine in detail the tools of green finance, such as green investment accounts, digitalization products, such as the Internet and online banking, special bank cards, climate or environmental/green bonds. The authors also reveal the legal nature of the gradual formation and development of the taxonomy of "green banking" at the international and national level.Materials and methods. The study uses international documents of the United Nations and the European Union on the environment, the work of reputable scientists that address the issues of green banking and green finance tools. The methodological basis of the research is based on interrelated techniques, means and methods of cognition of social phenomena. The study uses such general scientific methods and methods of cognition as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, analogy, comparison. In the course of this study, special attention was paid, in particular, to the method of comparative law, to the system and functional approaches, and also the formal legal method was used.The authors relying on the system analysis, reveal the process of taxonomy development and identifies its principles, goals and objectives.The results of the study. As a result of the analysis, the authors conclude that most business entities mistakenly believe that the consequences of climate change are relevant only in the long term, however, with the emergence of information about the global nature of the potential financial consequences of climate change, this approach is gradually changing in the direction of investors’ increasing attention to projects in green banking, in connection with which we can offer the following recommendations for the formation of the green finance market and the development of environmental management in the banking sector:Development and implementation of regulatory documents containing the rules and conditions for working with green finance instruments, which include green bonds, green loans and green project financing.Creating a system of economic and social incentives from the state to increase the attractiveness of green finance, including compensating banks for the difference between market rates on loans and the lower cost of green loansAllocation of a separate section on the Moscow Exchange for the circulation of green government and corporate securities.Enhancing international cooperation in the field of environmentally sustainable financeDiscussion and conclusion. The materials of this article substantiate the stages and historical roots of the formation of green banking, as well as the specific tasks of the taxonomy for banks and financial institutions. The authors comes to the conclusion that the tools of green finance are:- climate or environmental/green bonds. Among the most popular areas of investment are projects aimed at the development of alternative energy sources, low-carbon transport, and energy efficiency;- green lending, for example, green mortgages are housing loans that meet certain environmental standards. Green lending is not limited to housing construction alone. Bank loans designed to finance sustainable projects are also used in agriculture, industry and the service sector;- special bank cards. For example, Pochta Bank offers to issue a Green World bank card to a savings account. When paying with a card for every 4,000 rubles spent, the bank finances the planting of one tree in one of the country's national parks. At the same time, the client receives an electronic certificate indicating the location of the planted trees;- the tools of green banking can also include products in the field of digitalization, such as the Internet and online banking.

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Bliznetskaya, Ekaterina. « Quasi-Formal Entities and Dialogue Formatsin International Climate Governance ». International Organisations Research Journal 18, n^o 2 (5 juillet 2023) : 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2023-02-05.

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In recent years there was a significant of international structures that are being created as platforms for multilateral policydialogue on climate change issues outside the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).Such structures are, for example, the Major Economies Forum (MEF), the Petersberg Climate Dialogue, the on CleanEnergy Ministerial and a wide variety of partnerships. There is no common definition for such formats of cooperation andconceptual ground for understanding their place in international climate governance system. This includes both traditionalinterstate cooperation mechanisms embodied by the UNFCCC, as well as non-state initiatives, climate finance institutions,formats that support a constant dialogue between states, business representatives, academia, and NGOs on climate policyissues. The aim of the study was to clarify the nature of quasi-formal climate governance, to establish a typology and assessof the dynamics of development of quasi-formal entities to better understand the processes of its formation and implementation.I describe three types of quasi-formal entities from the new dataset of quasi-formal entities created in the period from2001–2022: intergovernmental forums, UNFCCC party groupings, and hybrid partnerships. The study reveals an increasein the number of political forums and hybrid partnerships amid stabilization or even reduction of negotiating blocs within theUNFCCC. In complex system of international climate governance, quasi-formal entities are playing an increasing role inthe accumulation and exchange of knowledge and experience between states on the implementation of the Paris Agreement.

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Voigt, Christina, et Felipe Ferreira. « ‘Dynamic Differentiation’ : The Principles of CBDR-RC, Progression and Highest Possible Ambition in the Paris Agreement ». Transnational Environmental Law 5, n^o 2 (octobre 2016) : 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000212.

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AbstractThe Paris Agreement has struck a careful balance between the need for ambitious and effective climate action and for fair effort sharing among parties based on differentiation. This article provides an overview of the negotiation history of differentiation and analyzes the ‘dynamic differentiation’ as built into the architecture of the Agreement. While being set against the normative background of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Paris Agreement adopts a more diversified way of differential treatment among parties, approaching it in three complementary ways: firstly, on a principled basis, reflecting common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC), in the light of different national circumstances; secondly, in the content of its articles, in particular on mitigation, finance and transparency; and thirdly, on the basis of the principles of progression and highest possible ambition, which represent new and dynamic aspects of differentiation. The authors argue that ‘highest possible ambition’ is reflective of a duty of care that states now need to exercise. It implies a due diligence standard, which requires each government to act in proportion to the risk at stake and to take all appropriate and adequate climate measures according to its responsibility and its best capabilities. By expecting parties to apply this standard at each successive preparation of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), and to progress beyond previous ones, the Paris Agreement has set up reiterative processes, an ‘international normative pull’ and a collective learning environment. This, in turn, creates a reflexive approach to parties’ determination of effort, promoting the evolution of voluntary cooperative behaviour.

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Csomós, György. « Cities as command and control centres of the world economy : An empirical analysis, 2006–2015 ». Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 38, n^o 38 (20 décembre 2017) : 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0031.

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AbstractAs a result of their rapid economic growth, several powerful corporate giants have emerged in developing countries, especially in China, operating not only in the traditional manufacturing sector, but also in high-tech industries and finance. Major cities in developing countries have gradually become important command and control centres of the global economy, and have also become powerful enough to be in the same tier as major cities of developed countries around the world. In this paper, I examine the position of cities as command and control centres on the basis of the power of their headquartered corporations. The result shows that until 2012, New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris; i.e. the global cities, were the leading command and control centres. However, the gap between these global cities and Beijing gradually closed, and by 2015, the Chinese capital outranked all the global cities. The outstanding performance of Beijing-based corporations that operate in financial, energy, and construction services sectors is the driving force behind Beijing’s increasing global power. In addition, the leading position of the global cities as command and control centres has been threatened by the San Francisco-San Jose metropolitan region, a newly emerging economic hub in the United States.

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Moreno, James Torres, Carlos Acevedo Penaloza et Milton Coba Salcedo. « Applied Bibliometric in the Advancement of Solar Energy Research ». International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, n^o 4 (19 juillet 2022) : 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13087.

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Bibliometrics has proven to be an efficient method for quantitative research on the statistical behavior of academic production, which allows analyzing existing data and documents to resolve trends in specific research fields. Considering the database downloaded from Web of Science, with the help of Hitscite and VOSviewer data analysis tool and Microsoft Excel table, 7,259 publications related to solar energy research from 2010 to 2020 were obtained. The purpose of this research work is to apply bibliometric analysis methods to the development of scientific research on solar energy, as an important part of renewable energies, to evaluate its progress in the last decades and to describe these trends. The results showed that since 2015, research on solar energy has increased, especially in countries such as the United States and China, due to the Paris treaties where the goal is that the average temperature of the earth by the year 2100 does not exceed 1.5 °C. Since greenhouse gases are the cause of the greatest impact of the increase in global temperature, it is expected that researchers will focus on harnessing green energy and take a step further to reduce fossil fuels.

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Gainanov, D. A., R. F. Gataullin et R. G. Safiullin. « Typology of Russian Regional Systems in Connection with the Decarbonisation of the Economy ». Economy of Regions 19, n^o 1 (2023) : 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-1-3.

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The Paris Agreement on climate change was adopted on December 12, 2015 by 197 states. Despite mutual sanctions between Russia and a group of countries led by the United States, the agree-ment remains in force. Since sanctions negatively affect the dynamics of the global economy, they cannot be perpetually imposed. Therefore, the state should be ready for any changes in foreign economic relations, including the lifting of sanctions and, in particular, fulfilment of the requirements of the Paris Agreement. To decarbonise the economy, regions have to take effective action and thoroughly assess the future work. The influence of the emission factor in each region is determined by the scale and structure of the econ-omy. The study presents a typology of regions based on the scale of production, functional localisation, vol-ume and structure of exports to non-CIS countries, volume and structure of exports by economic sectors subject to environmental taxation by the European Union and members of the Paris Agreement. Industrial regions, being major exporters of fuel and energy, chemistry and petrochemistry, metals, agricultural pro-duction, are more dependent on decarbonisation. Economically underdeveloped regions, such as Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tyva, Chechnya and Jewish Autonomous Oblast, do not actively participate in the international division of labour and, consequently, do not depend on decarbonisation processes. Thus, the territorial differentiation of Russian regional systems should be considered when implementing socio-economic strategies, which take into account decarbonisation pro-cesses. Introduction of international hydrocarbon regulation by the European Union and transition to envi-ronmentally friendly technologies for the production of goods and services will require the territorial and structural transformation of regional economic systems.

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Harris, Carmen D., Nora C. Purcell et Janet E. Fulton. « Access To Parks In The United States ». Medicine & ; Science in Sports & ; Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (mai 2011) : 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000402008.77491.74.

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Allen, Julia A., Cynthia S. Brown et Thomas J. Stohlgren. « Non-native plant invasions of United States National Parks ». Biological Invasions 11, n^o 10 (10 octobre 2008) : 2195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9376-1.

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Battaglin, William, Lauren Hay, David Lawrence, Greg McCabe et Parker Norton. « Baseline Conditions and Projected Future Hydro-Climatic Change in National Parks in the Conterminous United States ». Water 12, n^o 6 (15 juin 2020) : 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061704.

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The National Park Service (NPS) manages hundreds of parks in the United States, and many contain important aquatic ecosystems and/or threatened and endangered aquatic species vulnerable to hydro-climatic change. More effective management of park resources under future hydro-climatic uncertainty requires information on both baseline conditions and the range of projected future conditions. A monthly water balance model was used to assess baseline (1981–1999) conditions and a range of projected future hydro-climatic conditions in 374 NPS parks. General circulation model outputs representing 214 future climate simulations were used to drive the model. Projected future changes in air temperature (T), precipitation (p), and runoff (R) are expressed as departures from historical baselines. Climate simulations indicate increasing T by 2030 for all parks with 50th percentile simulations projecting increases of 1.67 °C or more in 50% of parks. Departures in 2030 p indicate a mix of mostly increases and some decreases, with 50th percentile simulations projecting increases in p in more than 70% of parks. Departures in R for 2030 are mostly decreases, with the 50th percentile simulations projecting decreases in R in more than 50% of parks in all seasons except winter. Hence, in many NPS parks, R is projected to decrease even when p is projected to increase because of increasing T in all parks. Projected changes in future hydro-climatic conditions can also be assessed for individual parks, and Rocky Mountain National Park and Congaree National Park are used as examples.

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Ellis, R. A., D. J. Jacob, M. Payer, L. Zhang, C. D. Holmes, B. A. Schichtel, T. Blett, E. Porter, L. H. Pardo et J. A. Lynch. « Present and future nitrogen deposition to national parks in the United States : critical load exceedances ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, n^o 4 (5 avril 2013) : 9151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-9151-2013.

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Abstract. National parks in the United States are protected areas wherein the natural habitat is to be conserved for future generations. Deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) transported from areas of human activity (fuel combustion, agriculture) may affect these natural habitats if it exceeds an ecosystem-dependent critical load (CL). We quantify and interpret the deposition to Class I US national parks for present-day and future (2050) conditions using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution over North America. We estimate CL values in the range 2.5–5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for the different parks with the goal of protecting the most sensitive ecosystem receptors. For present-day conditions, we find 24 out of 45 parks to be in CL exceedance and 14 more to be marginally so. Many of these are in remote areas of the West. Most (40–85%) of the deposition originates from NOx emissions (fuel combustion). We then project future changes in N deposition using the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios for 2050. These feature 52–73% declines in US NOx emissions relative to present but 19–50% increases in US ammonia (NH3) emissions. Nitrogen deposition at US national parks then becomes dominated by domestic NH3 emissions. While deposition decreases in the East relative to present, there is little progress in the West and increases in some regions. We find that 17–25 US national parks will have CL exceedances in 2050 based on the RCP scenarios. Even in total absence of anthropogenic NOx emissions, 14–18 parks would still have a CL exceedance. Returning all parks to N deposition below CL by 2050 will require at least a 55% decrease in anthropogenic NH3 emissions relative to RCP-projected 2050 levels.

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Ellis, R. A., D. J. Jacob, M. P. Sulprizio, L. Zhang, C. D. Holmes, B. A. Schichtel, T. Blett, E. Porter, L. H. Pardo et J. A. Lynch. « Present and future nitrogen deposition to national parks in the United States : critical load exceedances ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, n^o 17 (10 septembre 2013) : 9083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9083-2013.

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Abstract. National parks in the United States are protected areas wherein the natural habitat is to be conserved for future generations. Deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) transported from areas of human activity (fuel combustion, agriculture) may affect these natural habitats if it exceeds an ecosystem-dependent critical load (CL). We quantify and interpret the deposition to Class I US national parks for present-day and future (2050) conditions using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution over North America. We estimate CL values in the range 2.5–5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for the different parks to protect the most sensitive ecosystem receptors. For present-day conditions, we find 24 out of 45 parks to be in CL exceedance and 14 more to be marginally so. Many of these are in remote areas of the West. Most (40–85%) of the deposition originates from NOx emissions (fuel combustion). We project future changes in N deposition using representative concentration pathway (RCP) anthropogenic emission scenarios for 2050. These feature 52–73% declines in US NOx emissions relative to present but 19–50% increases in US ammonia (NH3) emissions. Nitrogen deposition at US national parks then becomes dominated by domestic NH3 emissions. While deposition decreases in the East relative to present, there is little progress in the West and increases in some regions. We find that 17–25 US national parks will have CL exceedances in 2050 based on the RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios. Even in total absence of anthropogenic NOx emissions, 14–18 parks would still have a CL exceedance. Returning all parks to N deposition below CL by 2050 would require at least a 50% decrease in US anthropogenic NH3 emissions relative to RCP-projected 2050 levels.

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Lemons, John. « United States' National Park Management : Values, Policy, and Possible Hints for Others ». Environmental Conservation 14, n^o 4 (1987) : 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900016842.

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National park managers have to make difficult and often controversial decisions regarding how best to protect parks' resources and provide for their continuing use and enjoyment. Strictly speaking, resolution of parks' problems must be based on whether the NPS is adhering to its legislative mandate to regulate development and use and to protect parks' resources. The most basic fiduciary duties of the NPS are to manage resources in natural conditions, provide for use and enjoyment, and provide benefits for present and future generations. However, neither the legislation, judicial interpretations, nor the NPS, has defined the terms natural, appropriate forms (values) of use and enjoyment, or how to resolve intergenerational conflicts between present and future generations. Because neither scientific standards nor criteria of appropriate use have been defined, the NPS traditionally has fashioned policy by compromise—to reflect different citizen constituencies with preferences for different and often conflicting values.

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Brazzola, Nicoletta, Jan Wohland et Anthony Patt. « Offsetting unabated agricultural emissions with CO2 removal to achieve ambitious climate targets ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 3 (17 mars 2021) : e0247887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247887.

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The Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6), which is broadly compatible with the Paris Agreement’s temperature goal by 1.5–2°C, contains substantial reductions in agricultural non-CO2 emissions besides the deployment of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). Failing to mitigate agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions could contribute to an overshoot of the RCP2.6 warming by about 0.4°C. We explore using additional CDR to offset alternative agricultural non-CO2 emission pathways in which emissions either remain constant or rise. We assess the effects on the climate of calculating CDR rates to offset agricultural emission under two different approaches: relying on the 100-year global warming potential conversion metric (GWP100) and maintaining effective radiative forcing levels at exactly those of RCP2.6. Using a reduced-complexity climate model, we find that the conversion metric leads to a systematic underestimation of needed CDR, reaching only around 50% of the temperature mitigation needed to remain on the RCP2.6 track. This is mostly because the metric underestimates, in the near term, forcing from short-lived climate pollutants such as methane. We test whether alternative conversion metrics, the GWP20 and GWP*, are more suitable for offsetting purposes, and found that they both lead to an overestimation of the CDR requirements. Under alternative agricultural emissions pathways, holding to RCP2.6 total radiative forcing requires up to twice the amount of CDR that is already included in the RCP2.6. We examine the costs of this additional CDR, and the effects of internalizing these in several agricultural commodities. Assuming an average CDR cost by $150/tCO2, we find increases in prices of up to 41% for beef, 14% for rice, and 40% for milk in the United States relative to current retail prices. These figures are significantly higher (for beef and rice) under a global scenario, potentially threatening food security and welfare. Although the policy delivers a mechanism to finance the early deployment of CDR, using CDR to offset remaining high emissions may well hit other non-financial constraints and can thus only support, and not substitute, emission reductions.

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Cao, Jiping, et Hartwig H. Hochmair. « Use of iNaturalist Biodiversity Contribution Data for Modelling Travel Distances to Parks Across the United States ». AGILE : GIScience Series 5 (30 mai 2024) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-5-18-2024.

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Abstract. Crowdsourcing platforms have become an important data source for modelling and observing human behavioural and social activities, such as mobility, social interactions and urban dynamics. This study uses observation data from iNaturalist, an online social network of voluntary users sharing biodiversity information, which was collected from 20,434 parks in the United States. It explores the relationship between park characteristics and the mean travel distance of users to parks. The latter is based on the average of distances between an iNaturalist user’s typical main area of iNaturalist contributions and the locations of the user’s observations falling inside a park of interest. The DBSCAN clustering algorithm is used to determine each user’s main contribution area. An Eigenvector Spatial Filtering (ESF) model shows that the log of the average distance travelled to parks is positively associated with certain park management types (e.g. National Parks, State Parks) and biodiversity, but negatively associated with the population around a park. The results provide insights into the nature of iNaturalist user visitation patterns to parks which can be used for targeted outreach campaigns and a more user-centric approach to promote park attractions and biodiversity conservation.

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Harnik, Peter. « An Excerpt : Urban Parks in the 21st Century United States ». CITYGREEN 01, n^o 03 (2011) : 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/s2382581211010362.

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Dilsaver, Lary M., et Charles I. Zinser. « Outdoor Recreation : United States National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands ». Geographical Review 86, n^o 2 (avril 1996) : 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215968.

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Gonzalez, Patrick, Fuyao Wang, Michael Notaro, Daniel J. Vimont et John W. Williams. « Disproportionate magnitude of climate change in United States national parks ». Environmental Research Letters 13, n^o 10 (24 septembre 2018) : 104001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09.

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Owens, Patsy Eubanks. « RECREATlON AND RESTRICTIONS : COMMUNITY SKATEBOARD PARKS IN THE UNITED STATES ». Urban Geography 22, n^o 8 (novembre 2001) : 782–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2001.11501634.

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Kang, Daiwen, Viney P. Aneja, Rod G. Zika, Charles Farmer et John D. Ray. « Nonmethane hydrocarbons in the rural southeast United States national parks ». Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres 106, n^o D3 (1 février 2001) : 3133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900607.

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Licht, Daniel S., Brian C. Kenner et Daniel E. Roddy. « A Comparison of the South African and United States Models of Natural Areas Management ». ISRN Biodiversity 2014 (28 janvier 2014) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/737832.

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In May-June of 2013 we visited several South African parks and reserves to learn about wildlife and natural areas management in that country. We focused our visit on parks and reserves that are of moderate size (5,000–100,00 ha), comprised of grassland/savanna habitats, located within agrarian landscapes, and enclosed with boundary fences, characteristics similar to several parks and reserves in the Northern Great Plains region of the United States. In this paper we compare the South African model of natural areas management to the United States model. We observed that South African parks and reserves with the aforementioned characteristics are more likely to (1) reintroduce and conserve small, nonviable wildlife populations, (2) reintroduce and conserve top-level predators, (3) have more intensive management of wildlife, (4) manage in partnership across multiple landowners, (5) engage local communities, (6) be self-funding, and (7) restrict visitor movement. The South African model is arguably more effective in conserving biodiversity as measured by conservation of apex predators and natural processes. The differences between the countries appear to be driven in large part by socioeconomic factors. Knowledge of natural areas management in other countries may lead to more innovative and creative models that could benefit biodiversity conservation.

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Fratini, Fabio, Silvia Rescic et Loredana Luvidi. « Can Tourism and Natural Parks Coexist ? Comparison of Europe, China, and the United States of America ». Geosciences 12, n^o 12 (23 novembre 2022) : 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120430.

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Over the years, people’s interest in protecting the natural environment and its resources has increased significantly. In this context, natural parks have become a new tourist destination, which has grown exponentially in recent decades and developed into mass tourism. This made it necessary to realize adequate infrastructures (roads, accommodation facilities reception, etc.) to allow visitors to enjoy parks. A recent trip to China made it possible to observe how this type of tourism has developed and raised some concerns and the need to understand whether this phenomenon is also present in other countries. In particular, this research examines the infrastructures (roads, accommodation facilities, and visitor centres) of some parks in the United States and Europe to compare them with the Chinese experience. The analysis revealed a difference in the visiting facilities of European parks compared to those in China and North America. In fact, the management and fruition of European parks seem to have less impact on the territories because they make use of road networks and accommodation facilities already present in the territory and that are often present in small villages. While in the case of China and the USA, it has been necessary to build new visitor centres and accommodation facilities in territories that were often uninhabited.

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Brien, James, et Yanmei Lin. « The United States National Park System : Overview, Challenges and Policy Recommendations for China ». Journal of Environmental Law & ; Policy 03, n^o 03 (31 décembre 2023) : 106–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/jelp030304.

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This article conducts a comparative analysis of national park legislation, focusing on insights from the US National Park System to inform the development of China's emerging national park framework. Against the backdrop of a global conservation movement, the US system serves as a valuable model for China, which initiated its own national park system in 2017. On October 12, 2021, China has formally established its inaugural set of national parks, comprising the Three-River-Source National Park, the Giant Panda National Park, the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, the Hainan Tropical Forests National Park, and the Wuyishan National Park. Encompassing approximately 230,000 square kilometres, these five national parks safeguard nearly 30% of China's crucial terrestrial wildlife species. As China endeavours to enact comprehensive legislation for its national parks, this research aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts by addressing key questions such as the efficacy of the US's "One National Park, One Law" model, the governance dynamics between federal, state, and local entities, and strategies for balancing conservation with diverse land uses. The analysis spans five sections, exploring the historical evolution of the US National Park System, its legal framework, challenges faced by US national parks, and policy recommendations for China. The US experience highlights the importance of establishing clear legal authorities, fostering robust public participation mechanisms, and harmonizing relationships with Indigenous communities. The findings presented in this study aspire to facilitate a nuanced understanding of national park legislation, promoting international collaboration between the US and China for the sustainable management of natural lands and the protection of global biodiversity.

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Li, Yang, Loretta J. Mickley, Pengfei Liu et Jed O. Kaplan. « Trends and spatial shifts in lightning fires and smoke concentrations in response to 21st century climate over the national forests and parks of the western United States ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, n^o 14 (27 juillet 2020) : 8827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8827-2020.

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Abstract. Almost USD 3 billion per year is appropriated for wildfire management on public land in the United States. Recent studies have suggested that ongoing climate change will lead to warmer and drier conditions in the western United States, with a consequent increase in the number and size of wildfires, yet large uncertainty exists in these projections. To assess the influence of future changes in climate and land cover on lightning-caused wildfires in the national forests and parks of the western United States and the consequences of these fires on air quality, we link a dynamic vegetation model that includes a process-based representation of fire (LPJ-LMfire) to a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). Under a scenario of moderate future climate change (RCP4.5), increasing lightning-caused wildfire enhances the burden of smoke fine particulate matter (PM), with mass concentration increases of ∼53 % by the late 21st century during the fire season in the national forests and parks of the western United States. In a high-emissions scenario (RCP8.5), smoke PM concentrations double by 2100. RCP8.5 also shows enhanced lightning-caused fire activity, especially over forests in the northern states.

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Harris, Carmen D., Prabasaj Paul, Xingyou Zhang et Janet E. Fulton. « Park Access among School-Age Youth in the United States ». Journal of Physical Activity and Health 12, s1 (janvier 2015) : S94—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0119.

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Background:Fewer than 30% of U.S. youth meet the recommendation to be active > 60 minutes/day. Access to parks may encourage higher levels of physical activity.Purpose:To examine differences in park access among U.S. school-age youth, by demographic characteristics and urbanicity of block group.Methods:Park data from 2012 were obtained from TomTom, Incorporated. Population data were obtained from the 2010 U.S. Census and American Community Survey 2006–2010. Using a park access score for each block group based on the number of national, state or local parks within one-half mile, we examined park access among youth by majority race/ethnicity, median household income, median education, and urbanicity of block groups.Results:Overall, 61.3% of school-age youth had park access—64.3% in urban, 36.5% in large rural, 37.8% in small rural, and 35.8% in isolated block groups. Park access was higher among youth in block groups with higher median household income and higher median education.Conclusion:Urban youth are more likely to have park access. However, park access also varies by race/ethnicity, median education, and median household. Considering both the demographics and urbanicity may lead to better characterization of park access and its association with physical activity among youth.

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STEINDL., J. « WAR FINANCE IN THE UNITED STATES ». Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & ; Statistics 5, n^o 13 (1 mai 2009) : 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1943.mp5013001.x.

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Chiu, Shirley, Robin Newberger et Anna Paulson. « Islamic finance in the United States ». Society 42, n^o 6 (septembre 2005) : 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02687517.

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Sutton, Paul, Sophia Duncan et Sharolyn Anderson. « Valuing Our National Parks : An Ecological Economics Perspective ». Land 8, n^o 4 (29 mars 2019) : 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8040054.

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The annual budget for the United States National Park Service was roughly $3 billion in 2016. This is distributed amongst 405 National Parks, 23 national scenic and historic trails, and 60 wild and scenic rivers. Entrance fees and concessions generate millions of dollars in income for the National Park Service; however, this metric fails to account for the total value of the National Parks. In failing to consider the value of the ecosystem services provided by the National Parks, we fail to quantify and appreciate the contributions our parks make to society. This oversight allows us to continue to underfund a valuable part of our natural capital and consequently damage our supporting environment, national heritage, monetary economy, and many of our diverse cultures. We explore a simple benefits transfer valuation of the United States’ national parks using National Land Cover Data from 2011 and ecosystem service values determined by Costanza et al. This produces an estimate suggesting the parks provide $98 billion/year in ecosystem service value. If the natural infrastructure ‘asset’ that is our national park system had a budget comparable to a piece of commercial real estate of this value, the annual budget of the National Park Service would be roughly an order of magnitude larger at something closer to $30 billion rather than $3 billion.

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CHRISTIANS, ALLISON, SAMUEL A. DONALDSON, PHILIP F. POSTLEWAITE et Cynthia Blum. « United States International Taxation ». Journal of the American Taxation Association 32, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2010) : 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2010.32.2.93.

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Larson, Lincoln R., Viniece Jennings et Scott A. Cloutier. « Public Parks and Wellbeing in Urban Areas of the United States ». PLOS ONE 11, n^o 4 (7 avril 2016) : e0153211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153211.

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Reuben, Aaron, George W. Rutherford, Jameze James et Nooshin Razani. « Association of neighborhood parks with child health in the United States ». Preventive Medicine 141 (décembre 2020) : 106265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106265.

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Stalter-Pace, Sunny. « No Brakes ». Transfers 3, n^o 1 (1 mars 2013) : 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2013.030114.

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Premium Rush, United States, 2012, Pariah Productions, directed by David Koepp, written by David Koepp and John Kamps, starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Dania Ramirez, Wolé Parks, Jamie Chung, and Michael Shannon.

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WAKAO, Kenji. « A study on the history of zoological parks in the United States ». Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architects 55, n^o 5 (1991) : 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila1934.55.5_31.

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Abella, Scott R. « Effectiveness of Exotic Plant Treatments on National Park Service Lands in the United States ». Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, n^o 1 (mars 2014) : 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00058.1.

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AbstractThe United States created national parks to conserve indigenous species, ecological processes, and cultural resources unimpaired for future generations. Curtailing impacts of exotic species is important to meeting this mission. This synthesis identified 56 studies reported in 60 publications that evaluated effects of exotic plant treatments on National Park Service lands. Studies encompassed 35 parks in 20 states and one U.S. territory and included 157 exotic plant species. Eighty-seven percent of studies reported that at least one treatment reduced focal exotic species. Of 30 studies evaluating response of native vegetation, 53% reported that natives increased, 40% reported neutral responses, and 7% reported that natives decreased. For at least some of the neutral cases, neutrality was consistent with management objectives. In other cases, insufficient time may have elapsed to thoroughly characterize responses, or restoration might be needed. Nonfocal exotic species increased in 44% of the 16 studies evaluating them, but the other 56% of studies reported no increase. Results suggest that: (1) a range of exotic species spanning annual forbs to trees have been effectively treated; (2) developing effective treatments often required extensive experimentation and balancing nontarget impacts; (3) presence of multiple exotic species complicated treatment efforts, highlighting importance of preventing invasions; and (4) placing treatment objectives and outcomes in context, such as pretreatment condition of native vegetation, is important to evaluating effectiveness. Attaining the goal in national parks of conserving native species and ecological processes minimally influenced by exotic species will likely require comprehensive management strategies inclusive of treatment interactions with focal exotic species, other potential invaders, and native species.

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TYRRELL, IAN. « America's National Parks : The Transnational Creation of National Space in the Progressive Era ». Journal of American Studies 46, n^o 1 (février 2012) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811001320.

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The rise of support for national parks in the United States after 1900 occurred amid a transnational circulation of information on the apparent destruction of – or imminent threat to – nature on a global level. Arguments for creating and protecting national parks included preservation of “wild” areas, proto-ecological ideas, and social reformist and economic utilitarian pressures during the Progressive Era. Advocacy for park protection as it developed to 1916 reflected this complex cluster of ideas rather than any clearly articulated concept of wilderness. It was influenced by international sensibilities on the social construction of nature and its putative preservation at the moment of industrialization in Europe and the American Northeast, the intrusion of mechanization into the countryside and, outside the metropolitan centres of the Euro-American world, high imperialism that exposed widespread destruction of nature in Europe's colonies. The case of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (ASHPS), an elite organization that combined national park, public-park and human-heritage advocacy in a continuum of values, is examined as a transnational conduit for and shaper of these socially constructed ideas in the United States, and as a neglected aspect of Progressive Era development of national parks.

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Cumming, Douglas, Grant Fleming et Armin Schwienbacher. « Corporate Relocation in Venture Capital Finance ». Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33, n^o 5 (septembre 2009) : 1121–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00337.x.

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This paper introduces an analysis of international relocation decisions of venture capital (VC)–backed companies. Relocations to the United States are motivated by economic conditions as well as an improvement in the laws of the country in which the entrepreneurial firm is based. Relocations to the United States yield much greater returns to Asia–Pacific VCs than investing in companies already based in the United States at the time of VC investment. Further, more experienced Asia–Pacific VCs have greater success with their investee relocations to the United States, and these relocations yield higher returns relative to staying in their country of origin.

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Cuenca-Esteban, Javier. « United States, 1790-1819 ». Revue de l'OFCE 140, n^o 4 (2015) : 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.140.0385.

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Bashir, Zarnaaz, Kristin Wheeler, David Sabgir, Amy Kapp et Kellie May. « The National Park Prescriptions Initiative : Prescribing Wellness at Parks in the United States ». CITYGREEN:Nature & ; Health in Cities 01, n^o 09 (2014) : 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/s2010098114000048.

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McGlynn, Deborah, Huiting Mao, Barkley Sive et Timothy Sharac. « Understanding Long-Term Variations in Surface Ozone in United States (U.S.) National Parks ». Atmosphere 9, n^o 4 (25 mars 2018) : 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9040125.

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ITO, Taiichi. « The History of Small National Parks in the United States and its Meaings ». Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architects 54, n^o 5 (1990) : 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila1934.54.5_60.

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Huiliang, Liu. « Experience and Inspiration from Construction of United States National Parks and Gateway Communities ». Chinese Journal of Engineering Science 18, n^o 5 (2016) : 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-sscae-2016.05.014.

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Moore, Justin B., Kristyn Schuller, Angelie Cook, Yuanan Lu, Zhaokang Yuan et Jay E. Maddock. « An Observational Assessment of Park-based Physical Activity in Older Adults in Nanchang, China ». American Journal of Health Behavior 43, n^o 6 (1 novembre 2019) : 1119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.43.6.9.

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Objectives: Parks are more widely used by older adults in East Asia than in the United States. Parks are an important community asset for healthy aging; yet, little is known about park usage and features among older adults in China. Methods: The Community Park Audit Tool and the System for Observing Play and Recreation (SOPARC) were used to assess park features, PA levels and primary activities among 40,469 older adults in Nanchang, China. Results: None of the 8 parks observed had basketball courts or baseball fields and only one had a playground. Results indicated that about half of older adults were active in parks, with women, cooler temperatures, weekdays, and morning hours being related to higher levels of activity. Conclusions: Lessons from the construction of parks in China may be useful in increasing park use in older adults in western countries. Features such as exercise equipment, water features, and small exercise areas were common where western parks are often designed with features for teens and youth including basketball courts, baseball fields, and playgrounds.

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Spotswood, Erica N., Matthew Benjamin, Lauren Stoneburner, Megan M. Wheeler, Erin E. Beller, Deborah Balk, Timon McPhearson, Ming Kuo et Robert I. McDonald. « Nature inequity and higher COVID-19 case rates in less-green neighbourhoods in the United States ». Nature Sustainability 4, n^o 12 (11 octobre 2021) : 1092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00781-9.

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AbstractUrban nature—such as greenness and parks—can alleviate distress and provide space for safe recreation during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, nature is often less available in low-income populations and communities of colour—the same communities hardest hit by COVID-19. In analyses of two datasets, we quantified inequity in greenness and park proximity across all urbanized areas in the United States and linked greenness and park access to COVID-19 case rates for ZIP codes in 17 states. Areas with majority persons of colour had both higher case rates and less greenness. Furthermore, when controlling for sociodemographic variables, an increase of 0.1 in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was associated with a 4.1% decrease in COVID-19 incidence rates (95% confidence interval: 0.9–6.8%). Across the United States, block groups with lower income and majority persons of colour are less green and have fewer parks. Our results demonstrate that the communities most impacted by COVID-19 also have the least nature nearby. Given that urban nature is associated with both human health and biodiversity, these results have far-reaching implications both during and beyond the pandemic.

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