Articles de revues : « Parental emotional styles »

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Nastas, Laura-Elena, et Kincso Sala. « Adolescents’ emotional intelligence and parental styles ». Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 33 (2012) : 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.167.

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Magai, Carol, Jill Hunziker, Wilda Mesias et L. Clayton Culver. « Adult attachment styles and emotional biases ». International Journal of Behavioral Development 24, n^o 3 (septembre 2000) : 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250050118286.

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This study was designed to extend the literature on personality differences and emotion biases among individuals characterised by different attachment patterns. Sixty-three individuals ( M = 63 years) completed measures of parental child-rearing practices and trait emotion; they also completed a storytelling task and an emotion decoding task and were videotaped during an emotion induction procedure for later facial coding. Attachment patterns were assessed using a semi-structured interview and a four-category coding system. Multiple regression was applied to the data to test attachment models. Analyses based on theoretical models accounted for 23–47% of the variance in attachment patterns. Alternative, empirical models, developed on the basis of observed bivariate associations, resulted in the improvement of three models. Attachment security was associated with facial expressions of joy, the absence of love-withdrawal as a parental disciplinary style, a decoding bias favouring shame, a disinclination to route negative affect from consciousness, and low scores on negative trait emotion. Fearful avoidance was typified by facial shame, punitive parental child-rearing practices, the inclination to see anger in faces, to tell stories with approval-seeking themes, and with trait anxiety. Dismissingness was characterised by mixed or ambivalent facial activity, the tendency to see disgust in faces, and to deny anxiety and yet write projective stories revealing inner conflict. Preoccupation was predicted by parental love-withdrawal, facial disgust, fantasies of closeness and affiliation, and trait anger and depression. Findings are discussed within the context of attachment theory and contemporary concepts concerning emotional organisation.

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Salavera, Carlos, Pablo Usán et Alberto Quilez-Robres. « Exploring the Effect of Parental Styles on Social Skills : The Mediating Role of Affects ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 6 (10 mars 2022) : 3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063295.

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Parental educational styles have a significant effect in personal development. These styles (authoritative, democratic, permissive and neglectful) can be related to affects and social skills at the individual level. The study presented here, which comprised 456 participants (151 men; 33.11%), with an average age of 22.01 years (s.d. = 2.80), aimed to analyse the relationship between parental styles, affects and social skills, as well as the role played by affects in the relationship between parental style and social skills. The results suggest that the constructs under study are closely related. The most common parental style is democratic. By gender, permissive styles were more often applied to women and authoritative styles to men. No significant gender differences were found in the application of democratic and neglectful parental styles. In terms of emotional support, women were found to have higher negative affect scores and men higher emotional support scores. People with parents that use democratic and permissive styles scored higher in all variables related to affects and social skills, which challenges the notion that democratic styles are the best parental styles in terms of socialisation of children. The results of the affect and social skills scales were analysed in relation to parenting styles, indicating that children educated under a democratic parental regime tend to yield higher scores in terms of social skills than children educated under any other form of parental regime and medium scores in terms of affects. Finally, it was found that parenting styles have a direct influence on social skills, which tend to improve when affects play a mediating role between these two constructs. These results suggest that parenting styles are closely related to affects and social skills. In addition, they also suggest that affects play a mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and social skills. Finally, owing to the impact that parenting styles have on affects and social skills, more research is needed to address this issue.

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Mohamadou, Galy. « Encadrement Parental Et Developpement Emotionnel Des Adolescents Dans La Ville De Maroua, Cameroun ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, n^o 26 (30 septembre 2018) : 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p320.

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This study examines the correlation between parental supervision and emotional development among adolescents in the city of Maroua. A sample of two hundred and fifty (250) adolescents aged 11 to 19 has been selected through a simple random sampling selection. These data were subjected to the linear simple regression test. The results show that there is a correlation between parental supervision and the emotional development of adolescents. After analyzing the data collected, the hypotheses formulated on the different parental styles are: the authoritarian style (4.3%), the democratic style (3.6%), the permissive style (48%) and the careless style (4.7%), which states that parental supervision impacts on emotional development, have been confirmed. In the light of this study, it is established that what the adolescent experiences in his emotional development in the family context affects him decisively to be transposed to school and produce negative or positive effects depending on the case.

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Sun, Chen, Jihong Xu et Yuping Song. « The relationship between parenting styles and self-congruence of undergraduate students : Core self-evaluation as a mediator ». Social Behavior and Personality : an international journal 48, n^o 12 (2 décembre 2020) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9479.

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We investigated the relationships between parenting styles and children's core self-evaluation and self-congruence, and further explored the mediating effect of children's core self-evaluation in the relationship between parenting style and self-congruence. The survey participants were 385 undergraduate students at four public universities in Shandong, China. The results show that the students' perception of parental rejection and overprotection were positively correlated with their self-congruence, and that parental emotional warmth and students' core self-evaluation were negatively related to their self-congruence. Further, students' core self-evaluation partially mediated the relationship between their perception of parental overprotection/emotional warmth and their self-congruence. We determined that the mechanism of the effect of parenting styles on selfcongruence was as follows: High levels of parental overprotection or low levels of emotional warmth reduce the level of core self-evaluation of undergraduate students, which further contributes to inconsistency in their self-congruence.

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ULUSOY, Hasibe. « Parental Eating Behaviors, Feeding Styles and Related Factors ». Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11, n^o 2 (30 juin 2022) : 710–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.974557.

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The aim of this research is to examine the eating behaviors of parents and the ways in which they feed their children and to determine the related factors. The research was conducted on 274 parents and their children aged 3-6 years living in Konya between December 2019 and February 2020. Parents' eating behaviors were assessed with the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised-21 (TFEQ-Tr21) scale, thestyle of feeding their children, were asseses with the Parent’s Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ) scale. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 packageprogram. According the research results, mothers had higher scores of cognitive restriction with respect to fathers. Parents with university/graduate had higher uncontrolled eating, and emotional eatingscores. As parents' body mass index increased, their uncontrolled eating and emotional eating scores increased.As educational level increased, emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, tolerant controlled feeding scores decreased, encouraging feeding scores increased. Controlled feeding scores of parents with an only child were higher. A negative and low correlation was found between parents' uncontrolled eating behavior and tolerance-controlled feeding scores. A positive and low correlation was found between the scores of emotional feeding and instrumental feeding. A positive and low correlation was found between the emotional eating behaviors and the emotional feeding scores of the parents. As a result of the study, it was determined that the eating behaviors of the parents and the feeding styles of their children were related and the behaviors of the parents changed according to the socio-demographic characteristics. It is thought that it would be beneficial to conduct more studies on the subject, with large samples and based on measurement.

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Kaligid, Ma Theresa G., John Michael Villagorda Sasan et Mary Aianne Villegas. « The Deteriorating Effect of Poor Parental Skills on Children's Education and Mental Health ». QALAMUNA : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Agama 14, n^o 1 (6 juin 2022) : 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v14i1.1384.

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Parenting style is a psychological construct that describes how parents raise their children. This article examines the several parenting techniques used by families. Parenting techniques are becoming increasingly important in modern society. This research demonstrates the various strategies parents take when raising their children and the numerous issues with modern parenting. The core cause of most teenage mental health problems is found to be related to parenting style. Most parents employ a variety of parenting styles based on their culture and societal demands. It describes parenting styles and how they affect children's development. The impact of socioeconomic class on parenting style is also examined in the study. The results of this study are (1) parenting style can be thought of as an overall structure that represents the general emotional environment between the parent and the child; (2) Diverse civilizations have different parenting behaviors and influences; (3) Parent-child relationships allow children to develop physically, emotionally, and socially. The conclusion is parenting patterns are very influential on the growth and development of children. Family parenting has an impact on the social and emotional development of children.

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Inhulsen, Maj-Britt MR, Saskia YM Mérelle et Carry M. Renders. « Parental feeding styles, young children’s fruit, vegetable, water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and the moderating role of maternal education and ethnic background ». Public Health Nutrition 20, n^o 12 (17 juillet 2017) : 2124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001409.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the associations between parental feeding styles and children’s dietary intakes and the modifying effect of maternal education and children’s ethnicity on these associations.DesignCross-sectional study of parental feeding styles, assessed by the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire, and children’s dietary intakes. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to assess the associations between the parental feeding styles studied (‘control’, ‘emotional feeding’, ‘encouragement to eat’ and ‘instrumental feeding’) and children’s dietary intakes (consumption of fruit, vegetables, water and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)). The modifying effect of maternal education and children’s ethnicity on these associations was explored.SettingNorth-western part of the Netherlands.SubjectsChildren aged 3–7 years (n 5926).ResultsBoth ‘encouragement’ and ‘control’ were associated with higher consumption of vegetables and lower consumption of SSB, but only ‘encouragement’ was positively associated with fruit and water intakes. ‘Instrumental feeding’ showed a positive association with SSB and negative associations with fruit, vegetable and water consumption. No significant associations were found for ‘emotional feeding’. Maternal educational level and children’s ethnicity moderated some associations; for example, ‘control’ was beneficial for vegetable intake in all subgroups, whereas the association with SSB was beneficial only in highly educated mothers.ConclusionsThe study shows that both encouraging and controlling feeding styles may improve children’s dietary behaviour, while ‘instrumental feeding’ may have a detrimental effect. Furthermore, maternal educational level and children’s ethnicity influence these associations. The study’s findings could provide a basis for development of interventions to improve parental feeding styles.

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Neoh, Michelle Jin Yee, Alessandro Carollo, Andrea Bonassi, Claudio Mulatti, Albert Lee et Gianluca Esposito. « A cross-cultural study of the effect of parental bonding on the perception and response to criticism in Singapore, Italy and USA ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 9 (30 septembre 2021) : e0257888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257888.

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Parents play a primary and crucial role in emotional socialisation processes in children where individuals learn the expression, understanding and regulation of emotions. Parenting practices and dimensions of the parent-child relationship have been associated with social and emotional processes in children. As criticism involves negative emotional reactions and emotion regulation, the parent-child relationship is likely to influence an individual’s perception and response to criticism. Hence, the present study investigated the relationship of parental bonding and the perception and response to criticism in three different countries–Singapore, Italy and USA. Adult participants (n = 444) completed the Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and measures of criticism. Parental care, overprotection and country were found to be significant predictors of a tendency to perceive criticism as destructive. Higher levels of parental care predicted a lower tendency to perceive criticism as destructive while higher levels of parental overprotection predicted a higher tendency to perceive criticism as destructive. US American participants were found to have a significantly higher tendency to perceive criticism as destructive compared to Italian and Singaporean participants. The findings align with past research on the role of the parent-child relationship in the socio-emotional development of children as well as providing insight into a specific aspect in social interaction; perception and response to criticism, being affected. Future studies can look to investigate this relationship further in different countries in light of cultural variation in parenting styles and emotion experience, expression and regulation.

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Topham, Glade L., Laura Hubbs-Tait, Julie M. Rutledge, Melanie C. Page, Tay S. Kennedy, Lenka H. Shriver et Amanda W. Harrist. « Parenting styles, parental response to child emotion, and family emotional responsiveness are related to child emotional eating ». Appetite 56, n^o 2 (avril 2011) : 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.007.

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Manie Murei’ Abu Dabil Al- Qahtani, Manie Murei’ Abu Dabil Al Qahtani. « Parental treatment Styles and their relationship with social anxiety among middle school students in Jeddah : أساليب المعاملة الوالدية وعلاقتها بالقلق الاجتماعي لدى طلاب المرحلة المتوسطة بمدينة جدة ». مجلة العلوم التربوية و النفسية 6, n^o 5 (30 janvier 2022) : 136–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.m010620.

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The aim of this research is to identify the parental treatment styles and their relationship with social anxiety among intermediate school students in Jeddah, by identifying each of the social anxiety levels among intermediate school students in Jeddah, and most common the parental treatment styles among the parents of the intermediate school students in Jeddah. The research adopted the descriptive, relational approach, (The study population consisted of middle school students (third intermediate school) and applied to a sample of (109) students. Parental treatment styles scale for Al- Nefa’i (1998) and social anxiety scale for Al- Ammari (2016) were applied to sample. The research found that the most common parenting treatment style by the father and mother were: the guideline indicative style followed by the confirm power or punitive style while the love withdrawal style came in the last place, and that the social anxiety levels in general among intermediate school students in Jeddah is low, as well it found a positive significant relationship between (confirm power or punitive style) and the love withdrawal style (emotional deprivation)) by the fathers and social anxiety among middle school students in Jeddah. Also there is a positive significant relationship between (confirm power or punitive style) and the love withdrawal style (emotional deprivation)) by the mothers and social anxiety among intermediate school students in Jeddah. Based on the findings of the research, the researcher recommended that parents should make more opportunities for social interaction, communication, and social relations, and to encourage their children to express feelings of acceptance, and to encourage them to have feelings of independence, self- reliance, and freedom of expression whenever they can.

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Sorkhabi, Nadia. « Parent Socialization Effects in Different Cultures : Significance of Directive Parenting ». Psychological Reports 110, n^o 3 (juin 2012) : 854–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/10.02.17.21.pr0.110.3.854-878.

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In this article, the controversy of divergent findings in research on parental socialization effects in different cultures is addressed. Three explanations intended to address divergent findings of socialization effects in different cultures, as advanced by researchers who emphasize cultural differences, are discussed. These include cultural differences in socialization values and goals of parents, parental emotional and cognitive characteristics associated with parenting styles, and adolescents' interpretations or evaluations of their parents' parenting styles. The empirical evidence for and against each of these arguments is examined and an alternative paradigm for understanding and empirical study of developmental outcomes associated with parenting styles in different cultures is suggested. Baum-rind's directive parenting style is presented as an alternative to the authoritarian parenting style in understanding the positive developmental effects associated with “strict” parenting in cultures said to have a collectivist orientation. Directions for research on the three explanations are mentioned.

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Sundag, Johanna, Christine Zens, Leonie Ascone, Susanne Thome et Tania M. Lincoln. « Are Schemas Passed on ? A Study on the Association Between Early Maladaptive Schemas in Parents and Their Offspring and the Putative Translating Mechanisms ». Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, n^o 6 (7 mars 2018) : 738–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000073.

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Background: According to Young's schema theory, Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) arise due to the violation of core emotional needs during childhood. It seems likely that parents have difficulties in satisfying their children's emotional needs if they have high levels of EMSs themselves. Aims: This study investigated whether the extent of EMSs in parents is associated with the extent of EMSs in their offspring. Moreover, we tested for two putative mechanisms that account for this association: parental coping styles and parenting behaviour. Methods: Sixty dyads of parents (mother or father) and their adult children (N = 120), recruited from the general population, completed the Young Schema Questionnaire. The parents rated their schema coping styles and the children retrospectively rated the parenting of the participating parent. Results: As expected, parents' EMSs were significantly associated with EMSs in their offspring. This association was accounted for by the parental coping style Overcompensation and the adverse parenting that the child remembered. The parental coping style Avoidance did not account for the association. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the notion that EMSs are passed on from one generation to the next via parental coping and parenting. Our findings thus support the assumption of schema theory that EMSs are connected to the family environment in terms of adverse parenting. If further confirmed, this has relevant implications for family-based interventions.

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Arrindell, W. A., M. G. T. Kwee, G. J. Methorst, J. van der Ende, E. Pol et B. J. M. Moritz. « Perceived Parental Rearing Styles of Agoraphobic and Socially Phobic In-patients ». British Journal of Psychiatry 155, n^o 4 (octobre 1989) : 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.526.

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The perceived parental rearing practices and attitudes of agoraphobics, social phobics and non-patient normal controls were investigated, employing the EMBU, an inventory for assessing memories of upbringing. Findings obtained previously with out-patients were replicated with in-patients as subjects. Compared with the controls, agoraphobics rated both their parents as having been less emotionally warm but only their mothers as having been rejective. Socially phobic in-patients rated both their parents as having been rejective, as having lacked emotional warmth, and as having been over-protective. Comparisons between agoraphobics and social phobics showed differences in certain aspects of parental rearing, with the socially phobic in-patients assigning ratings more negatively than the agoraphobic group.

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Muñiz-Rivas, Vera et Povedano-Díaz. « Parental Style, Dating Violence and Gender ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 15 (30 juillet 2019) : 2722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152722.

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The relationship between parenting styles and teen dating violence has become a relevant research topic in recent years, especially related to violence inflicted online. To more fully understand this relationship, the objective of the present study was to examine which parenting style (authoritarian, indulgent, authoritative, or neglectful) best protects against dating violence in adolescent relationships. A total of 1132 adolescents of both sexes participated in this study (46.4% boys and 53.6% girls), with ages between 14 and 18 years old (M = 15.6, SD = 1.3). A multivariate factorial design was applied (MANOVA, 4 × 2), using the parenting style, the parents’ gender, and the adolescents’ gender as independent variables, and the dating violence dimensions (online and offline) as dependent variables. As the results show, the lowest scores on all the dating violence dimensions examined were obtained by adolescents from indulgent families. In addition, three interaction effects were observed between the mother’s parenting style and the adolescent’s gender on online violence (e-violence and control), and the father’s parenting style on offline violence (verbal-emotional). Thus, adolescents with authoritarian mothers obtained the highest scores on violence and control inflicted online, respectively, and adolescent girls with authoritarian fathers obtained the highest scores on verbal-emotional violence. These findings suggest that the indulgent style is the parenting style that protects against violence in teen dating relationships, and they also highlight the risks of the authoritarian style as a family child-rearing model.

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Shi, Zifu. « A Meta-analysis of the Relationships between Chinese Parenting Styles and Child Academic Achievement ». Best Evidence in Chinese Education 12, n^o 1 (30 septembre 2022) : 1589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/bece.22.ab009.

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This article aimed to examine the relationships between Chinese parenting styles and child academic achievement through a meta-analytical review. After literature screening, 54 studies and 793 independent effect sizes that met the inclusion criteria were incorporated into the analysis (n = 24630). According to the results of the study, positive parenting styles like “emotional warmth and understanding” had prominent beneficial effects on child academic achievement, whilst negative ones such as “punishment and harshness”, “overinvolvement and overprotection”, “preference for the subject”, “rejection and denial”) were significantly unfavorable for child academic performance. In addition, the relation between parental overinvolvement and overprotection and child academic achievement was moderated by parental roles. Children’s ages could moderate the relationships between parenting styles (except for overinvolvement and overprotection) and child academic results. The connection between parental preference for the subject and child academic achievement was moderated by disciplines. The effects of parents’ emotional warmth and understanding as well as overinvolvement and overprotection were moderated by times.

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Momeñe, Janire, Ana Estévez, Ana María Pérez-García, Javier Jiménez, María Dolores Chávez-Vera, Leticia Olave et Itziar Iruarrizaga. « El consumo de sustancias y su relación con la dependencia emocional, el apego y la regulación emocional en adolescentes ». Anales de Psicología 37, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.404671.

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El consumo de sustancias entre los adolescentes supone un grave problema social que podría relacionarse con la dependencia emocional, estilos de apego y dificultades en la regulación emocional. De esta forma, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar la relación y el papel predictivo de la dependencia emocional, apego y regulación emocional sobre el consumo de sustancias el último mes. Además, se analizaron las diferencias en función del género y edad en todas las variables del estudio. Igualmente, se comprobó el papel mediador de la regulación emocional y los estilos de apego en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y el consumo de sustancias. La muestra empleada estaba compuesta por 1.533 adolescentes escolarizados, 826 hombres y 707 mujeres con edades entre los 13 y los 22 años (M = 15.76, DT = 1.25). Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre el consumo de sustancias y la dependencia emocional. Del mismo modo, las personas consumidoras de sustancias manifestaron relaciones positivas con las dificultades de regulación emocional, así como, con los estilos de apego de permisividad parental, autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres y traumatismo infantil y relaciones negativas con la seguridad, preocupación familiar, interferencia parental y valor a la autoridad parental. Substance use among adolescents is a serious social problem that may be related to emotional dependence, attachment styles and difficulties in emotional regulation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to analyse the relationship and predictive role of emotional dependence, attachment and emotional regulation on substance use in the last month. In addition, gender and age differences were analysed in all variables of the study. The mediating role of emotional regulation and attachment styles in the relationship between emotional dependence and substance use was also verified. The sample used was made up of 1.533 schooled adolescents, 826 men and 707 women with ages ranging from 13 to 22 years (M = 15.76, SD = 1.25). The results showed a positive relationship between substance use and emotional dependence. Similarly, substance users showed positive relationships with the difficulties of emotional regulation, as well as, with the attachment styles of parental permissiveness, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents and child trauma, and negative relationships with secure attachment, family concern, parental interference and value to parental authority.

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Su, Qian, et Lina Chen. « Chinese adolescents' perceptions of parents' rearing styles : A crosstemporal meta-analysis of birth cohort changes 1994–2017 ». Social Behavior and Personality : an international journal 48, n^o 11 (4 novembre 2020) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9399.

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Social changes that may influence parents' rearing styles have impacted Chinese family structures in recent decades. In this study we examined changes in parents' rearing styles perceived by Chinese adolescents according to birth cohort. We performed a cross-temporal metaanalysis of 176 studies involving 181 data points (participant N = 86,960). The results showed that Chinese adolescents' scores on the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran Scale changed significantly from 1994 to 2017. The d values of the 11 scale dimensions of parental rearing style varied from –1.58 to 1.01, implying that the coefficient of determination varied from 1% to 38%. Chinese adolescents' perceptions of fathers' excessive interference and mothers' overprotection and excessive interference decreased over the period of the studies, and the adolescents' perceptions of mothers' emotional warmth increased. In addition, boys perceived more severe punishment and rejection from their fathers than girls did. Theoretical and practical implications of the changes of parental rearing styles over time are discussed.

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Benedetti, Elisa, Emanuela Colasante, Sonia Cerrai, Gilberto Gerra, Leonardo Tadonio, Pietro Pellegrini et Sabrina Molinaro. « Violent Behaviours among Adolescents and Young Adults : Association with Psychoactive Substance Use and Parenting Styles ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 7 (22 mars 2022) : 3756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073756.

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This study extends existing research on the relationship between psychoactive substance use among young people and violent behaviour, by evaluating the possible effect of the modification of parenting in a nationally representative sample of 14,685 Italian students drawn from the 2019 wave of the ESPAD Italia survey (51% male; mean age about 17 years). Parental dimensions considered in the study were rule-setting, monitoring, and emotional support, as well as the possible absence of a parent. Relative risk ratios and binary logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations separately for adolescents (15–17) and young adults (18–19). Overall, parental rule-setting, perceived parental monitoring, and emotional support were protective factors for substance use, and the strength of this relationship increased with the frequency of use. Among adolescents, the absence of a parent represented a risk factor. In both age groups, the odds of engaging in violent behaviour was increased among those reporting alcohol intoxication and substance use and the greater the frequency of use, the greater the increase in the odds. As parental monitoring and emotional support decreased, the odds of engaging in violent behaviour increased (except in the case of lower parental support among young adults), while the opposite applies to parental rule-setting. The odds of engaging in violent behaviour were increased among those reporting the absence of a parent only in the adolescent age group. Parental rule-setting was found to have an effect only among adolescents, increasing the odds of violent behaviour among frequent drinkers. Our results might be helpful to signal adolescents who would be more prone to adopt violent behaviour in order to target prevention policies.

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Kapoor, Srishti, Kailash Panwar et Kshitija Wason. « Psychosocial Dynamics in Attachment Styles Among Runaway Children ». Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 8, n^o 2 (29 janvier 2021) : 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300320986379.

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For a child to leave the parental umbrella is an act of rebellion, emotional hurt and physical distancing. Despite being a frequent occurrence, running away from home still remains one of the less addressed problems in India. Factors like lack of communication and attachment to parents, abuse, poverty and peer influence have a crucial role in shaping such behaviours. The present research is an exploratory study to examine these factors with a sample size of 100 runaway children (50 girls, 50 boys) residing in a non-governmental organisation in NCR, Delhi. The mean age of the sample is 14.4 years. Quantitative measures like Inventory of Parents and Peer Attachment (Greenberg, 1987; Gullone & Robinson, 2005 ), Emotional Regulation Questionnaire ( Gross & John, 2003 ), Kind of Person Implicit Theory Scale ( Dweck, 1999 ) and Satisfaction with Life Scale-Child (Gadermann et al., 2012) were used. Findings indicate a significant role of peer attachment versus parental attachment with a clear gender disparity seen in attachment styles. The repercussions of findings are immense to the rehabilitation sector with special focus on creating models of alternative care which could harness these dynamics. How models of rehabilitation could systemically harness peer attachment and create parallel edifices of emotional regulation are other aspects this research focuses upon. The study has implications for intervention-based programmes for runaways as it can help to understand their perils and make positive changes.

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Ungerer, Judy A., Brent Waters, Bryanne Barnett, Robyn Dolby, Rachelle Bouffard et Norm Kelk. « The Sydney Family Development Project : A Longitudinal Study of Children's Emotional Development in the First Three Years of Life ». Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 9, n^o 2 (novembre 1992) : 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200026638.

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ABSTRACTA longitudinal study of early emotional development is in progress in Sydney, and preliminary results from the first three years of the study are reported. Antenatal assessment of parental personality, interpersonal relationships, and parental expectations identified different habitual ways of managing negative affect. Thus far, postnatal assessment of a subsample of the infants has differentiated emotion regulation at 4 months and empathy and mother-infant attachment quality at 12 months. Coping styles to manage emotionallly distressing or challenging situations showed individual differerences. Some 4-month-old infants used an immature strategy to cope with the stress of a non-responsive mother in the Still-Face Procedure, withdrawing and engaging in arousal-containing behaviours. At 12 months of age, these infants also tended to respond with immature personal distress reactions to a videotape of a distressed peer and to demonstrate insecure attachment. Assessment of coping behaviour at 30 months in a semistructured play situation aims to determine whether earlier continuity of withdrawal and emotionall containment versus engagement and emotional coping is maintained.

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Kaloyanova, Dimitrina. « FAMILIES OF A CHILD WITH DISABILITIES : REACTIONS AND EXPERIENCES, STYLES, RELATIONSHIPS AND PARENTAL INTERVENTIONS ». Education and Technologies Journal 11, n^o 2 (1 août 2020) : 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.202.2304.

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Raising a child with a disability is a challenge for most parents. Often a range of emotions such as rejection, guilt, accusation, dissatisfaction, anger, despair pass through the parents. The article examines families raising a child with a developmental disability. Birth of a child with a disability, reactions and experiences of the parents. Groups of families with children with developmental disabilities are differentiated. Parental interventionst to improve the psycho-emotional climate in the family.

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Rocha Lopes, Daniela, Kees van Putten et Peter Paul Moormann. « The Impact of Parental Styles on the Development of Psychological Complaints ». Europe’s Journal of Psychology 11, n^o 1 (27 février 2015) : 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i1.836.

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The main aim of the present study was to test Rogers’ theory, stating that parental styles characterized by unconditional positive regard (UPR) promote healthier adults than parental styles characterized by conditional regard (CR). For both caregivers CR was found to be associated with significantly higher scores on psychological complaints than UPR (on nearly all SCL-90 scales and the SCL-total score), even when controlling for gender. Although lack of emotional warmth by the father and harsh discipline by the mother were significant predictors of SCL-90-Total (indicating state neuroticism) it should be noted that both variables only explained a small amount of the total variance. Empirical evidence was found for Rogers’ theory. Others factors than merely emotional warmth and discipline play a role in the etiology of state neuroticism. For future research it is therefore recommended to include other factors, such as daily worries, temperament, and alexithymia

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Bozdemir, Feyza, et Bülent Gündüz. « The relationships of attachment styles, parental attidues and traumatic childhood experiences with emotional intelligenceBağlanma stilleri, anne baba tutumları ve çocukluk çağı örselenme yaşantılarının duygusal zekâ ile ilişkileri ». Journal of Human Sciences 13, n^o 1 (30 mars 2016) : 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3700.

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The present research is a descriptive study and a relational survey model aiming to examine the relationships attachment styles, parental attitudes and traumatic childhood experiences with emotional intelligence. The study group is consisted of total 935 students who have been studying in different faculties of Mersin University. “Experiences in Close Relationships”, “Parental Attitude Scale”, “Childhood Trauma Questionnaire” and “Emotional Quontient Inventory” were used in the study. In the research it was observed that emotional intelligence that is dependent variation of the research related with all of the independent variations (attachment styles, parental attitudes, childhood traumatic experiences) at a meaningful level as a result of statistical analysises that are obtained from the study. As a result of regression analysis that is applied for determining the contributions of independent variations on predicting emotional intelligence, it was observed that the most important contribution comes from avoidant attachment style and the importance rate is like these: sexual abuse, democratic parents attitudes, physical abuse, emotional abuse, protective–demanding parents attitudes and anxious attachment. ÖzetBu araştırma, bağlanma stilleri, anne baba tutumları ve çocukluk çağı örselenme yaşantılarının duygusal zekâ ile ilişkilerini ortaya koymak amacıyla betimsel yöntemle yapılmış, ilişkisel tarama modelinde bir çalışmadır. Araştırmaya Mersin Üniversitesi’nin çeşitli fakültelerinde öğrenim gören, toplam 935 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada “Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri”, “Ana Baba Tutum Ölçeği”, “Çocukluk Örselenme Yaşantıları Ölçeği” ve “Duygusal Zekâ Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen istatiksel analizler sonucunda; araştırmanın bağımlı değişkeni olan duygusal zekânın, bağımsız değişkenlerin (bağlanma stilleri, anne baba tutumları, çocukluk çağı örselenme yaşantıları) tümü ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Bağımsız değişkenlerin duygusal zekâyı yordamadaki katkılarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda ise; en önemli katkının kaçınmalı bağlanma stilinden geldiği ve önem sırasının cinsel istismar, demokratik anne baba tutumu, fiziksel istismar, duygusal istismar, koruyucu-istekçi anne baba tutumu ve kaygılı bağlanma stili şeklinde devam ettiği görülmüştür.

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López-Martínez, Paula, David Montero-Montero, David Moreno-Ruiz et Belén Martínez-Ferrer. « The Role of Parental Communication and Emotional Intelligence in Child-to-Parent Violence ». Behavioral Sciences 9, n^o 12 (9 décembre 2019) : 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9120148.

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In recent years, cases of child-to-parent violence (CPV) have increased significantly, prompting greater scientific interest in clarifying its causes. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between styles of family communication (open, offensive and avoidant), emotional intelligence or EI (attention, repair and perceived emotional clarity) and CPV, taking into account the gender of the aggressors. The participants of the study were 1200 adolescents (46.86% boys) between the ages of 12 and 18 enrolled at secondary schools in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia and Valencia (M = 13.88, SD = 1.32). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA, 3 × 2) was performed with CPV and gender as independent variables and family communication styles and EI as dependent variables. The results showed that the adolescents with low CPV obtained lower scores for offensive and avoidant family communication and higher scores for both positive family communication and emotional repair. The girls scored higher than the boys in both offensive communication and perceived emotional attention. The results highlight the importance of encouraging positive communication, as well as the need to strengthen perceived emotional repair to prevent future cases of CPV.

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Carbert, Brussoni, Geller et Mâsse. « Familial Environment and Overweight/Obese Adolescents’ Physical Activity ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 14 (17 juillet 2019) : 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142558.

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(1) Background: Family environments can impact obesity risk among adolescents. Little is known about the mechanisms by which parents can influence obesity-related adolescent health behaviours and specifically how parenting practices (e.g., rules or routines) and/or their own health behaviours relate to their adolescent’s behaviours. The primary aim of the study explored, in a sample of overweight/obese adolescents, how parenting practices and/or parental modeling of physical activity (PA) behaviours relate to adolescents’ PA while examining the moderating role of parenting styles and family functioning. (2) Methods: A total of 172 parent-adolescent dyads completed surveys about their PA and wore an accelerometer for eight days to objectively measure PA. Parents completed questionnaires about their family functioning, parenting practices, and styles (authoritative and permissive). Path analysis was used for the analyses. (3) Results: More healthful PA parenting practices and parental modeling of PA were both associated with higher levels of adolescents’ self-reported moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). For accelerometer PA, more healthful PA parenting practices were associated with adolescents’ increased MVPA when parents used a more permissive parenting style. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests that parenting practices and parental modeling play a role in adolescent’s PA. The family’s emotional/relational context also warrants consideration since parenting style moderated these effects. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating parenting styles into current familial interventions to improve their efficacy.

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Gugová, Gabriela Rozvadský. « Styles of attachment determined by the slovak version of sembu ». Acta Educationis Generalis 8, n^o 2 (1 août 2018) : 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/atd-2018-0014.

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Abstract Introduction: The theory of attachment is widely recognized (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). This theory is based on four basic types of relationships. The sEMBU questionnaire does not focus on the relationships but parental behavior, however, parental behavior is the presentation of the relationship. Our goal was to determine the types of attachment and to obtain information about secure attachment by using cluster analysis. Methods: sEMBU primarily finds out about three basic patterns used in parental behaviour - rejection, emotional warmth and overprotection. We used the 23-item s(short)-EMBU which previously demonstrated to be satisfactory on the samples of students from Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, East-Germany, and Sweden (Arrindell et al., 2001). The Slovak translation of the original sEMBU was published in 2007 (Poliaková, Mojžišová, & Hašto, 2007). Since relationships are closely related to rejection, emotional warmth and overprotection, we tried to find behavioral patterns based on Bowlby’s attachment theory. We did not use standard procedures. Using cluster analysis, we also sorted the sample into four groups based on the presupposed attachment styles. Results: Overprotection (father) has the highest share for classification and differentiation in the cluster. Emotional warmth (mother) has the highest share for classification and differentiation in the cluster. We expected to find out that the secure type of attachment prevails over avoidance both in mothers and fathers. Conclusions: Our results surprised us; in the case of mothers, secure attachment did not occur at all. We suggest to continue in the research of the Slovak version of sEMBU focused on the types of attachment, especially on the secure type of attachment.

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Uchendu, Chiamaka Pamela. « Effect of Parenting Styles on Emotional Adjustment of Children in Secondary School in Nnewi South of Anambra State, Nigeria ». International Journal of Home Economics, Hospitality and Allied Research 1, n^o 2 (18 décembre 2022) : 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.57012/ijhhr.v1n2.003.

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This study looked into how parenting styles affected secondary school-aged children's emotional adjustment. It specifically referred to the senior and junior secondary schools in the Anambra state's Nnewi South LGA. Based on pertinent literature, two research questions were developed. The various parenting philosophies, as well as self-concept and emotional adjustment, were examined. Senior and junior secondary school students that responded to the survey. Six secondary schools were sampled, and the results were utilized to identify the responders. The questionnaires used as the investigation's tool received responses from 180 boys and girls. The survey asks for personal information like gender and details on parenting practices and emotional adjustment. The study's results also showed that there is only a tenuous connection between parental parenting practices and secondary school students' emotional adjustment. This indicates that changes in parenting practices are not connected to changes in the emotional adjustment of teenagers. Additionally, there is no statistically significant relationship between parenting styles and secondary school children's emotional adjustment. The study's recommendations for parents include making sure that the parenting style they employ for their youngsters will aid in the development of healthy emotional adjustment and allowing the school counselor to start a program that will assist students in creating positive emotional self-concept.

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Sahithya, BR, et Vijaya Raman. « Parenting Style, Parental Personality, and Child Temperament in Children with Anxiety Disorders—A Clinical Study from India ». Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 43, n^o 5 (1 février 2021) : 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620973376.

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Background: Anxiety disorders are common in children and contribute to adverse developmental outcomes. Although etiological models of child anxiety have identified various environmental factors, very few studies in India have examined these factors in children presenting with anxiety disorders. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine parenting styles, parental personality, and child temperament in children with anxiety disorders in an Indian outpatient setting. Methods: In total, 42 children with anxiety disorders and 42 typically developing children, matched on age and gender, were screened using Child Behavior Checklist, Color Progressive Matrices, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders Parent version. Their parents were screened using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0, following which they filled the questionnaires for parenting styles, parent personality, and child temperament. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups on parenting style, parent personality, and child temperament. Anxiety disorder was positively associated with the father’s permissiveness and negatively with the mother’s authoritativeness and child’s sociability. A combination of parenting styles and child temperament explained 69% of the variances in child anxiety disorders. There were significant associations between parental personality, child temperament, and parenting style. Parent and child characteristics explained 14%–46% of the variances in parenting styles. Conclusion: Results of this study are generally consistent with Western studies outlining the influence of child temperament and parenting styles on child outcome and have important implications for clinical management of anxiety disorders.

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Musitu-Ferrer, Daniel, Celeste León-Moreno, Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo, Macarena Esteban-Ibáñez et Gonzalo Musitu-Ochoa. « Relationships between Parental Socialization Styles, Empathy and Connectedness with Nature : Their Implications in Environmentalism ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 14 (11 juillet 2019) : 2461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142461.

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Parents exert a strong influence on several adjustment outcomes. However, little is known about their influence on adolescents’ connectedness with the environment. This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, empathy and connectedness with the environment. The two-dimensional socialization model was used with four resulting styles: Indulgent, authoritative, neglectful and authoritarian. The sample comprised 797 adolescents (52.7% girls) from six public secondary schools who were aged between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.94, SD = 1.28). The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, empathy and connectedness with nature. It was also observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed higher levels of empathy and connectedness with the environment than adolescents raised by authoritarian and neglectful parents, with males from such families consistently presenting the lowest levels of empathy and connectedness, which was not the case among women. Additionally, women, regardless of the parental style in which they had been educated, showed greater cognitive and emotional empathy with the natural environment, while adolescents raised in indulgent and authoritative families displayed higher levels of empathy and connectedness than those with authoritarian and neglectful parents. These results suggest that indulgent and authoritative styles are stronger enablers of empathy and connectedness with nature.

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Blanch, Angel, et Anton Aluja. « Personality and Job Stress : A Comparison of Direct Effects on Parenting ». Spanish journal of psychology 14, n^o 2 (novembre 2011) : 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.15.

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The impact of personality and job characteristics on parental rearing styles was compared in 353 employees. Hypotheses concerning the relationships between personality and job variables were formulated in accordance with findings in past research and the Belsky's model (1984). Structural equation nested models showed that Aggression-hostility, Sociability and job Demand were predictive of Rejection and Emotional Warmth parenting styles, providing support for some of the hypothesized relationships. The findings suggest a well-balanced association of personality variables with both parenting styles: Aggression-Hostility was positively related to Rejection and negatively to Emotional Warmth, whereas Sociability was positively related to Emotional Warmth and negatively related to Rejection. Personality dimensions explained a higher amount of variance in observed parenting styles. However, a model that considered both, personality and job dimensions as antecedent variables of parenting was the best representation of observed data, as both systems play a role in the prediction of parenting behavior.

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Todorovic, Jelisaveta. « Parental styles and the stability of self-esteem in adolescence ». Psihologija 37, n^o 2 (2004) : 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0402183t.

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Relationship between parents and children is significantly important for the forming of identity and its affective component of self-esteem. High and stable self-esteem is being developed in certain family conditions through parental influences to which a child is exposed within a family. In this research the results of a role of different parental styles have been presented in forming of stable self-esteem in adolescents. The research has been done in eight secondary school in Nis. The sample was done on N=280 pupils with Global Self-Esteem Rosenberg's scale, and EMBU parental styles scale of Perris-Arrindell's version. This research has shown that stable self-esteem in adolescents is being connected to mother?s emotional warmth and acceptance through the process of parenting. Unstable self-evaluations are connected to inconsistency and overprotection, while rejection leads to stable, but low self-evaluations.

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Amgain, Ganesh. « Cool Parent Syndrome ; Redefining Cool ». Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, n^o 1 (11 décembre 2019) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v1i1.12.

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Parenting style also called parental behaviour is the way parents generally relate to their children.1 It is the overall emotional climate in which parents raise their children. It has been divided into four different categories; Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive and Uninvolved. Experts recommend parents to follow authoritative parenting styles to the most effective one. But in Nepalese context, authoritarian parenting style runs among the families. Researches have shown that Nepalese parenting style could not be incorporated into a single parenting style as suggested by Baumrind.2 Present day’s parents in Nepalese context, with all the education and modernization, not setting clear rules for the children, and provision of more than enough freedom is found to be cool. Most of the parenting studies only find the correlation between parenting styles and outcomes rather than cause and effect. That’s why, rather than sticking to the specific type of parenting style or be cool with them, it’s crucial to take time and be able to connect to them and address the needs of the children. Keywords: Parenting styles, Cool Parents, Cool Parent Syndrome

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Guijarro Gallego, Alba, Antonia Martínez Pérez, Visitación Fernández Fernández, Mavi Alcántara-López et Maravillas Castro Sáez. « Life satisfaction in adolescents : relationship with parental style, peer attachment and emotional intelligence ». Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology 19, n^o 53 (1 avril 2021) : 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v19i53.3425.

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Introduction. Theory and research support the idea that subjective well-being (positive / negative affect and life satisfaction) is a substantial construct in understanding psychological well-being and mental health. The relevance of life satisfaction in variables affecting psychological well-being has been studied. Life satisfaction in adolescents and its association with sex, age, parental educational styles, peer attachment and emotional intelligence was researched. Groups were compared according to degree of life satisfaction and its relationship with these variables. Method. The sample was composed of 285 secondary school students (49.8% male), average age 15.09 years (12 to 19), and self-report measures of variables were applied to be analyzed: Satisfaction with Life Scale-Child (SWLS-C), Parental Educational Style of Adolescents, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) y Trait Meta-Mood-Scale-48 (TMMS-48). Results. Results showed a significant high level of satisfaction among adolescents. A significant higher score among boys compared to girls was confirmed, as in the younger compared to older. Correlations were statistically significant between life satisfaction and all dimensions from Parental Educational Style analyzed, except Behavioral Control; with Alienation and Confidence of Peer Attachment; and with Emotional Intelligence Clarity and Repair, as well as statistically significant differences among satisfaction groups in 12 of the 19 variables analyzed. Discussion and Conclusion. Promoting life satisfaction in adolescents is increasingly relevant, due to the role it may play in achieving good psychological adjustment, thus contributing to the promotion and prevention of mental health.

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Nguyen, Quynh-Anh N., Thach D. Tran, Tu-Anh Tran, T. A. Nguyen et Jane Fisher. « Perceived Parenting Styles and Emotional Intelligence Among Adolescents in Vietnam ». Family Journal 28, n^o 4 (22 janvier 2020) : 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480719896558.

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Emotional intelligence (EI) has a significant role in psychological well-being and is affected by parenting styles. There is no evidence about this relationship in countries with the impact of Confucianism and feudalism, in which parents use authoritarian caregiving to foster their children. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between parenting styles and EI among Vietnamese adolescents. This is a cross-sectional school survey using multilevel regression analyses controlling for potential confounders and school cluster effects. The principal data sources were the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire—Adolescent Short Form, which has been translated into Vietnamese, and the locally validated Parental Bonding Instrument, which assesses three main parenting styles: warmth, overprotectiveness, and authoritarianism. Results from 1,593 students revealed that boys had significantly higher overall EI, Well-Being, and Self-Control subscale scores than girls. The warmth of parents during childhood was associated with higher EI, while overprotectiveness and authoritarianism from mothers were associated with lower EI among adolescents. This study supports the impact of parenting styles on EI. The warmth and care from both mother and father will benefit the emotional development of their children in Vietnam.

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Tahir, Rameen, et Shaista Jabeen. « Parenting Styles and Psychological Well-Being : The Role of Emotional Intelligence ». Journal of Professional & ; Applied Psychology 3, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v3i3.119.

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Parents are one of the most important relations in a child’s life. Other relationships, experiences and skills can also significantly impact children. One of these is ability of emotional intelligence, a learned skill. This research aimed to investigate whether emotional intelligence predicts psychological well-being in young adults better than their perceived parenting styles. In a survey of 240 undergraduate students of Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore (having both parents alive in their childhood) were included in the sample. Parental Authority Questionnaire, Schutte’s Self-report Emotional Intelligence Test and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale, were used to assess the parenting styles, ability of emotional intelligence and psychological well-being respectively. Although maternal (r= -.271) and paternal (r= -.230) authoritarianism and maternal authoritativeness (r= .145) significantly correlated with psychological well-being, emotional intelligence (r= .336) was the only significant predictor of psychological well-being and contributed to 10.5% unique variance. This has significant implications for researchers and practitioners planning interventions to improve psychological well-being of young adults. Further, recommendations and future directions have been discussed.

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Žukauskienė, R., O. Malinauskienė et R. Erentaitė. « TĖVŲ AUKLĖJIMO STILIAUS IR EMOCINIO INTELEKTO SĄSAJOS SU VYRESNIŲJŲ PAAUGLIŲ SAVIVEIKSMINGUMU BEI SAVIVERTE PAGAL LYTĮ ». Psichologija 44 (1 janvier 2011) : 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2011.44.2550.

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Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamos prognostinės tėvų auklėjimo stiliaus ir paauglių emocinio intelekto galimybės numatyti savivertę ir saviveiksmingumą paauglystėje atskirai vaikinams ir merginoms. Analizei naudoti duomenys iš tęstinio Klaipėdos apskrities mokyklose atliekamo vyresniųjų klasių mokinių tyrimo. Tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 1028 mokiniai, kurių amžius 16–18 metų (M = 16,29; SD = 0,93), iš jų 624 merginos ir 404 vaikinai. Šiame straipsnyje naudojama 2008–2009 m. surinkta informacija apie paauglių savivertę (RSE: Rosenberg Self–Esteem scale, Rosenberg, 1965), tėvų auklėjimo stilių (EMBU: Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran, Arrindell et al., 1994), paauglių emocinį intelektą (ESCQ-45: Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire, Takšić et al., 2009) ir saviveiksmingumą (GSE: Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad merginos turi aukštesnį bendrą emocinį intelektą (ir didesnius visus emocinio intelekto rodiklių įverčius) nei vaikinai; merginų ir vaikinų saviveiksmingumas nesiskiria, tačiau vaikinai pasižymi didesne saviverte nei merginos. Abu tėvai emocinę šilumą, kaip auklėjimo stilių, dažniau naudoja, kai šeimoje auga duktė, o tėvas (bet ne motina) dažniau naudoja atstūmimą, kai šeimoje auga sūnus. Labiausiai su emocinio intelekto rodikliais yra susijusi tėvų emocinė šiluma, tačiau svarbūs ir kiti tėvų auklėjimo stiliai, kurių sąsajos su paauglių emociniu intelektu priklauso ir nuo tėvų, ir nuo vaiko lyties. Apibendrinant galima teigti, kad vaikinų ir merginų saviveiksmingumą ir merginų savivertę numatyti leidžia tik emocinis intelektas, o vaikinų savivertę – dar ir tėvo emocinė šiluma.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: tėvų auklėjimo stilius, emocinis intelektas, savivertė, saviveiksmingumas, paauglystė.Effects of parenting styles and emotional intelligence on self-efficacy and self-esteem in late adolescence: gender differencesŽukauskienė R., Malinauskienė O., Erentaitė R. SummaryPrevious studies have found that parenting styles predict childrens’ emotional intelligence, i.e., their ability to perceive, express and manage their emotions. Parenting styles were also found to predict the self-efficacy and self-esteem of adolescents. Despite a high interest in the effects of parenting on the emotional charateristics and adjustment indicators of adolescents, researchers have rarely analysed the effects of gender on these links. Previous data suggest that adolescent boys have a higher self-esteem as compared with girls, while findings on gender differences in emotional intelligence are mixed. Moreover, some effects of the interaction between parents’ and adolescents’ gender have been found significant when predicting the adjustment of adolescents. The present study explores the way in which parenting styles and adolescents’ emotional intelligence (perception and understanding of emotions, expression and labeling of emotions, and managing and regulating emotions) predict the self-esteem and self-efficacy of adolescent boys and girls. Data for this analysis were taken from a longitudinal study in high schools of the Klaipėda region. The sample consisted of 1028 adolescents (624 girls and 404 boys) aged 16 to 18 (M = 16.29, SD = 0.93). The participants filled in the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSE, Rosenberg, 1965), parenting styles questionnaire (EMBU: Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran, Arrindell et al., 1994), the Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ-45, Takšić et al, 2009), and the Generalized Self-efficacy Scale (GSE, Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995). The results revealed significant gender effects: girls scored higher on all subscales of emotional intelligence (perception and understanding, expression and labeling, and managing and regulating emotions), including the total emotional intelligence score. In line with the previous studies, self-efficacy did not differ by gender, but boys had a higher self-esteem as compared with girls. Both parents showed more emotional warmth to their daughters, while fathers (but not mothers) showed more rejection towards their sons. Of all parenting styles, parental emotional warmth had the strongest links with the emotional intelligence of adolescent girls and boys. The other links between parenting styles and adolescents’ emotional intelligence were gender-dependent in both parents and adolescents. Self-esteem and self-efficacy in adolescents were strongly predicted by their emotional intelligence scores, whereas parenting styles (father’s emotional warmth) were only important in predicting boys’ self-esteem.Key words: parenting styles, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, self-efficacy, adolescence.

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Rodenburg, Gerda, Stef PJ Kremers, Anke Oenema et Dike van de Mheen. « Associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting ». Public Health Nutrition 17, n^o 5 (26 mars 2013) : 960–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000712.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine cross-sectional and longitudinal (one-year follow-up) associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting, taking into account the multidimensionality of the controlling feeding style.DesignLinear regression analyses were performed. Parents completed a questionnaire to measure five feeding style dimensions (Instrumental Feeding, Emotional Feeding, Encouragement, Overt Control and Covert Control) and children's fruit, energy-dense snack and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intakes. Children's height and weight were measured to calculate their BMI Z-scores. Moderation by parenting style was tested by adding interaction terms to the regression analyses.SettingObservational study in the Netherlands.SubjectsParent–child dyads (n 1275) participating in the INPACT (IVO Nutrition and Physical Activity Child cohorT) study; children were (on average) 9 years of age.ResultsInstrumental Feeding and Emotional Feeding were negatively related to child fruit intake one year later and positively to (changes in) child energy-dense snack intake. Encouragement was negatively related to child energy-dense snacking and SSB intake one year later. Overt Control was cross-sectionally and prospectively related to (changes in) child energy-dense snacking and SSB intake in a negative direction. Covert Control showed similar associations with child energy-dense snacking and SSB intake as Overt Control. Although Covert Control was also positively related to child fruit intake and (changes in) child BMI Z-score, bootstrapping analyses revealed only a differential effect of Overt Control and Covert Control on child BMI Z-score one year later, with Covert Control displaying a stronger, positive association. Moderation analyses showed that some significant associations between parental feeding styles and outcome measures were dependent on the degree of psychological control and behavioural control.ConclusionsInstrumental Feeding and Emotional Feeding may have a detrimental impact on children's snacking behaviour, while Encouragement, Overt Control and Covert Control may lead to less energy-dense snacking and less SSB intake. Overt Control and Covert Control have differential effects on child BMI Z-score one year later, which supports the idea that they should be treated as separate constructs. Prospective studies with a longer follow-up may elucidate the causal pathways between the various feeding styles and children's snacking behaviour and weight, as well as the moderating influences of psychological and behavioural control.

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González-Olmo, María José, Ana Ruiz-Guillén, María Moya-López, Martín Romero-Maroto et María Carrillo-Díaz. « The Influence of Parenting Styles on Eating Behavior and Caries in Their Children : A Cross-Sectional Study ». Children 9, n^o 6 (17 juin 2022) : 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060911.

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The type of parenting style influences the way children cope with problems and can create states of anxiety that can even alter their eating habits, which can cause problems in their oral health. The present study aimed to find out which parenting style is more favorable for the oral health of their children. In this cross-sectional study, 186 children (aged 8–15 years) were examined to assess the mean Decayed/Missing/Filled teeth (DMFT + dmft) index, and they were asked to complete the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Parenting Style Scale, and questions about their oral hygiene habits. On the other hand, their parents answered the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire and the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that a worse oral health status was associated with a higher state of anxiety, more overeating, more emotional eating, and higher psychological control. A higher rate of missing teeth was associated with increased undereating and overeating. Emotional eating was positively related to psychological control. State of anxiety, overeating, and parental psychological control predicted 24.6% of DMFT + dmft. In addition, emotional eating had a moderating effect in DMFT + dfmt only in those with low levels of affection and communication. In conclusion, high psychological control and low levels of parental affection and communication will increase the state of anxiety in children, influencing their caries rate.

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Aymerich, María, Gonzalo Musitu et Francisco Palmero. « Family Socialisation Styles and Hostility in the Adolescent Population ». Sustainability 10, n^o 9 (21 août 2018) : 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10092962.

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The affective involvement of parents in the socialization of their children is fundamental for the proper psychological and emotional adjustment of adolescents, although we know that it is difficult to study. In this research, the relationship between parenting style and hostility was analysed in Spanish adolescents. Five-hundred and thirty-six adolescents participated in this study (53.7% males and 46.3% females), between the ages of 12 and 18 (M = 15.76, SD = 1.43), enrolled in 4 compulsory Secondary Education centers of the Castellon province. Family socialization was evaluated through the parental styles: authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and negligent, and hostility, through the Cook–Medley Hostility Scale Criteria assessment. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that hostility and compound hostility are higher in adolescents from authoritarian and authoritative families than in adolescents from indulgent families. It was also observed that the Mother’s Strictness/Imposition had the greatest effect on hostility, as well as a low acceptance/involvement of the father. Regarding parental styles, it was observed that mother’s deprivation, physical coercion, and mother’s verbal coercion were the greatest predictors of hostility. No differences were observed depending on the gender.

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Mathews, S., J. Onwumere, S. Bissoli, M. Ruggeri, E. Kuipers et L. Valmaggia. « Measuring attachment and parental bonding in psychosis and its clinical implications ». Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25, n^o 2 (19 décembre 2014) : 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796014000730.

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Background.Attachment theory proposes that psychological functioning and affect regulations are influenced by the attachment we form with others. Early relationships with parents or caregivers lay the foundations for attachment styles. These styles are proposed to influence how we relate to others during our life can be modified by the relationships and events we experience in our lifespan. A secure attachment style is associated with a capacity to manage distress, comfort with autonomy and the ability to form relationships with others, whereas insecure attachment can lead to dysfunctional relationships, emotional and behaviour avoidance. Attachment theory provides a useful framework to inform our understanding of relationship difficulties in people with psychosis. This paper aims to complement recent systematic reviews by providing an overview of attachment theory, its application to psychosis, including an understanding of measurement issues and the clinical implications offered.Method.A narrative review was completed of the measures of attachment and parental bonding in psychosis. Its clinical implications are also discussed. The paper also explores the link between insecure attachment styles and illness course, social functioning and symptomatology. The following questions are addressed: What are the key attachment measures that have been used within the attachment and psychosis literature? What are the results of studies that have measured attachment or parental bonding in psychosis and what clinical implications can we derive from it? What are some of the key questions for future research from these findings in relation to the onset of psychosis research field?Results.The most commonly used measures of attachment in psychosis research are reviewed. Self-report questionnaires and semi-structured interviews have mainly been used to examine attachment styles in adult samples and in recent years comprise a measure specifically developed for a psychosis group. The review suggests that insecure attachment styles are common in psychosis samples. Key relationships were observed between insecure, avoidant and anxious attachment styles and psychosis development, expression and long-term outcome.Conclusions.Attachment theory can provide a useful framework to facilitate our understanding of interpersonal difficulties in psychosis that may predate its onset and impact on observed variability in outcomes, including treatment engagement. Greater attention should be given to the assessment of attachment needs and to the development of interventions that seek to compensate for these difficulties. However, further investigations are required on specifying the exact mechanisms by which specific attachment styles impact on the development of psychosis and its course.

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Vasilenko, V. E., et N. A. Sergunicheva. « Family Predictors оf Older Preschoolers' Interpersonal Emotional Competence ». Консультативная психология и психотерапия 27, n^o 4 (2019) : 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2019270403.

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We studied family factors of older preschoolers’ interpersonal emotional competence, including 3 components: emotional identification, empathy, and expression. Sample: 80 mother-child dyads, 38 boys and 42 girls 5—6-years-old from Saint Petersburg. More mature parenting styles (sufficiency of demands, obligations with a low degree of prohibitions and sanctions, and lack of child infantilization), well-being in the mother-child emotional interaction (positive feelings and emotions in the interaction, and the mother’s ability to influence to the child state), and actual family cohesion have a positive impact on the development of preschoolers’ interpersonal emotional competence. At the same time, compensatory mechanisms in the formation of both the cognitive and affective-behavioral components were found. Thus, the parameters of emotional identification and expression can develop better in the case when the mother gives less feedback to the child (lacks understanding of the causes of the child´s state, doesn’t show her parental feelings so clearly, and is less acceptive of her maternal role).

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Sumargi, Agnes Maria, Eli Prasetyo et Benedicta Winona Ardelia. « PARENTING STYLES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON CHILD PROBLEM BEHAVIORS ». Jurnal Psikologi 19, n^o 3 (15 septembre 2020) : 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jp.19.3.269-285.

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Managing child problem behaviors as early as possible is crucial. Several studies have shown the impact of parenting on child problem behavior; however, the studies did not investigate the influence of paternal and maternal parenting on child behavior separately. This study aimed to test the effect of mothers’ and fathers’ authoritative and authoritarian parenting on child problem behavior. Furthermore, this study examined the influence of family adjustment on parenting styles. Participants were 105 pairs of parents (fathers and mothers). They completed a set of questionnaires assessing their parenting styles, child problem behavior, and family adjustment. Multiple regression analyses resulted in a significant effect of mothers’ authoritative parenting on child emotional problems, as well as significant effects of fathers’ authoritative and authoritarian parenting on child behavioral problems. Another key finding was that parental teamwork predicted the effectiveness of parenting.

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Lachowska, Bogusława. « Conflict styles and outcomes in parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent family satisfaction ». Polish Journal of Applied Psychology 14, n^o 1 (1 mars 2016) : 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0051.

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Abstract In my article I identified the meaning of conflict in parent-adolescent relationship for adolescent family satisfaction. It was found that family satisfaction is positively related to seeking compromise by the parents, as well as being negatively related to parental aggression. Adolescent satisfaction is higher when conflicts with the father more often result in improving their relationship (intimacy), and when conflicts with the mother end less frequently with escalation and frustration. A significant parental behavioral role in conflict with the adolescent was confirmed; however, the strongest predictor of adolescent family satisfaction is in seeking compromise by the father. In accordance with Steinberg’s emotional distancing hypothesis, with the adolescent’s age family satisfaction was found to decrease, and conflicts escalated and frustration in mother-adolescent relationship increased.

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Garcia, Fernando, Emilia Serra, Oscar Garcia, Isabel Martinez et Edie Cruise. « A Third Emerging Stage for the Current Digital Society ? Optimal Parenting Styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 13 (2 juillet 2019) : 2333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132333.

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We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third stage for optimal parent–child relationships through the offspring’s personal and social well-being, with four adolescent samples from 11 to 19 years old (52.2% girls) from Spain (n = 689), the United States (n = 488), Germany (n = 606), and Brazil (n = 672). The offspring’s personal well-being was measured through self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), while social well-being was measured with the internalization of self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation values (security, conformity, and tradition). The parent–child parenting style was measured through parental warmth and strictness, and the adolescents’ parents were classified into one of four groups (indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and neglectful). Remarkably, the greatest personal well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth and lower parental strictness (i.e., indulgent), and the greatest social well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth (i.e., indulgent and authoritative; p < 0.05 for all countries). Consistently, poorer personal well-being and social well-being were associated with less parental warmth (i.e., authoritarian and neglectful). Findings suggest that the parent–child relationships analyzed have a common pattern associated with personal and social well-being that coincide with a proposed third stage.

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UKA, Valbona, et Hanife BERISHA. « The Influence of Parenting Styles on Social Behavior and Competence in Function of Student Learning Success ». PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 3, n^o 3 (26 décembre 2019) : 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v3i3.123.

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Styles of parenting create different social environments in the lives of children inside the home. The main purpose of this research is to find out the existence of a relationship between parenting, emotional control, prosocial behavior, and student success in learning. The study included a sample of 200 subjects from two low public secondary schools in Kaçanik, 51% female and 49% male. Participants were 15 years of age (28 teenagers), 16 (51 teenagers), 17 (21 teenagers). The tests used in this research are: a question about parenting styles that is standardized for use in our country and a question about social competence. The results showed an authoritative parental stature with 50% of the parents, followed by the indifferent style of 27%, the authoritative style with 14%, and the liberal style with 9% of the polled ones. Regarding social competence, dominates the average level of social maturity by 62%, followed by high social maturity by 24% and low social maturity by 14% of adolescent sample. The feminine gender of adolescents exhibits higher emotional control versus the male gender of adolescents with less emotional control than that of the female gender. There is a significant difference in the appearance of prosocial behaviors according to the level of success. It was also found that there is a statistically significant difference between the level of emergence of social competence deriving from the sex of the subject in this research, then the feminine gender of the adolescents exhibits higher emotional control in spite of the age-old gender, there is a significant difference in the appearance of prosocial behaviors according to the level of success, as well as the 16-year-old show higher levels of prosocial behavior despite 15 and 17 year-olds in this research. This study puts emphasis on parents awareness and psycho-education on positive parenting strategies for the growth of healthy children with a sense of autonomy and confidence. Keywords: Parenting Styles, Social competence, Students, Social behavior, Success

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GÜLLER, Barış, et Ferhat YAYLACI. « İletişim bozukluğu tanılı çocuklarda duygusal davranışsal sorunlar, ebeveyn tutum özellikleri, ebeveyn stres düzeyi ve ilişkili faktörlerin sağlıklı kontrollerle karşılaştırılması ». Cukurova Medical Journal 47, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 1154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1125720.

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Purpose: We aimed to compare emotional and behavioral problems, parental attitude characteristics, and the risk of parental anxiety and depression between children diagnosed with a communication disorder and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 children diagnosed with a communication disorder in the psychiatric evaluation according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and their parents were included in the communication disorder group, whereas 105 children who presented to the outpatient clinics other than child psychiatry and were not diagnosed with a communication disorder, and their parents formed the control group. Sociodemographic Data Form, Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale (CAPES-TR), The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Form (PSDQSF), and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) were filled in by the parents. Results: Psychiatric comorbidity was found in 27.3% of the children in the communication disorder group, with the most common diagnoses being Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (n=17, 15.5%) and Conduct disorder (n=4, 3.6%). CAPES-TR child adjustment total difficulty score and the mean scores of emotional problems and behavioral problems were higher in the communication disorder group. The mean CAPES-TR parental self-efficacy score was lower in the communication disorder group. In the communication disorder group, democratic parenting attitudes were lower , whereas authoritarian and permissive parenting attitudes were higher. HAD-D mean score was higher in the communication disorder group. Conclusion: Our study provides essential information such as an increase in emotional and behavioral problems, more authoritarian or permissive parenting attitudes, a decrease in parental self-efficacy, an increased risk of depression in parents in the presence of communication disorder, and studies that deal with these areas together are limited in the literature. Our findings will contribute to the literature regarding the assessment and planning of appropriate intervention programs for factors that are not only child-focused but also related to parental mental health and parenting skills in the presence of communication disorders.

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Avramchuk, Oleksandr, et Oleksandra Nizdran. « PARENTAL MODELS OF BEHAVIOR AS A FACTOR OF VULNERABILITY TO SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER : A LITERATURE REVIEW ». PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 8, n^o 2 (28 février 2022) : 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2022.8.2.6.

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Individuals characterize a social anxiety disordered by individuals to fear social situations in which they anticipate negative evaluations. The impact of social anxiety, as one of the widespread mental health disorders, characterize by onset at an early age and affecting functioning in various domains of life and general wellbeing. The aim of the article was to conduct a review of scientific data devoted to parental behavior patterns and emotional response to the child in the process of socialization on the pathogenesis of social phobia. It was found that the results of empirical studies considered the pathogenesis of social anxiety and social phobia in the context of neurobiological vulnerability, psychological aspects of attachment, social learning models, and cognitive-behavioral models. The analysis of recent research points out that parental styles, relationship support, and emotional response can be factors of vulnerability to mental pathology and social anxiety disorder. Summing up, three paths of were realizing the influence of parental models of behavior on the development of persistent distress due to social phobia as an independent disorder are distinguished. The first considers the mutual vulnerability of the emotional response to parents' anxiety signals in the relationship with the child, which increases the tendency to behavioral inhibition or avoidance of the child's emotional experience during social interaction. The second path considers social phobia as the result of social learning parental patterns of emotional response and behavior. These links mediated by the child's low self-esteem, avoidant strategies and controlling parenting style as a protective strategy on the part of significant others. The third model considers the impact of social punishment or other socially traumatic experiences in the relationship with parents or the community (as models of parental image). According to such a strategy, a state of hypervigilance to social evaluation and avoiding behavior strategies bring temporary relief against retraumatization due to "punishment." These strategies reinforce dysfunctional cognitive and behavioral patterns that impair social efficacy and strengthen the fear of rejection through condemnation or devaluation in the long term. The obtained results will make it possible to expand the conceptual model of the pathogenesis of social phobia, which will contribute to the provision of psychosocial assistance and substantiate the need for further empirical research.

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Akhter, Tehseen, Muhammad Amir Hashmi et Elizabeth Shad. « Effect of Parenting Styles on Student Performance among Secondary School Students in District Lahore ». Global Educational Studies Review VII, n^o II (30 juin 2022) : 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(vii-ii).39.

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The present study aims to investigate the association of parenting style and academic performance in school students. The sample comprised of district Lahore school students. Parent were recruited from different rural and urban areas of Lahore district. Students were asked to report information about both mother and father. The scales to study variables were used as parent burnout assessment (PBA), Emotional regulation questionnaire (EQR), Parenthood constellation (PCON),Cor parental cooperation (COP), Parent violence and neglect (PVIO), to observe parent’s attitude towards student performance. Anova and t-test have been applied to test hypothesis to find out significant relationship between parenting style and student’s academic performance. Findings indicate that parenting style is the significant predictor of academic performance. Further study found that there is significant relationship between parenting styles of mother with student performance but there is different between parenting style of mothers and fathers.

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Korz, Vanessa, Maira M. Kremer, Deisi Maria Vargas et Carlos R. O. Nunes. « Cow’s milk protein allergy, quality of life and parental style ». Journal of Human Growth and Development 31, n^o 1 (28 avril 2021) : 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v31.11077.

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Introduction: Cow’s milk protein allergy requires changes in family habits to maintain children’s health. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of cow’s milk protein allergy on the health of children, the quality of life of parents and children, and the adopted parental styles. Methods: Control case study. The case group consisted of children with cow’s milk protein allergy, from eight months to five years old, and those guardians, and the Control Group, for healthy children of the same age group, and their parents. The quality of life of the child (TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life) and the caregiver (SF-36) were evaluated; parental style (Parental Beliefs and Care Practices Scale); and socioeconomic and health data of the child. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups (p <0.05). Results: 76 dyads from the case group and 44 from the control group participated. Children with cow’s milk protein allergy had a lower quality of life in the health dimension, worse nutritional status, followed up with a larger number of health professionals. Those in charge of the case group offered less body stimulation to the children. Those in the control group had a lower quality of emotional life. Conclusions: Cow’s milk protein allergy had an impact on the health and nutritional status of children, on the corporal stimulation received by the children, and on the quality of emotional life of those guardians.

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