Thèses sur le sujet « Parasites – Écologie »
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Ibikounle, Moudachirou. « Les Schistosomoses au Bénin : épidémiologie et écologie des interactions hôte-parasite ». Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0706.
Texte intégralThis work presents an epidemiological and an ecological study of schistosomiasis in Benin. A synthesis of the epidemiological knowledge of schistosomiasis in the space of the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) was carried out. Furthermore, in Benin, we confirmed the existence of the two human schistosomes : S. Haematobium and S. Mansoni on the five existing in the ECOWAS space in which Benin is located (S. Haematobium, S. Mansoni, S. Guineensis, S. Bovis and S. Curassoni). The prevalence obtained for S. Haematobium was 85% and that for S. Mansoni was 30%, and there was evidence for mixed human infections. We could find in Benin at least five potentially snail vector species : B. Forskalii, B. Globosus and B. Truncatus for S. Haematobium, B. Pfeifferi for S. Mansoni and I. Exustus, an exotic snail known to be the snail vector for S. Indicum, S. Spindale and S. Nasale in South-East Asia. I. Exustus is recorded for the first time in Benin in this work and no evidence of active transmission was made. The study of the snail-schistosome interactions showed that the different S. Haematobium populations were differently compatible with three of the four groups of Bulinus : the africanus group, the forskalii group and the reticulatus group and that the different S. Mansoni populations were equally compatible with B. Pfeifferi. The six life-history traits, parasite prepatent period, prevalence and cercarial production and snail growth, reproduction and survival were analyzed using five schistosome populations from Benin including three populations of S. Haematobium (Doh, Sô-Tchanhoué and Toho-Todougba) and two populations of S. Mansoni (Kpinnou and Toho-Todougba) and revealed that if the S. Haematobium populations seemed to be adapted to a local vector, this was not the case for the S. Mansoni populations. The study of the vertebrate-schistosome interactions revealed the existence of an infradian rhythm in the cercarial emissions of both S. Haematobium and S. Mansoni. The human behaviour, followed in one of the transmission sites (Toho-Todougba) where both schistosome species are present, was perfectly correlated with the schistosome chronobiology. This was interpreted in terms of adaptative strategy favouring the transmission of the parasite to its human host
Castel, Magda. « Ecologie et évolution théoriques des parasites de plantes annuelles ». Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSARC112.
Texte intégralAgricultural ecosystems under seasonality are characterized by periodic host plant absence, which may impact parasite evolution. Sustainable crop protection must incorporate parasite evolution. This requires a long-term epidemiological perspective, which is hardly amenable to experimentation, and makes multi-annual plant epidemic models particularly relevant. We consider a family of such models, termed semi-discrete models, which correspond to distinct life cycles, depending on the parasite reproduction mode (sexual or asexual) and its primary infection mode (airborne or soilborne, i. E. With or without negative density-dependence, respectively). Under the assumption of a trade-off between in-season multiplication and season-to-season survival, an adaptive dynamics approach shows that temporal niche differentiation can lead airborne parasites to diversify and coexist. These results assume a strictly asexual parasite life cycle, which does not correspond to all plant parasites. Some parasites produce survival forms by self-incompatible sexual reproduction. When sexual reproduction is mandatory, the need to find a mate induces positive density dependence at low density (demographic Allee effects). Under the assumption of a trade-off between in-season asexual multiplication and resource allocation to sexual survival forms, we show that evolution may lead to the coexistence of a strictly sexual morph with a cyclic parthenogenetic morph. Our findings provide a novel hypothesis (positive density dependance and Allee effects) for the frequent coexistence of sexual and asexual plant parasites
Ponton, Fleur. « Contribution à l'étude de la manipulation parasitaire : écologie évolutive des hôtes "parasitiquement" modifiés ». Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20179.
Texte intégralGrégoire, Arnaud. « Démographie et différenciation chez le Merle noir Turdus merula : liens avec l'habitat et les relations hôtes-parasites ». Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS039.
Texte intégralThe consequences of human-induced disturbances on wild populations is a stimulating topic raising fundamental as well as applied questions. The effects of urbanization on wild life have been initially studied at the community level. However, even if urbanization influences communities, the selective pressures occur first on populations and individuals. Consequently, it is also crucial to consider the ecological problems at the population level. The Blackbird Turdus merula has colonized urban landscapes in Europe since the middle of the 19th century and provides good opportunities to explore the influence of urbanization on population biology. The aim of this work was to compare urban and forest Blackbird populations in terms of different population characteristics (survival, reproductive success and dispersal) and selective contraints (parasites). Direct (i. E. Capture and census of individuals) and indirect methods (i. E. Genetic) were used in order to assess the dynamics of these populations
Rossanigo, Carlos Esteban. « Rôle de l'eau et de la température sur les taux de développement des nématodes parasites du tractus digestif des ruminants ». Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20293.
Texte intégralBarroca, Marco. « Hétérogénéité des relations parasites-oiseaux : importance écologique et rôle évolutif ». Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012138.
Texte intégralUn objectif de ce travail était d'étudier la pathogénicité de deux groupes de parasites (tiques et Haemosporidae) au sein de populations de Merles noirs. Ces deux groupes de parasites se sont révélés associés aux indices de condition corporelle et de réponse immunitaire des individus. Cependant, l'étude d'une population urbaine ne nous a pas permis de confirmer un effet des Haemosporidae sur la survie et la dynamique de la population de Merles.
L'incidence du milieu de vie (structuration spatiale) sur le fonctionnement de la relation hôte-parasite a été également abordée. En effet, le Merle est une espèce ubiquiste. Nous avons montré que les populations de milieu urbanisé présentent des infections parasitaires plus faibles que celles vivant en milieu forestier. Ce résultat pourrait expliquer en partie les fortes densités de Merles en zones urbaines, même si d'autres interprétations restent bien sûr envisageables.
Enfin, divers travaux récents suggèrent le rôle des caroténoïdes comme lien entre l'immunité des mâles et l'intensité de leur signaux colorés. Cependant, ces études utilisent des mesures de l'immunité par challenge immunitaire pour « mimer » les infections parasitaires. Cette démarche a été récemment discutée car les challenges pourraient ne pas toujours refléter la résistance parasitaire. Nos résultats vont dans ce sens. De plus, nos travaux semblent montrer que le contexte social module la relation entre immunité et signaux colorés. Ceci pourrait remettre partiellement en cause l'idée selon laquelle les caroténoïdes constituent un mécanisme universel garant de l'honnêteté des signaux.
Engone, Obiang Nestor Laurier. « Biologie et écologie des Loranthaceæ parasites au Gabon : impact de Phragmanthera capitata sur la productivité des hévéas ». Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066258.
Texte intégralProspections performed in Gabon, showed that 9 species of mistletoes parasitize many woody trees, among which rubber trees. From our study focussed on the biggest industrial rubber tree plantation of Mitzic, performed on more than 15 000 trees belonging to 7 different clones, it turned out that the percentage of parasitism ranges from 19 to 91% according to the clone. Phragmanthera capitata is by far the major species (about 95%). No real resistance to mistletoes was found for any of the 7 clones. However, a scale of susceptibility could be established, ranging from very susceptible clones like GT 1, AVROS 2037, PB 217 and PB 235 to less susceptible ones like PR 261, RRIM 600 and PB 260. No correlation could be established between the anatomy or tanin levels of bark from healthy trees, and the reaction of rubber trees to Loranthaceæ. On the other hand, a morphometric study showed that the less parasitized clones exhibited the most branched trees. Using several parameters, it turned out that parasitism has no significant effect on latex production and on physical properties of rubber. These results, discussed in relation with the biology of mistletoes, suggest that there is no point, for the moment, to eradicate mistletoes in gabonese rubber trees plantations
Flores, Ferrer Alheli. « Modélisation mathématique des dynamiques hôtes-parasites ; de l’écologie parasitaire à l’écologie du génome ». Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0010/document.
Texte intégralThis document is dedicated to the dynamic modeling of host-parasite interactions. It is about two distant biological models, who are studied using standard epidemiological models built from dynamic compartmental models. The first contribution is the implementation of a 'micro-parasites' model to study the transmission of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (or 'Chagas' disease), within a host community of synanthropic and domestic animals. The analysis of the mathematical model shows for the first time in this biological system a dilution effect associated with avian hosts, as well as the possibility of reducing the transmission to humans by modifying the composition of the domestic host communities. The second contribution deals with the dynamics of the "genomic parasites" that are the transposable elements. Using the analogies between genomics and ecology concepts proposed by the "Genome Ecology" approach, it was possible to adapt models developed for 'macro-parasites' to the dynamics of transposable elements of class 1, retro-transposons. The analysis of these models makes it possible toformulate hypotheses on the relative importance of the host demography, the distribution of the number of copies between individuals and the molecular mechanisms of silencing of these elements, on their persistence within the population of hosts reproducing asexually
Fedna, Jimmy. « Prévalence du parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis en Haïti chez les rats et gastéropodes ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCD017.
Texte intégralMy research examines the prevalence and distribution of the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm, in Haiti. It is the leading cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans worldwide. This parasite has a complex life cycle involving definitive hosts (rats) and intermediate hosts (snails and slugs). I documented the parasite's ecology and persistence two decades after its initial discovery in the country. Three objectives were set: synthesizing knowledge on the spatial and ecological dimensions of A. cantonensis’ niche, determining its presence and distribution in Haiti among rat and gastropod populations using molecular and morphological analyses, and identifying genetic similarities between Haitian strains and those from other regions of the world. We targeted two contrasting ecological contexts: the Artibonite Valley (rural environment) and the urban area of Port-au-Prince. Sampling occurred during and at the end of the rainy season due to the potential influence of hydrological seasonality on parasite prevalence. A systematic review using the PRISMA method synthesized existing knowledge on the parasite's ecological niche, focusing on abiotic and biotic factors affecting its dynamics. Seventy rats were captured:23 Rattus norvegicus and 47 Rattus rattus. Under a binocular loupe, we recovered adult worms from only five rats (7%, 5/70), but molecular detection revealed a prevalence of A. cantonensis in rat lungs of 31.4% (22/70), with the parasite detected in four of the eight sites, including Port-au-Prince. Parasite prevalence was not significantly related to predictive variables such as age, season, sex, and rat species. Only one COX1 haplotype, genotype II-G, was identified in Haiti, suggesting a widespread distribution similar to other regions. The qPCR technique AcanR3990 identified two positive samples of gastropod species: Subulina octona in Port-au-Prince and a Veronicellidae slug in the Artibonite, indicating the presence of the parasite found in rats at these locations. This is the first study on A. cantonensis in Haiti addressing both definitive and intermediate hosts. Molecular diagnostics by PCR reveal a higher prevalence than morphological identification, promising for the systematic study of potential host species contamination. Results indicate that endemicity of the parasite may primarily be linked to two gastropod species: the land snail S. octona and Veronicellidae slugs, as well as R. rattus and R. norvegicus rats, highlighting significant health risks for local populations
De, Meeûs Thierry. « Les systémes hôtes - parasites dans l'étude des mécanismes de spécialisation, de spéciation et du maintien de la biodiversité : analyses théoriques, en populations naturelles et expérimentales chez des Copépodes parasites de Téléostéens ». Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20110.
Texte intégralSasal, Pierre. « Diversité parasitaire et biologie de la conservation : le modèle parasites de poissons - espaces marins protégés ». Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11044.
Texte intégralHoffman, Gérard. « Contribution à l'étude des phanérogames parasites du Burkina Faso et du Mali : quelques aspects de leur écologie, biologie et techniques de lutte ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30083.
Texte intégralArancio, Marc. « Etude théorique des interactions entre des dinoflagellés et des parasitoïdes eucaryotes en environnement mélangé : persistance du système et succession phytoplanctonique ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10223.
Texte intégralMany species of autotrophic dinoflagellates can be parasitized by multiple eukaryotic parasitoids. These parasitoids have a specific life cycle resulting in the death of the host and the release of hundreds of zoospores that can infect a new host. Several studies have demonstrated their potential to control the host population in a few days as well as their great diversity and suggests a very complex dynamics of infection in this kind of environment. The objective of this thesis is to understand the parasitoid-dinoflagellates infection dynamics in a highly mixed estuary and a better understanding of the different interactions taking place within this system. To address this problem, we used the modeling approach (IBM). This approach has enabled to show that the hosts excystment process, also used by the parasites to survive the winter, helps to explain the persistence of the system. It has also demonstrated the potential influence of different types of parasitoid on the dynamics infection and succession of dinoflagellates species, with increased diversity of the host population in the presence of specialists and decreased with generalists. The estimation improvement of the parameter used to calculate the rate of encounter between hosts and parasites with experimental and numerical methods was also attempted. The results showed a significant change in this parameter depending on behavior and the need to take it into account for a better parameterization
Brochet, Anne-Laure. « Conséquences des déplacements des canards pour la dispersion des graines, des invertébrés et des parasites ». Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20150.
Texte intégralThe role of waterbirds in aquatic organism dispersal between wetlands has long been recognized. These birds are indeed abundant, widely distributed across wetlands and highly mobile at local and continental scales. We studied the consequences of duck movements for seed, invertebrate and parasite dispersal at the scale of a wintering quarter (the Camargue) and of a continent (Europe), and we quantified these dispersal events. For seed transport by teal (Anas crecca), for example, we experimentally showed that an average of 27% of ingested seeds are later collected while still being viable in the faeces. In the field, we observed 9 and 6% of teal to carry at least one viable propagule internally or externally, respectively. Although the likelihood for one bird to disperse one propagule at a given point in time is low, such probabilities potentially get important when considering the hundreds of thousands of ducks which move daily between wetlands. This therefore suggests that ducks do play an important role in the dispersal of many aquatic organisms and parasites. In the current context of habitat fragmentation, climate change and invasive introduced species, taking dispersal into account becomes an issue of great importance for management and habitat conservation
Sicard, Mathieu. « Modalités écologiques et évolutives des interactions entre les nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema et leurs symbiotes bactériens Xenorhabdus ». Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20193.
Texte intégralThomas, Frédéric. « Conséquences écologiques et évolutives des interactions hôtes-parasites au sein de l'association amphipode (Gammarus) - trématodes ("Microphallus" et "Maritrema") ». Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20177.
Texte intégralDe, Garine-Wichatitsky Michel de. « Ecologie des interactions hôtes/vecteurs : analyse du système tiques/ongulés sauvages et domestiques en zone tropicale ». Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20114.
Texte intégralArancio, Marc. « Etude théorique des interactions entre des dinoflagellés et des parasitoïdes eucaryotes en environnement mélangé : persistance du système et succession phytoplanctonique ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10223/document.
Texte intégralMany species of autotrophic dinoflagellates can be parasitized by multiple eukaryotic parasitoids. These parasitoids have a specific life cycle resulting in the death of the host and the release of hundreds of zoospores that can infect a new host. Several studies have demonstrated their potential to control the host population in a few days as well as their great diversity and suggests a very complex dynamics of infection in this kind of environment. The objective of this thesis is to understand the parasitoid-dinoflagellates infection dynamics in a highly mixed estuary and a better understanding of the different interactions taking place within this system. To address this problem, we used the modeling approach (IBM). This approach has enabled to show that the hosts excystment process, also used by the parasites to survive the winter, helps to explain the persistence of the system. It has also demonstrated the potential influence of different types of parasitoid on the dynamics infection and succession of dinoflagellates species, with increased diversity of the host population in the presence of specialists and decreased with generalists. The estimation improvement of the parameter used to calculate the rate of encounter between hosts and parasites with experimental and numerical methods was also attempted. The results showed a significant change in this parameter depending on behavior and the need to take it into account for a better parameterization
Mailhot, Payse. « Écologie de la cécidomyie du sapin (Paradiplosis tumifex) : relations avec la cécidomyie inquiline des galles (Dasineura balsamicola) et ses parasitoïdes ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23941/23941.pdf.
Texte intégralBron, Magali. « Etude écologique et éthologique de Phlebotomus perniciosus (vecteur de leihmaniose canine et humaine) et de Sergentomya minuta dans le Sud Est de la France (région marseillaise) ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30039.
Texte intégralDessier, Aurélie. « Analyse du compartiment mésozooplanctonique et écologie alimentaire printanière de la sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1782), et de l’anchois, Engraulis encrasicolus (Linné, 1758) adultes dans le Golfe de Gascogne ». Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS036/document.
Texte intégralDietary studies of marine species constitute an important key to improve the understanding of its biology and of its role in the ecosystem. Thus, prey-predator relationships structure and determine population dynamics and the trophic network at the ecosystem scale. Among the major study sites, the marine ecosystem is submitted to natural and anthropogenic constraints. In the North-Eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Bay of Biscay is a large open area surrounded South by Spain and East by France. This bay is an historic place of intense fishery activities for which the main small pelagic species targeted are the pilchard, Sardina pilchardus and the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus. The aim of this work is to analyze the trophic ecology of these two small pelagic fish in spring in the Bay of Biscay. To do this, a first section is devoted to their prey composed by the mesozooplanktonic compartment, through a two-fold approach: the characterization of their spatio-temporal dynamics during the decade 2003-2013 and the measurement of their energetic content in spring. For this season, it appears that all prey types are not worth energetically and that the Bay of Biscay represents a mosaic of dietary habitat. Moreover, the spring mesozooplankton community presents a strong spatial structuration, a temporal evolution marked by a major change in abundance and a control by the microphytoplankton biomass. The second section of this work is relative to a methodological approach of the trophic ecology of S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus. Three different trophic tracers have been used: isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen, parasitological fauna and mercury contamination levels. To improve the use of the first of these trophic tracers, an experimental approach has been conducted with S. pilchardus to determine a trophic discrimination factor. Finally, it appears that the use of these three trophic tracers has always been permitted to highlight a temporal variability of the relative trophic ecology of these fish. However, no spatial dynamics could be identified through these three trophic tracers
Drhimer, Driss. « Etat phytosanitaire des peuplements de chêne-liège de la forêt de la Maamora en fonction des conditions écologiques et de l'anthropisation : études de deux parasites : insectes xylophages, champignons phytopathogènes ». Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30033.
Texte intégralThis study constitutes a step to a better understanding of the phytosanitary problems of the cork-oak forest of Maamora. In this study, we have tried to analyze the impact of the abiotic, environmental and stationary factors as wellas the biotic factors related to man activity and parasits activity. The various forest parcelling out dit not succeed : the object of maintaining cork-oak has hot been attained. Increase in population, lire-wood collecting, overgrazing, pollarding, stripping, have contributed to increase thestress, acorn picking limited the regeneration and the motorway and urban developments have greatly breaked up the initial cork-oak forest. The more prevalent and the more common symptoms encountered in this study can be summarized by a transparent crown (71 % of the trees present a crown thinning out), by a fading and a loss of the leaves, by a withering of the shoots which affects more than 50 % of the trees, by a withering of the twigs from the top of the crown due to Diplodia mutila (72 % of the trees show dead boughs, 19 % of which half sapless), by cankers and ozings. The dead boughs let appear a black stroma through the cork cracks. .
Monjot, Arthur. « Les eucaryotes unicellulaires dans les écosystèmes lacustres : de la diversité fonctionnelle aux interactions hôte-parasites ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0109.
Texte intégralOver the last few decades, our understanding of microbial diversity in the environment has advanced considerably, particularly with the advent of next-generation sequencing methods and -omics approaches. These methods have allowed for a more comprehensive evaluation of microbial diversity compared to traditional culture-based approaches. The most commonly used method for analyzing diversity is metabarcoding, which is based on the study of a unique and ubiquitous marker. This method has revealed a considerable and unsuspected diversity of microbial eukaryotes in aquatic environments. However, this approach is mainly descriptive and does not allow for the determination of the physiology or understanding of the role of these microorganisms in ecosystems. Other methods, such as metatranscriptomics, offer the possibility of studying their metabolic potential in relation to environmental parameters. Nevertheless, these high-throughput sequencing approaches lead to the production of a vast quantity of environmental sequences, most of which remain unknown. To better understand the diversity-function link within microbial eukaryotes and their role in lacustrine trophic networks, several approaches have been used.Metabarcoding coupled with a study of morpho-physio-phenotypic traits, metatranscriptomics and a methodology based on the isolation and characterization of host-parasite pairs (sequencing and in situ hybridization), were carried out on lake samples (Pavin, meromictic; Aydat, dimictic). These analyses revealed the high diversity of photo-osmo-phago-mixotrophs and parasites, while also highlighting the strong seasonal variations they undergo in the mixolimnion of lake Pavin. For example, periods of mixing benefiting photosynthetic host communities favor the development and dissemination of parasitic fungi, notably through the overexpression of genes involved in zoospore phototaxis and lipid metabolism. Among these parasitic fungi, Microsporidia are newly identified players in aquatic food webs. Indeed, we discovered a high prevalence (42.5%) host-parasite association between a potential new species of Microsporidia and a species of rotifer in lake Aydat. An important rare biosphere has also been highlighted in the anoxic monimolimnion of Lake Pavin, characterized by numerous saprotrophs overexpressing genes related to sulfur, nitrate, and organic matter degradation metabolisms. The characteristic metabolisms of organisms of different trophic modes have also been studied by constructing protein sequences similarity networks.While characterizing the majority of unknown sequences for the first time (>40%), we have revealed the genetic proximity of proteins between heterotrophic and photo-osmo-phago- mixotrophic microorganisms and between saprotrophs and parasites, as well as a relative functional redundancy of primary metabolisms. On the other hand, we have identified nearly one million proteins characteristic of a single functional group, which, for some, represent real prospects for studying the metabolic pathways involved in host-parasite interactions
Alessio, Filipe Martins. « Biodiversité, périurbanisation et santé publique : cas des micromammifères et de leurs parasites des fragments forestiers de la région métropolitaine de Recife, Pernambuco, Brésil ». Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX11123.
Texte intégralThe determinants of the diversity of micromammals in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco Endemism Center are still unknown. Dissect the relationship between human health and environment can be explained by three main interrelated axes that concern the modification of ecosystems and their implications for human and animal health. The main approach of this study focuses on the ecology of small mammals and their parasites in relation to the environmental dynamics of the fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil and their potential impact on human health. Between January 2008 and March 2009, we surveyed six forest fragments present in urban and rural areas of the Metropolitan Region of Recife. The mammals were captured in 4 sessions of five consecutive nights of trapping in each fragment. In a total effort of 25,231 trap / nights, 431 mammals belonging to 20 species (8 marsupials, 11 rodents and one lagomorph) were captured. Individuals were anesthetized, measured, and stripped of their ectoparasites. Blood samples and feces were collected in order to analyze the eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses, blood or reveal the presence of helminths in feces. The community was dominated by generalist marsupial species, particularly by the species Metachirus nudicaudatus, Didelphis albiventris, Micoureus demerarae and Marmosa murina, which were present in almost all sites. Instead, the rodent species showed smaller distributions and were generally less numerous. The proportions of marsupials captured at intermediate heights and at ground level have not varied significantly in most of the fragments. The Rodents were captured mostly on the ground, and only 2. 2% of individuals have been caught at intermediate heights. Attendance at these layers did not vary between the different fragments, so that their vertical structure has been quite different. Preliminary analysis on the set of parasites encountered in host species led to the identification of four species of ticks, one of which represents a relatively rare species in South America, showing that the ecology of vectors of diseases, such as spotted fever, is still in its infancy in the study area. The aggregative character of a tick species in its host population was highlighted, confirming the general theories of host-parasite relationship in spite of the very disturbed nature of these environments. The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was also shown to be the cause of the symptoms of mastitis in Didelphis albiventris, something quite unusual among marsupials. Thus one of the most abundant species in urban fragments proved to be a potential reservoir and / or vector of a bacterium that causes life-threatening infections for humans. The relationship between changes in the landscape matrix and ecology of micromammals hosts of causative agents of diseases such as leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and Sarcocystosis, deserves to be widely depth to understand the emergence and ecology of new human and animal diseases
Boissier, Jérôme. « Sexe et schistosome : écologie des interactions hôte-parasite et parasite-parasite ». Perpignan, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PERP0478.
Texte intégralThe life cycle of the genus Schistosoma is analysed both considering the host-parasite interactions as a function of the parasite sex and the parasite-parasite sex-dependant interactions. Studies of the host-parasite interactions according to the sex of infection revealed that male schistosomes are more pathogenic than females both in the mollusc and in the vertebrate host. Concerning the mollusc host, a male-infected mollusc was more affected in its nutrition, relation and reproductive functions than a female-infected mollusc. Concerning the vertebrate host, the pathogeny depended on the sex of the host and on the sex of the parasite. Female mice were less affected than male mice and male parasites had a higher stimulation on the immune system of the host than had female parasites. These differences between male and female pathogeny revealed different sexual strategies along the schistosome life cycle. The parasite-parasite interactions were analysed both in the mollusc and in the vertebrate hosts. Concerning the mollusc host, the simultaneous presence of both sexes, in a mollusc increases the development success of the larvae shed by this mollusc. Concerning the vertebrate host we showed intra and intersexes interactions. Genetically different females would complete each other (intrasexual interaction) and would choose there males (intersexual interaction). These interactions could be linked to sexual phenomena which could influence the life-history traits of these parasites
Becheikh, Samia. « Recherche sur l'écologie et le développement de "Pachypygus gibber" (Thorell, 1859), copépode Notodelphyidae associé à l'ascidie "Ciona intestinalis" (L. ) ». Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20240.
Texte intégralMolbert, Noëlie. « Host-parasites transfer of micropollutants and eco-physiological consequences on a freshwater fish : case study of chub-acanthocephalan model ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS102.
Texte intégralExposure to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants may have severe consequences in free-living. Under natural conditions, organisms are also exposed to other stressors, including parasites. Both chemical exposure and parasite infection have been well studied and documented, but have in many cases been investigated independently from one another. However, it is crucial to simultaneously assess their combined effect on wild organisms given that parasites may interfere with the fate of environmental contaminants within their host through their bioaccumulation capacity. Based on a field study, completed by an experimental approach, I investigated the fate and consequences of six families of organic contaminants, and some of their metabolites, in a host-parasite system composed of a freshwater fish, the European chub, Squalius cephalus, and its intestinal parasite, Pomphorhynchus sp. from the Marne River, France. Specifically, I investigated whether intestinal parasites were able to accumulate toxicants and how their presence affected the stress response of their definitive host exposed to environmental contaminants, at different biological levels with the use of general biomarkers (telomere, lysozyme, peroxidase, antioxidants, oxidative damage, gut microbiota, Fulton’s index and hepatosomatic index). Importantly, we demonstrated that intestinal worms were able to accumulate organic contaminants, detoxify their hosts and that their effects on the host shifted from negative to positive as chemical exposure increased
Arsenieff, Laure. « Parasitisme et contrôle des blooms de diatomées en Manche occidentale ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS399.
Texte intégralDiatoms are one of the most successful phytoplankton groups. They can form considerable seasonal blooms with important biogeochemical implications, especially with respect to carbon export. To date, the role of parasites in the regulation of diatom blooms remains elusive. The main objective of this thesis was to identify the parasites associated to dominant diatom species in the Western English Channel to better understand how parasitism regulates diatom blooms. The first part of the project aimed to identify parasitic network that controls the diatom Guinardia, a major component of microphytoplankton communities in coastal systems of the North Atlantic. Intensive isolation of Guinardia species and associated parasites into laboratory culture was carried out between August 2015 and October 2016 from the SOMLIT-Astan long- term monitoring station. Characterization of these isolates revealed an unsuspected diversity of parasites that infect Guinardia delicatula, with at least three types of parasites belonging to distinct lineages: viruses (Picornavirales, Bacillarnavirus), a eukaryotic parasite (Labyrinthulomycetes, Aplanochytrium sp.) and algicidal bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Kordia sp.). These pathogens have never previously been described in association with Guinardia and therefore add to the list of known parasites reported for this host species. The parasites isolated from SOMLIT-Astan displayed different infection strategies, suggesting complex interplays in nature. In the second part of this thesis, the study was extended to nanoplanktonic diatoms that belong to the genera Minidiscus and Thalassiosira. These minute microalgae are widespread in the global ocean, but their seasonal dynamics are quasi-unexplored. Using a combination of microscope observations and molecular tools, we showed that these nanodiatoms numerically dominated the phytoplankton community at the SOMLIT-Astan station and that they have contrasted seasonal patterns. The large set of 82 parasites, including 27 viruses, isolated from these two genera throughout the sampling period highlights, for the first time, the key role of biotic interactions in the regulation of nanodiatom dynamics. This Ph.D. project has revealed significant novel diversity of pathogens of diatoms in the Western English Channel. The relative contribution of these parasites to regulation of diatom populations and their resulting biogeochemical and evolutionary implications remain to be investigated
Manguin, Sylvie. « Dynamique des peuplements de Sciomyzidés et de mollusques d'un biotope lénitique méditerranéen et étude expérimentale des préférences de proies de Tetanocera ferruginea (Diptera:Sciomyzidae) ». Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20230.
Texte intégralVillette, Petra. « Spatial and temporal characteristics of bacterial parasite communities in outbreaking fossorial water vole (Arvicola terrestris) populations : static uniformity or dynamic heterogeneity ? » Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD056/document.
Texte intégralContext In France, during cyclic population surges, water voles, Arvicola terrestri, cause extensive damage to mountain grassland. A working group consisting of researchers from the University of Franche-Comté (UFC), INRA (Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations) agricultural organizations (Fédération Régionale de Défense contre les Organismes Nuisibles de Franche-Comté, FREDON) are working on systems approach in which interactions between voles, their habitat (landscape, predators) and agricultural practices are analysed hierarchically (in space and time). One of the objectives is to highlight the largest possible number of control factors on which it is possible to act, and the scale at which these actions are relevant. These studies have helped initiate a strategy, successfully tested in Franche-Comté and in Auvergne, which promotes the integrated control of water vole populations. Nevertheless, there are still grey areas in the understanding of the cycle, particularly on the determinants of the decline phase. The role of pathogen communities (some species may even be transmitted to humans) so far remains the subject of debate in the scientific literature. The understanding of the key factors determining this phase should allow farmers to better anticipate economic impacts and to adopt optimal strategies for vole population control Objectives: (1) To test the pathogens and senescence hypotheses in order to explain the population decline. (2) To look for biological indicators (diversity of pathogens and / or immune indicators) that may predict the decline phase in order to anticipate appropriate measures to restore grasslands. (3) To assess the role of the transition between high population density phase and the decline phase for the emergence of pathogens in vole populations that may cause human diseases.General Methodology Population monitoring with regular (monthly) sampling will be made on several populations (replicates) in the period that brackets the vole population declines. Methods based on Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) makes it possible to establish extensive catalogues of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, other parasites) hosted by vole populations and to measure the prevalence
Conchou, Lucie. « Les odeurs dans les interactions plantes-insectes au-delà de la communication. Application au modèle Ficus-pollinisateurs-parasites et conséquences pour la compréhension des processus de coévolution ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20121/document.
Texte intégralThe scents emitted by plants are often interpreted in the light of their interaction with pollinators, phytophagous insects and their natural ennemies, as communication signals whose function is to attract or repel those insects. However, according to the adaptive definition of communication, a trait can be called “signal” only if it has been selected for the sensory interaction with a receptor. In addition, it has been shown that the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by leaves participate to the defense of the plant against abiotic (especially oxidative/heat stress) and biotic stresses (pathogens, induction of defenses). The idea underlying this thesis it to put all all the contexts of emission and functions together within a common framework. Using the fig-pollinator-parasite model, the approach I choose was to compare the variation of fig scent with that of leaf scent, along their development and daily. In both cases, leaf scent is a control trait that allows to determine if the variations observed in figs are possibly adaptive regarding the interaction with insects, and to explicitely consider the potential functions of the scents emitted out of receptivity. Stress-protective functions that are evidenced in leaf scents are thus also relevant in figs. Then, the fact that communication is not relevant to describe the role of scents in the fig-parasite interaction led me to develop a reflection on the way phytophagous insects and their natural enemies could influence the evolution of plant scents. Finally, in the case of fig-pollinator communication, studying the case of Ficus septica, that is associated to two co-occuring ecologically differenciated pollinators, allows to imagine a potential co-speciation mechanism, where the divergence of communication mode would contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation
Prudent, Patrick. « Etude bio-écologique d'Eutinobothrus brasiliensis (HAMBL)(Coleoptera : Curculionidae), foreur de tige du cotonnier au Paraguay ». Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30252.
Texte intégralHernandez-Mendoza, José Luis. « Ecopathologie et dégâts de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep. Noctuidae) en culture de mai͏̈s au Mexique (Etat de Colima) : possibilité de lutte à l'aide de la bactérie entomopathogène Bacillus thuringiensis ». Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20179.
Texte intégralPortanier, Elodie. « Parasitisme et structuration génétique et spatiale : exemple chez le mouflon méditerranéen, Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG038/document.
Texte intégralUsing as a case study the Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.), we aimed at better understanding how are linked genetic diversity, individual behaviour, gene flows and parasitic dynamic. Using population and landscape genetics approaches, we showed that the spatial genetic structure of the studied population was determined by its introduction history, its socio-spatial structure and the landscape in which it evolves. Given the impact of these elements on mouflon gene flow, we expected them to also determine parasite transmission in the population. Our results nevertheless evidenced that parasite are better dispersed than mouflon genes. Finally, we showed that host resistance to parasites depends on neutral and adaptive genetic diversity, and more specifically on heterozygosity at a immunity-linked locus. Our results precisely describe genetic variability spatial distribution and its link with sanitary risks in the studied population, bringing crucial information for wild sheep population management and conservation in the current context of global changes and disease reemergence
Leroy, Lise Martine Georges. « Écologie Chimique du Papillon Piqueur de Fruits Eudocima phalonia (Linné) en Nouvelle-Calédonie dans un contexte de lutte intégrée : Relations phytophages/plantes-hôtes, physiologie et comportements impliqués dans la réponse aux odeurs ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nouvelle Calédonie, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NCAL0002.
Texte intégralIn the current context of the agro-ecological transition, innovative biocontrol solutions against agricultural economic insect pests should be proposed. Some species such as Eudocima phalonia Linnaeus, a fruit piercing moth considered an occasional pest in New Caledonia, has become, in th last decades, a currently important and recurrent economic pest. Available methods are inadequate or financially out of reach of some farmers (such as nets) and are particularly lacking during outbreaks. Although the use of nets is currently recommended but they only allow for timely and unsustainable control of this species. Among the future solutions, the identification of odorous molecules such as kairomones that trigger an attractive behavior in a target insect, gives the prospect of using these molecules as olfactory trap. This is the principle of Chemical Ecology. After a complete review of the pe status of E. phalonia (as well as the secondary moths), a rearing method was developed in order to avoid the seasonality of the species and to update the biology of the pest. Then, the antennal response and the moth behaviour were both evaluated in the laboratory and based on several odours: (i) the odou captured in situ for nine fruits, (ii) the odour of fifty olfactory compounds individually tested at two concentrations, and (iii) the odour of 84 formulation consisting of several compounds. The results led to the selection of five olfactory solutions developed in the laboratory for tests in semi-controlled conditions and in open fields. One “olfacticide” solution allows a possible use to implement a biocontrol strategy, but the results need to be examined mor deeply
Selim, Suryahadi. « Effets de l'irrigation par submersion des pâturages sur l'écologie des strongles gastro-intestinaux et la localisation spatio-temporelle du risque d'infestation des Ovins ». Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20082.
Texte intégralHenry, Nicolas. « Écologie moléculaire des symbioses eucaryotes des écosystèmes planctoniques de la zone photique des océans ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066181/document.
Texte intégralThe oceans, which cover nearly 70 % of the earth's surface, is host to a myriad of mostly microscopic organisms that drift with the currents and are collectively called plankton. As in other ecosystems, symbioses play a major role in the functioning and equilibrium of the plankton. But the exact nature and strength of those symbiotic interactions are still poorly known, not only due to the small size of most planktonic organisms, but also because of the inherent difficulty of sampling planktonic ecosystems, especially in the high-seas. The main goals of this thesis are to give a global view of the importance of planktonic symbioses and to propose novel methods for their detection. The work presented in this manuscript is based on analyses of data generated during the Tara Oceans expedition (2009-2013), during which sea water was collected and size fractionated by filtration at 210 sampling locations distributed across the world's oceans. The data analyses presented herein mostly focus on an environmental metabarcoding dataset obtained from next-generation sequencing (Illumina) of the V9 hypervariable region (~130 nucleotides long) of the 18S small ribosomal subunit of eukaryotic organisms. We begin by assessing the diversity and structure of pico-, nano-, micro and meso-planktonic eukaryotic communities (0.8-2000 μm) in the photic zone of tropical to temperate sea regions. Then, we present two cases of symbioses (Blastodinium-Copepods and Symbiodinium-Tiarina) to illustrate both the difficulties encountered when trying to detect symbiotic relationships using metabarcoding data due to varying specificities of symbiotic relationships, but also the potential solutions offered by size-fractionated sampling to distinguish between the different stages of the life cycle of symbiotic organisms (free living and symbiotic stages). Finally, we propose a set of methods to improve the detection of symbioses by studying the co-occurrence of organisms in planktonic communities: we use the distribution of metabarcodes along size fractions ((piconano- (0.8-5 μm), nano- (5-20 μm), micro- (20-180 μm), and meso-plancton (180-2000 μm)) to distinguish likely free living organisms from those that have a symbiotic life style, and we compare the abundance of genetic groups constructed by clustering metabarcodes at different resolution levels, which allows us to detect interactions occurring above the species level and to evaluate their level of specificity
St-Onge, Mylène. « Étude écologique et moléculaire des mermithides parasites de mouches noires (diptera : simuliidae) du Québec ». Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2007. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1416/1/030014997.pdf.
Texte intégralMulero, Stephen. « Développement d’outils d’écologie moléculaire pour un suivi intégratif des maladies transmises par les mollusques d’eau douce dans un contexte d’émergences et de changements globaux A Multiplex Rapid Diagnostic PCR (RD-PCR) approach for xenomonitoring of human and animal schistosomiases in a One Health context Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts Simultaneous genotyping of gastropods and their trematode parasites using Amplicon Sequencing Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis parasites : from mating interactions to differential gene expression ». Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0023.
Texte intégralGlobal changes, whether climatic or anthropogenic, have various consequences in human and animal health, as well as for worldwide ecosystems. One of the most important is the modification of geographical ranges of species and those of their associated pathogens. It is in this context that in recent years we have witnessed a resurgence in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases around the world. While research efforts in this field are mainly focused on viral diseases, freshwater snail-borne diseases, that affect more than 1 billion peoples around the world, are also subject to these outbreaks, which have become frequent. However, the study of the dynamics of parasites associated with these diseases focuses primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of the definitive hosts, particularly humans. Such an approach does not prevent the transmission of these parasites to humans and even less prevent an emergence event, and the existing tools used to monitor these parasites in the environment are difficult to apply at large scale. This thesis work, therefore aims to provide a more environmental vision of the dynamics of these diseases. With the example of the emergence of urogenital bilharziasis in Corsica, we analysed this emergence by integrating the study of the life history traits of the tropical parasite in question, particularly its thermo tolerance, as well as the role of mollusc intermediate hosts and wild and domestic definitive hosts in the local maintenance of the parasite lifecycle. In a second step, we have developed environmental DNA diagnostic tools for the detection of molluscs hosts in the environment in order to identify areas at risk of emergence, as well as tools for intramolluscal detection of schistosomes to identify active sites of transmission, and thus allow the environmental monitoring of the actors of these diseases. To complete these approaches, we have developed a more generalised environmental metabarcoding tool to characterise freshwater mollusc communities and initiated the development of a similar tool for the characterisation of trematode communities, in order to study the interactions between these organisms. Lastly, we discuss the integration of all these elements into new control strategies against snail-borne diseases
Fleury, Frédéric. « Les rythmes circadiens d'activité chez les hyménoptères parasitoïdes de drosophiles : variabilité, déterminisme génétique, signification écologique ». Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10071.
Texte intégralFlores-Mejia, Sandra. « Les effets de la température et des changements climatiques sur la performance relative d'un réseau trophique : plante-herbivore-parasitoïde ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27306.
Texte intégralEach trophic level of a food-web reacts differently to changes in temperature, because some species are more sensitive than others. Because of the interdependence between the different trophic levels, even the smallest change in temperature could trigger cascading effects throughout the food-web. This may cause a partial or total collapse of the system. As part of my project, I was interested in the effects of temperature and climate change over the relative performance of a tri-trophic food web system (plant-herbivore-parasitoid). The general objectives were to determine: a) which trophic level is more sensitive to an increase in temperature? and b) What are the effects of climate change on a food-web as a whole? In order to determine the effects of temperature on the whole food-web, I developed three parameters to measure the relative performance, by using biomass as common currency between the three trophic levels. The developed parameters are: net generational productivity (NGP), the bi-trophic food-web ratio (φh/p), and the tri-trophic food web ratio (φ3t). In general, my results suggest that the thermal window of the relative performance of each trophic level has a wider span at the base of the food-web (e.g. the plant) and it is reduced by about 4 °C for each subsequent trophic level. Also, the (φh/p) values obtained, suggest that the aphids have the highest performance at low temperatures, but they are incapable of reproducing beyond 28°C, which gives the plant a competitive advantage. Nonetheless, this advantage cannot be maintained for long, due to the negative effects of temperature on the biology of the plant. The φ3t values suggest that the performance of the food-web is influenced by trophic cascades in a « top-down » fashion; but both the inter- and intra-specific variation of the host plant plays a major role in the productivity of the system. The results of the experiments about climate change suggest that: in all three tested climate change scenarios, the parasitoid has the largest relative performance of the system in spite of having the smallest thermal window. This suggests a greater thermal plasticity than previously thought. Nonetheless, in the absence of parasitoids, the herbivore dominates the system. Although there was a 4 °C difference between the three climate change scenarios that were tested, the the performance of the tri-trophic food-web was not significantly affected. In comparison, under two 2050 climate change scenarios, the long-term exposure to high temperatures has a negative effect on the accumulation of biomass for the three components of the food web, both individually and collectively. This is the first study to evaluate empirically and exhaustively the effects of temperature over a great range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions, in order to determine the relative performance of the system in a holistic way.
Durieux, Éric. « Écologie du système hôte - parasite, juvéniles GO de sole (Solea solea) - métacercaires de Digènes : dynamique et effets de l'infestation ». La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS193.
Texte intégralLittle attention has been paid to parasitism as a potential factor of variation in flatfish juveniles biological performances. In this PhD thesis, the dynamics and the effects of the infection by digenean metacercariae have been studied on 0-group juveniles of the common sole Solea solea (Pleuronectiformes, Soleidae), species of primary importance for fisheries for the North East Atlantic region. In coastal nursery grounds, 0-group sole locally accumulate different taxa of digenean metacercariae. The dynamics of the infection is controlled by the major local factors, proximity of the first intermediate hosts (molluscs) and cercariae dispersal capacities. Digenean metacercariae have been used as biological tags of habitat use by their host: 0-group sole juveniles are very sedentary and their density / growth show a high variability at small spatial scale, which reflects the high variability of habitat quality at this scale. Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Digenea, Bucephalidae) infection is enhanced by mussel farming (mussel = first intermediate host). This parasite can have effects on immunity, condition and behaviour of 0-group sole juveniles. These impacts are modulated by the development of the parasite, the physiological status of the host and the environmental factors. From now, parasitism appears essential in the study of the functioning of flatfish coastal nurseries
Missoh, Claudia. « Division of labor in anti-parasite defense strategies in ant colonies ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066450/document.
Texte intégralDivision of labor is a key characteristic of social insects and contributes to their ecological success. Especially in disease defense, the intra-colony partitioning of sanitary work can reduce disease transmission, keep nestmates available for other tasks and reduce costs associated with sanitary task performance (i.e. at the behavioral and physiological level). Factors internal and external to the individual affecting sanitary task allocation are not well known and most studies investigated genetic differences between workers performing behavioral sanitary work. In the first two studies I addressed whether individual experience (through repeated exposure to a sanitary hazard or performance of the task) can generate interindividual differences in the performance of behavioral sanitary tasks. Repeated parasite exposure is a common threat in colonies of social insects, posing selection pressures on colony members to respond with improved disease-defense performance. In the clonal ant Platythyrea punctata, I tested whether experience gained by repeated tending of low-level fungus-exposed (Metarhizium robertsii) larvae alters the performance of sanitary brood care. I found that ants trained both with sham- and fungus-treated larvae groomed the brood longer than naive ants. Increased grooming of fungus-treated larvae resulted in more effective fungal removal, thus making trained ants better caretakers under parasite attack of the colony. Decomposing cadavers pose a sanitary risk to social insect colonies, necessitating cadaver management. In the second study I investigated whether cadaver management (i.e. cadaver grooming and transports) is divided among workers and task allocation affected by recent individual experience or worker size in the polymorphic and polygynous ant Cataglyphis velox. Many individuals performed cadaver management infrequently and few individuals dominated task performance. Our results suggested low division of labor for cadaver grooming and transport and a reduced modulation of these behaviors by recurrent exposure to nestmate cadavers
Poirotte, Clémence. « Stratégies d’évitement parasitaire chez une population de primates sociaux en milieu naturel ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT166.
Texte intégralParasite-mediated selection has driven the emergence of complex hosts’ defense mechanisms to limit the spread of parasites. In addition to their physiological immune system, animals have developed a “behavioral immune system” comprising a sophisticated set of parasite avoidance strategies that represents a first line of defense to decrease parasite encounter rates. However, behavioral adaptations to the threat of parasites have been poorly investigated in wild populations of mammals. In an attempt to fill this gap, during my PhD, I studied parasite avoidance strategies in a wild group of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an Old World primate inhabiting dense equatorial rainforests of Africa and facing intensive parasite pressures in its natural habitat. In particular, I investigated the different behavioral strategies of defense that evolved to decrease contamination risk by two different classes of gastro-intestinal parasites exhibiting contrasted life-history traits and modes of transmission: environmentally transmitted nematodes and socially transmitted protozoa. Based on long-term observations, controlled experiments and chemical analyses, my studies document two distinct behavioral strategies emphasizing the close relationship between parasites’ ecology and hosts’ behavioral responses. On the one hand, mandrills exhibit fecal avoidance behavior when foraging and also avoid ranging in habitats previously contaminated with fecal nematodes released during the previous visit. On the other hand, mandrills avoid grooming social partners highly parasitized with fecal protozoa, particularly around the peri-anal area. This behavioral strategy appears to be operational because parasitized individuals harbor infectious protozoan cysts on their body, concentrated on the peri-anal region, and individual’s protozoan richness increases when grooming highly parasitized conspecifics. We further found that avoidance of parasitized individuals is guided by an olfactory mechanism, as protozoa influence the host’s fecal odor and mandrills discriminate and selectively avoid olfactory cues from individuals parasitized with protozoa. Such parasite-induced behavioral plasticity could be one of the major mechanisms allowing social species to cope with the increased risk of parasitism associated with group-living. Altogether, these findings shed light on the evolutionary consequences of parasite-mediated selection on several socioecological characteristics of animals, including space use and social behavior
Lesage, Célia. « Etude de la protostrongylose dans la population de lièvres européens (Lepus europaeus) dans le sud est de la France : approche épidémiologique et écologique ». Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMP202/document.
Texte intégralSince 2006, in the South-East of France, we observe an increase in the number of hares (Lepus europaeus) suffering from pulmonary protostrongyliasis, which is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes in the lungs. The development cycle of these parasites requires the obligatory pathway through an intermediate host, terrestrial gastropod mollusk. Our goal was the epidemiological study of the disease, particularly the identification of the parasite cycle.Based on morphological and molecular analysis, we identified two causative agents of pulmonary protostrongyliasis in France: Protostrongylus pulmonalis (Frölich, 1802) frequently inventoried in Europe and P. oryctolagi Babos, 1955 described only once in Hungary in 1955. Thus new reference sequences of DNA are available, which is useful for the subsequent identification of our parasite species and particularly for larvae-stage, allowing the recognition of intermediate hosts involved in their natural cycle. In total 3622 terrestrial mollusks were analyzed. We identified three-stage larvae of P. pulmonalis and P. oryctolagi from 18 individuals belonging to the family of Hygromiidae and belonging to several species identified with different molecular markers. In the hare populations, we identify the age and environment (in association with the distribution of intermediate hosts) as risk factors for the disease. The parasite, with approximately 55% of infected animals, had no measurable effect on the health status of the host, but could be involved in a decrease in the fecundity, suggesting a potential impact on population dynamics of hares
Jacquot, Maxime. « Biodiversité et fonctionnement écologique des agroécosystèmes à base de manguiers à La Réunion ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0036/document.
Texte intégralIn agroecosystems, the use of biodiversity for natural control of arthropod pests aims to propose an agroecological crop protection, as an alternative to current agrochemical protection. Our study focused on mango agroecosystems in Reunion Island, with the goal of understanding the factors that influence biodiversity and control of arthropod pests. This agroecosystem is characterized by a large diversity (797 arthropod species and 114 plant species) and our results highlight the positive bottom-up and top-down controls of biodiversity in communities. We also highlight the services provided by the dominant species of invasive ants in pest regulation. Two species provide a predation service, and one reduces the diversity of natural enemies of omnivores and appears to explain the negative relationship between omnivore diversity and predation. Finally, we highlight the positive effect of parasitoid diversity and predator diversity on, respectively, the abundance of Seychelles mealybugs and on predation in general. The only significant landscape effect measured in our work is the positive effect of the proportion of mango orchards on the abundance of South African citrus Thrips. These results allow us to identify two factors in the agroecological protection of mango orchards in Reunion: the management of diversified ground cover in orchards; and collective landscape management by limiting the proportion of mango orchards
Rode, Nicolas. « Microévolution en temps réel : étude quantitative dans les populations naturelles d'Artemia spp ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20119/document.
Texte intégralGetting a comprehensive understanding of microevolution in natural populations requires proper quantification of the important selective forces exerted on these populations. Over the last decade, long-term studies and resurrection-ecology (revival of resting stages) have been the main approaches to study life history trait evolution over many generations in the wild. My work aims at understanding how simple ecological factors (e.g. temperature) and complex interactions between and within species (host-parasite and male-females antagonistic interactions) shape evolutionary processes in natural populations. To this end, I used the brine shrimp Artemia as a model system and combined laboratory and field studies. First, I investigated thermal niche evolution with a resurrection ecology approach, using dormant-egg time series from an Artemia population introduced from temperate to tropical salterns in the mid-80's. This experiment shows that survival at the high temperatures typical of the new environment increased linearly through time after the introduction, suggesting a sustained rate of adaptation over more than 100 generations. Second, I used the same approach to study adaptation between sexes in another Artemia population. I found that sexual conflicts result in fluctuating male-female coevolutionary dynamics in natura, over a time scale of ~100 generations. Third, I studied the relative role of one cestode and two microsporidian parasites in mediating the competition between a native asexual host and an invasive bisexual host. I found that all three parasites were either host- or genotype-specific and that the castrating cestode parasite specifically infected the native species, suggesting that this parasite actually played a major role in the competition between native and invasive hosts. Interestingly, all three parasites manipulated the swarming behavior of their host, most likely to increase their transmission. Fourth, I performed population genetic studies of diploid and polyploid Artemia parthenogenetica and their Asian bisexual close relatives. Diploid asexual Artemia produce rare males and I found indication that these males allow some rare sex in this otherwise parthenogenetic species. In addition, hybridization between divergent Artemia species has led to the origin of at least three independent polyploid lineages
Toure, Kadidiatou. « Biologie et écologie de Chilo zacconius Blesz : (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), foreur de tiges de riz au Mali : étude des relations trophiques avec sa plante-hôte cultivée, le riz ». Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112111.
Texte intégralStaszewski, Vincent. « Immuno-écologie et interactions hôte-parasite : cas du système oiseaux de mer-tique Ixodes uriae et agent de la maladie de Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) ». Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066081.
Texte intégralTaking into account the ecological context of host parasite interactions may be important to consider when examining trade offs between immune responses and the other needs of the organism. Ecological factors likely to affect exposure risk and the response to parasitism will ultimately affect the dynamics of biodiversity in host-parasite systems. Taking these aspects into account is thus necessary in order to define adequate public health policies and epidemiological risk models
Vazquez, Perera Antonio A. « Interaction hôte – parasite en contexte insulaire : relations entre Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) et les mollusques Galba cubensis et Pseudosuccinea columella (Gastropoda) sur l’île de Cuba ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS084/document.
Texte intégralHost – parasite interactions are biological systems that probably affect every living being. It also constitute a key factor in the understanding of infectious diseases. This subject has been studied using the Fasciola hepatica/Lymnaeidae system in the insular environment of Cuba. This thesis makes a biological multidisciplinary approach through population ecology (distribution and abundance of intermediary hosts snails), infection rates estimations of parasites in their hosts, population genetics using microsatellites markers (for both parasite and snails hosts), and studies of susceptibility and compatibility fluke/snail.The genetic diversity of the parasite is characterized by high values of diversity as well as probability of cross fertilization. However, we failed to detect significant differences between the strains but a highly infection rate is shared in cattle.Regarding the lymnaeid snails, the distribution of the two occurring species is mapped showing that Galba cubensis is widely distributed while Pseudosuccinea columella only exists in central-western Cuba. Both snail species differ in preferred habitat types and G. cubensis displays a higher ecological plasticity commonly observed in heavily human-transformed sites.Differences in host-parasite compatibilities have been revealed. It has been noted the existence of some populations of P. columella with a natural resistance to F. hepatica infection which display a marked differentiation of their population genetic structure compared to susceptible populations. Most susceptible populations are monomorphic with a very common haplotype in Cuba. Conversely, we observed a higher diversity in G. cubensis indicating a larger evolutionary time in Cuba. The sampling conducted in a fasciolosis endemic area revealed very low prevalences in the snail populations. However, strong variation in parasite mean intensity within individuals supports the high infection rates observed in cattle. Different sympatric and allopatric fluke/snail combinations were experimentally tested in which G. cubensis proved to be more compatible and suggest a better adaptation to the circulating F. hepatica in Cuba.Our results show that the understanding of infectious diseases’ dynamics and their effective control must strictly rely in a full knowledge of the biology, ecology, genetics and evolution of host – parasite systems