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1
Rivalta, Arianna. « Il polimorfismo del paracetamolo : indagine mediante spettroscopia Raman e metodi computazionali ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11169/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Lo studio del polimorfismo gioca un ruolo fondamentale in diversi ambiti di ricerca, con applicazioni importanti nel campo dei semi conduttori organici e dei farmaci, dovuto al
fatto che i diversi polimorfi di una sostanza presentano proprietà chimico-fisiche distinte. Questo lavoro di tesi si è focalizzato sullo studio del polimorfismo del paracetamolo, principio attivo (API) di diversi farmaci molto utilizzati, attraverso l’utilizzo della microscopia
Raman. La microscopia Raman è una tecnica efficace per l’indagine del polimorfismo di materiali organici ed inorganici, in quanto permette di monitorare la presenza di diverse fasi solide e le loro trasformazioni su scala micrometrica. Le differenze di struttura cristallina che caratterizzano i polimorfi vengono analizzate attraverso gli spettri Raman nella regione dei modi reticolari (10-150 cm^{-1}), le cui frequenze sondano le interazioni
inter-molecolari, molto sensibili anche a lievi differenze di impaccamento molecolare. Con questa tecnica abbiamo caratterizzato le forme I, II, III (quella elusiva) e diverse miscele di fase di paracetamolo su campioni ottenuti con numerose tecniche di crescita dei cristalli.
Per questa tesi è stato svolto anche uno studio computazionale, attraverso metodi Density Functional Theory (DFT) per la molecola isolata e metodi di minimizzazione dell’energia e di dinamica reticolare per i sistemi cristallini. Abbiamo inoltre verificato se il modello
di potenziale di letteratura scelto (Dreiding [Mayo1990]) fosse adatto per descrivere la molecola di paracetamolo, le strutture dei suoi polimorfi e i relativi spettri vibrazionali.
2
Rancan, Elia <1987>. « Sintesi del paracetamolo e altre ammidi di interesse industriale mediante riarrangiamenti organo catalizzati da CF3COOH ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2754.
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Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata messa a punto la sintesi del paracetamolo via riarrangiamento di Beckmann del 4-idrossiacetofenonossima organo catalizzata da TFA. Tale metodologia consente una maggiore sostenibilità rispetto all’attuale processo industriale e notevoli potenzialità sintetiche per la sintesi di altre ammidi. È stato inoltre ideato un nuovo metodo per la sintesi di paracetamolo in un unico passaggio, realizzando contemporaneamente l’ossimazione e il riarrangiamento del corrispondente chetone (4-idrossiacetofenone). Questo nuovo metodo è stato esteso per la sintesi di altre ammidi d’interesse industriale utilizzando come materiale di partenza i rispettivi chetoni. Infine, le reazioni di ossimazione-riarrangiamento in TFA sono state provate anche su composti dello zolfo (es. solfossidi) con lo scopo di verificarne le potenzialità nella sintesi in un solo passaggio di solfinammidi. Da letteratura, in campo biologico, questi composti hanno mostrato avere un’elevata capacità di trasporto del gruppo nitrosile e una potenziale attività farmacologica sia come antipertensivi che come antitumorali.
3
Elijošius, Evaldas. « Kramtomųjų paracetamolio tablečių vaikams technologija ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110628_155329-47227.
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Šiuo metu Lietuvoje pramoniniu būdu gaminamų farmacinių formų vaikams kiekis yra ribotas (2009/2010m. Lietuvos Respublikos Vaistinių preparatų registro duomenimis). Atlikus eilę studijų, buvo nutarta sukurti kramtomųjų paracetamolio tablečių vaikams gamybos technologiją. Surinkome ir susisteminome duomenis apie galimus technologinius tablečių gamybos variantus. Ištyrėme paracetamolio ir pasirinktų pagalbinių medžiagų technologines savybes. Išanalizavome mokslinius duomenis apie granuliacijos metodus bei technologinius tabletavimo būdus. Nustatytos reikiamos miltelių technologinės savybės, parinktos pagalbinės medžiagos ir jų kiekiai, leidžiantys pagaminti tabletes naudojant drėgnąjį miltelių granuliavimą. Tabletės presuotos ekscentrine tabletavimo mašina „Diaf“. Pagamintos 330 mg vidutinės masės tabletės; jos taisyklingos formos, lygiais kraštais, turi švelnų vienalytį paviršių, 9 mm diametro, 3 mm aukščio. Ištyrėme tablečių kokybei keliamus Europos Farmakopėjos reikalavimus: tablečių tvirtumą nusitrynimui, tvirtumą spaudimui, vidutinę tablečių masę, tablečių suirimą ir tirpimą. Įvertintas pagamintų tablečių stabilumas laikant. Atlikti tyrimai parodė, kad panaudota technologija įgalina pagaminti kramtomąsias paracetamolio tabletes vaikams, kurios atitinka Europos Farmakopėjos tabletėms keliamus reikalavimus.On this time in Lithuania we don‘t have enough medicinal drug forms for children, which are made by industrial methods (we collated all registred drug forms for children, which are in Lithuania‘s drugs registration list). After long science studies, we decided to create the chewabe tablets for children manufacturing technology. First of all we collected information about all possible tablets manufacturing technology variants, collected information about paracetamol and supplementary materials. We have learned about granulation methods and tablet manufacturing variants. Was established powder tachnological characteristics. Selected supplementary materials and it‘s count, that would let us to create tablets by wet granuliating. Tablets was pressed by eccentric tablet machine „Diaf“. Was made 330 mg average mass, regular form, with flat edges tablets. Its have soft smooth surface, 9 mm diameter, 3 mm height. Data set about tablets quality by European Pharmacopoeia requirements: tablets strength for abrasion, strength for pressure, average tablets mass, tablets disintegration and tablets dissolution. We accomplished tablets stability tests. Accomplished studies have shown, that we could make chewable paracetamol tablets for children by selected technology. Those tablets passes through all European Pharmacopoeia requirements.
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Ciegis, Paulius. « Alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio mišinio kokybinė analizė plonasluoksnės ir efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodais ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140618_233534-96441.
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Darbo tikslas: Optimizuoti plonasluoksnės chromatografijos ir efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodikas, tinkamas alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio kokybiniam įvertinimui.
Tyrimo objektas ir metodai: Optimizuojant PC metodiką, analizuoti etaloniniai 0,2 mg/ml koncentracijos alprazolamo, kodeino, paracetamolio trichlormetaniniai tirpalai ir jų mišinys. Tirpiklių sistemoms buvo naudoti etanolis, trichlormetanas, eteris, 25% amonio hidroksidas, acetonas, izobutanolis. Dėmių ryškinimui naudota UV šviesos (254nm; 365nm) lempa arba Dragendorfo reagentas (modifikuotas pagal Munjė). Optimizuotos metodikos pritaikytos tiriant trichlormetaninius darbinius tirpalus, pagamintus iš vaistinių preparatų „Xanax“, „Paracetamolis Sanitas“ ir „Ultracod“.
Siekiant pritaikyti ESC metodiką tiriamųjų junginių analizei, buvo tirti etaloniniai 0,1 mg/ml koncentracijos alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio metanoliniai tirpalai bei jų mišinys. Medžiagų atskyrimui ir identifikavimui naudotas chromatografas Waters 2695 su fotodiodų matricos detektoriumi Waters 996 (210 – 400 nm bangų ilgio diapazonas). Chromatografavimui naudoti metanolis, 3% acto rūgšties vandeninis tirpalas. Optimizuota ESC metodika pritaikyta tiriant metanolinius darbinius tirpalus, pagamintus iš vaistinių preparatų „Xanax“, „Ultracod“ ir „Solpadeine“.
Rezultatai ir išvados: Tinkamiausios tirpiklių sistemos alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio mišinio kokybiniam vertinimui PC metodu – TS-D (trichlormetanas: acetonas:... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Aim: To optimize thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods for alprazolam, codeine, paracetamol and their mixture qualitative analysis. Object and methods: For TLC method optimization alprazolam, codeine, paracetamol and their mixture stock solutions (0,2 mg/ml) in trichlormetan were analysed. For mobile phase were used: ethanol, trichlormetan, ether, 25% ammonia hydroxide, acetone, isobutanol. For spots development were used UV light lamp (254nm; 365nm) or Dragendorff reagent (modified by Munje). Optimized methods were tried with pharmaceutical products “Xanax”, “Paracetamolis Sanitas” and “Ultracod” solutions. For HPLC method optimization alprazolam, codeine, paracetamol and their mixture stock solutions (0,1 mg/ml) in methanol were analysed. Chromatograph Waters 2695 with photo diode array detector Waters 996 (210-400 nm wave length) were used for qualitative determination. Analysis was made by using methanol and 3% acetic acid aqueous solution. Optimized method was applied in analysis of pharmaceutical products “Xanax”, “Ultracod” and “Solpadeine” solutions. Results: The best mobile phases for alprazolam, codeine and paracetamol mixture qualitative analysis using TLC is TS-D (trichlormetan: acetone: concentrated ammonia hydroxide (55:40:5)) and TS-F (trichlormetan: ether: isobutanol: concentrated ammonia hydroxide (50:30:15:5)). TS-D and TS-F mobile phases are suitable for examined substances qualitative analysis in mixture and... [to full text]
5
Mohd, Zaki Hamizah. « Spectroscopy surface analysis of paracetamol and paracetamol and excipient systems ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/spectroscopy-surface-analysis-of-paracetamol-and-paracetamol-and-excipient-systems(2f50af69-fb35-487b-8065-46aa3c86f96c).html.
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A detailed, fundamental understanding of the surface properties of molecular crystals and their interaction with adsorbing molecules (e.g. excipients) is important for tailoring the stability of formulations and the bioavailability of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIs). Few fundamental experimental studies with surface sensitive probes have been carried out for organic molecular crystals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an established surface analysis method in the fields of adsorption, catalysis and surface chemistry of inorganic crystals. It has high surface sensitivity, probing approximately the top 1-3 nm of a crystal, and allows surface elemental analysis combined with the determination of the chemical state of the elements. To explore the possibilities and limitations of XPS for the surface characterisation of molecular crystal systems, investigation has been made on a range of paracetamol systems, three different poloxamers and blends of paracetamol with poloxamer 188. It was found by investigations of a range of polycrystalline paracetamol forms that the C1s, N1s and O1s core level emissions from the amide group of paracetamol allow to quantify, for the first time, the influence of surface contamination and adsorbed species on the paracetamol XPS data. Results of quantitative XPS analyses must be critically evaluated taking the material and energy-specific escape depth of the photoelectron signals into account. Analysis of the polycrystalline powder samples, including two different polymorphs and various partially amorphous forms of paracetamol, indicated that the core-level shifts associated with varying intermolecular interactions do not perturb the local electronic structure variations in paracetamol enough to become detectable through chemical shifts in the core level photoemission spectra. Subsequently, large, high quality single crystals of the monoclinic form I (with facet diameters between ~5 and ~10 mm) were obtained from different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone) to examine the influence of the crystallisation medium on the surface properties. Small spot XPS analysis was performed in several areas across facets to examine the possible influence of roughness and other lateral inhomogeneities. Careful curve-fitting of all results reveals only minor variations in the XPS data as a function of facet orientation, crystallisation medium or degree of crystallinity. Moreover, results indicate that any variations seen in XPS data very likely stem from low-level surface contamination, which is very difficult to avoid, even in a clean-room laboratory environment. In fact, the results indicate that the level of surface contamination depends significantly on the crystallisation apparatus cleanliness. Even minute concentrations of surface active components in the solutions, i.e. below the detection level of techniques for routine analytical methods, are likely to cause significant surface concentrations on crystal facets emersed from the solutions. The study thus highlights the paramount importance of microscopic surface cleanliness when assessing macroscopic facet-specific phenomena such as contact angles. Finally, XPS was employed to analyse milled and physical mixtures of paracetamol with poloxamer 188 at different percent. At minimum mass percentages poloxamer 188 adsorbs on the paracetamol surfaces; in the presence of poloxamer 188 excess the conformation of adsorbed poloxamer on the paracetamol surface changes. Studies of radiation damage on the poloxamer samples were performed both for several pure polxamers as well as for milled mixtures with paracetamol. They allowed the proposal of radiation-induced degradation mechanisms.
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Castro, Pedro Luís Pereira de. « Farmacocinética do paracetamol ». Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4415.
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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências FarmacêuticasO paracetamol é um dos analgésicos e antipiréticos mais utilizados em crianças e adultos por possuir uma janela terapêutica larga com poucos efeitos adversos. No entanto, por ser um medicamento não sujeito a receita médica, é por vezes utilizado em sobredosagem, podendo provocar hepatotoxicidade decorrente do esgotamento dos níveis de glutationa hepática e do excesso de produção de N-acetil-p-benzoquinonaimina (NAPQI), um metabolito alquilado, que se liga aos grupos sulfidrilo das proteínas hepáticas originando necrose dos hepatócitos. Com vista a descrever o comportamento deste fármaco num organismo e determinar a influência de fatores como o síndrome de Gilbert, o jejum, o alcoolismo e a administração de doses supraterapêuticas na sua ação terapêutica e possível toxicidade têm sido sugeridos diversos modelos farmacocinéticos compartimentais e fisiológicos. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica, organizada cronologicamente, dos modelos que, em virtude da informação cinética e dinâmica que fornecem, são considerados mais relevantes. Um dos modelos mais completos e importantes foi o proposto em 2013 por Pery e colaboradores. Trata-se de um modelo de base fisiológica que permitiu estudar a distribuição e caraterizar a hepatotoxicidade de uma dose supraterapêutica de paracetamol. Dada a sua relevância e atualidade, este modelo foi analisado em maior detalhe tendo sido simulado em Microsoft Excel®. Os resultados obtidos mostram que após administração de uma dose supraterapêutica de paracetamol pode ocorrer saturação das reações de fase II no fígado (sulfatação e de glucuronidação), verificando-se a presença de elevadas concentrações de paracetamol inalterado no organismo, podendo-se associar a este factor, a formação de quantidades elevadas de NAPQI. Pery et al., a partir dos resultados obtidos numa simulação idêntica, juntamente com extrapolações realizadas com softwares especializados, previram que a dose para qual seria de esperar efeitos significativos na viabilidade celular no Homem, seria de 155 mg/kg. Paracetamol is one of the most widely used analgesics and antipyretics in children and adults by having a wide therapeutic window with few adverse effects. However because it is an over-the-counter (OTC) drug, is sometimes used in overdose and may cause hepatotoxicity resulting from the depletion of hepatic glutathione levels and excessive production of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI), an alkylated metabolite which binds to sulfhydryl groups of hepatic proteins leading to necrosis of the hepatocytes. Many compartimental and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have been suggested to describe the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol and to determine how fators such as the Gilbert syndrome, fasting, alcoholism and supratherapeutic dosages influence the therapeutic action and toxicity of the molecule. This thesis presents a literature review of how the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol has been studied. References were selected and organized chronologically and according to the dynamic or kinetic information they provide, in order to expose the different pharmacokinetic models that have been proposed, clarify their application and limitations. One of the most complete and important models was the one proposed by Pery et al. in 2013. It is a physiologically based model which enabled to study the distribution and characterize the hepatotoxicity of a supratherapeutic dosage of paracetamol. Given its relevance and topicality, this model was analyzed in further detail being simulated in Microsoft Excel®. The results obtained indicate that, when a supratherapeutic paracetamol is administered, there can be a saturation of phase II reactions in liver (sulfonation and glucoronidation) and high concentrations of unchanged paracetamol in several organs that may be associated with the formation of high concentrations of NAPQI. From the results of a similar simulation, together with extrapolations perfomed with specialized softwares, Pery et al. predicted that the dosage which could lead to significant effects on cell viability in humans would be 155 mg/kg.
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Robinson, D. « Factors influencing paracetamol overdose ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403484.
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Flodell, Amanda. « Risker vid användning av paracetamol under graviditet : Risker vid användning av paracetamol under graviditet ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102007.
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Cabral, Flavia Helena Costa. « Alterações morfologicas testiculares provocadas pelo cadmio, paracetamol e cadmio associado ao paracetamol, em ratos ». [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317850.
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Orientador: Mary Anne Heidi DolderDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-21T09:40:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cabral_FlaviaHelenaCosta_M.pdf: 7932022 bytes, checksum: 5df8caed27891d2ed2c74e69d6748a6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996
Resumo: O cádmio é um elemento químico, reconhecido atualmente como perigoso devido sua alta toxicidade e os efeitos deletérios que provoca nos seres vivos. Recentemente também tem sido investigadas com maior interesse e atenção, algumas drogas vendidas sem prescrições médicas como por ex. o paracetamol, cujos efeitos tóxicos são pouco informados aos usuários. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos analisar e avaliar os efeitos do cádmio (sob forma de CdCI2.H20), do paracetamol (na forma de Tylenol @ - gotas) e destas substâncias administradas simultaneamente, sobre os testículos de ratos. Neste estudo foram utilizados 44 ratos, do sexo masculino (adultos-jovens) da linhagem Wistar. Realizaram-se estudos histológicos qualitativos e quantitativos à microscopia de luz. Os animais foram submetidos à diferentes dosagens do cádmio (2,5; 7,5; 10 e 15 IJmols I kg), do paracetamol (4,4 e 8,8 mmols I kg) e do cádmio associado ao paracetamol (2,5 IJmols I kg + 4,4 mmols I kg; 7,5 IJmols I kg + 8,8 mmols I kg; 15 IJmols I kg + 8,8 mmols I kg). As observações histológicas revelaram, para os animais submetidos ao cádmio nas doses de. 10 IJmols I kg (com duração de 83 dias) ou 15 IJmols I kg (duração de 06 dias), alterações morfológicas graves em todo o parênquima testicular. Estas alterações são caracterizadas por necrose coagulativa do epitélio seminífero, espessamento da túnica albugínea e degeneração do tecido intersticial. Para os animais tratados com 15 IJmols I kg, houve perda de peso corporal e os resultados quantitativos demonstram valores significativos pela redução dos diâmetros de túbulos seminíferos. Para. os animais tratados com 10 Jjmols I kg, os resultados qualitativos revelaram uma diminuição dos pesos testiculares. Nas doses do cádmio com 2,5 e 7,5 Jjmols I kg e do paracetamol com 4,4 e 8,8 mmols I kg respectivamente, não se observou efeitos lesivos graves nos testículos dos animais investigados. Entretanto quando estas duas substâncias foram administradas simultaneamente, observou-se o efeito aditivo que provocou alterações testiculàres, detectadas à microscopia de luz. A administração do cádmio (7,5 e 15 Jjmols I kg) com o paracetamol (8,8 mmols I kg), leva a uma potencialização dos efeitos deletérios, sendo evidenciada pela redução altamente significativa dos diâmetros dos túbulos seminíferos
Abstract: Cadmium is a chemical element recognized today as dangerous due to its high toxicity and harmful effects toward life. Also recently, drugs sold freely without prescription, such as paracetamol, are being investigated for their toxic effects, of which the public is frequently not aware. This study was undertaken to analyse and evaluate the effects on rat testicles of cadmuim (CdCI2.H20), of paracetamol (in the form of Tylenol @ drops) and of these two substances administered simultaneously. For this work, 44 male rats (young adults) of the Wistar lineage were used. Quantitative and qualitativ.e evaluations were made with light microscopy. The animais received various dosages of cadmium (2.5, 7.5,10 and 15 I-Imols I kg), of paracetamol (4.4 and 8.8 mmols I kg) and of cadmium associated with paracetamol (2.5 I-Imols I kg + 4.4 mmols I kg; 7.5 I-Imols I kg + 8.8 mmols I kg; 15 I-Imols I kg + 8.8 mmols I kg). Histological observations showed severe alterations of the testicles for animais that received cadmium in the dose of 10 I-Imols I kg (followed for a 83 day period) or 15 I-Imols I kg (for 06 days). These alterations were classified as coagulative necrosis of the seminal epithelium, tunica albuginea thickening and degeneration of the interstitial tissue. Animais treated with 15 I-Imols I kg lost body weight and the reduction in diameter of the seminal tubules was highly significant. Animais which received 10 I-Imols I kg had a reduction in weight of their testicles. In the cadmium doses of 2.5 and 7.5 I-Imols I kg and of paracetamol in doses of 4.4 and 8.8 mmols I kg no serious lesions were encountered in the animais studied. However, when these substances were administered simultaneously, an additive effect was shown to cause slight. testicular alterations, observed with the light microscope. Higher cadmium doses (7.5 and 15 I-Imols I kg) and the larger paracetamol dose (8.8 mmols I kg) resulted in a potentiation of the harmful effects, measured by the highly significant reduction _n diameter of the seminal tubules
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
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Chiew, Angela. « Changing paradigms of paracetamol poisoning ». Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23382.
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The overall objective of this thesis was to identify and examine areas for improvement in the management of paracetamol poisoning. Paracetamol is one of the commonest drugs taken in overdose in Australia and a common cause of acute liver injury in Western countries. Management of paracetamol poisoning includes assessment for the need of antidote (acetylcysteine) administration and decontamination in patients at risk of toxicity. Management in most follows standard guidelines and in those receiving early acetylcysteine are at very low risk of developing acute liver injury. However, circumstances were arising when some patients were developing acute liver injury despite early acetylcysteine. In this thesis we firstly review the evidence for the current assessment and treatment of paracetamol poisoning and identified risk factors associated with treatment failure. This allowed us to identify and examine those patient groups that were at higher risk of acute liver injury with standard treatment protocols such as massive and modified-release paracetamol overdose. However, these cases were uncommon so a means to recruit these patients from many centres was required. The Australian Toxicology Monitoring study (ATOM) is a prospective observational study that recruits patients from calls to two poisons information centres and five clinical toxicology units. An arm of ATOM the Australian Paracetamol Project (APP) recruited an enriched dataset of problematic paracetamol poisoning. From APP three studies form a part of this thesis. ATOM-2 investigated massive immediate-release paracetamol ingestion and found increased acetylcysteine dose and early decontamination decreases the risk of liver injury. ATOM-3 investigated modified-release paracetamol ingestion and found many required prolonged treatment and some developed liver injury despite early acetylcysteine treatment. The results of these studies subsequently resulted in change to the national guidelines for the management of these patients. ATOM-5 examined a new biomarker paracetamol-protein adducts and showed that it can be used to stratify patients at low and high risk of acute liver injury. This thesis shows that recruitment of patients from many centres can be performed to examine uncommon and problematic overdoses.
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Arakji, Jawad Ola. « Effekter av begränsad förpackningsstorlek för paracetamol ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Farmakologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-121837.
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Chevallier, Thierry. « Pharmacologie clinique du paracetamol en collyre ». Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE6556.
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SCIEUX, PIERRE. « Intoxication par le paracetamol chez l'adulte ». Lille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL2M033.
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Bashir, Shazma. « Mechanism of Paracetamol (acetaminophen) induced hypothermia ». Thesis, University of East London, 2018. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/7308/.
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Paracetamol is a potent analgesic and antipyretic with limited side effects compared to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opiates. Worldwide paracetamol is commonly used to treat pain and fever in both children and adults. Although, this drug has been in clinical use for more than a century, the mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Historically some of the actions of paracetamol were attributed to the inhibition of central cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes however given the weak inhibitory effects on COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, alternative targets have been suggested including a possible novel COX-3. The inhibition of COX-2 is accepted as the mechanism by which paracetamol reduces core temperature (Tc) in febrile animals. However, in non-febrile animals where COX-2 is not induced, paracetamol has also been shown to cause hypothermia by a mechanism that is not fully understood. Both the reduction of pyresis and induction of hypothermia can only occur when peripheral metabolic rate decreases and/or heat loss increases. In terms of antipyresis and hypothermia, the inhibition of lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondria function are obvious alternative targets. Studies were undertaken to identify and characterise the putative COX-3 at protein and mRNA level using western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mouse brain endothelial cells (b.End3) and whole brain tissues isolated from male C57BL/6 mice. Additional studies were also undertaken to assess if the hypothermic properties of paracetamol could be attributed to direct inhibition of thermogenic pathways in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary brown adipocytes isolated from male Wistar rats. Adipocytes and isolated mitochondria were exposed to paracetamol and lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation (FAO), mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), assessed by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR). In these studies no expression of the COX-3 protein could be detected in brain endothelial cells and homogenates and no evidence of a COX-3 was detected at mRNA level. However, paracetamol caused a significant decrease (upto 70%; P < 0.01, from control) in both basal and stimulated lipolysis at 1, 3 and 24 hours without affecting cell viability. Paracetamol (10 mM) and its metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) at 50 μM also significantly (P < 0.01, from control), reduced endogenous and exogenous FAO by 50% and 70% respectively. NAPQI (50 μM) had limited effect on mitochondrial uncoupling. Finally, paracetamol and other antipyretic compounds also significantly reduced ETC activity (upto 90%; P < 0.01, from control). Both the maintenance of normal body temperature (Tb) and the induction of pyresis require increased mitochondrial ETC activity normally initiated centrally and driven peripherally by reduction of substrates such as fatty acids and glucose. The failure to identify the COX-3 protein and the direct inhibition of lipolysis, FAO and ETC activity indicate that antipyretic actions of paracetamol could partly be attributed to it actions on peripheral energy generation systems and provide new drug targets for reducing fever and chemically inducing hypothermia.
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Keeble, Julie Elizabeth. « The cardiovascular effects and catabolism of NO NSAIDS and other NO releasing adduct drugs ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246315.
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CAMUT, LIONEL. « Intoxication aigue par le paracetamol : etude de 162 observations ». Angers, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ANGE1093.
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DEAUX, JEAN-LOUIS. « Intoxication aigue au paracetamol : bilan de 6 ans d'appels au centre anti-poisons : de 1982 a 1987 ». Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU31352.
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Pakravan, Nasrin. « Paracetamol poisoning and its treatment in man ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4292.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Paracetamol is the most common drug taken in overdose in the UK. Although it has been used in overdose for about 50 years, there are many aspects of its toxicity and treatment that are not fully understood. In this thesis a series of related studies on paracetamol overdose are reported. The nephrotoxic effects of paracetamol in overdose have long been recognised. To better understand the mechanisms of this effect the effect of acute paracetamol overdose on plasma electrolytes were investigated, both retrospectively and, more intensively, prospectively. The results of these studies showed paracetamol overdose is associated with dose-related hypokalemia, and kaliuresis of short duration (<24h), suggesting a specific renal effect of paracetamol in overdose, perhaps via cyclo-oxygenase inhibition. This effect seems distinct from any nephrotoxic effect of paracetamol. In the third study the possible impact of features at admission, including renal impairment, on outcomes in a large cohort of patients who developed severe liver injury following paracetamol overdose was evaluated retrospectively. The key finding was that plasma creatinine, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, at first admission appeared to be useful predictors of poor outcome. The last three studies focus on antidote treatment of paracetamol overdose. Intravenous acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used as treatment of choice for over 30 years in patients who are at risk of hepatotoxicity. There are reports of liver failure and death in patients who have “non-toxic” plasma paracetamol concentrations on the UKL nomogram, and who are therefore not treated. To better understand this, the frequency of liver failure in patients who had low paracetamol was assessed by examining retrospective data from the Scottish Liver Unit over a 12-year period. Similar data was collected in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne by colleagues there. Only a small percentage of patients developed hepatotoxicity when initial paracetamol was low. It was concluded that on a cost-benefit basis the current thresholds for antidote treatment should not be lowered. The final 2 studies examine adverse reactions (ADRs) to NAC, a common clinical problem. The pattern and mechanisms of ADRs in man are not well described or understood. Factors influencing the frequency of adverse effects were studied in a prospective manner. Paracetamol concentration and male gender were protective and family history of allergy was a risk factor for adverse effects in this cohort. In a smaller focussed study the roles of histamine and other biomarkers as underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in ADR occurrence were studied. The severity of ADRs correlated with the extent of histamine release, which was independent of tryptase increase, suggesting a non-mast cell source. The mechanisms by which paracetamol might lessen histamine release require further investigation.
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Godfrey, Lisa. « Interactions between paracetamol and caffeine in mice ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/826/.
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Kamali, F. « Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in man ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355292.
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Costa, Odeize Viana. « MULTIPLICIDADE ESTRUTURAL DO PARACETAMOL NO ESTADO SÓLIDO ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2009. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2116.
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Previous issue date: 2009-07-03The theme of this study focused on polymorphisms of Paracetamol in the solid state. So, before the constant use of Paracetamol in Pharmacology and Chemistry in general, it justify studies that more about, its composition and its variations in the solid state. It is concluded that the technical analysis of polymorphism of the drug Paracetamol, as well as others, shows different structural aspects, and dynamic energy of the substance in the solid state. There are different techniques employed, such as Crystallography, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis and Microscopy. This study was important to verify the existence of polymorphisms that can be formed during the last stage of the development of a compound. Thus, the presence of polymorphism is a major source of variation in the behavior of dissolution of drugs, and the influence on the dissolution rate is determined by changes in the solubility of the different polymorphous. Any change in the way of crystallization can also change the bioavailability, chemical stability and physical development and have implications for the pharmaceutical form. It is finally concluded that technological factors such as the use of solvents to the crystallization, precipitation, process of compression and reducing the size of particles are of great importance in the polymorphic transition of drugs. If, at the time of formulation, it is not verified wich polymorphous can be used, it s possible to obtain a product ineffective due to the involvement of the dissolution of the active principle and hence its bioavailability.
O tema deste estudo focou a análise do polimorfismo do Paracetamol no estado sólido. Assim, diante do uso constante do Paracetamol na farmacologia e na química em geral, justifica-se estudos que possam mostrar mais sobre sua composição e suas variantes no estado sólido. Conclui-se que as técnicas de análise de polimorfismo do fármaco Paracetamol, bem como outros, permitem verificar diferentes aspectos estruturais, dinâmicos e energéticos da substância. Existem diferentes técnicas e metodologia empregadas, tais como Cristalografia, Espectroscopia, Análise Térmica e Microscópia. Neste estudo verificou-se a existência de polimorfos que possam ser formados durante o último estágio do desenvolvimento de um composto. A presença de polimorfos é uma das principais fontes de variação no comportamento de dissolução dos fármacos, sendo que a influência sobre a velocidade de dissolução é determinada por mudanças na solubilidade dos distintos polimorfos. Qualquer alteração na forma de cristalização pode, assim, alterar também a biodisponibilidade, a estabilidade química e física e ter implicações na elaboração da forma farmacêutica. Conclui-se, portanto que fatores tecnológicos como a utilização de solventes de cristalização, precipitação, processos de compressão e redução do tamanho de partículas são de grande importância na transição polimórfica de fármacos. Caso no momento da formulação não se verifique qual será o polimorfo utilizado pode-se obter um produto ineficaz devido ao comprometimento da dissolução do princípio ativo e, conseqüentemente, de sua biodisponibilidade.
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Honhold, Nick. « Paracetamol, percutaneous electrical stimulation and rat spinal neurones ». Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522587.
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Possamai, Lucia. « Susceptibility factors in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25269.
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Paracetamol is a popular antipyretic and analgesic medication. It is a known hepatotoxin in overdose and is the commonest cause of acute liver failure in the UK. There is significant variability in inter-individual susceptibility to the hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol, which is incompletely understood. This thesis describes work done in murine models of paracetamol-induced acute liver failure with the aim of identifying causes of variable susceptibility and understanding the immune response to liver injury. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach was taken using a murine strain susceptible to paracetamol hepatotoxicity (C3H/HeH) crossed with a relatively resistant strain (C57BL/6). Novel QTLs on murine chromosome 17 and 18 were identified that associated with response to paracetamol. Within the loci a number of candidate genes were identified. A survey of 10 inbred mouse strains for their response to paracetamol was conducted and highlighted the large variability within each strain. It was hypothesised that this variability might be due to differences in intestinal microbiota. A study of the role of intestinal microbiota in paracetamol-induced liver failure was conducted, by comparing response in germ free (GF) mice and conventional (CV) controls. This demonstrated that the presence of intestinal microbiota influenced the sulphonation:glucuronidation ratio during paracetamol metabolism. Although the extent of liver injury as assessed by necrosis and liver enzyme elevation was the same in GF and CV mice, there was evidence of a protective effect of a sterile intestine. Finally a reverse genetics approach was taken to study the influence of the gene Slpi in the secondary immune response to liver injury. It was shown that absence of SLPI protected mice against peak liver injury. The work presented in this thesis highlights some potential sources of variability in response to paracetamol and a number of targets that with further research could have therapeutic potential.
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Barraza, Góngora Carlos. « Interacción dexibuprofeno con paracetamol en formalina orofacial experimental ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134478.
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Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano DentistaEl dolor corresponde a una de las principales causas de consulta en la clínica odontológica. Para el manejo del dolor, los clínicos contamos con una gran variedad de fármacos, entre los cuales destacan los antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINEs), drogas que por regla general, poseen mecanismos de acción y efectos adversos comunes. Para contrarrestar las reacciones adversas, se han realizado una gran cantidad de estudios, que han permitido el desarrollo o mejoras de ciertos fármacos. Como resultado de estas investigaciones se descubrió la existencia de AINEs quirales, habitualmente administrados como mezclas racémicas, donde sólo una parte de ellos presenta actividad farmacológica, entre ellos tenemos al ibuprofeno, cuyo enantiómero activo, y por tanto útil, es el llamado dexibuprofeno. Además se han planteado métodos, como por ejemplo, la evaluación de combinaciones de fármacos buscando un aumento en los efectos analgésicos, que posibilite disminuir las dosis administradas de cada uno. En el presente trabajo se evaluó a través del test de la formalina orofacial, la actividad antinociceptiva e interacción entre dexibuprofeno con paracetamol. Se utilizaron ratones a los que se les inyectó de forma intraperitoneal dexibuprofeno, paracetamol, la mezcla de ambos y solución salina, 30 minutos antes de realizar el test de la formalina. El test consistió en inyectar 20 µl de formalina al 2% a nivel subcutáneo en el labio superior, para luego medir el tiempo de frotamiento de la zona perinasal, durante los 5 minutos inmediatos a la inyección, que corresponde a la fase I (algésica aguda) y desde los 20 a 30 minutos post inyección (fase II o algésica-inflamatoria). Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que los analgésicos dexibuprofeno y paracetamol presentan efecto analgésico dosis dependiente tanto en la fase I como en la fase II, siendo el dexibuprofeno levemente más potente que el paracetamol en las dos fases. El análisis isobolográfico de la coadministración de dexibuprofeno con paracetamol intraperitoneal, entregó una interacción de naturaleza sinérgica para ambas fases del test. Los resultados del presente trabajo confirman la utilidad de asociar dexibuprofeno y paracetamol para obtener un mayor efecto analgésico, debiéndose al parecer a diferencias entre los mecanismos de acción, que resultarían complementarios.
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Di, Martino Piera. « Polymorphisme du paracetamol : application a la compression directe ». Lille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL2P257.
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KAMINSKI, PASCAL. « Ingestion accidentelle de paracetamol chez l'enfant : etude retrospective : a propos de 38 observations ». Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M359.
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Barthèlemy, Pierre. « Reflexions sur l'apport du paracetamol dans le traitement de la douleur ». Saint-Etienne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STET6230.
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Rapšienė, Vaida. « Kraujo biocheminių rodiklių pokyčiai apsinuodijus paracetamoliu ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140625_173326-71647.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Paracetamolio vartojimas yra viena iš dažniausių apsinuodijimo priežasčių daugelyje Europos šalių ir JAV. Šiose šalyse paracetamolio sukelti kepenų toksiniai pakenkimai sąlygoja nemažą hospitalizacijos ir mirčių atvejų skaičių. Apsinuodijimo paracetamoliu gydymas priklauso nuo nurytos paracetamolio dozės, laiko, praėjusio nuo nurijimo iki atvykimo į gydymo įstaigą, bei kitų veiksnių, padidinančių toksinio kepenų pakenkimo riziką. Vyrauja nuomonė, kad ūmaus apsinuodijimo paracetamoliu atveju paciento nurodyta nuryto paracetamolio dozė yra nepatikima informacija tolimesniam paciento gydymui ir priežiūrai. Mokslinių publikacijų, kuriose būtų patvirtinta apsinuodijusių pacientų nurodyta nurytos paracetamolio dozės svarba, taip pat yra palyginti nedaug. Paracetamolio sukeltų kraujo biocheminių rodiklių pokyčių tyrimai būtini, kad apsinuodiję pacientai būtų gydomi laiku ir tinkamai, bei komplikacijų prevencijai. Siekiant nustatyti paracetamolio sukelto kepenų pakenkimo laipsnį bei įvertinti prognozę, kraujo biocheminiai rodikliai turi būti tiriami kompleksiškai. Apsinuodijimo paracetamoliu dažnis Lietuvoje nėra žinomas, taip pat nežinomas ir paracetamolio sukelto toksinio kepenų pakenkimo dažnis. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti kraujo biocheminių rodiklių pokyčius apsinuodijus paracetamoliu. Rezultatai ir išvados. Ūmiai paracetamoliu apsinuodijusiems pacientams (paracetamolis nurytas per 24 val. laikotarpį) AST, ALT aktyvumo, bendro bilirubino koncentracijos, kraujo krešėjimo tyrimai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Paracetamol is the most common cause of the poisoning in the USA and other European countries. In these countries paracetamol related liver injuries causes large number of cases of hospitalization and deaths. Treatment of paracetamol poisoning depends on ingested paracetamol dose, the time of admission to the hospital ant the other factors that increases risk of hepatotoxicity. A common perception is that patient-reported dosages are unreliable in the context of acute overdose. Only small number articles concerning the validity of patient reported dose are published. Investigation of the blood biochemical markers and investigation of their changes are important in order to treat the poisoning and prevent liver injuries. Prevalence of paracetamol poisoning is not known in Lithuania. Prevalence of liver injuries caused by paracetamol poisoning is not known as well. The aim of the study is to investigate the changes of blood biochemical markers in patients poisoned by paracetamol. The frequency of analyses of blood biochemical markers was analyzed; levels of blood biochemical markers were analyzed in the different time periods according to the admission to the hospital time and the time after paracetamol ingestion. Levels of blood biochemical markers were compared in the groups of self –poisoned patients and suicidal patients. Calculation of correlation coefficients between levels of blood biochemical markers and patient reported paracetamol dose was performed. In the group of... [to full text]
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Raimundo, Mariana Peres Navarro. « Ensaio clínico para avaliação do benefício da administração peri-operatória de paracetamol em cães submetidos a extração dentária ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19210.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaO paracetamol é um analgésico, antipirético e fraco anti-inflamatório, amplamente utilizado em Medicina Humana e que pode ser utilizado no maneio da dor peri-operatória no cão. Apesar de apresentar uma janela terapêutica reduzida, o seu uso tem aumentado por ter efeitos adversos gastrointestinais e renais negligenciaveis e não possuir efeito antiagregante plaquetário. A hepatotoxicidade ocorre, no entanto, em casos de sobredosagem, o que pode acontecer com alguma facilidade no contexto de uso sem recomendação médico-veterinária. O objetivo desta dissertação consistiu em avaliar a eficácia analgésica do paracetamol em cães submetidos a extração dentária. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo clínico prospetivo, aleatório e cego, no contexto de procedimentos de extração dentária. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a administração ou não de paracetamol. As variáveis recolhidas foram os parâmetros de monitorização anestésica, as pontuações de dor obtidas através da escala de dor de Melbourne às 0 horas, 2 horas e 4 horas e uma escala de dor numérica de 0 a 10 após 24 horas. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os níveis de dor às 0 e às 2 horas (p=0.783) nem entre as escalas de dor às 2 e às 4 horas (p=0.254), para todos os animais. Quanto à diferença de escalas de dor entre o grupo de controlo e o grupo do paracetamol, não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em nenhum dos momentos estudados: às 0 horas (p=0.199), 2 horas (p=0.813), 4 horas (p=0.193), e 24 horas (p=0.745). Nenhum dos animais necessitou de resgate analgésico. Observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos para a frequência cardíaca máxima (p=0.036) e a pressão diastólica mínima (p=0.021), no período intra-operatório. Observou-se ainda efeito de interação (p=0.017) entre as variáveis Grupo e Tempo, verificando-se um decréscimo da dor média no grupo do paracetamol, de 4.2 às 0 horas para 2.4 às 4 horas. No grupo controlo observou-se um aumento do nível médio de dor de 2.4 às 0 horas para 3.8 às 4 horas. Não foi possível concluir acerca do benefício analgésico do paracetamol integrado no maneio da dor perioperatória em cães submetidos a extração dentária, devido ao erro de tipo 2 associado à amostra pequena. No entanto, o decréscimo da dor no grupo do paracetamol sugere que este fármaco poderá ser útil como adjuvante analgésico em cães submetidos a extrações dentárias.
ABSTRACT - Clinical trial to evaluate the benefit of perioperative administration of paracetamol to dogs undergoing dental extraction - Paracetamol is an analgesic, antipyretic and weak anti-inflammatory, commonly used in human medicine and it may be used to manage perioperative pain in dogs. It has a small therapeutic window, but its use has been increasing since it has negligible gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects and it doesn’t have platelet anti-aggregation effect. Hepatotoxicity is possible in cases of overdose, especially used without veterinary prescription. The main goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the analgesic efficiency of paracetamol in dogs submitted to dental extraction. We realized a prospective, random and blind clinical trial, in the context of dental extractions. The animals were divided in two groups, according to the administration or not of paracetamol. The variables collected were: anesthesia parameters, pain scores obtained from Melbourne pain scale at 0 hours, 2 hours and 4 hours and one numeric pain scale between 0 and 10 after 24 hours. The results obtained showed no significant statistical difference between the levels of pain at 0 and 2 hours (p=0.783) and the scales between 2 and 4 hours (p=0.254), for all animals. As to the difference of the pain’s level between control group and paracetamol group, there were no significant statistical difference at any of the studied moments: 0 hours (p=0.199), 2 hours (p=0.813), 4 hours (p=0.193) and 24 hours (p=0.745). None of the animals needed analgesic rescue. There was significant statistical difference between groups on the maximum heart rate (p=0.036) and minimum diastolic pressure (p=0.021), during the surgery. There was as well an interaction effect (p=0.017) between Group and Time. There was a decrease from 4.2 (0 hours) to 2.4 (4 hours) of the average pain level in the paracetamol group. In the control group there was an increase of the average pain level, from 2.4 (0 hours) to 3.8 (4 hours). It was not possible to conclude if the paracetamol has analgesic benefits on pain control of dogs submitted to dental extraction, because of the small population. But the decrease of the pain’s level in the paracetamol group shows that is possible that the paracetamol is useful as an adjuvant on pain control to dogs submitted to dental extraction.
N/A
30
Bravo, Castelblanco Camila Victoria. « Interacción de gabapentina con paracetamol en dolor orofacial experimental ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/117625.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano DentistaIntroducción: Para el manejo del dolor orofacial de tipo neuropático se dispone de una amplia gama de medicamentos, entre estos encontramos antinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINES), anticonvulsivantes y opioides. La analgesia multimodal es actualmente recomendada para aumentar la utilidad clínica de los analgésicos e implica la combinación de diversos fármacos con diferentes mecanismos de acción, lo que resulta en efectos aditivos o supraditivos. El objetivo del actual estudio, es evaluar el efecto analgésico de la gabapentina, paracetamol y de la combinación de ambos para el alivio del dolor orofacial de tipo neuropático. Materiales y Métodos: Gabapentina, paracetamol y la combinación de ambos fueron administrados intraperitonealmente (i.p.) en 136 ratones machos (Mus musculus), a los cuales se les realizó una inyección subcutánea, en la región del labio superior, con 20 µL de solución de formalina al 2%, midiéndose el tiempo de frotamiento del área perioral, tanto en la fase I o etapa aguda como en la fase II o etapa inflamatoria. Además se realizó un análisis isobolográfico para definir la naturalaza de la interacción entre ambos fármacos. Los resultados se miden como el promedio + error estándar de la media (EEM). La significancia estadística se determinó por análisis de varianza y pruebas t Student (p<0,05). Resultados: Gabapentina y paracetamol producen una inhibición dosisdependiente en la primera y segunda fase del test. No obstante para ambos fármacos se observó una actividad mayor en la fase II. La combinación de las fracciones de DE de gabapentina y paracetamol producen efecto sinérgico respecto a la respuesta nociceptiva medida. Conclusiones: La administración i.p. de gabapentina y paracetamol produce un efecto antinociceptivo dosis dependiente en ambas fases del test. El sinergismo de su combinación puede deberse a que difieren en sus mecanismos de acción, mejorando el efecto analgésico. Estos hallazgos poseen relevancia clínica, ya que la combinación de estos fármacos podría ser una nueva herramienta para el tratamiento de dolores neuropáticos.
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Ålander, Eva. « Influence of solvent composition on crystal agglomeration of paracetamol / ». Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198.
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Greenough, Carrie Louise. « The pharmacological and proteomic characterisation of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicty ». Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423015.
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El-Hassan, Hasan. « Apoptosis and liver disease : its role in paracetamol hepatotoxicity ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402937.
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McGregor, Angus H. « Liver death and regeneration : indirect mechanisms of paracetamol toxicity ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24945.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Paracetamol overdose (POD) remains a pressing clinical problem as despite the availability of a safe and effective antidote, patients continue to die or require a liver transplant. Recent evidence suggests that toxicity after POD may be more than a simple direct toxic effect as has previously been accepted and that Kupffer cells and cytokine4s such as TNF-a are involved in the pathogenesis of liver injury. Paracetamol and Hepatocyte Apoptosis Examination of liver in patients after POD revealed hepatocyte apoptosis occurring alongside striking regenerative activity. Apoptosis is important for several reasons. First, at this time paracetamol is undetectable in serum and paracetamol metabolites should be cleared from the liver, so apoptosis is not directly induced by paracetamol. Second, the rate of apoptosis represents a significant rate of cell loss from the liver. Third, the apoptosis occurs despite the background of regeneration. Paracetamol and TNF-a: Some, but not all, studies support a role for TNF-a in inducing liver injury after paracetamol overdose. In a murine model, TNF-a was elevated in serum after POD but inhibition of TNF-a action did not alter survival or liver injury. However, TNF-a augmented paracetamol toxicity in vitro by increasing rates of both apoptosis and necrosis; TNF-a also lowered the threshold for toxicity. Paradoxically, while TNF-a had no apparent effect on hepatocytes in the absence of paracetamol, pretreatment with TNF-a protected against subsequent paracetamol toxicity. Paracetamol and Kupffer Cells: Kupffer cells modulate toxic hepatic injury induced by several agents including paracetamol. Co-culture experiments comparing hepatocytes alone or in culture with Kupffer cells showed no differences in toxicity. However, production of TNF-a by macrophages was augmented by paracetamol and was further significantly elevated in co-culture with hepatocytes. The levels of TNF-a in these experiments was similar to the concentration of recombinant TNF-a which augmented paracetamol toxicity in hepatocytes alone in previous studies but in this model no difference in toxicity was noted. This finding suggests that Kupffer cells produce TNF-a in response to high doses of paracetamol, that hepatocytes behave differently in coculture than when grown alone and that the differences in response may relate to soluble factors produced by Kupffer cells. Conclusions: These studies offer new insights into mechanisms of hepatocyte death by apoptosis and regeneration in the context of drug-induced liver injury. A model is presented whereby toxin-induced activation of Kupffer cells with resulting production of cytokines modulates hepatocyte responses and alters the course of disease.
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Garay, Sepúlveda Carlos Roberto. « Asociación de paracetamol con naproxeno en dolor orofacial experimental ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/133798.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano DentistaIntroducción: Los fármacos más usados en el tratamiento farmacológico del dolor son principalmente los opioides y los analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINEs). En este estudio se evaluará la actividad analgésica del paracetamol, del naproxeno y de su combinación. Como método algesiométrico en este trabajo se usará el de la formalina orofacial. Material y Método: Se utilizaron 110 ratones Mus musculus cepa CF/1 a los que se les inyectó solución salina de paracetamol, naproxeno y su combinación en un volumen constante de 10mg/kg, 30 minutos antes del ensayo algesiométrico de la formalina orofacial, el cual consiste en la inyección en el labio del animal de formalina al 2%, evaluando el tiempo de frotado del animal de la zona inyectada, tanto en la fase aguda o fase I, y en fase inflamatoria o fase II. Luego, se analiza isobolográficamente para evaluar la acción combinada de ambos fármacos. El análisis estadístico de los parámetros relativos al presente estudio, fueron expresados como promedio ± S.E.M. (error estándar del promedio) o con su límite de confianza al 95% (95% L.C) y se calcularon con un programa computacional elaborado en el laboratorio, en base a los antecedentes publicados por Tallarida. La significación estadística fue considerada a un nivel de 5% (p<0.05) a través de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y pruebas t de Student. Resultados: Las Dosis Efectivas 50 (DE ) para el paracetamol fue en fase I 12,264 ± 2,041 mg/kg, fase II 12,386 ± 0,769 mg/kg; naproxeno en fase I 46,471 ± 11,911 mg/kg; fase II 45,369 ± 10,313 mg/kg; y su combinación 5,142 ± 0,528 mg/kg para la fase I, y de 12,177 ± 2,092 mg/kg para la fase II. El análisis isobolográfico arroja que ambos fármacos poseen una acción sinérgica. Conclusión 50 : La administración vía intraperitoneal de paracetamol, naproxeno y su combinación produce un efecto antinociceptivo dosis dependiente en ambas fases; la coadministración de paracetamol y naproxeno actúan de forma sinérgica, la cual se obtiene debido a la acción similar de ambos fármacos en su inhibición de las COXs y los hallazgos poseen relevancia clínica pues la combinación de fármacos disminuye la dosis a emplear.
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Medel, García Gonzalo. « Asociación de dexketoprofeno y paracetamol en dolor orofacial experimental ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/133576.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano DentistaINTRODUCCION: Las drogas más usadas en el tratamiento farmacológico del dolor son principalmente los analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINEs) y los opioides. En este estudio se evaluó la actividad analgésica del paracetamol, del dexketoprofeno y de su combinación. Para medir esta actividad se ocupó el test de formalina orofacial. MATERIALES Y METODO: Se utilizaron 162 ratones machos de la cepa CF/1 (Mus musculus), a los que se les inyectó intraperitonealmente una solución salina de paracetamol, dexketoprofeno y su combinación a un volumen constante de 10mg/kg, 30 minutos antes del ensayo algesiométrico, el que consiste en inyectar en la región perinasal del ratón una solución de formalina al 2%, evaluando el tiempo de frotamiento en la zona:fase I (aguda) y fase II (inflamatoria). Los datos obtenidos se analizan isobolograficamente para evaluar la acción de ambos fármacos y se someten a análisis estadístico expresando su valor en ± S.E.M. (error estándar del promedio) o con su límite de confianza al 95% (95%L.C), los que se calcularon con un programa computacional elaborado en el laboratorio, en base a los antecedentes publicado por Tallarida. La significación estadística fue considerada a un nivel de 5%(p<0.05) a través de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y pruebas t de Student. RESULTADOS: Las dosis efectivas 50(DE 50) para el paracetamol fue en fase I 12,26±2,04 mg/kg, fase II 12,38±0,77 mg/kg; dexketoprofeno en fase I 35,63±0,57 mg/kg; fase II 22,85±0,56 mg/kg; y su combinación 6,98±0,33 mg/kg en fase I y de 4,56±0,15 mg/kg para la fase II. El análisis isobolográfico demostró que la combinación de ambos fármacos poseen acción sinérgica. CONCLUSIÓN: La administración de paracetamol, dexketoprofeno y su combinación produce un efecto antinociceptivo dosis dependiente en ambas fases; la coadministración de paracetamol y dexketoprofeno actúan de forma sinérgica, la cual se debería a factores farmacocinéticos o bien farmacodinámicos. Estos hallazgos pueden tener relevancia clínica pues la combinación de fármacos disminuye la dosis a emplear .
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Garekani, Hadi Afrasiabi. « The characterization and compaction properties of manipulated paracetamol crystals ». Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1996. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5131/.
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Kane, Alice Elizabeth. « Paracetamol Toxicity : Influence Of Ageing, Frailty, Resveratrol And Sirt1 ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14966.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objective of this thesis was to help improve the safety of paracetamol for patients of all ages by adding evidence to the body of knowledge on the changing risks of paracetamol toxicity in ageing, frailty and non-acute exposures, and the potential for lifespan and healthspan increasing interventions to provide novel mechanisms of paracetamol hepatotoxicity protection. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to investigate the potential of both paracetamol, and lifespan and healthspan interventions in delaying or preventing frailty. Overall the work presented in this thesis used a series of mouse models to contribute to three main findings with clinical significance. Firstly, they demonstrated that there is no increase in susceptibility to paracetamol toxicity in old age or frailty, with either acute, chronic or sub-acute paracetamol exposure. Secondly, they showed that the currently used paracetamol hepatotoxicity therapy, NAC, does not protect against toxicity induced by sub-acute paracetamol exposure. Further studies showed that the mechanism of SIRT1 activation does not provide an alternative protective mechanism. Finally, this thesis found that the lifespan and healthspan increasing interventions of resveratrol and calorie restriction, but not therapeutic paracetamol, were able to delay frailty in aged mice.
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Solano, Mendez Alejandra. « “EFICACIA ANALGÉSICA EN COLECISTECTOMIA LAPAROSCÓPICA USANDO COMBINACION DE PARACETAMOL MAS DICLOFENACO VS PARACETAMOL MAS CLONIXINATO DE LISINA EN EL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE ATIZAPAN DURANTE EL PERIODO ENERO A DICIEMBRE DEL 2013” ». Tesis de Licenciatura, Medicina-Quimica, 2014. http://ri.uaemex.mx/handle/123456789/14458.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia analgésica posoperatoria al comparar la combinación de
Paracetamol-Diclofenaco vs Paracetamol-Clonixinato de lisina, en pacientes sometidos a
colecistectomía laparoscópica.
Diseño: Ensayo clínico controlado, prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y comparativo.
Procedimientos: Se estudiaron un total de 90 pacientes, sometidos a colecistectomía
laparoscópica manejados con anestesia general balanceada, y a los cuales se les administró
un régimen de analgesia postquirúrgica, se dividieron en 3 grupos, al grupo 1 se administró
Paracetamol 1g IV más Diclofenaco 75mg IV, al grupo 2 se administró Paracetamol 1gr IV
más Clonixinato de Lisina 200mg IV, al grupo 3 (control) se administró Ketorolaco 30mg
IV más Tramadol a 1mg/kg, se indicó el mismo esquema analgésico respectivamente a cada
grupo con horario y seguimiento de 24 h, evaluando la calidad analgésica mediante los
índices de dolor con la escala EVA, se valoró el estado hemodinámico mediante el registro
signos vitales (TA, FC, FR), se determinó la presencia de efectos adversos de los fármacos
utilizados y se estimó el uso de dosis de rescate con Tramadol.
Resultados: En todos los rangos de tiempo postoperatorio hay disminución en la escala de
dolor, con diferencia estadística a favor del grupo 2 al presentar los menores índices de
dolor respecto al grupo 1, el uso de dosis de rescate fue del 33% (Grupo2) y 43% (Grupo1),
la presencia de efectos adversos fue del 23% en el grupo 1, 26% en el grupo 2 y 27% para
el grupo 3.
Conclusiones: El estudio realizado permite conocer, que el uso de Paracetamol más
Clonixinato de Lisina en el manejo de dolor postoperatorio de colecistectomía
laparoscópica, resultó más eficaz, por presentar mejor calidad analgésica y menos
requerimiento de dosis de rescate al compararlo con Paracetamol más Diclofenaco. La
estabilidad hemodinámica es similar en ambos grupos. La combinación de Paracetamol más
Diclofenaco presenta menor porcentaje de efectos adversos.
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POUYET, ALAIN. « Chronopharmacocinetique du paracetamol chez le sujet age de plus de 70 ans : etude sur 10 cas ». Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX20281.
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QIAO, CHUN-SHENG. « Mise au point d'une mousse rectale medicamenteuse : etude de formulation et etude pharmacocinetique ». Strasbourg 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13158.
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Une mousse aqueuse dans laquelle le paracetamol est en suspension et une mousse non aqueuse, dans laquelle le paracetamol est en solution dans du propylene glycol ont ete etudiees. Etudes pharmacocinetiques. Comparaison avec un suppositoire et un sachet pour la voie orale
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Patel, Aadila. « Is paracetamol being prescribed and used at the correct therapeutic dose in the children population in South Africa ? » Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4662.
Texte intégralRésumé :
>Magister Scientiae - MScWhen used at the recommended and approved therapeutic dose, paracetamol is effective. Paracetamol is available in various forms and easily accessible from general dealers and pharmacies. The liquid form is the preferred form given with a device to children. Paracetamol is effective within a defined therapeutic range; however, are prescribers and caregivers using paracetamol as authorised by regulators? A qualitative review of product specific labelling and the department of health recommendations was conducted and evaluated by means of arithmetic means differences to the regulator requirements. Surveys of healthcare professionals and caregivers determined the quantity administered and to establish if a device was used. The dosing information from product specific labelling, the department of health and the regulator source were reviewed for recommended dose, frequency of administration, maximum daily dose and recommendations for overdose treatment. There are similarities and differences with the null hypothesis being proven. Product labelling and department of health recommendations do not conform to the regulator accepted therapeutic dose. There was no unambiguous legislative medicine guideline on the age of a child with children between six and twelve being underdosed with liquid paracetamol in terms of volume and strength.
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Makhafula, Lebone D. « Ibuprofen, paracetamol and tilidine ; their role in post tonsillectomy pain at Dr George Mukhari Hospital ». Thesis, University of Limpopo ( Medunsa Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/791.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M Med(Otorhinolaryngology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011.Background: Tonsillectomy is one of the commonest operations performed by ENT surgeons. Pain, haemorrhage, delayed feeding and resumption of normal activities are common morbidities. Different groups of analgesics are used to reduce these morbidities. Objective: We examined the effectiveness of the use of three analgesics, some in combinations in reducing these morbidities. The primary outcome measures were pain, resumption of normal diet, resumption of normal physical activities and secondary haemorrhage. The secondary outcome was comparison of pain profile of children and adults. Methods: A prospective randomized double blind controlled study. Subjects were recruited and randomized into three study groups; group A (Paracetamol & Ibuprofen), group B (Ibuprofen) and group C (Paracetamol, Ibuprofen & Tilidine). A diathermy dissection technique was used on all patients in removing tonsils. Pain was measured using a patient morbidity scoring form (PMS) as well as the Smiley scale. The care givers for children and adult patients recorded all other events. Results: Sixty five patients were recruited, 30 were in group A, 20 in group B and 15 in group C. There were 36 females and 29 males. The youngest patient was 4 years of age and the oldest was 38 years. The mean number of days prior to resuming normal daily activities for groups A, B and C was 9.27, 10.60 and 7.67 respectively. Group C patients started their daily activities earlier than those in group B (p≤0.05). The average number of days to stop analgesic use was 12.3, 13.3 and 10.6 for groups A, B and C respectively. Patients in group C stopped using analgesics earlier than group B patients (p≤0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in PMS scores, resumption of normal diet, post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage as well as pain profiles of adults and children. Conclusion: Paracetamol-ibuprofen-tilidine combination appears to be more effective than either paracetamol-ibuprofen combination or ibuprofen in the first two weeks in the treatment of post tonsillectomy pain (p>0.05), however, further studies will have to be carried out to confirm this. Patients treated with a paracetamol-ibuprofen-tilidine combination appear to stop medication and return to their normal daily activities much earlier (p ≤ 0.05). Minor haemorrhage from the use of ibuprofen following tonsillectomy was not a cause for concern.
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Saraei, Anna. « Leverskador i samband med läkemedelsbehandling : Paracetamols höga levertoxicitet vid överdosering ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-106296.
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Fuentes, Anabalón Edgardo. « Evaluación antinociceptiva entre paracetamol y parecoxib en dolo agudo experimental ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/110752.
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Sepúlveda, Encina Andrés Esteban. « Interacción antinociceptiva de paracetamol con tramadol en dolor orofacial experimental ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134412.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano DentistaAutor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
Los fármacos más utilizados como analgésicos son los AINEs y los opioides. En el presente trabajo se investigó la actividad nociceptiva e interacción de tramadol (opioide) con paracetamol (AINE) en el ensayo algesiométrico de la formalina orofacial. Se utilizaron ratones a los cuales se les inyectó, en la región labial, 20 µl de solución de formalina al 2%, midiéndose el tiempo de frotamiento de la zona, durante los 5 minutos inmediatos a la inyección (fase I), y desde los 20 minutos post-inyección hasta los 30 minutos (fase II). La administración de tramadol o paracetamol indujo analgesia tanto en la fase I como en la fase II, siendo más potente la actividad del tramadol. Al coadministrarlo en proporción 1:1 de sus DE50 produjeron un efecto sinérgico en ambas fases del ensayo, utilizando el método isobolográfico. La sinergia obtenida es concordante con los aspectos teóricos del perfil farmacológico de cada uno de los fármacos administrados. Los hallazgos del presente trabajo, podrían ser de utilidad clínica en el tratamiento farmacológico del dolor agudo (fase I del ensayo) como crónico (fase II del ensayo).
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Bisson, Marcelo Polacow. « Estudo dos efeitos analgesicos do paracetamol em diferentes modelos experimentais ». [s.n.], 1991. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290312.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientadores : Samir Tufic Arbex, Gloria Emilia Petto de SouzaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T23:11:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bisson_MarceloPolacow_M.pdf: 2951044 bytes, checksum: 514a26fd9aad87cfbad7326397a4e525 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991
Resumo: o presente trabalho leve como finalidade. veriricar alguns aspectos relacionados à posslvel ação analgésica central do paracetamol, em roedores. Para isto foram empregados quatro modelos de estudo distintos: 1 - Teste de contorção induzida pelo ácido acético administrado intraperitonealmente. 2 - Teste de contorção induzida pela prostaciclina sintética administrada intraperitonealmente. 3 - Teste de estimulação térmica Tail-Flick. 4 - Teste de estimulação térmica placa-quente. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o paracetamol inibiu o número de contorções induzida pelo ácido acético e pela prostaciclina sintética, de maneira dose dependente, sendo que na maior dose testada de 315mg/kg á porcentagem de inibição foi de 89.4% e 82.1% respectivamente. Da mesma forma. esta droga, aumentou o tempo de latência nos testes Tail-Flick e placa-quente. de maneira dose dependente. sendo que na maior dose testada de 316 mg/kg a porcentagem do máximo efeito possível foi de 84% e 60%. respectivamente. e conseguidos no tempo de 90 minutos após a sua administração. A partir disso, pode-se concluir que o paracetamol, nas doses empregadas em roedores, demonstrou ser capaz de causar analgesia por um mecanismo central
Abstract: This work had the purpose of verifying several aspects related the possible analgesia by central action of Paracetamol in rodents. In order to achieve that purpose four distint sludy models were employed: 1 - Writhing test induced by i. p.. injection of acetic acid. 2 - Writhing test induced by i.p.injection of synthetic prostaciclin. 3 - Thermal stimulation test. Tail-Flick. 4 - Thermal stimulation test.- Hot-Plate. The results have showed that the paracetamol, has inhibit the abdominal constriction response induced by acetic acid and synthetic proslaciclin of dose-dependent manner, being the biggest testing dose of 315 mg/kg, the percentage of inhibition was 89.4% and 82.1% respectively. In the same way this , drug increased the latency time in the Tail-Flick and Hot-Plate tests, of dose-dependent manne, being the biggest testing dose of 315 mg/kg, the percentage of maximal possible effect was 84% and 5O%, respectively, and achieved in the time of 90 minutes after it administration. From t.hese results. we can conclud that the paracetamol in the used doses in rodents, was able te produce analgesia by a central action
Mestrado
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CASTAÑEDA, JUAREZ MONSERRAT 622426, et JUAREZ MONSERRAT CASTAÑEDA. « Remoción de diclofenaco y paracetamol por procesos de oxidación avanzada ». Tesis de doctorado, UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/105682.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En el capítulo 1 se abordan las propiedades químicas de ambos fármacos, la problemática ambiental y a la salud humana que representan, así como el estado del arte acerca de los POA que han sido aplicados en cada caso. En el capítulo 2 se describen los pasos que se realizaron para cada uno de los sistemas de tratamiento, los métodos y tecnologías desarrollados; en general, las variables que se deben considerar para seleccionar un POA son la dosis del oxidante y/o catalizador, la concentración inicial del contaminante, el pH y la temperatura. Fueron aplicados diversos métodos estadísticos para evaluar la sinergia de las variables estudiadas como el diseño factorial y el diseño cribado. En el capítulo 3, los resultados obtenidos muestran que los métodos desarrollados en este estudio permiten la mineralización de diclofenaco y paracetamol utilizando energías renovables y evitando la generación de subproductos tóxicos que requieran tratamientos adicionales para su disposición. Además, se determinó el mecanismo para la remoción de diclofenaco y paracetamol en cada POA. Y en el capítulo 4, se explican las conclusiones más importantes del trabajoLos fármacos son compuestos orgánicos diseñados para generar un efecto biológico en bajas concentraciones, de acuerdo con sus propiedades químicas, son polares y altamente solubles por lo que los sistemas de tratamiento convencionales han resultado poco eficientes para su remoción del agua; por ello han sido encontrados en efluentes finales de plantas de tratamiento, lixiviados, sedimentos, suelos, lagos, ríos y en agua subterránea. Estos compuestos y sus subproductos no están normados ni en aguas residuales ni en agua potable. Dentro de los fármacos más utilizados a nivel mundial se encuentran el paracetamol (ACT) y el diclofenaco (DCF). El paracetamol es un antipirético con un valor de pKa de 9.5, mientras que el diclofenaco es un antiinflamatorio con valor de pKa de 3.8. En el presente trabajo de investigación se ha llevado a cabo la modificación electroquímica y fotoelectroquímica de TiO2 mediante un diseño factorial 23 en donde las variables que se analizaron fueron: presencia o ausencia de luz UV, tiempo de tratamiento e intensidad de corriente. De acuerdo con los resultados, se obtuvieron 24 materiales modificados los cuales se caracterizaron mediante IR y absorción atómica, dichos materiales se probaron con soluciones acuosas de diclofenaco (DCF) a diferentes concentraciones iniciales (20, 40, 60, 80 y 100 mg/L) y bajo diferentes valores de pH (4, 5, 7 y 9) empleando un colector solar. Tras 8 h de contacto, se encontró que los materiales TiFeZ-7, TiCuZ.2 y TiFeCuZ-7 mostraron los mejores porcentajes remoción de diclofenaco (97%) para todas las concentraciones iniciales a pH de 4. Además se analizaron los ciclos de regeneración, donde se demostró que existe afinidad entre los materiales modificados de Cu y el ión amonio, el cual fue comprobado mediante los resultados de IR. Por otro lado, los materiales con Fe presentaron afinidad con las moléculas de DCF para formar complejos, disminuyendo la eficiencia para los ciclos posteriores Se aplicaron los procesos Galvano-Fenton (GF) y Galvano-Fenton Solar (SGF), para el tratamiento de soluciones acuosas de ACT, aplicando un diseño cribado (DSD) desarrollado en el programa Statgraphics Centurion XVI.II, las variables analizadas fueron: pH (3 y 5), concentración inicial de ACT (25 y 60 mg / L), presencia o ausencia de radiación solar y dosis de H2O2 (0.9 y 2.5 mM). Para el sistema GF, las eficiencias máximas de remoción fueron 64.47% de COT y 49.83% de ACT, el proceso de SGF disminuyó un 79.38% de COT y 100% de ACT. Las condiciones de operación óptimas en ambos sistemas fueron a ACT de 60 mg/L, 2.5 mM de H2O2 y pH 5. En la electrooxidación de ACT utilizado los sistemas DDB-Cu y DDB-Fe, las condiciones de operación óptimas fueron determinadas con base en los resultados obtenidos por UV-Vis: 1.0 A, configuración electródica DDB-Fe y presencia de luz UV, se obtuvo una degradación total (100 %) en tiempos de reacción entre 5-15 minutos a diferentes concentraciones de ACT. La oxidación anódica con DDB fue eficiente para su degradación, siendo más rápida y eficiente en presencia de luz UV (de 2.67 x 10-2 a 3.66 x 10-2 min-1). Además, la mineralización del paracetamol aumentó al incrementar la concentración inicial. Se mineralizó 98% de DCF aplicando 0.5 A, luz UV y Na2SO4 como electrolito soporte. Mientras que a 1.0 A, sin luz UV y NaCl, el porcentaje de mineralización fue de 97.8%.
El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrollo en el Laboratorio de Calidad del Agua del Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA) mediante el proyecto UAEMex 4482/2018/CI “Degradación de diclofenaco y paracetamol en sistemas continuos mediante procesos de oxidación avanzada: fotocatálisis, foto galvano-Fenton y foto-electrólisis. La beca CONACyT 622426 y el apoyo COMECyT 18EA0775.
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Fachaux, Jean-Michel. « Un paracetamol pur pour compression directe : obtention par solvation/desolvation ». Lille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL2P269.
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Pålsson, Lilja Malin, et Simic Emma Doverbäck. « Skolsköterskors uppfattning om användande av paracetamol bland elever i grundskola ». Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13869.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Bakgrund: Barn nyttjar paracetamol på ett sätt som medför risker för barnets hälsa En del barn är inte medvetna om varför de har ont, utan självmedicinerar med paracetamolpreparat. Syfte: Att belysa skolsköterskors uppfattning om användande av substansen paracetamol bland elever i grundskola. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod med en fenemenografisk analys, genom e-post intervjuer med skolsköterskor i årskurs förskoleklass till 9. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att skolsköterskor som arbetar i grundskola uppfattar att elever, främst i högstadieskola, självmedicinerar somatiska och psykosomatiska symtom med paracetamol. Det framkommer ur resultatet att skolsköterskorna uppfattar att elevers inställning speglar föräldrars inställning till paracetamol och detta påverkar användningen av paracetamol bland elever i grundskola. Konklusion: Skolsköterskor är en viktig källa till att lokalisera elever som mår dåligt och självmedicinerar med paracetamol. Genom exempelvis hälsofrämjande samtal kan skolsköterskor stödja de elever som självmedicinerar med paracetamol. Skolsköterskor har en stödjande roll i att försöka få elever att förstå och förändra sin livsstil för att främja hälsa.