Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « P-type DSSC »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "P-type DSSC"
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Chiang, Ting Lung, Chuen Shii Chou, Der Ho Wu et Chin Min Hsiung. « Applications of P-Type NiO in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells ». Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (mai 2011) : 1747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1747.
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This study investigates the applicability of p-type NiO in the working (or counter) electrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The working electrode was designed and fabricated by depositing a film of TiO2/NiO composite particles, which were prepared by mixing the Ni powder with TiO2 particles using dry mixing method. The counter electrode was fabricated by depositing a NiO film on top of a Pt film, which has been deposited on a FTO glass using an ion-sputtering coater (or E-beam evaporator). This study shows that the power conversion efficiency of the DSSC with TiO2/NiO composite particles (3.80%) substantially exceeds that of the conventional DSSC (3.16%) due to the effects of the NiO barrier and the n-p junction. Aside from this, the power conversion efficiency of a DSSC with a Pt(E)/NiO counter electrode (4.28%) substantially exceeds that of a conventional DSSC with a Pt(E) counter electrode on which a Pt film was deposited using an E-beam evaporator. This result is attributed to the fact that the NiO film coated on the Pt(E) counter electrode improves the electrocatalytic activity of the counter electrode.
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El Moll, Hani, Fiona A. Black, Christopher J. Wood, Ahmed Al-Yasari, Anil Reddy Marri, Igor V. Sazanovich, Elizabeth A. Gibson et John Fielden. « Increasing p-type dye sensitised solar cell photovoltages using polyoxometalates ». Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no 29 (2017) : 18831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01558e.
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Efa, Mulugeta Tesema, Jheng-Chang Huang et Toyoko Imae. « Cascade Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Studies for Enhancement of Light Harvesting on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells ». Nanomaterials 12, no 22 (20 novembre 2022) : 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12224085.
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This work reports cascade Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based n-type (ZnO) and p-type (NiO) dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), discussing approaches to enhance their overall performance. Although DSSCs suffer from poorer performance than other solar cells, the use of composites with carbon dot (Cdot) can enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs. However, further improvements are demanded through molecular design to stimulate DSSCs. Here, a photosensitized system based on a cascade FRET was induced alongside the conventional photosensitizer dye (N719). To N719 in a DSSC is transferred the energy cascaded through donor fluorescence materials (pyrene, 3-acetyl-7-N,N-diethyl-coumarin or coumarin and acridine orange), and this process enhances the light-harvesting properties of the sensitizers in the DSSC across a broad region of the solar spectrum. PCE values of 10.7 and 11.3% were achieved for ZnO/Cdot and NiO/Cdot DSSCs, respectively. These high PCE values result from the energy transfer among multi-photosensitizers (cascade FRET fluorophores, N719, and Cdot). Moreover, Cdot can play a role in intensifying the adsorption of dyes and discouraging charge recombination on the semiconductor. The present results raise expectations that a significant improvement in photovoltaic performance can be attained of DSSCs exploiting the cascade FRET photonics phenomenon.
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Bouwens, Tessel, Simon Mathew et Joost N. H. Reek. « p-Type dye-sensitized solar cells based on pseudorotaxane mediated charge-transfer ». Faraday Discussions 215 (2019) : 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fd00169c.
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Shinde, Dnyaneshwar, Popat Tambade, Habib Pathan et Kisan Gadave. « Experimental and theoretical study of 1, 4-naphthoquinone based dye in dye-sensitized solar cells using ZnO photoanode ». Materials Science-Poland 35, no 4 (20 mars 2018) : 746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2017-0088.
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Abstract A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was assembled using a dye 4-(3-chloro-1, 4-dioxo-1, 4-dihydronaphthalen-2-ylamino) benzoic acid with ZnO as a photoanode. It was synthesized using 2, 3-dichloro 1, 4-naphthoquinone and p-amino benzoic acid. The spectral features of the dye were analyzed in ethanol using experimental and computational methods. The theoretical investigations revealed that the synthesized dye may act as a sensitizer in DSSCs. The photoelectrochemical performance was tested under direct sunlight using a sandwich type DSSC. The photovoltaic data of the dye adsorbed on ZnO films indicated thepower conversion efficiency of 1.07 % under sunlight with a light intensity of 39 mW·cm-2.
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Promnopas, Wonchai, Titipun Thongtem et Somchai Thongtem. « ZnTe Semiconductor-Polymer Gel Composited Electrolyte for Conversion of Solar Energy ». Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/529629.
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Nanostructured cubic p-type ZnTe for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was synthesized from 1 : 1 molar ratio of Zn : Te by 600 W and 900 W microwave plasma for 30 min. In this research, their green emissions were detected at the same wavelengths of 563 nm, the energy gap(Eg)at 2.24 eV, and three Raman shifts at 205, 410, and 620 cm−1. The nanocomposited electrolyte of quasisolid state ZnO-DSSCs was in correlation with the increase in theJSC,VOC, fill factor (ff), and efficiency (η) by increasing the wt% of ZnTe-GPE (gel polymer electrolyte) to an optimum value and decreased afterwards. The optimal ZnO-DSSC performance was achieved for 0.20 wt% ZnTe-GPE with the highest photoelectronic energy conversion efficiency at 174.7% with respect to that of the GPE without doping of p-type ZnTe.
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ALEMU, GETACHEW, BINGYAN ZHANG, JUNPENG LI, XIAOBAO XU, JIN CUI, YAN SHEN et MINGKUI WANG. « INVESTIGATION OF DYE-REGENERATION KINETICS AT DYE-SENSITIZED p-TYPE CuCrO2 FILM/ELECTROLYTES INTERFACE WITH SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY ». Nano 09, no 05 (juillet 2014) : 1440008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292014400086.
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The power conversion efficiency of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) is determined by the kinetics of hole injection and dye-regeneration reaction at the dye/electrolyte interface. In this work, the photochemical regeneration kinetics of dye adsorbed on CuCrO 2 mesoporous film was investigated by using scanning electrochemical microscopy with feedback mode. Organic P1 and C343 sensitizers in combination with iodide-based and thiolate-based electrolytes were selected to understand the effect of sensitizers and redox shuttles on dye-regeneration process. A fast regeneration kinetic rate constant was confirmed in thiolate-based sample compared with iodide-based electrolyte, indicating that the organic redox shuttle was an efficient mediator to optimize the performance of p-type DSSC.
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Raut, Prasad, Vinay Kishnani, Kunal Mondal, Ankur Gupta et Sadhan C. Jana. « A Review on Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells ». Micromachines 13, no 5 (27 avril 2022) : 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050680.
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Significant growth has been observed in the research domain of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to the simplicity in its manufacturing, low cost, and high-energy conversion efficiency. The electrolytes in DSSCs play an important role in determining the photovoltaic performance of the DSSCs, e.g., volatile liquid electrolytes suffer from poor thermal stability. Although low volatility liquid electrolytes and solid polymer electrolytes circumvent the stability issues, gel polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and enduring stability are stimulating substitutes for liquid electrolytes in DSSC. In this review paper, the advantages of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are discussed along with other types of electrolytes, e.g., solid polymer electrolytes and p-type semiconductor-based electrolytes. The benefits of incorporating ionic liquids into GPEs are highlighted in conjunction with the factors that affect the ionic conductivity of GPEs. The strategies on the improvement of the properties of DSSCs based on GPE are also presented.
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Hardani, Hardani, Hendra Hendra, Muh Iman Darmawan, C. Cari et Agus Supriyanto. « Fabrication of dye natural as a photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) ». Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics 1, no 1 (7 février 2017) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jotap.v1i1.4704.
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<p class="Abstract">The purpose of this study was to obtain optical properties (absorption spectrum) and electrical properties (photoconductivity) of organic dyes in DSSC performance. optical and electrical properties were tested by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and Elkahfi 1601 PC 100 / IV meter, respectively, while Keithley Type 2600A is used for the characterization of DSSC. This study is a great base to explore and investigate the development of DSSC solar cells using natural dyes (organic). Spectra optimal absorption and photoconductivity produced by natural dyes (organic). The results of this study indicate that the absorption spectrum of natural dyes (organic) in the range of 300-500 nm. electrical characteristics (I-V) of the increase in linear dye under illumination. I-V characteristics of DSSC from organically produced natural dyes to color the biggest-mangosteen obtained Voc of 565 mV; JSC = 1.52 A / m2; FF = 0.12; and η_ef is approximately 0.09%, respectively,. The conclusion of this study, natural dyes (organic) can be an attractive alternative as a dye.</p>
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Hardani, Hardani, Hendra Hendra, Muh Iman Darmawan, C. Cari et Agus Supriyanto. « Fabrication of dye natural as a photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) ». Journal of Physics : Theories and Applications 1, no 1 (8 mars 2017) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v1i1.4704.
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<p class="Abstract">The purpose of this study was to obtain optical properties (absorption spectrum) and electrical properties (photoconductivity) of organic dyes in DSSC performance. optical and electrical properties were tested by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and Elkahfi 1601 PC 100 / IV meter, respectively, while Keithley Type 2600A is used for the characterization of DSSC. This study is a great base to explore and investigate the development of DSSC solar cells using natural dyes (organic). Spectra optimal absorption and photoconductivity produced by natural dyes (organic). The results of this study indicate that the absorption spectrum of natural dyes (organic) in the range of 300-500 nm. electrical characteristics (I-V) of the increase in linear dye under illumination. I-V characteristics of DSSC from organically produced natural dyes to color the biggest-mangosteen obtained Voc of 565 mV; JSC = 1.52 A / m2; FF = 0.12; and η_ef is approximately 0.09%, respectively,. The conclusion of this study, natural dyes (organic) can be an attractive alternative as a dye.</p>
Thèses sur le sujet "P-type DSSC"
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Polteau, Baptiste. « Étude de semi-conducteurs de type p nanostructurés à base de métaux de transition pour une application en DSSC-p ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S046/document.
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Dans le but d'améliorer le rendement des cellules à colorant de type p (DSSC-p), ces travaux s'attachent à la synthèse et la caractérisation de matériaux semi-conducteurs de type p (SCs-p) sous forme de nanoparticules. En ce sens, des SCs-p répondant à un cahier des charges (bande de valence basse en énergie, grande surface spécifique, bon conducteur et bonne transparence) ont été étudiés. Dans ce cadre, une stratégie a été développée pour améliorer les propriétés de NiO (l'actuel matériau de référence) en optimisant sa nanostructuration, sa forte non-stœchiométrie en nickel et par son dopage à l'azote, paramètres tous favorables à la stabilisation de la valence mixte Ni3+/Ni2+, origine de la conductivité de type p. Cette longue étude a été initiée à partir d'un précurseur de nickel original nanostructuré Ni3O2(OH)4, à forte valence mixte Ni3+/Ni2+. La décomposition sous air et sous ammoniac de ce précurseur à basse température (250 °C) a permis de préparer Ni1-xO nanostructuré, fortement non-stœchiométrique (VNi = 25 %), de grande surface spécifique (240 m2.g-1) et dopé azote (NiO:N). De plus, deux matériaux non oxydes à structure delafossite, que sont les carbodiimides de nickel (NiNCN) et de manganèse (MnNCN) ont été préparés et caractérisés comme de nouveaux semi-conducteurs de type p, permettant de monter la première DSSC-p à base de NiNCNTo improve the performances of p-Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (p-DSSC), this thesis work focuses on the synthesis and the characterization of p-type semiconductors (p-SCs) nanomaterials. These p-SCs with some specifications (low energy valence band, high specific surface area, high conductivity and transparency) were thoroughly studied. In this context, a strategy was developed to improve the NiO nanoparticles properties (commonly used as a reference) with higher nickel non-stoichiometry and nitrogen doping to promote the stabilization of the Ni3+/Ni2+ mixed valence (origin of the p-typness). This study was initiated with a nanostructured mixed valent Ni3O2(OH)4 precursor. Its thermal decomposition in air and ammonia at low temperature (250 °C) allows the formation of nanostructured Ni1-xO with a large amount of Ni vacancies (VNi = 25 %), a high specific surface area (240 m2.g-1) and a nitrogen doping (NiO:N). Moreover, two non-oxides materials with delafossite structure type, namely - nickel carbodiimide (NiNCN) and manganese carbodiimide (MnNCN) - were prepared and characterized as new p-type semiconductors. Thus, the first p-DSSC with NiNCN material was built with success
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KARAMSHUK, SVITLANA. « Organic sensitizers for application in photonic and photovoltaic devices ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/76622.
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With the increasing demand for reliable and efficient devices with minimal environmental impact, novel organic materials gain extreme interest in the research community and industry. In this work we present synthetic strategies towards new organic compounds as promising materials for dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and low-cost integrated optics along with the investigation of these materials in devices.
Despite the recent hype in the research community around DSCs, increasing efficiency of DSCs is still a challenge. In principle, one promising way to obtain DSCs with significantly enhanced efficiency lies in connecting an n-type photoelectrode (i.e. n-Dye/TiO2) with a p-type one (i.e. p-Dye/NiO) leading to a tandem cell composed by two serially connected photoactive electrodes, each contributing with its own photovoltage to the total photovoltage delivered by the cell. Applying such concept could theoretically lead to organic photovoltaic devices with up to 40% overall conversion yield. One of the main limitations in p-type systems, commonly based on NiO, arises from fast charge recombination between the photoinjected hole in NiO, and the reduced dye. Therefore it is crucially important to develop p-type chromophores which could produce a long-lived charge separated state and minimize back recombination.
We were thus triggered to explore new organic structures for potentially efficient chromophores for p-type devices, by considering that the intramolecular charge transfer, at the basis of efficient charge separation in donor-acceptor dyes, is strongly dependent on the electron-withdrawing ability of the acceptor. Herein we present charge separators based on organic push-pull systems of tryphenylamine donors and branched electron acceptors (SK2-3-4) based either on Dalton (SK2) or benzothidaziole acceptor groups (SK3-4) which were synthesized and characterized by steady state spectroscopic, electrochemical and computational means. All the dyes exhibit strong charge transfer bands in the visible regions with ground and excited state energetics which are favourable to the sensitization of NiO electrodes. The computational investigation revealed a clear directionality of the lowest excited state exhibiting a marked charge transfer character, shifting the electron density to the acceptor branches, an electronic situation which is favourable to the hole injection in p-type semiconductors. When tested in p-type DSCs the SK series was found capable to sensitize NiO electrodes. The charge recombination kinetics, probed by considering the charge transfer resistance at the NiO/electrolyte interface at a comparable chemical capacitance, showed that the dyes behaved similarly and that the higher Voc observed with the SK4 dye is ostensibly due to a positive shift of the valence band edge, consistent with the shift in the anodic current threshold observed in dark conditions.
The second part of this work is dedicated to synthesis and characterisation of metallo-organic materials for optoelectronic devices. Optical amplification plays crucial role in the transmission and manipulation of optical signals in modern telecomunications. Nowadays amplifiers, which rely on erbium ions in a glass matrix, suffer from difficulties in fabrication and the need of high pump power densities to produce gain. Here we show a newly synthesised series of organic fully halogenated optical amplifier materials.
We will compare the ability of materials with different halogen atoms in complexes with transition metals to provide population of triplets which together with the lack of CH or OH oscillators in the molecule, can be potentially used as an efficient chromophore to sensitise the erbium ions in a long-lifetime erbium complex. Finally by doping Er(FTPIP)3 with newly designed Zn and Co complexes, we aim to find differences in the lifetime emission from erbium at the important telecommunication wavelength of 1.5 μm.
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Haynes, Keith M. « Molecules and Materials for Excitonic Solar Cells Using P-type Metal Oxide Semiconductors ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804970/.
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This dissertation has two intersecting foci; firstly, the discovery of a new methodology for the growth of high surface area cuprous oxide (Cu2O) substrates. Secondly, the synthesis and characterization of electron-accepting molecules, and their incorporation into excitonic solar cells (XSCs) using the Cu2O substrates as electrodes. Increasing the surface area of the semiconductor creates more locations for charge transfer to occur thus increasing the overall efficiency of the device. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been widely studied, and can be easily grown into many different films with high surface area morphologies. The ZnO films serve as sacrificial templates that allow us to electrochemically grow new semiconductors with the same high surface area morphologies but composed of a material having more desirable electronic properties. A polymer can be applied over the surface of the ZnO nanorod films before etching the ZnO with a weak acid, thereby leaving a polymer nanopore membrane. Cathodic electrodeposition of Cu2O into the membrane nanopores gives Cu2O nanorods. Electron-accepting dyes are designed with tethers that allow for direct attachment to metal oxide semiconductors. After soaking, the semiconductor is coated with a monolayer of a dye and then the coated semiconductor films were made into various dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). These cells were studied to determine the electron transport properties at the semiconductor/sensitizer/electrolyte interface.
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Martinásek, Josef. « DYNAMICKÁ ANALÝZA ZÁKLADOVÉ KONSTRUKCE V INTERAKCI S PODZÁKLADÍM ». Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390246.
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Thesis deals with problems of the soil-structure interaction. In the theoretical part is described the approach to mathematical modeling of structure-foundation-soil interaction. The subsoil models are further described in detail, including the models with piles (both static and dynamics models). In the next chapter there is described the dynamics theory of the systems with single or more degrees of freedom. There is also an analysis of propagation, reflection and refraction of mechanical one-dimensional waves (P-wave, S-wave) and spatial waves (P- wave, SV-wave, SH-wave) and waves in homogeneous half-space (R-wave L-wave). The numerical analysis is logically sorted from hand calculation of the parameter change influence on the modal characteristics to complex computational FEM model of the machine with a foundation on piles placed in the spatial block of soil. Numerical studies aim to determine the influence of the subsoil model on the modal characteristics and thus confirm the absolute necessity of the subsoil model in tasks of dynamics. The next goal is to determine the appropriate key parameters of the computational model: the size of finite element, suitable shape of subsoil model, suitable inclination of boundary condition and suitable boundary conditions. For creating of set of computational models was used language APDL in conjunction with ANSYS software interface. All used input files are listed in the Annex.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "P-type DSSC"
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Prabakaran, K., P. J. Jandas et Jingting Luo. « Metal Oxide Based Nanocomposites for Solar Energy Harvesting ». Dans Current and Future Developments in Nanomaterials and Carbon Nanotubes, 104–18. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050714122030009.
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In recent years, the development of industrialization and the increasing population has increased energy consumption across the globe. So, there is a need for green and sustainable energy generation from solar cells with greater efficiency. Photovoltaic (PV) technology with improved performance is going to be a gamechanger in resolving the energy crisis in an eco-friendly and more sustainable manner. Widely used silicon (Si) based PVs are relatively expensive due to strong requirements for the high purity of crystalline semiconductors. The Si wafer cost covers 50% of the total cost of the align="center"module. In this regard, metal oxide based semiconductors are stable and environment-friendly materials that are used in photovoltaics as photoelectrodes in dye solar cells (DSCs), quantum dot sensitized solar cells, and build metal oxide p–n junctions. This chapter comprehensively discusses the most recent progress in metal oxide semiconductors in alternative type solar cells, in particular dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC).
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Rangraz Jeddi, Fatemeh, Mansooreh Momen-Heravi, Ehsan Nabovati, Felix Holl, Hossein Akbari et Razieh Farrahi. « Effects of Computer-Aided Decision Support Systems on Appropriate Antibiotic Prescribing by Medical Interns : A Quasi-Experimental Study ». Dans Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210920.
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Literature suggests that the adoption of guidelines for antibiotic prescribing has a significant impact on improving prescription practices of physicians; thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of computer-aided decision support systems (CA-DSS) on antibiotic prescribing among medical interns. A prospective before-and-after interventional study was conducted on 40 medical interns. The interns were asked to use the CA-DSS during a one-month internship course at the infectious disease department. The main outcome measure was the knowledge of medical interns regarding the type, name, volume, usual dosages, and administration route of antibiotics prescribed. Paired t-test was applied to assess the change of medical interns’ knowledge before and after the study. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean score of interns’ medical knowledge before 5.4±2 and after 9.1±2.8 using the CA-DSS (p = 0.000). CA-DSS as an IT-based training intervention was effective for the knowledge of medical interns to prescribe the right antibiotics for acute respiratory infections.
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Roopa G. M., Arun Kumar G. H., Naveen Kumar K. R. et Nirmala C. R. « Optimized Data Mining Techniques for Outlier Detection, Removal, and Management Zone Delineation for Yield Prediction ». Dans Modern Techniques for Agricultural Disease Management and Crop Yield Prediction, 222–58. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9632-5.ch010.
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Enormous agricultural data collected using sensors for crop management decisions on spatial data with soil parameters like N, P, K, pH, and EC enhances crop growth for soil type. Spatial data play vital role in DSS, but inconsistent values leads to improper inferences. From EDA, few observations involve outliers that deviates crop management assessments. In spatial data context, outliers are the observations whose non-spatial attributes are distinct from other observations. Thus, treating an entire field as uniform area is trivial which influence the farmers to use expensive fertilizers. Iterative-R algorithm is applied for outlier detection to reduce the masking/swamping effects. Outlier-free data defines interpretable field patterns to satisfy statistical assumptions. For heterogeneous farms, the aim is to identify sub-fields and percentage of fertilizers. MZD achieved by interpolation technique predicts the unobserved values by comparing with its known neighbor-points. MZD suggests the farmers with better knowledge of soil fertility, field variability, and fertilizer applying rates.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "P-type DSSC"
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Backhouse, A. P., et S. H. Mameng. « Structural Stainless Steels : Preserving the Past and Creating Today’s Long-Life Iconic Structures ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0324.
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<p>This paper aims to provide guidance, experience and inspiration for engineers using stainless steel as a structural material in helping preserve existing heritage and in creating new iconic structures. Grades such as 316L/1.4404 are well known as building façade materials, but in most structural uses such as in bridges, high strength duplex stainless steel (DSS) grades are most often used. The paper describes how both types of stainless steel are helping to preserve existing structures. The use of stainless steels in non-visible long-life structural components is contrasted with the additional demands of long-term appearance in highly visible iconic structures. Results of a field test of the durability of different surface finishes of DSS in a coastal environment show that smoother finishes retain a better appearance. This can help refine the material selection guidance in Eurocode EN 1993-1-4 Annex A. Several examples of pedestrian bridges and large cultural works in which artist or architect and structural engineer combine their talents are discussed.</p>