Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « P-de Branges space »

Abstract In this paper we study the continuity of the embedding operator ℓ : ℋ p (E) ↪ ℋ q (E) when 0 < p < q ⩽ ∞. The necessary and sufficient condition has already been described in [10] if p > 1. In this work, we address the problem when p = 1, using a new approach, but asking some additional hypothesis about the Hermite-Biehler function E. We give also a different proof for the case p > 1.

A conical defect in 2 + 1 anti-de Sitter space is a BTZ solution with a negative mass parameter. This is a naked singularity, but a rather harmless one: it is a point particle. Naturally, the energy density and the spacetime curvature have a δ-like singularity at the conical defect, but that does not give rise to any unphysical situations. Since the conical solution implies the presence of a source, applying reverse enginnering, one can identify the coupling term that is required in the action to account for that source. In that way, a relation is established between the identification operation that gives rise to the topological defect and the interaction term in the action that produces it. This idea has a natural extension to higher dimensions, where instead of a point particle (zero-brane) one finds membranes of even spatial dimensions (p-branes, with p = 2n). The generalization to other abelian and nonabelian gauge theories — including (super-) gravities — is fairly straightforward: the 2n-brane couples to a (2n + 1) Chern–Simons form. The construction suggests a generic role for Chern–Simons forms as the natural way to couple a gauge connection to a brane and avoids the inconsistency that results from the minimal coupling between a brane and a fundamental p-form field.

<p>O espaço social imaginado para os índios na América portuguesa, entre meados do século XVIII e início do XIX, os colocava em uma ambiguidade. Mesmo estando em situação de equidade com os brancos enquanto vassalos régios, eram caracterizados como ainda sujeitos a uma espécie de “menoridade moral”. Entre a construção da imagem dessa população associada à barbárie e a ação política dessas comunidades em suas povoações, chama atenção a procura constante dos índios em identificar-se enquanto súditos do rei e merecedores dos direitos que lhes eram garantidos e que bem conheciam. Diante desses conflitos, o objetivo é contrastar a imagem de “entregues à natureza” construída pelos governadores com a cultura política dos índios vilados no Ceará, omitida dos registros do governo, apesar de sua presença latente.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The social space imagined for the Indians in Portuguese America, between the mid-eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, put them in an ambiguity. Even though they are in a situation of equality with the white men known as vassals, were characterized as still subject to a kind of "moral minority". Between the construction of the image associated with this barbarism and the political action of these communities in their towns’ population, it points out the constant pursuit of the Indians in order to identify themselves as subjects of the king and deserving of rights that were guaranteed and that they knew well. Given these conflicts, the goal is to contrast the image of “delivered to nature” which is built by the governors with the political culture of Indians in Ceará, that are omitted from the records of the government, despite its latent presence.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>:<strong> </strong>Indians. Political culture. Ceará.</p>

Background – Phialiphora (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) is a herbaceous genus restricted to unconsolidated white sands in open spaces in dry forests in northwestern Madagascar. The genus is characterized by the semi-succulent nature of its leaves and stems, its basal leaf rosette, its head-like inflorescences subtended by large leaf-like involucrate bracts and its isostylous flowers. Hitherto, only two species were described.Methods – Classical methods of herbarium taxonomy are followed.Key results – Two new Phialiphora species, P. glabrata De Block and P. valida De Block, are described, which brings the number of species in the genus to four. The two new species differ from the two previously described species by their glabrous branches, bracts, ovaries, calyces and fruits. They are easily distinguished from each other by the shape and size of the calyx lobes. A detailed description, illustration, distribution map and preliminary conservation assessment is given for the new species, which are assessed as critically endangered. We also present a key for the genus and discuss in detail the typical branching system, the capsules and the dispersal mechanism of Phialiphora. The description of these two new species exemplifies the uniqueness of the dry vegetations on unconsolidated white sands in western Madagascar, which are characterized by a high level of endemicity.

Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres & A.W.A.M. de Cock was isolated from three Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) saplings in a mixedevergreen forest in Sonoma County, California. Symptoms on these saplings included cankers on small branches (0.5 to 1 cm in diameter) resulting in wilting of new shoots, dieback of branches, and loss of leaves as much as 15 cm from the twig tip. Symptoms were observed on most saplings growing in the same area. On several smaller saplings (<1 m tall), P. ramorum infection resulted in the death of the leader and the top several whorls of branches. Isolates were identified as P. ramorum by their abundant chlamydospores and caducous, semi-papillate sporangia (2) and internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequences identical to those of isolates of P. ramorum from Quercus spp., Lithocarpus densiflorus, and Rhododendron (1,2). To test for pathogenicity, foliage inoculations were conducted on seedlings in two trials by misting 30 leaves per trial (five leaves per seedling plus controls) with sterile distilled water and pinning inoculum plugs, taken from the margin of P. ramorum cultures, to the upper surface of leaves. Inoculation resulted in lesions ranging between 1 and 12 mm long, and P. ramorum was recovered from 47% of inoculated leaves. Symptoms were not restricted to inoculated leaves, and in 26 single-leaf inoculations, lesions 17 to 85 mm long developed on branches (five mm in diameter) adjacent to the inoculated leaf. Isolation success from branch lesions was 50%, despite the fact that such lesions were apparently disjunct from the small 1-mm lesions developing on inoculated leaves. Stems of Douglas-fir seedlings (approximately 1 cm in diameter) were wound inoculated (1) in two trials consisting of 10 inoculated seedlings per trial plus 10 controls. After 6 weeks, lesion lengths in the cambium averaged 38 mm (range 12 to 62 mm), and three seedlings were completely girdled. P. ramorum was recovered from 75% of inoculated stems. Mean lesion lengths on seedlings inoculated with P. ramorum were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in both trials than those of control inoculations (mean 9 mm) based on analysis of variance. We have not observed unusual mortality or disease symptoms on overstory Douglas-fir trees in natural forests. The importance of P. ramorum branch tip dieback for growth and reproduction of Douglas-fir is unknown. Douglas-fir is present in many forests in California and Oregon already infested by P. ramorum, yet we have found infection of plants at only one location. At this site, symptomatic Douglas-fir saplings were surrounded by bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) trees with extremely high levels of P. ramorum infection. P. ramorum is known to sporulate prolifically on bay laurel leaves. More studies are necessary to determine if the incidence of P. ramorum in Douglas-fir extends to other locations or if it is limited to this one locale. References: (1) D. M. Rizzo et al. Plant Disease 86:205, 2002. (2) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.

During August 2002, Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres & A.W.A.M. de Cock was isolated from branches <2.0 cm in diameter on a canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) in Mt. Tamalpais State Park, Marin County, CA. The shrub was a cluster of stems <1 m in diameter and 1 m high. Similar cankers were observed on small branches of adjacent canyon live oaks and there was dieback of the branches distal to the lesions. Many tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), and evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) were also infected by P. ramorum at this site. The isolate was identified as P. ramorum by its abundant chlamydospores and caducous, semi-papillate sporangia and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences identical to those of isolates of P. ramorum from Quercus spp., tanoak, and Rhododendron (1,3). To test for pathogenicity, two greenhouse trials (5 seedlings per trial plus controls) were conducted on 20- to 24-month-old canyon live oak seedlings. Coast live oak (Q. agrifolia, section Lobatae) seedlings were included in the trials as a comparison because the species is known to be susceptible (1). Stems (approximately 1 cm in diameter) were wound inoculated (1). After 6 weeks, lesion lengths in the cambium of canyon live oak averaged 17.2 mm (range 16 to 30 mm), which was significantly greater (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P < 0.05) in both trials than those of control inoculations (mean = 6 mm). Coast live oak seedlings inoculated at the same time had mean lesion lengths of 22.6 mm (range 15 to 30 mm). P. ramorum was recovered from 100% of inoculated stems. Canyon live oak has a wide geographic range within California, but is not common in the areas currently affected by P. ramorum. We have not observed disease symptoms or unusual mortality on overstory canyon live oaks. Although a number of understory canyon live oaks at the site on Mt. Tamalpais were apparently infected, the long-term effect of P. ramorum infection on understory trees remains unclear. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection by P. ramorum of an oak species outside of the section Lobatae (red oaks); canyon live oak is classified in the section Protobalanus (intermediate or golden cup oaks) (2). Oaks in the section Quercus (white oaks) have not been observed to be infected by P. ramorum in the field. References: (1) D. M. Rizzo et al. Plant Dis. 86:205, 2002. (2) P. Manos et al. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 12:333, 1999. (3) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.

Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres & A.W.A.M. de Cock was isolated from discolored leaves and cankers on small branches (<0.5 cm in diameter) on 27 coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) saplings (2 to17 cm in diameter) at two locations in California (Jack London State Park, Sonoma County and Henry Cowell State Park, Santa Cruz County). Symptoms were observed on branches throughout the crowns of affected trees. Isolates were identified as P. ramorum by their abundant chlamydospores and caducous, semi-papillate sporangia (2) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences identical to those of P. ramorum from Quercus spp., Lithocarpus densiflorus, and Rhododendron (1,2). P. ramorum was also detected in dying basal sprouts on mature redwood trees from an additional five locations in coastal California by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS region using DNA extracted from symptomatic tissue and P. ramorum-specific PCR primers. To test for pathogenicity, foliage inoculations were conducted on redwood seedlings in two trials by misting 30 leaves per trial (five leaves per seedling plus controls) with sterile distilled water and then pinning inoculum plugs to the upper surface of leaves. Inoculation resulted in lesions of 1 to 20 mm on individual leaves, and P. ramorum was recovered from 43% of inoculated leaves. Symptoms were not restricted to inoculated leaves because 15 inoculations of individual leaves led to discoloration of two or more adjacent leaves. On one inoculation, 60 mm of the adjacent stem was killed. Stems of redwood seedling (approximately 1 cm in diameter) were wound inoculated (1) in two trials consisting of 10 inoculated seedlings per trial plus 10 controls. After 6 weeks, lesion lengths in the cambium caused by P. ramorum averaged 13.7 mm (range 4 to 21 mm). P. ramorum was recovered from 100% of inoculated stems. Entire branches near the inoculation point became chlorotic even though no direct connection was evident between the lesion and the branches. No chlorosis was observed among the control inoculations. Mean lesion lengths of inoculated stems were significantly greater in both trials than those of control inoculations (mean 6.2 mm) at P < 0.05 based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). Redwood saplings (2.5 to 4.5 cm in diameter) were also wound inoculated in a separate trial. No phloem or cambial discoloration was observed after 7 weeks, but necrotic lesions in the xylem had a mean length of 39 mm (range 12 to 73 mm). In addition, narrow streaks, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, were also noted in the xylem extending from the necrotic areas upward to 90 cm. P. ramorum was recovered from 70% of inoculated stems in this trial. Mean lesion lengths of P. ramorum were significantly greater in all trials than those of control inoculations (mean 20 mm) at P < 0.05 based on ANOVA. While P. ramorum causes a lethal canker on Quercus spp. and L. densiflorus (1), we have not observed unusual mortality or disease symptoms on overstory redwoods in natural forests. The impact of infection by P. ramorum on understory redwoods is also unclear. However, the pathogen appears to be able to kill sprouts. References: (1) D. M. Rizzo et al. Plant Dis. 86:205, 2002. (2) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.

This article proposes a discussion about childhood, racism and its connection with the devices of know-power engendered in social relations and educational spaces. It discusses how the educational spaces produce ways of subjectivation of the children, the several ways of governing them and comply them in the norms and standards of the white culture. The prejudice and racism practices learned and internalized in the school context contribute to the constitution of a child growing under the aegis of a racist culture. From the post-structuralist theoretical framework, the study problematizes the concepts of essentialized childhood, brings to debate and reflection the truth regimes, the games of knowledge and power that surround childhood, as well as the speeches that are produced in the educational sphere and the emerging challenges to develop an anti-racist education.ResumoEste artigo propõe uma discussão sobre infância, racismo e sua conexão com os dispositivos de saber-poder engendrados nas relações sociais e nos espaços educativos. Discute como os espaços educativos produzem modos de subjetivação das crianças, as várias formas de governá-las e enquadrá-las nas normas e padrões da cultura branca. As práticas preconceituosas e racistas aprendidas e internalizadas no contexto escolar colaboram na constituição de uma criança que cresce sob a égide de uma cultura racista. A partir do referencial teórico pós-estruturalista, o estudo problematiza os conceitos de infância essencializada, traz ao debate e reflexão os regimes de verdade, os jogos de saber e poder que circundam a infância, bem como os discursos que são produzidos na esfera educacional e os desafios emergentes para constituição de uma educação antirracista.Keywords: Childhood, Power, Racism, Knowledge.Palavras-chave: Infância, Poder, Racismo, Saber.ReferencesARROYO, Miguel G. Pedagogia multirracial popular e o sistema escolar. In: GOMES, Nilma Lino. Um olhar além das fronteiras. Educação e relações raciais. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2007.BUJES, Maria Isabel Edelweiss. Infância e maquinarias. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2002a.BUJES, Maria Isabel Edelweiss. A invenção do eu infantil: dispositivos pedagógicos em ação. Revista Brasileira de Educação, n. 21, p. 17-39, set./dez. 2002b.BUJES, Maria Isabel Edelweiss. Infância e poder: breves sugestões para uma agenda de pesquisa. In: COSTA, Marisa Vorraber; BUJES, Maria Isabel Edelweiss (Orgs.). Caminhos investigativos III: riscos e possibilidades de pesquisa nas fronteiras. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2005.CORAZZA, Sandra Mara. História da infância sem fim. Rio Grande do Sul: Unijuí, 2000.CORAZZA, Sandra Mara. Os bons(?) os maus(?): genealogia da moral da Pedagogia. In: CORAZZA, Sandra Mara. Para uma Filosofia do inferno na educação: Nietzsche, Deleuze e outros malditos afins. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2002a.CORAZZA, Sandra Mara. Infância & Educação: era uma vez... quer que conte outra vez? Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 2002b.DINIS, Nilson Fernandes. A esquizoanálise: um olhar oblíquo sobre corpos, gêneros e sexualidades. Sociedade e Cultura, v.11, n. 2, p. 355-361, jul./dez. 2008.DELEUZE, Gilles. Os intelectuais e o poder. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica do poder. Organização e tradução de Roberto Machado. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Graal, 1979, p. 69-78.DELEUZE, Gilles; GUATTARI, Félix. Mil platôs: capitalismo e esquizofrenia. Vol. 3. São Paulo: Editora 34, 1996.DELEUZE, Gilles; GUATTARI, Félix. O que é a filosofia?. Rio de Janeiro: Editora 34, 1992.DORNELLES, Leni Vieira. Infâncias que nos escapam: da criança na rua à criança cyber. Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 2005.FISCHER, Rosa Maria Bueno. Trabalhar com Foucault: arqueologia de uma paixão. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2012.FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica do poder. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Graal, 1979.FOUCAULT, Michel. Vigiar e punir: nascimento da prisão. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 1987.FOUCAULT, Michel. História da sexualidade I: a vontade de saber. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Graal, 1988.FOUCAULT, Michel. Aula sobre Nietzsche: como pensar a história da verdade com Nietzsche sem basear-se na verdade. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Aulas sobre a vontade de saber. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2014.GUSMÃO, Neusa Maria Mendes de. Linguagem, cultura e alteridade: imagens do outro. Cadernos de Pesquisa, n. 107, jul. 1999, p. 41-78.KATZ, Chaim Samuel. Crianceria: o que é a criança. Cadernos de Subjetividade. São Paulo, número especial, junho, 1996, p. 90-96.KOHAN, Walter Omar. Infância, entre educação e filosofia. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2005.KOHAN, Walter Omar. Infância, estrangeiridade e ignorância: ensaios de filosofia e educação. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2007.LARROSA, Jorge. Pedagogia profana: danças, piruetas e mascaradas. Tradução: Alfredo Veiga-Neto. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2006.NARODOWSKI, Mariano. Infância e poder. Bragança Paulista: Editora da Universidade de São Francisco, 2001.NARODOWSKI, Mariano. Infância e poder: a conformação da pedagogia moderna. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação. Tese de Doutorado, Campinas 1993.NASCIMENTO, Elisa Larkin. O sortilégio da cor: identidade, raça e gênero no Brasil. São Paulo: Selo Negro, 2003.POSTMAN, Neil. O desaparecimento da infância. Rio de Janeiro: Graphia, 1999.SILVA, Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e. Crianças negras entre a assimilação e a negritude. In: Revista Eletrônica de Educação, v. 9, n. 2, 2015, p. 161-187.SILVA, Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e; ROSEMBERG, Fúlvia. Brasil: lugares de negros e brancos na mídia. In: DIJK, Teun A. Van (Org.). Racismo e discurso na América Latina. São Paulo: Contexto, 2014, p. 73-117.VEIGA-NETO, Alfredo. Foucault & a Educação. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2005.

Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a diversidade de membracídeos associados ao cacaueiro e determinar a sazonalidade das espécies mais comuns, em duas áreas sombreadas, no município de Linhares, Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Para as amostragens foram utilizadas doze armadilhas tipo bandeja amarela, instaladas aleatoriamente em cada área, espaçadas entre si por 30 metros e colocadas sobre estacas de madeira a uma altura de 1 metro acima do nível do solo. O material foi coletado semanalmente durante o período de agosto/2011 a julho/2012. Amostras de frutos, ramos e folhas que continham posturas, ninfas e adultos das cigarrinhas foram coletadas e mantidas em laboratório para a eventual emergência de parasitoides e catalogação das espécies. Por meio de armadilhas foram coletados 16.094 exemplares de membracídeos pertencentes a 30 espécies, sendo 58,7 % na primeira área (com 70 % de sombra) e 41,3 % na segunda área (60 % sombra). A espécie mais abundante foi Horiola picta (Coquebert) compreendendo 87,2 % do total coletado. Plantas de cacaueiro são confirmadas como hospedeiras de H. picta, Membracis tectigera Olivier, Membracis dorsata Fabricius, Membracis mimica Walker, Anobilia sp., Phormophora maura (Fabricius), Leioscyta pulchella Funkhouser e Enchenopa squamigera (Linnaeus). Parasitoides pertencentes às famílias Mymaridae e Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) foram obtidos de ovos de H. picta, Anobilia sp., L. pulchella, M. tectigera e P. maura.Biodiversity and Sazonality of Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in CocoaAbstract. The aim of this study was to identify the treehoppers diversity associated with cocoa plantation and to determine the seasonality of the most common species in two shaded areas, in the municipality of Linhares, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. For the sampling, twelve yellow-tray traps were randomly set in each area, spaced from one another in 30 m., placed on wooden stakes at a height of 1.0 m. above ground level. Weekly the collected material was taken during August/2011 to July/2012. Also samples of fruits, branches and leaves containing postures, nymphs, and adults of the treehoppers were collected and maintained in the laboratory for the eventual emergence of parasitoids and cataloging of the species. Through the traps were collected 16,094 exemplars of treehoppers belonging to 30 species, of which, 58.7 % in the first area (70 % shade) and 41.3 % in the second area (60 % shade). The most abundant species was Horiola picta (Coquebert) comprising 87.2 % of the total collection. Cocoa trees are confirmed to be the host plant of H. picta, Membracis tectigera Olivier, Membracis dorsata Fabricius, Membracis mimica Walker, Anobilia sp., Phormophora maura (Fabricius), Leioscyta pulchella Funkhouser and Enchenopa squamigera (Linnaeus). Parasitoids belonging to the families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) were obtained from the eggs of H. picta, Anobilia sp., L. pulchella, M. tectigera and P. maura.

In Argentina, olives (Olea europaea) are planted on approximately 90,000 ha located primarily in the northwest continental regions. During a 2005 survey, root rot was recorded at several olive plantations in Catamarca, La Rioja, and San Juan provinces (3). Aboveground symptoms associated with root rot were twigs wilting with or without chlorosis, defoliation, and death. Symptoms were initiated on lateral branches and sometimes affected the entire crown. Even if young (5-year-old) trees displayed root rot, aerial symptoms may or may not be seen until years later. Disease incidence varied from 3 to 30%. Rotted rootlets were associated mainly with the infection of Phytophthora palmivora Butler and less frequently with another Phytophthora species. Isolates of this species were heterothallic, had a fluffy growth on carrot agar, and arachnoid growth on potato dextrose agar. Chlamydospores approximately 36 μm in diameter were also produced. The species developed prominent, papillate, noncaducous sporangia of different shapes ranging from ellipsoid to spherical when submerged in saline solution. Sporangia were 35 to 57 × 25 to 45 μm (average 44 × 33 μm), L:B ratio from 1.1 to 1.7. Isolates formed oogonia and amphyginous antheridia following mating type assays. On the basis of morphological features, these isolates were identified as P. nicotianae Breda de Haan. Identity was confirmed by sequencing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (GenBank Accession No. FJ746693) (1). One-year-old O. europea seedlings were challenged with P. nicotianae (A1 isolates 306G and 339) through soil infestation assay in a growth chamber at 25°C. Infested and uninfested autoclaved millet grains moistened with V8 juice were used to inoculate 15 olive seedlings per isolate and controls, respectively. Fifty days after inoculation, seedlings showed foliar symptoms similar to those observed in the field and had an average of 50% reduction in the root system. Control plants remained healthy. P. nicotianae was always reisolated from symptomatic roots. P. nicotianae was reported on Citrus aurantium in Argentina in 1947 and is currently associated with several hosts (2). In 2002, the same species was reported associated with olive root rot in southern Italy (4). It is possible that P. nicotianae was recently introduced into Argentina through importation of Mediterranean olive varieties. The demonstrated pathogenicity of P. nicotianae on olive together with the recently reported detection of P. palmivora (3) presents a serious threat to olive cultivation in Argentina. References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (2) M. J. Frezzi. Rev. Investig. Agric. 4:47, 1950. (3) G. Lucero et al. Plant Pathol. 56:728, 2007. (4) F. Nigro and A. Ippolito. Acta Hortic. 586:777, 2002.

This Ph.D. final dissertation studies some analytical properties of the p-de Branges spaces, Hp(E), made up of entire functions and extensively studied in the last thirty years. Besides the first two chapters, where I recall the main properties of the p-de Branges spaces, the rest of the thesis gathers my research work: in the second part, Boundedness of operators, I look for some necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the translation operators in H2(E) and subsequently for the continuity of the embedding operator ιp,q from Hp(E) into Hq(E). In the third part, Duality results, I characterize the dual of some 1-de Branges spaces. Firstly, I describe the dual of the 1-Bernstein spaces and then I extend the reasonings to some others 1-de Branges spaces.